内容正文:
2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024)
Unit 2 Getting along语法知识
必备知识清单
单元语法释疑
现在完成时常见的时间标志词
类型
时间标志词举例
例句
影响结果
already, yet, just, ever, never
Have you ever ridden a horse?(你骑过马吗?)
持续时间
for, since, so far, in the past 3 years
He has studied English since 2019.(自 2019 年学英语)
次数
twice, three times, many times
We have visited the park three times.(去过三次)
一、已完成类标志词(强调动作已完成)
1.already(已经)
already 常用于肯定句,位于助动词 have/has 之后,实义动词之前;有时为了强调,也可提前至句首。它强调动作在说话之前已经完成,对现在造成了某种影响或结果。例如在句子 “She has already read the literature book.” 中,“已经读完书” 这个动作的结果是她现在对书的内容有所了解;“Already, they have reached the top of the mountain.” 把 already 提前,突出他们到达山顶这一完成动作的及时性。
在口语中,already 偶尔也会用于疑问句,表达惊讶、意外的语气,比如 “Have you eaten lunch already?(你已经吃过午饭了?)”,这里说话者对对方这么早就吃完午饭感到意外。 与 yet 相比,already 用于肯定句,而 yet 用于否定句和疑问句;在表示 “已经” 这个含义时,already 更侧重动作完成的事实,yet 更强调期待动作完成的状态。
2.yet(还,尚未)
yet 用于否定句和疑问句,位于句末。在否定句中,它表示动作到现在还没有完成;在疑问句中,用于询问动作是否已经完成。如 “He hasn’t finished the project yet.”,说明到目前为止他的项目还在进行中;“Have you found the difference yet?” 是询问对方现在是否发现了差异。
yet 还可用于现在完成时的肯定句中,此时表示 “仍然、还”,通常带有转折意味,例如 “He has made progress, yet there is still a long way to go.(他已经取得了进步,但仍然还有很长的路要走。)”
3.just(刚刚)
just 位于 have/has 之后,实义动词之前,表示刚刚完成的动作,强调动作发生的时间离现在很近,对现在有直接影响 。像 “We have just learned the present perfect tense.” 表明学习现在完成时这个动作刚结束,所以现在对该时态有了初步了解;“She has just secretly sent a message.” 说明她刚发完消息,现在可能处于一种紧张或期待回复的状态。
在翻译句子时,学生容易将 “just now(刚才)” 与 just 混淆。“just now” 用于一般过去时,例如 “He left just now.(他刚才离开了。)”,而 just 用于现在完成时,要注意区分二者在时态上的不同。
二、时间段类标志词(强调动作持续到现在)
1.for + 时间段
for 后面接表示一段时间的短语,如 for three days(三天)、for years(多年),表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,并且可能会继续持续下去。在句子 “They have lived in the crowded city for ten years.” 中,居住在城市这个动作从十年前开始,一直延续到现在;“He has waited for two hours; therefore, he is angry.” 里,等待这个动作持续了两小时,对现在造成了他生气的结果。
当句中谓语动词为短暂性动词时,需要将其转换为相应的延续性动词,才能与 for 引导的时间段连用。例如 “buy(买)” 是短暂性动词,要表达 “这本书我买了三天了”,需用延续性动词 “have”,即 “I have had this book for three days.”
2.since + 时间点 / 从句
since 表示动作从 “某个时间点” 开始持续到现在。这个时间点可以是具体的时间,如 since 2020(自 2020 年起),也可以是一个表示过去时间的从句,如 since he left(自他离开后) 。“I have known her since last summer.” 说明从去年夏天那个时间点开始,认识她这个状态一直持续到现在;“She has been a wizard fan since she was a child.” 表示她从孩提时代这个时间点起,就一直是男巫迷。
since 引导的时间状语从句中,从句通常用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。例如 “Since I came to this school, I have made many new friends.(自从我来到这所学校,我交了很多新朋友。)”
3.so far /up to now(到目前为止)
so far 和 up to now 都强调截止到现在的结果,常用于句首或句中。它们所描述的动作或状态从过去开始,持续到现在,并且常与现在完成时连用。“So far, we have learned 500 English words.” 表明到目前为止,学习单词这个动作产生的结果是已经学会了 500 个单词;“Up to now, there has been no disaster report.” 说明截至现在,没有收到灾难报告这个结果。
类似表达还有 “till now(直到现在)”“until now(直到现在)”,在句子中可以互换使用,例如 “Till now, they have finished half of the work.(直到现在,他们已经完成了一半的工作。)”
三、经历类标志词(强调过去经历对现在的影响)
1.ever(曾经)
ever 用于疑问句或肯定句,位于 have/has 之后,实义动词之前,用来询问或陈述过去的经历,这些经历对现在的认知、态度等方面有一定影响 。“Have you ever been to the British Museum?” 是询问对方过去有没有去过英国博物馆的经历,这个经历会影响对方对博物馆的了解程度;“She has ever doubted her own ability.” 说明她过去有过怀疑自己能力的经历,这可能会影响她现在对自己的信心。
ever 还可用于最高级结构中,与现在完成时连用,加强语气,例如 “This is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.(这是我见过的最美丽的地方。)”
2.never(从未)
never 用于否定句,位于 have/has 之后,强调从过去到现在从来没有过某种经历,对现在的状态产生影响。“I have never seen such a tall athlete.” 表示到目前为止,说话者没有见过这么高的运动员,所以会对此感到惊讶;“He has never realized the value of time.” 说明他一直没有意识到时间的价值,这可能导致他现在没有很好地利用时间。
在反意疑问句中,如果陈述部分含有 never,附加疑问部分要用肯定形式。例如 “He has never been to Japan, has he?(他从未去过日本,是吗?)”
3.once /twice(一次 / 两次)
once 和 twice 表示过去动作发生的次数,可与现在完成时连用,强调过去的这些经历对现在的影响 。“I have been to the Olympics once.” 表明去过一次奥运会的经历,可能让说话者对奥运会有了独特的感受和认识;“She has tried to reach the goal twice.” 说明她尝试两次的经历,可能会影响她接下来是否继续尝试或调整方法。
表示次数还可用 “three times(三次)”“many times(许多次)” 等,例如 “They have visited the old man many times.(他们已经看望这位老人很多次了。)”,体现出多次看望对双方关系等方面的影响。
四、近期类标志词(强调最近发生的动作)
1.recently /lately(最近)
recently 和 lately 都表示动作在最近一段时间内发生,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句。在句子 “We have watched many excellent movies recently.” 中,“最近看电影” 这个动作对现在的影响可能是大家有了更多的话题或对电影有了新的喜好;“Has he written to you lately?” 询问最近他是否有写信这个动作,这个动作的有无会影响两人之间的联系状态。
recently 更强调时间上的 “新近”,而 lately 还可表示 “近来,不久前”,有时带有一种情况从过去到现在的变化含义,例如 “Lately, he has been very busy.(近来,他一直很忙。)”,暗示他过去可能不忙,现在变得忙了。
2.in the past/last + 时间段
in the past/last + 时间段,如 in the past few days(在过去几天)、in the last year(在去年),表示从过去某一时间点到现在的时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与现在完成时连用 。“In the past month, she has made great progress in literature.” 说明在过去一个月里,她在文学方面不断学习,最终取得了进步;“The city has changed a lot in the last ten years.” 体现出在过去十年这个时间段,城市一直在发展变化,对现在城市的面貌产生了影响。
此类标志词常出现在完形填空、阅读理解和翻译句子等题型中,要求学生根据上下文判断时态。例如在完形填空中,给出 “In the past five years, our school ______ (change) a lot.”,学生需要根据标志词判断用现在完成时 “has changed” 。
核心知识回顾
英语中 since 的用法
一、作介词
当 “since” 作介词时,后面接表示时间点的名词或短语,用于描述从过去某一时间点开始,一直持续到现在的时间段,常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用 。例如:
“She has lived here since 2010.”(自 2010 年以来,她一直住在这里),句子强调从 2010 年这个时间点开始,到说话时,“她住在这里” 这个动作一直在持续。
“He has been working in this company since last month.”(他自上个月以来一直在这家公司工作),表明从上个月开始,他在公司工作的动作延续至今。
二、作连词
1. 引导时间状语从句
“since” 引导时间状语从句时,从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用现在完成时或现在完成进行时,表示从从句动作发生的时间点开始,主句动作一直持续到现在 。例如:
“We have been friends since we met at school.”(自从我们在学校相遇,我们就一直是朋友),从句 “we met at school” 是过去发生的动作,主句 “have been friends” 表示从相遇那一刻起,“是朋友” 这个状态持续到现在。
“I have read a lot of books since I graduated from college.”(自从我大学毕业,我读了很多书),“graduated from college” 是过去的时间点,“have read” 体现从毕业到现在读书的行为 此外,若从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,那么该动作或状态的结束时间就是主句动作开始的时间。例如:
“It has been two years since she was a teacher.”(她不当老师已经两年了),这里 “was a teacher” 是过去的持续状态,其结束时间是主句 “has been two years” 开始的时间。
2. 引导原因状语从句
“since” 引导原因状语从句时,意思是 “既然;因为”,通常表示已知的、显然的原因,语气比 “because” 弱,且往往放在句首 。例如:
“Since you are here, you can help me with this project.”(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我做这个项目),这里 “you are here” 是大家都知道的情况,基于此提出让对方帮忙的请求。
“Since it's raining heavily, we'd better stay at home.”(因为雨下得很大,我们最好待在家里),“raining heavily” 是明显的客观情况,所以得出待在家里的结论。
三、作副词
“since” 作副词时,表示 “从那时以来”,通常放在句末,句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时 。例如:
“He left home ten years ago and hasn't been back since.”(他十年前离开家,从那以后就再也没回来过),“since” 在这里强调从 “left home” 这个时间点之后到现在的情况。
“We met in 2015 and have been in touch since.”(我们在 2015 年相遇,从那以后一直保持联系),清晰表明从相遇之后一直持续到现在的联系状态。
综合实战演练
一、单项选择
1.The Smiths ______ in Shanghai since 2015. They love the city.
A.live B.have lived C.will live D.lived
2.—Where is your sister?
—She ________ Canada for three months.
A.has gone to B.had gone to C.has been to D.has been in
3.The students ________ a lot since they started junior high school.
A.change B.changed C.have changed D.changes
4.Sorry, you are too late. The shop ________ for quite a long time.
A.closed B.has closed C.has been closed
5.My family ________ in this city since my father started working here ten years ago.
A.lives B.lived C.have lived D.will live
6.—You’re looking very smart in a new suit today.
—Thanks. But to tell you the truth, I ________ it for quite a few years.
A.had B.bought C.have had D.have bought
7.Mike ________ a lot about Chinese culture since he began to study in our school.
A.learns B.learned C.has learned D.will learn
8.David likes the Beijing Opera very much. He ________ it for two years.
A.learns B.is learning C.will learn D.has learned
9.Steve ________ three short stories since he joined the writing club last year.
A.writes B.wrote C.has written D.was writing
10.—Nick, you come here so late. The concert ________ since half an hour ago!
—What a pity! No wonder all the singers have left.
A.has ended B.has been over C.has started D.has been on
11.—It’s 20 years since we came back to Ziyang.
—How time flies! We ________ in our hometown for such a long time.
A.work B.worked C.has worked D.have worked
12.— The film Ne Zha 2 is really amazing. Have you ________ watched it?
— Not ________. But I plan to watch it at the cinema this Saturday evening.
A.already; just B.ever; yet C.just; already D.yet; ever
13.—Have you ________ been to Guangdong?
—Not ________. But I plan to go there this summer.
A.never; already B.just; never C.yet; already D.ever; yet
14.—Have you ________ been to Nanjing, Han Mei?
—No, never. I plan to go there this summer holiday.
A.ever B.still C.yet D.already
15.—________ you ever ________ the new library?
—No, I haven’t.
A.Do; visit B.Have; visited C.Did; visit D.Are; visiting
16.Have you________been to the UK?
A.just B.ever C.once D.yet
17.—Have you ever been to an aquarium?
—No, ________.
A.I have B.I am not C.I haven’t D.I hasn’t
18.—________ you ever ________ Chinese mooncakes, Dianna?
—No, never. But I have had noodles.
A.Do; try B.Will; try C.Did; try D.Have; tried
19.— ________ you ever ________ to Shanghai?
— No, never.
A.Haven’t; arrived B.Hasn’t; arrived C.Didn’t; arrived D.Have; been
20.Neither my sister nor I ________ been to Xizang before.
A.have never B.has never C.have ever D.has ever
21.Secret Superstar is the most moving movie that I ________ ever seen.
A.was B.has C.have D.had
22.I’m sorry. I ________ your iPad and it doesn’t work now.
A.drop B.dropped C.have dropped D.will drop
23.—My best friend ______ to study abroad already. I think I will miss her.
—Don’t worry. You can communicate with her online.
A.decided B.decides C.have decided D.has decided
24.—________ you ________ The Old Man and the Sea yet?
—Yes, it’s about a man’s fight with nature.
A.Have; read B.Did; read C.Will; read D.Do; read
25.They left for Beijing last week and we ________ them so far.
A.don’t hear from B.didn’t hear from C.haven’t heard from D.won’t hear from
26.The museum ________ we visited last month ________ over 10,000 visitors during the Labor Day holiday.
A.where; received B.which; has received
C.who; receives D.what; will receive
27.His latest book ______ more than 10 million readers so far, including children.
A.reach B.reaches C.reached D.has reached
28.—Lucy, ______ you ______ the new movie Fast & Furious 10 yet?
—Yes, I have. It’s really exciting.
A.will; watch B.are; watching C.did; watch D.have; watched
29.—Have you finished your science project yet, Danny?
—No. I ________ anything useful so far, but I won’t stop trying.
A.didn’t invent B.haven’t invented C.won’t invent D.don’t invent
30.After school, I try to use any possible time to review the things I ________ during the day.
A.learn B.will learn C.have learned D.are learning
31.Up to now, AI ______ the traditional classroom model more interesting.
A.is making B.makes C.has made D.made
32.—Several new pocket parks ________ in Qinhuai over the years.
—Great! Let’s take a walk there.
A.open B.opened C.were open D.have been open
33.—________ you ________ the “Rural Run” event in Jiangyan?
—Yes, I have. Also, I ________ a lot of beautiful photos during the run.
A.Have; attended; have taken B.Did; attend; have taken
C.Have; attended; took D.Did; attend; took
34.—My sister ________ to cook in the last few months.
—That’s great. She needn’t order meals online every day.
A.learns B.has learned
C.was learning D.will learn
35.—Wow! There are thousands of old coins in your house.
—My grandpa is a big fan of them. He ________over 4,000 old coins and he is still doing it.
A.will collect B.was collecting C.is collecting D.has collected
36.The light is still on in Mr. Lin’s office. I’m afraid he ________ his work.
A.doesn’t finish B.didn’t finish C.hasn’t finished D.won’t finish
37.In the past few years, the Shanghai government ________ many new subway lines to make transportation more convenient.
A.had built B.has built C.built D.has been built
38.As a teacher, I am proud that all of my students ______ great progress in the past three years.
A.made B.will make C.have made D.are making
39.Although both sides have made a lot of effort, the differences are too great and no agreement ________ so far.
A.was reached B.is reached C.will be reached D.has been reached
40.A popular dance “Subject Three” ______ people’s attention widely in the last few months.
A.draws B.drew C.will draw D.has drawn
41.—This old book brings so many sweet memories.
—Yes! I________ it since my first time to school.
A.have bought B.had C.have had D.bought
42.I _______ my hometown for a long time since I got into high school. I really miss it!
A.left B.went away C.have been away from D.have left
43.Jim, hurry up. The film Ne Zha 2 ________ for five minutes.
A.began B.has begun C.was on D.has been on
44.How long have you ________ the book since you borrowed it?
A.keep B.borrowed C.lent D.kept
45.I borrowed the English storybook last week. I ________ it for a week.
A.have bought B.have kept C.have borrowed D.had
46.—How long has Mr. White ________ Joan?
—I am not sure. Maybe they got married five years ago.
A.married B.got married to
C.been married with D.been married to
47.—Hi, Tom. Long time no see.
—Yes. I ________ to Kunming to see my uncle and aunt.
A.have been B.have gone C.will go D.go
48.—Where is your son Jimmy now? I want him.
—He ________ Australia on business. He will come back the week after next.
A.has come to B.has been to C.has gone to D.has been in
49.—Where is Mike?
—He ________ Shanghai for a meeting. He ________ tomorrow.
A.has been to; will come back B.has gone to; will come back
C.has gone to; came back D.has been to; came back
50.—Where is Tom?
—He _______ the library. He will be back in an hour.
A.has been to B.went to C.has gone to D.goes to
二、完成句子
51.我已经学习英语7年了。
I English for 7 years.
52.这辆车我买了三年了。
I this car for three years.
53.我的祖父母目前已经结婚五十年了。
My grandparents for fifty years by now.
54.这位志愿者离开中国已经一个月了。
This volunteer has from China for one month.
55.他已经去过北京三次了。
He Beijing three times.
56.目前我们还没有任何发现,但是我们仍在研究。
So far, we able to find anything, but we’re still researching.
57.为了这场比赛,很多跑步者准备了很长时间。
Many runners this race for a long time.
58.广州40多年来发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes in Guangzhou over 40 years ago.
59.退休后,她回到了马兰村义务支教。自2004年以来,她就一直在那教授音乐。
After retirement, she returned to Malan Village on a voluntary basis. She music in Malan Village since 2004.
60.她投身野生动物保护已经10年了
She has wild animals for 10 years.
61.自那以后,那张摆在奖杯旁边的集体照成了他最珍贵的回忆。
, the group photo beside the trophy his most treasured memory.
62.从去年开始,甘肃的一家购物中心为残疾人提供了专用车位。
Since last year, a shopping mall in Gansu some special parking places for the disabled.
63.我从来没有去海南度过假。
I to Hainan for a vacation.
64.到目前为止,《美丽中国》是我看过的最好的电视节目之一。
, Amazing China is one of the best TV programs that I ever .
65.你曾去过水上公园吗?
Have you a water park?
66.自从去年以来, 我没有离开过这个城市。
last year, I haven’t left the city.
67.这些年我父亲一直坚持晨跑。(完成译句)
My father has running in the morning all these years.
68.到目前为止,大卫已经去过了 10 多个太空营。他喜欢所有这些太空营。
So far, David more than 10 space camps. And he enjoyed all of them.
69.回顾参与生态保护项目的经历,我深深感激那些指导我的志愿者们。
Looking back at joining environmental protection projects, I’m really thankful for the volunteers guided me.
70.我曾经去过的最有趣的博物馆是美国历史博物馆。
The most interesting museum is American History Museum.
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2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024)
Unit 2 Getting along语法知识
必备知识清单
单元语法释疑
现在完成时常见的时间标志词
类型
时间标志词举例
例句
影响结果
already, yet, just, ever, never
Have you ever ridden a horse?(你骑过马吗?)
持续时间
for, since, so far, in the past 3 years
He has studied English since 2019.(自 2019 年学英语)
次数
twice, three times, many times
We have visited the park three times.(去过三次)
一、已完成类标志词(强调动作已完成)
1.already(已经)
already 常用于肯定句,位于助动词 have/has 之后,实义动词之前;有时为了强调,也可提前至句首。它强调动作在说话之前已经完成,对现在造成了某种影响或结果。例如在句子 “She has already read the literature book.” 中,“已经读完书” 这个动作的结果是她现在对书的内容有所了解;“Already, they have reached the top of the mountain.” 把 already 提前,突出他们到达山顶这一完成动作的及时性。
在口语中,already 偶尔也会用于疑问句,表达惊讶、意外的语气,比如 “Have you eaten lunch already?(你已经吃过午饭了?)”,这里说话者对对方这么早就吃完午饭感到意外。 与 yet 相比,already 用于肯定句,而 yet 用于否定句和疑问句;在表示 “已经” 这个含义时,already 更侧重动作完成的事实,yet 更强调期待动作完成的状态。
2.yet(还,尚未)
yet 用于否定句和疑问句,位于句末。在否定句中,它表示动作到现在还没有完成;在疑问句中,用于询问动作是否已经完成。如 “He hasn’t finished the project yet.”,说明到目前为止他的项目还在进行中;“Have you found the difference yet?” 是询问对方现在是否发现了差异。
yet 还可用于现在完成时的肯定句中,此时表示 “仍然、还”,通常带有转折意味,例如 “He has made progress, yet there is still a long way to go.(他已经取得了进步,但仍然还有很长的路要走。)”
3.just(刚刚)
just 位于 have/has 之后,实义动词之前,表示刚刚完成的动作,强调动作发生的时间离现在很近,对现在有直接影响 。像 “We have just learned the present perfect tense.” 表明学习现在完成时这个动作刚结束,所以现在对该时态有了初步了解;“She has just secretly sent a message.” 说明她刚发完消息,现在可能处于一种紧张或期待回复的状态。
在翻译句子时,学生容易将 “just now(刚才)” 与 just 混淆。“just now” 用于一般过去时,例如 “He left just now.(他刚才离开了。)”,而 just 用于现在完成时,要注意区分二者在时态上的不同。
二、时间段类标志词(强调动作持续到现在)
1.for + 时间段
for 后面接表示一段时间的短语,如 for three days(三天)、for years(多年),表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,并且可能会继续持续下去。在句子 “They have lived in the crowded city for ten years.” 中,居住在城市这个动作从十年前开始,一直延续到现在;“He has waited for two hours; therefore, he is angry.” 里,等待这个动作持续了两小时,对现在造成了他生气的结果。
当句中谓语动词为短暂性动词时,需要将其转换为相应的延续性动词,才能与 for 引导的时间段连用。例如 “buy(买)” 是短暂性动词,要表达 “这本书我买了三天了”,需用延续性动词 “have”,即 “I have had this book for three days.”
2.since + 时间点 / 从句
since 表示动作从 “某个时间点” 开始持续到现在。这个时间点可以是具体的时间,如 since 2020(自 2020 年起),也可以是一个表示过去时间的从句,如 since he left(自他离开后) 。“I have known her since last summer.” 说明从去年夏天那个时间点开始,认识她这个状态一直持续到现在;“She has been a wizard fan since she was a child.” 表示她从孩提时代这个时间点起,就一直是男巫迷。
since 引导的时间状语从句中,从句通常用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。例如 “Since I came to this school, I have made many new friends.(自从我来到这所学校,我交了很多新朋友。)”
3.so far /up to now(到目前为止)
so far 和 up to now 都强调截止到现在的结果,常用于句首或句中。它们所描述的动作或状态从过去开始,持续到现在,并且常与现在完成时连用。“So far, we have learned 500 English words.” 表明到目前为止,学习单词这个动作产生的结果是已经学会了 500 个单词;“Up to now, there has been no disaster report.” 说明截至现在,没有收到灾难报告这个结果。
类似表达还有 “till now(直到现在)”“until now(直到现在)”,在句子中可以互换使用,例如 “Till now, they have finished half of the work.(直到现在,他们已经完成了一半的工作。)”
三、经历类标志词(强调过去经历对现在的影响)
1.ever(曾经)
ever 用于疑问句或肯定句,位于 have/has 之后,实义动词之前,用来询问或陈述过去的经历,这些经历对现在的认知、态度等方面有一定影响 。“Have you ever been to the British Museum?” 是询问对方过去有没有去过英国博物馆的经历,这个经历会影响对方对博物馆的了解程度;“She has ever doubted her own ability.” 说明她过去有过怀疑自己能力的经历,这可能会影响她现在对自己的信心。
ever 还可用于最高级结构中,与现在完成时连用,加强语气,例如 “This is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.(这是我见过的最美丽的地方。)”
2.never(从未)
never 用于否定句,位于 have/has 之后,强调从过去到现在从来没有过某种经历,对现在的状态产生影响。“I have never seen such a tall athlete.” 表示到目前为止,说话者没有见过这么高的运动员,所以会对此感到惊讶;“He has never realized the value of time.” 说明他一直没有意识到时间的价值,这可能导致他现在没有很好地利用时间。
在反意疑问句中,如果陈述部分含有 never,附加疑问部分要用肯定形式。例如 “He has never been to Japan, has he?(他从未去过日本,是吗?)”
3.once /twice(一次 / 两次)
once 和 twice 表示过去动作发生的次数,可与现在完成时连用,强调过去的这些经历对现在的影响 。“I have been to the Olympics once.” 表明去过一次奥运会的经历,可能让说话者对奥运会有了独特的感受和认识;“She has tried to reach the goal twice.” 说明她尝试两次的经历,可能会影响她接下来是否继续尝试或调整方法。
表示次数还可用 “three times(三次)”“many times(许多次)” 等,例如 “They have visited the old man many times.(他们已经看望这位老人很多次了。)”,体现出多次看望对双方关系等方面的影响。
四、近期类标志词(强调最近发生的动作)
1.recently /lately(最近)
recently 和 lately 都表示动作在最近一段时间内发生,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句。在句子 “We have watched many excellent movies recently.” 中,“最近看电影” 这个动作对现在的影响可能是大家有了更多的话题或对电影有了新的喜好;“Has he written to you lately?” 询问最近他是否有写信这个动作,这个动作的有无会影响两人之间的联系状态。
recently 更强调时间上的 “新近”,而 lately 还可表示 “近来,不久前”,有时带有一种情况从过去到现在的变化含义,例如 “Lately, he has been very busy.(近来,他一直很忙。)”,暗示他过去可能不忙,现在变得忙了。
2.in the past/last + 时间段
in the past/last + 时间段,如 in the past few days(在过去几天)、in the last year(在去年),表示从过去某一时间点到现在的时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与现在完成时连用 。“In the past month, she has made great progress in literature.” 说明在过去一个月里,她在文学方面不断学习,最终取得了进步;“The city has changed a lot in the last ten years.” 体现出在过去十年这个时间段,城市一直在发展变化,对现在城市的面貌产生了影响。
此类标志词常出现在完形填空、阅读理解和翻译句子等题型中,要求学生根据上下文判断时态。例如在完形填空中,给出 “In the past five years, our school ______ (change) a lot.”,学生需要根据标志词判断用现在完成时 “has changed” 。
核心知识回顾
英语中 since 的用法
一、作介词
当 “since” 作介词时,后面接表示时间点的名词或短语,用于描述从过去某一时间点开始,一直持续到现在的时间段,常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用 。例如:
“She has lived here since 2010.”(自 2010 年以来,她一直住在这里),句子强调从 2010 年这个时间点开始,到说话时,“她住在这里” 这个动作一直在持续。
“He has been working in this company since last month.”(他自上个月以来一直在这家公司工作),表明从上个月开始,他在公司工作的动作延续至今。
二、作连词
1. 引导时间状语从句
“since” 引导时间状语从句时,从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用现在完成时或现在完成进行时,表示从从句动作发生的时间点开始,主句动作一直持续到现在 。例如:
“We have been friends since we met at school.”(自从我们在学校相遇,我们就一直是朋友),从句 “we met at school” 是过去发生的动作,主句 “have been friends” 表示从相遇那一刻起,“是朋友” 这个状态持续到现在。
“I have read a lot of books since I graduated from college.”(自从我大学毕业,我读了很多书),“graduated from college” 是过去的时间点,“have read” 体现从毕业到现在读书的行为 此外,若从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,那么该动作或状态的结束时间就是主句动作开始的时间。例如:
“It has been two years since she was a teacher.”(她不当老师已经两年了),这里 “was a teacher” 是过去的持续状态,其结束时间是主句 “has been two years” 开始的时间。
2. 引导原因状语从句
“since” 引导原因状语从句时,意思是 “既然;因为”,通常表示已知的、显然的原因,语气比 “because” 弱,且往往放在句首 。例如:
“Since you are here, you can help me with this project.”(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我做这个项目),这里 “you are here” 是大家都知道的情况,基于此提出让对方帮忙的请求。
“Since it's raining heavily, we'd better stay at home.”(因为雨下得很大,我们最好待在家里),“raining heavily” 是明显的客观情况,所以得出待在家里的结论。
三、作副词
“since” 作副词时,表示 “从那时以来”,通常放在句末,句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时 。例如:
“He left home ten years ago and hasn't been back since.”(他十年前离开家,从那以后就再也没回来过),“since” 在这里强调从 “left home” 这个时间点之后到现在的情况。
“We met in 2015 and have been in touch since.”(我们在 2015 年相遇,从那以后一直保持联系),清晰表明从相遇之后一直持续到现在的联系状态。
综合实战演练
一、单项选择
1.The Smiths ______ in Shanghai since 2015. They love the city.
A.live B.have lived C.will live D.lived
2.—Where is your sister?
—She ________ Canada for three months.
A.has gone to B.had gone to C.has been to D.has been in
3.The students ________ a lot since they started junior high school.
A.change B.changed C.have changed D.changes
4.Sorry, you are too late. The shop ________ for quite a long time.
A.closed B.has closed C.has been closed
5.My family ________ in this city since my father started working here ten years ago.
A.lives B.lived C.have lived D.will live
6.—You’re looking very smart in a new suit today.
—Thanks. But to tell you the truth, I ________ it for quite a few years.
A.had B.bought C.have had D.have bought
7.Mike ________ a lot about Chinese culture since he began to study in our school.
A.learns B.learned C.has learned D.will learn
8.David likes the Beijing Opera very much. He ________ it for two years.
A.learns B.is learning C.will learn D.has learned
9.Steve ________ three short stories since he joined the writing club last year.
A.writes B.wrote C.has written D.was writing
10.—Nick, you come here so late. The concert ________ since half an hour ago!
—What a pity! No wonder all the singers have left.
A.has ended B.has been over C.has started D.has been on
11.—It’s 20 years since we came back to Ziyang.
—How time flies! We ________ in our hometown for such a long time.
A.work B.worked C.has worked D.have worked
12.— The film Ne Zha 2 is really amazing. Have you ________ watched it?
— Not ________. But I plan to watch it at the cinema this Saturday evening.
A.already; just B.ever; yet C.just; already D.yet; ever
13.—Have you ________ been to Guangdong?
—Not ________. But I plan to go there this summer.
A.never; already B.just; never C.yet; already D.ever; yet
14.—Have you ________ been to Nanjing, Han Mei?
—No, never. I plan to go there this summer holiday.
A.ever B.still C.yet D.already
15.—________ you ever ________ the new library?
—No, I haven’t.
A.Do; visit B.Have; visited C.Did; visit D.Are; visiting
16.Have you________been to the UK?
A.just B.ever C.once D.yet
17.—Have you ever been to an aquarium?
—No, ________.
A.I have B.I am not C.I haven’t D.I hasn’t
18.—________ you ever ________ Chinese mooncakes, Dianna?
—No, never. But I have had noodles.
A.Do; try B.Will; try C.Did; try D.Have; tried
19.— ________ you ever ________ to Shanghai?
— No, never.
A.Haven’t; arrived B.Hasn’t; arrived C.Didn’t; arrived D.Have; been
20.Neither my sister nor I ________ been to Xizang before.
A.have never B.has never C.have ever D.has ever
21.Secret Superstar is the most moving movie that I ________ ever seen.
A.was B.has C.have D.had
22.I’m sorry. I ________ your iPad and it doesn’t work now.
A.drop B.dropped C.have dropped D.will drop
23.—My best friend ______ to study abroad already. I think I will miss her.
—Don’t worry. You can communicate with her online.
A.decided B.decides C.have decided D.has decided
24.—________ you ________ The Old Man and the Sea yet?
—Yes, it’s about a man’s fight with nature.
A.Have; read B.Did; read C.Will; read D.Do; read
25.They left for Beijing last week and we ________ them so far.
A.don’t hear from B.didn’t hear from C.haven’t heard from D.won’t hear from
26.The museum ________ we visited last month ________ over 10,000 visitors during the Labor Day holiday.
A.where; received B.which; has received
C.who; receives D.what; will receive
27.His latest book ______ more than 10 million readers so far, including children.
A.reach B.reaches C.reached D.has reached
28.—Lucy, ______ you ______ the new movie Fast & Furious 10 yet?
—Yes, I have. It’s really exciting.
A.will; watch B.are; watching C.did; watch D.have; watched
29.—Have you finished your science project yet, Danny?
—No. I ________ anything useful so far, but I won’t stop trying.
A.didn’t invent B.haven’t invented C.won’t invent D.don’t invent
30.After school, I try to use any possible time to review the things I ________ during the day.
A.learn B.will learn C.have learned D.are learning
31.Up to now, AI ______ the traditional classroom model more interesting.
A.is making B.makes C.has made D.made
32.—Several new pocket parks ________ in Qinhuai over the years.
—Great! Let’s take a walk there.
A.open B.opened C.were open D.have been open
33.—________ you ________ the “Rural Run” event in Jiangyan?
—Yes, I have. Also, I ________ a lot of beautiful photos during the run.
A.Have; attended; have taken B.Did; attend; have taken
C.Have; attended; took D.Did; attend; took
34.—My sister ________ to cook in the last few months.
—That’s great. She needn’t order meals online every day.
A.learns B.has learned
C.was learning D.will learn
35.—Wow! There are thousands of old coins in your house.
—My grandpa is a big fan of them. He ________over 4,000 old coins and he is still doing it.
A.will collect B.was collecting C.is collecting D.has collected
36.The light is still on in Mr. Lin’s office. I’m afraid he ________ his work.
A.doesn’t finish B.didn’t finish C.hasn’t finished D.won’t finish
37.In the past few years, the Shanghai government ________ many new subway lines to make transportation more convenient.
A.had built B.has built C.built D.has been built
38.As a teacher, I am proud that all of my students ______ great progress in the past three years.
A.made B.will make C.have made D.are making
39.Although both sides have made a lot of effort, the differences are too great and no agreement ________ so far.
A.was reached B.is reached C.will be reached D.has been reached
40.A popular dance “Subject Three” ______ people’s attention widely in the last few months.
A.draws B.drew C.will draw D.has drawn
41.—This old book brings so many sweet memories.
—Yes! I________ it since my first time to school.
A.have bought B.had C.have had D.bought
42.I _______ my hometown for a long time since I got into high school. I really miss it!
A.left B.went away C.have been away from D.have left
43.Jim, hurry up. The film Ne Zha 2 ________ for five minutes.
A.began B.has begun C.was on D.has been on
44.How long have you ________ the book since you borrowed it?
A.keep B.borrowed C.lent D.kept
45.I borrowed the English storybook last week. I ________ it for a week.
A.have bought B.have kept C.have borrowed D.had
46.—How long has Mr. White ________ Joan?
—I am not sure. Maybe they got married five years ago.
A.married B.got married to
C.been married with D.been married to
47.—Hi, Tom. Long time no see.
—Yes. I ________ to Kunming to see my uncle and aunt.
A.have been B.have gone C.will go D.go
48.—Where is your son Jimmy now? I want him.
—He ________ Australia on business. He will come back the week after next.
A.has come to B.has been to C.has gone to D.has been in
49.—Where is Mike?
—He ________ Shanghai for a meeting. He ________ tomorrow.
A.has been to; will come back B.has gone to; will come back
C.has gone to; came back D.has been to; came back
50.—Where is Tom?
—He _______ the library. He will be back in an hour.
A.has been to B.went to C.has gone to D.goes to
二、完成句子
51.我已经学习英语7年了。
I English for 7 years.
52.这辆车我买了三年了。
I this car for three years.
53.我的祖父母目前已经结婚五十年了。
My grandparents for fifty years by now.
54.这位志愿者离开中国已经一个月了。
This volunteer has from China for one month.
55.他已经去过北京三次了。
He Beijing three times.
56.目前我们还没有任何发现,但是我们仍在研究。
So far, we able to find anything, but we’re still researching.
57.为了这场比赛,很多跑步者准备了很长时间。
Many runners this race for a long time.
58.广州40多年来发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes in Guangzhou over 40 years ago.
59.退休后,她回到了马兰村义务支教。自2004年以来,她就一直在那教授音乐。
After retirement, she returned to Malan Village on a voluntary basis. She music in Malan Village since 2004.
60.她投身野生动物保护已经10年了
She has wild animals for 10 years.
61.自那以后,那张摆在奖杯旁边的集体照成了他最珍贵的回忆。
, the group photo beside the trophy his most treasured memory.
62.从去年开始,甘肃的一家购物中心为残疾人提供了专用车位。
Since last year, a shopping mall in Gansu some special parking places for the disabled.
63.我从来没有去海南度过假。
I to Hainan for a vacation.
64.到目前为止,《美丽中国》是我看过的最好的电视节目之一。
, Amazing China is one of the best TV programs that I ever .
65.你曾去过水上公园吗?
Have you a water park?
66.自从去年以来, 我没有离开过这个城市。
last year, I haven’t left the city.
67.这些年我父亲一直坚持晨跑。(完成译句)
My father has running in the morning all these years.
68.到目前为止,大卫已经去过了 10 多个太空营。他喜欢所有这些太空营。
So far, David more than 10 space camps. And he enjoyed all of them.
69.回顾参与生态保护项目的经历,我深深感激那些指导我的志愿者们。
Looking back at joining environmental protection projects, I’m really thankful for the volunteers guided me.
70.我曾经去过的最有趣的博物馆是美国历史博物馆。
The most interesting museum is American History Museum.
参考答案
一、
1.B
【解析】句意:史密斯一家自2015年以来一直住在上海。他们热爱这座城市。
考查动词时态。根据“since 2015”可知,动作从过去持续到现在,需用现在完成时,结构为“have/has+过去分词”,主语The Smiths表示史密斯一家人,为复数概念,助动词用have。故选B。
2.D
【解析】句意:——你姐姐在哪里?——她去加拿大三个月了。
考查现在完成时。has gone to去了某地还未回来,现在完成时;had gone to去了某地还未回来,过去完成时;has been to去过某地已经回来,现在完成时;has been in待在某地,现在完成时。根据“for three months”可知,应用现在完成时,表示“已经在加拿大待了三个月了”,故选D。
3.C
【解析】句意:自从上了初中,学生们变化很大。
考查时态。根据“since they started junior high school”可知,动作从过去持续到现在,强调对现在的影响,需用现在完成时。故选C。
4.C
【解析】句意:抱歉,你迟到了。商店已经打烊好长一段时间了。
考查现在完成时。根据“Sorry, you are too late”和“for quite a long time”可知句子应用现在完成时。用be closed来表示商店打烊的状态。故选C。
5.C
【解析】句意:自从我父亲十年前开始在这里工作以来,我们全家就一直住在这个城市。
考查动词时态。根据“since my father started working here ten years ago.”可知讲述的是动作过去开始延续到现在的状态,句子是现在完成时have/has done的结构,My family意为“家庭成员”,视为复数,用have。故选C。
6.C
【解析】句意:——你今天穿新西装看起来非常帅气。——谢谢。但说实话,我已经穿这套西装好几年了。
考查动词时态及延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法。had有,过去式;bought买,过去式;have had现在完成时;have bought现在完成时。句中时间状语“for quite a few years”表示动作从过去持续到现在,需用现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词),buy为非延续性动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,have“拥有”为延续性动词,可以与时间段连用,表示状态的持续。故选C。
7.C
【解析】句意:自从迈克开始在我们学校学习以来,他学到了很多关于中国文化的知识。
考查时态。根据“since he began to study in our school”可知,此处表示从过去某一时间点持续到现在的动作,主句时态应用现在完成时。故选C。
8.D
【解析】句意:大卫非常喜欢京剧。他已经学习京剧两年了。
考查动词时态。根据“for two years”可知,时间状语表示“持续两年”,应用现在完成时(have/has+过去分词),表示动作从过去持续到现在。主语He为第三人称单数,助动词用has。故选D。
9.C
【解析】句意:自从去年加入写作俱乐部以来,史蒂夫已经写了三篇短篇小说。
考查动词的时态。根据“since he joined the writing club last year”可知,此处是现在完成时,其结构是have/has done。故选C。
10.B
【解析】句意:——尼克,你来得太晚了。音乐会已经结束半小时了!——太遗憾了!难怪所有歌手都离开了。
考查现在完成时及动词延续性辨析。根据“since half an hour ago”及“No wonder all the singers have left”可知,歌手都离开了,音乐会已经结束了,应选用延续性状态表达“结束”。“has been over”中,over为形容词,“be over”表示状态延续,可与时间段连用,故选B。
11.D
【解析】句意:——自从我们回到资阳已经20年了。——时间过得真快!我们在家乡工作了这么长时间。
考查动词时态。根据“for such a long time”可知,此处强调从过去持续到现在的动作,需用现在完成时,主语是we,助动词用have。故选D。
12.B
【解析】句意:——《哪吒2》真是令人惊喜!你看过了吗?——还没有。但是我计划这个周六晚上去电影院看。
考查现在完成时。already已经;yet还;ever曾经;just仅仅。根据“Have you...watched it?”可知,问句是含有ever的现在完成时的句子,表示“是否曾经做过某事?”,Not yet“还没有”是否定回答。故选B。
13.D
【解析】句意:——你去过广东吗?——还没有。我计划这个暑假去那里。
考查副词辨析。never从未;already已经;just刚刚;yet仍然,还;ever曾经。根据“Have you...been to Guangdong?”可知,此处指是否曾去过广东,一般疑问句中用ever;根据“Not...But I plan to go there this summer.”可知,此处表示“没去过”,not yet“还没有”,故选D。
14.A
【解析】句意:——韩梅,你去过南京吗?——没有,从来没有。我计划这个暑假去那里。
考查副词辨析。ever曾经;still仍然;yet仍然,还;already已经。根据“Have you ... been to Nanjing, Han Mei?”可知,此处指是否曾去过南京,一般疑问句中用ever。故选A。
15.B
【解析】句意:——你曾参观过这个新图书馆吗?——不,我没有。
考查动词时态。根据“No, I haven’t.”可知,问句是助动词have引导的一般疑问句,时态是现在完成时,结构是have done。故选B。
16.B
【解析】句意:你去过英国吗?
考查副词。just刚刚;ever曾经;once一次,yet还。根据句意可知,这里表示你“曾经”去过英国吗,所以是ever。故选B。
17.C
【解析】句意:——你去过水族馆吗?——不,我没有。
考查现在完成时答语。根据问句“Have you ever been to an aquarium?”可知,问句是现在完成时,其否定回答中要用haven’t/hasn’t,因为主语是I,所以要用haven’t,故选C。
18.D
【解析】句意:——戴安娜,你曾经尝过中国的月饼吗?——从来没有。但我吃过面条。
考查现在完成时。根据“ever”及答语“But I have had noodles.”可知空格所在句用现在完成时态,结构为“have/has+动词过去分词”。故选D。
19.D
【解析】句意:——你去过上海吗?——不,从来没有。
考查时态及动词辨析。根据问句中的ever可知,问句为现在完成时,其结构为“have/has+动词过去分词”,主语为you,助动词用have,排除选项B和C;动词arrive后面跟介词at或in,排除选项A;have been to意为“去过……”,结合语境,故选D。
20.C
【解析】句意:我和妹妹以前都没有去过西藏。
考查现在完成时。have never从来不;has never从来不(has为have的第三人称单数);have ever曾经;has ever曾经(has为have的第三人称单数)。根据“been to”和“before”可知本句应用现在完成时“have/has done”,又因“Neither my sister nor I”中neither...nor表示“两者都不”,本身为否定意义,谓语遵循“就近一致”原则,因离其最近的主语是I,动词用原形。故选C。
21.C
【解析】句意:《神秘巨星》是我看过的最感人的电影。
考查时态辨析。根据“ever seen”可知用现在完成时,主语“I”后用助动词have。故选C。
22.C
【解析】句意:我很抱歉。我把你的iPad弄掉了,现在不能用了。
考查现在完成时。根据“…it doesn’t work now.”可知,此处强调“掉落”动作在过去发生,对现在有影响,因此需用现在完成时,其结构为“have/has done”。故选C。
23.D
【解析】句意:——我最好的朋友已经决定出国留学了。我想我会想念她的。——别担心。你可以在网上和她交流。
考查时态。根据“already”可知时态为现在完成时,其构成为主语+have/has+done;结合主语为“friend”为第三人称单数,用has decided符合。故选D。
24.A
【解析】句意:——你读过《老人与海》吗?——读过,它有关人与自然的斗争。
考查现在完成时。由“yet”可知,是现在完成时,一般疑问句中,have置于句首,read用过去分词read。故选A。
25.C
【解析】句意:他们上周去了北京,到现在我们还没有他们的消息。
考查时态。so far表示“到目前为止”,常与现在完成时连用,其构成为主语+have/has+done。故选C。
26.B
【解析】句意:我们上个月参观的博物馆在劳动节假期期间接待了超过10,000名游客。
考查定语从句及时态。根据“The museum ... we visited”可知,句子是定语从句,先行词是The museum,指物,在从句中作宾语,用which/that引导定语从句;根据“over 10,000 visitors during the Labor Day holiday.”及语境可知,此处是强调过去的动作对现在产生的结果,应用现在完成时。故选B。
27.D
【解析】句意:到目前为止,他的新书已经拥有了一千多万读者,其中包括儿童。
考查现在完成时。根据“so far”可知,句子应用现在完成时,结构是“have/has+过去分词”,主语是单数名词“book”,助动词应用has,reach“到达”,过去分词是reached,应用has reached。故选D。
28.D
【解析】句意:——露西,你已经看过新电影《速度与激情 10》了吗? ——是的,我看过了。它真的很刺激。
考查动词时态。根据“yet”以及答语“Yes, I have.”可知,句子时态应用现在完成时,其结构为have/has done;主语为“you”,助动词应用have,动词watch的过去分词为watched。故选D。
29.B
【解析】句意:——Danny,你的科学项目完成了吗?——不。到目前为止,我还没有发明任何有用的东西,但我不会停止尝试。
考查现在完成时。didn’t invent没有发明,一般过去时;haven’t invented还没有发明,现在完成时;won’t invent不会发明,一般将来时;don’t invent不发明,一般现在时。根据“so far”可知,时态为现在完成时,结构为have/has + 过去分词,故选B。
30.C
【解析】句意:放学后,我尽力利用任何可能的时间来复习我当天所学的东西。
考查现在完成时。learn是一般现在时;will learn是一般将来时;have learned是现在完成时;are learning是现在进行时。根据前文“After school, I try to use any possible time to review the things”可知,强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,应使用现在完成时,“have learned”表示当天所学的东西,符合语境。故选C。
31.C
【解析】句意:到目前为止,人工智能使传统的课堂模式变得更加有趣。
考查时态。根据“Up to now”可知句子用现在完成时have/has done。故选C。
32.D
【解析】句意:——近些年,几个新的袖珍公园在秦淮开放了。。——太好了!让我们去那走一走。
考查时态。根据“over the years”可知,句子时态是现在完成时,且动作应是延续性动作,因此用have been open。故选D。
33.C
【解析】句意:——您参加过在江堰举办的“乡村跑”活动吗?——是的,我参加了。此外,我在跑步过程中拍了很多漂亮的照片。
考查现在完成时和一般过去时。根据“Yes, I have.”可知,此处时态为现在完成时,其结构是“have/has+过去分词”,因此第一空填助动词have,第二空填attend的过去分词attended;根据“I... a lot of beautiful photos during the run.”可知,此处指在跑步期间拍照,动作发生在过去,时态为一般过去时,因此第三空填take的过去式took。故选C。
34.B
【解析】句意:——我妹妹在过去几个月里已经学会做饭了。——太棒了。她没必要每天在网上订餐了。
考查现在完成时态。learns学习,一般现在时;has learned已经学习、学会,现在完成时;was learning正在学习,过去进行时;will learn将要学习,一般将来时。根据“My sister...to cook in the last few months.”可知,句中“in the last few months”是现在完成时的标志性时间状语,所以用现在完成时“has learned”。故选B。
35.D
【解析】句意:—— 哇!你家里有数千枚古币。—— 我爷爷是它们的超级爱好者。他已经收集了 4000 多枚古币,而且还在继续收集。
考查动词时态辨析。will collect一般将来时,表示尚未发生的动作;was collecting过去进行时,表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作;is collecting现在进行时,表示当下正在进行的动作;has collected现在完成时,表示动作从过去持续到现在并产生影响。根据“He ...over 4,000 old coins and he is still doing it.”可知,已经收集了 4000 多枚古币,而且还在继续收集,符合 “完成 + 持续” 的双重语境。故选D。
36.C
【解析】句意:林先生办公室的灯还亮着。恐怕他还没有完成工作。
考查现在完成时。根据“The light is still on in Mr. Lin’s office.”可知,林先生办公室的灯还亮着,说明他的工作应该还没有完成,句子应用现在完成时。故选C。
37.B
【解析】句意:在过去的几年里,上海政府修建了许多新的地铁线路,使交通更加便利。
考查现在完成时。根据“In the past few years”可知,此处需用现在完成时,谓语动词构成是have/has+过去分词,主语“the Shanghai government”为单数,因此用has built。故选B。
38.C
【解析】句意:作为一名老师,我很自豪我的学生在过去三年里取得了巨大进步。
考查现在完成时。根据“in the past three years”可知,动作从过去持续到现在,需用现在完成时have/has done。故选C。
39.D
【解析】句意:虽然双方都做了很多努力,但分歧太大,到目前为止尚未达成协议。
考查动词时态和被动语态。由下文“so far.”和句意可知,so far表示到目前为止,是现在完成时的标志,agreement是动作reach的承受者,要用现在完成时的被动语态。故选D。
40.D
【解析】句意:在过去的几个月里,流行舞蹈《科目三》引起了人们的广泛关注。
考查现在完成时。根据“in the last few months”可知,此句应用现在完成时,其结构为“have/has done”。故选D。
41.C
【解析】句意:——这本古老的书带来了许多甜蜜的回忆。——是的!我第一次上学时就买了这本书。
考查现在完成时。根据“since my first time to school”可知句子为现在完成时,且应用延续性动词。故选C。
42.C
【解析】句意:自从我上高中以来,我已经离开家乡很长时间了。我真的很想念它!
考查现在完成时的用法。left是leave的过去式和过去分词,意为“离开”;went away是go away的过去式,意为“离开;走开”;have been away from是延续性表达,意为“已经离开(持续一段时间 )”;have left是leave的现在完成时形式,意为“已经离开”。根据“for a long time since I got into high school.”可知,句子表达的是从过去持续到现在的状态,且“for + 一段时间”需要使用延续性动词,have been away from符合语境。故选C。
43.D
【解析】句意:Jim,快点。《哪吒2》已经开演5分钟了。
考查动词时态。began开始,begin的过去式;has begun现在完成时;was on上演,一般过去时;has been on上演,现在完成时。句中“for five minutes”表示持续的时间段,需与现在完成时态连用,且动词需具备延续性,瞬间动词begin,无法与时间段搭配;选项D中的“has been on”使用状态短语be on表示“上映中”,可与时间段连用。故选D。
44.D
【解析】句意:自从你借了这本书以来,你已经保存它多久了?
考查动词时态和词义辨析。keep保持,延续性动作;borrowed借入,短暂性动作;lent借出,短暂性动作;kept keep的过去分词,表持续状态。根据“since you borrowed it”和“how long”可知需用延续性动词完成时,强调“持有”的时长,故选D。
45.B
【解析】句意:我上周借了这本英文故事书。我已经借了一周了。
考查现在完成时。根据“for a week”可知,此句是现在完成时,排除D;谓语动词和一段时间连用,需要延续性动词,AC选项都是短暂性动词,不符合,B选项正确。故选B。
46.D
【解析】句意:——怀特先生和琼结婚多久了?——我不确定。可能他们五年前结的婚。
考查动词短语搭配。marry是及物动词,可直接接宾语;get married to表示结婚的动作;be married to表示结婚的状态。根据问句中的“how long”可知,此处询问的是持续的状态,且married后接宾语时需用介词to。故选D。
47.A
【解析】句意:——嗨,汤姆。好久不见。——是的,我去昆明看望叔叔阿姨了。
考查现在完成时。have been to曾经去过某地,现在已经回来了;have gone to去了某地,现在还没有回来;will go将要去,一般将来时;go去,一般现在时。根据对话可知,Tom应该是去过昆明,但现在已经回来了。故选A。
48.C
【解析】句意:——现在,你儿子吉米在哪里?我要他。——他去澳大利亚出差了。他将在后周回来。
考查时态。has come to已经来到,强调“到达”的动作,通常用于说话人当前所在的地点;has been to曾经去过,表示去过某地但已返回;has gone to已经去了,表示某人去了某地,目前仍在当地或在途中;has been in已经在(某地),强调停留的时长,通常需要接时间状语。根据“Where is your son Jimmy now?”以及“He will come back the week after next.”可知,吉米去澳大利亚,还未回来,C项符合。故选C。
49.B
【解析】句意:——迈克在哪儿?——他去上海开会了。他明天将会回来。
考查has gone to和has been to的区别以及一般将来时。has gone to去某地了(未返回),has been to去过某地(已返回)。根据“Where is Mike?”可知,迈克不在,即迈克还没回来,故排除A、D;根据“tomorrow”可知,此处用一般将来时。故选B。
50.C
【解析】句意:——汤姆在哪里?——他去了图书馆。他将在一小时后回来。
考查时态。has been to曾经去过(表示去过某地,现在已经回来);has gone to去了(表示去了某地,还没回来)。根据“He will be back in an hour”可知,他现在不在说话地,去了图书馆还没回来。故选C。
二、
51. have learned/learnt
【解析】对比中英文可知,空处缺少“已经学习”;根据英文题干和汉语提示可知,此处考查learn“学习”,动词;又根据“for 7 years”可知,句子时态为现在完成时,其结构为have/has done;主语为“I”,助动词应用have,动词learn的过去分词为learned/learnt。故填have;learned/learnt。
52. have had
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空处缺少“买了”,“for three years”表示一段时间,是现在完成时的标志,结构是have/has+过去分词。在现在完成时中,谓语动词要用延续性动词。buy是短暂性动词,不能和一段时间连用,其延续性形式是have,表示“拥有”的状态,其过去分词形式是had;主语I是第一人称,故填have;had。
53. have been married
【解析】对比所给中英文可知,设空处为“已经结婚”;根据“for fifty years”可知,此句时态为现在完成时,动词为延续性动词;现在完成时构成是“has/have done”,主语“My grandparents”,助动词应用have;be married“结婚”,延续性动词。故填have;been;married。
54. been away
【解析】根据汉语提示可知,此处考查 “离开”,且根据“for one month.”可知,此句为现在完成时且动词应用延续性动词,离开译为“be away”,且根据“has”可知,be用过去分词形式been。故填been;away。
55. has been to
【解析】空处缺少“已经去过某地(已返回)”的英文,用动词短语have/has been to...表示,主语He是第三人称单数,助动词用has。故填has;been;to。
56. haven’t yet been
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空处缺少了“还没有”,根据“So far”可知,时态为现在完成时,be able to“能够做某事”,主语是we,否定用haven’t been able to,yet“还”,副词修饰动词。故填haven’t;yet;been。
57. have been preparing
【解析】根据句意可知,此处表示“为……做准备”,且强调从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,并且可能还要继续持续下去的动作,用现在完成进行时“have/has been doing”结构。“prepare for”是固定短语,意为“为……做准备”,主语“Many runners”是复数,所以助动词用“have”。故填have;been;preparing 。
58. have taken place since
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空处缺“发生”和“自从”的英文,take place“发生”,since“自从”,根据“since over 40 years ago. ”可知,应用现在完成时,其结构是:have/has+动词的过去分词。主语是复数,助动词用have,take的过去分词是taken。故填have;taken;place;since。
59. has taught
【解析】结合“since”可知时态为现在完成时,主语是she,结构为has done;teach“教”,过去分词形式是“taught”。故填has;taught。
60. devoted herself to protecting
【解析】根据中英对照可知,空处意为“投身保护……”,devote oneself to doing表示“投身于做某事”,protect表示“保护”;主语是she,反身代词用herself,根据“for 10 years”可知,本句用现在完成时,动词用过去分词。故填devoted;herself;to;protecting。
61. Since then has become
【解析】Since then“自那以后”,是固定短语,常用于现在完成时;第二个空格处所在句子时态为现在完成时,结构是“have/has+过去分词”,主语“the group photo”是单数,所以用has,“become”的过去分词是“become”。故填Since;then;has;become。
62. has provided
【解析】根据中英对照可知,空处意为“提供”,provide“提供”符合语境,根据“Since last year”可知,本句描述从过去持续到现在的动作,应该用现在完成时,主语a shopping mall是单数。故填has;provided。
63. have never been
【解析】根据汉语提示可知,空处意为“从来没有去过”,要用固定短语“have/has been to”来表示,主语为I,助动词要用have;且本句为否定句,应用频度副词never表示“从不,从未”。故填have; never; been。
64. So far have watched/seen
【解析】由语境和所给的汉语翻译可知,so far意为“到目前为止”,首字母大写;see/watch意为“看”;由提示词 ever可知,此处需用现在完成时,其结构是:助动词have/has+动词的过去分词。主语是I,因此助动词用have。故填So;far;have;watched/seen。
65. ever been to
【解析】have been to“去过某地”,动词短语;ever“曾经”,副词,放在助动词“Have”后。故填ever;been;to。
66. Ever since
【解析】根据句子结构可知空处应填“自从”,固定短语ever since表示“自从”。故填Ever;since。
67. stuck to
【解析】结合句意,“坚持”这个动作发生在过去,持续到现在,故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词;stick to doing sth.“坚持做某事”,stick的过去分词是stuck。故stuck;to。
68. has been to
【解析】结合中英文对照可知,句中缺少“去过”的英文表达,根据时间状语“So far(到目前为止)”可知,句子时态应用现在完成时;表示“去过某地”用动词短语“have/has been to”;主语David是第三人称单数,助动词用has。故填has been to。
69. who/that have
【解析】分析句子可知,此处需要一个定语从句来修饰先行词“the volunteers”,表示“那些指导我的志愿者们”。在定语从句中,关系词需要代替先行词在从句中充当成分,由于先行词“the volunteers”指人,且在从句中作主语,所以应使用关系代词“who/that”来引导定语从句;“指导我”的动作发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响,因此需要用现在完成时“have/has done”,“the volunteers”是复数,助动词用have。故填who/that;have。
70. I’ve ever been to
【解析】根据英汉对照可知,这是省略掉that的定语从句,曾经去过某地的结构是“have/has been to+地点名词”,主语是I“我”,用have/have been to作定语修饰前面的名词museum“博物馆”,ever“曾经”。故填I’ve;ever; been; to。
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