衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句用法（初高考点差异及衔接）- 2025年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句用法 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 初中阶段，要求识别主语从句、同位语从句的基本概念，明确其在句子中充当主语的功能。重点学习常见引导词、语序、基本句型结构。 高中阶段，能够区分不同连接词（如that, if, whether, who, what, where, when, how等）的用法和含义，并能够在更复杂的语境中准确、恰当地使用它们。 衔接指引 初中阶段：以 “识别和基础运用” 为主，考点直接、侧重记忆； 高中阶段：以 “理解和综合分析” 为主，考点复杂、侧重逻辑与语法结合。 【初中考点聚焦】 基本认知：能识别由 that, whether, 疑问词（what/who/when等） 引导的主语从句结构。 简单应用：会在基础语境中运用主语从句进行简单造句，理解其表意功能。常见抽象名词的搭配 考查如 news, fact, idea 等名词后接 that 同位语从句的结构。 1. That he was admitted into Beijing University made his teachers and parents happy. 他考上了北大，这让他的老师和父母很高兴。 2. It’s a pity that you can’t attend my birthday party.很可惜你不能参加我的生日聚会。 3. Whether we will build a new high school hasn’t been decided. 我们是否要建新高中还没决定呢。 4. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 5. The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 复杂结构掌握：理解 形式主语（it）替代主语从句 的结构，如 “It is clear that...”。 高阶功能运用：掌握主语从句在 虚拟语气、强调句、倒装句中的灵活应用。 逻辑分析：在长难句中准确拆分主语从句、同位语从句成分，分析句子主干。初中重点“记忆常见名词 + that 结构”，高中重点“分析从句成分及逻辑关系”，尤其需通过对比定语从句强化对同位语从句本质的理解。 考点清单 考点一、主语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） ③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. （误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. （从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。） Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。 疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿？ 主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true. what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁（主） whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁（宾） whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 小试牛刀： 1． makes it striking is the expression of fear. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】What 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：让它引人注目的是恐惧的表达。空处引导名词性从句作主语，主语从句缺少主语，结合“the expression of fear”可知，主语指物，应用连接代词what作引导词，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填What。 2．It is still open to question is to head the group. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：谁领导这个小组还没定下来。It是形式主语，空处引导主语从句，作真正的主语，引导词在从句中作主语，结合句意可知此处指“谁领导这个小组”，使用连接词代词who引导，故填who。 3．It doesn’t matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在这家商店你用现金还是用信用卡付款都没关系。句中it是形式主语，空格处引导的是主语从句，由or可知，空格处是whether，whether...or...是固定搭配，意为“是……还是……”，因此空格处用whether引导主语从句，故填whether。 4．It suddenly occurred to him he forgot to lock the safe before he left the office. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他突然意识到，自己在离开办公室之前忘记锁保险柜了。此处为固定句型“it occurred to sb. that...”，意为“某人突然想到……”，其中that引导主语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。故填that。 5． this happened is now investigated by police. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】How 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：目前警方正在调查这一事件是如何发生的。空格处引导的是主语从句，从句表示“这是怎么发生的”，空格处意为“怎么”，是连接副词how，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填How。 考点二、同位语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句） 说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。 （正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句） （误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 考点三、同位语从句与定语从句的深度辨析： 从 “成分”“功能”“引导词” 三方面区分，如： 对比维度 同位语从句 定语从句 引导词功能 that 无实义，不充当成分 that 充当主语 / 宾语（可省略） 与名词关系 解释名词的具体内容（等价关系） 修饰名词的特征（从属关系） 例句 “The truth that he is honest is known.”（他诚实的事实） “The truth that he told me is important.”（他告诉我的真相） 小试牛刀： 1．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：随着我们对宇宙了解的增多，我们也许有一天能回答其他星球上是否有生命这个问题。分析句子结构可知，空格后是同位语从句，解释说明“the question”的具体内容，从句结构完整，且表示“是否”的含义，应用连接词whether来引导。故填whether。 2．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查连接代词。句意：我不知道谁将负责这家公司。空处为同位语从句，缺少主语，表示“谁”，用连接代词who。故填who。 3．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我们队赢得了比赛这一消息让我们非常兴奋。“______ our team won the game”是对前面名词news内容的具体解释说明，是同位语从句，从句意义完整，不缺少成分，用连词that引导从句。故填that。 4．Astronomers have long held the firm belief there are other livable planets in the vast universe. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】that 【详解】考查连接词。句意：长期以来，天文学家一直坚信，在浩瀚的宇宙中存在着其他宜居行星。空处引导同位语从句，对名词belief进行解释，从句句意和句子结构完整，连接词为that，that在从句中不充当任何成分。故填that。 5．I have no idea they were able to get it done in so short a time. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】how 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我不知道他们是如何在这么短的时间内完成这件事的。分析句式结构可知，此处是同位语从句来解释说明idea的具体内容，又因为从句中缺少方式状语，所以用连接副词how引导同位语从句。故填how。 1． made Zhang Tian happy was that his students showed great progress. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】What 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：让张天高兴的是他的学生们取得了很大的进步。分析句子结构可知，“____ made Zhang Tian happy”是主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指“让张天高兴的事情”，应用连接代词what引导，且首字母大写。故填What。 2． leaves the hall last shall turn off the air conditioner. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】Whoever 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：无论谁最后离开大厅都要关掉空调。表示“无论谁”，为“whoever”，在主语从句中作主语。首字母大写。故填Whoever。 3． the space mission went so well was beyond our expectations. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】That 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：太空任务进展得如此顺利，出乎我们的意料。空处需用连接词引导主语从句，从句句子成分完成，句意完整，所以空处需用连接词that引导主语从句。故填That。 4．It is still open to question is to head the group. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：谁领导这个小组还没定下来。It是形式主语，空处引导主语从句，作真正的主语，引导词在从句中作主语，结合句意可知此处指“谁领导这个小组”，使用连接词代词who引导，故填who。 5．It is likely native Americans moved to California at least 15,000 years ago. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：很可能至少在15000年前，美洲原住民移居到了加利福尼亚。此处是固定句型“It is likely that…”，其中it作形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语。故填that。 6．It doesn’t matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在这家商店你用现金还是用信用卡付款都没关系。句中it是形式主语，空格处引导的是主语从句，由or可知，空格处是whether，whether...or...是固定搭配，意为“是……还是……”，因此空格处用whether引导主语从句，故填whether。 7．It suddenly occurred to him he forgot to lock the safe before he left the office. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他突然意识到，自己在离开办公室之前忘记锁保险柜了。此处为固定句型“it occurred to sb. that...”，意为“某人突然想到……”，其中that引导主语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。故填that。 8． of them will become the next president of this country is still a mystery. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】Which 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他们中谁将成为这个国家的下一任总统仍然是个谜。由“of them will become the next president of this country is still a mystery”可知，句子表示“他们中谁将成为这个国家的下一任总统仍然是个谜”，空格处意为“哪一个”，用which，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填Which。 9． this happened is now investigated by police. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】How 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：目前警方正在调查这一事件是如何发生的。空格处引导的是主语从句，从句表示“这是怎么发生的”，空格处意为“怎么”，是连接副词how，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填How。 10． one should go to college is a good question for many high school graduates. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】Why 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：对于许多高中毕业生来说，为什么要上大学是一个很好的问题。分析句子可知，设空处引导主语从句，结合从句句意可知，从句需要意思“为什么”，所以为连接副词why引导该主语从句，作原因状语。故填why。 11．It depends on the climate they are going shopping today. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他们今天是否去购物取决于气候。本句it为形式主语，所以空处连接的是主语从句，从句中不缺少成分，表示“是否”，用连词whether引导从句。故填whether。 12．It remains unknown they are going to get married. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他们什么时候结婚还是个未知数。it为形式主语，所以空处连接的是主语从句，在从句中作时间状语，表示“何时”，应用when连接，故填when。 13．There is no escape from the long arm of the law. breaks the law will sooner or later be caught and will be punished. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】Whoever 【详解】考查连接大词。句意：法律的长臂无处不在。任何违法的人迟早会被抓住并受到惩罚。空处引导主语从句，表示 “无论谁”，用whoever引导主语从句，首字母大写。故填Whoever。 14．All the preparation work has been completed but there still remains some doubt everything will go as planned. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whether 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：所有的准备工作都已完成，但仍有部分人对一切能否按计划进行表示怀疑。引导同位语从句，表示“是否”用whether。故填whether。 15．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：随着我们对宇宙了解的增多，我们也许有一天能回答其他星球上是否有生命这个问题。分析句子结构可知，空格后是同位语从句，解释说明“the question”的具体内容，从句结构完整，且表示“是否”的含义，应用连接词whether来引导。故填whether。 16．Sometimes I had the uncomfortable feeling this little machine had taken up too much of my time. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：有时我会有一种不安的感觉，觉得这台小机器占用了我太多时间。分析句子结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，解释说明名词feeling的具体内容，从句结构完整、意义明确，应用that来引导，that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。故填that。 17．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查连接代词。句意：我不知道谁将负责这家公司。空处为同位语从句，缺少主语，表示“谁”，用连接代词who。故填who。 18．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我们队赢得了比赛这一消息让我们非常兴奋。“______ our team won the game”是对前面名词news内容的具体解释说明，是同位语从句，从句意义完整，不缺少成分，用连词that引导从句。故填that。 19．Word came the students would put off the outing until next week because of the bad weather. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：有消息传来，由于天气不好，学生们将把郊游推迟到下周。空格处引导同位语从句，解释说明Word的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，因此使用that引导同位语从句。故填that。 20．We still have some doubt they can complete the task on time. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我们对他们是否能按时完成任务还有些怀疑。空处引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的内容，从句不缺成分，引导词表示“是否”，需用连接词whether引导。故填whether。 一、完成句子 1．我想我有朝一日会去非洲旅行。 I thought Africa someday. 【答案】would take a trip in 【详解】考查时态，名词和介词。在本句子中“________ Africa someday.”为宾语从句，从句中需要填入谓语动词，主句的时态为一般过去时，所以从句要有过去相关的时态，此处指的是当时事情还没有发生，因此用过去将来时；过去将来时的构成为would+动词原形。“去旅行为”take a trip。“表示在……国家”用介词in。故答案为I would take a trip in。 2． so we should hurry to get all ready. 经理说客人要来了，所以我们应该赶快准备好。 【答案】The manager said that the guests were coming 【详解】考查时态、宾语从句。根据汉语提示，空白处为包含宾语从句的复合句。表示“经理说”含义的表达为：the manager says，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填the manger said；“客人要来了”为宾语从句部分，其中“客人”翻译为：the guests；表示“来了”含义的词为：come，根据汉语提示，因宾语从句表示的是从过去看即将要发生的动作，可以使用过去进行时表达，故填The manger said that the guests were coming。 3．Now more and more people have come to realize . 现在越来越多的人意识到这个问题有多严重。 【答案】how serious this problem is 【详解】考查宾语从句和时态。动词后是宾语从句，宾语从句用陈述语序，描述事实用一般现在时，“这个问题有多严重”是how serious the problem is，用how引导的宾语从句，作状语修饰serious“严重的”，主语the problem“这个问题”，是单数，谓语动词用单数，故填how serious the problem is。 4．这就是我们未来生活的样子。 This is in the future. 【答案】what our life will be like 【详解】考查表语从句。对比中英文句子和题干要求可知，空处所填“我们未来生活的样子”处理为表语从句，主语“我们的生活”表达为our life，“……的样子”即“像”，可用动词短语be like表达，从句缺少主语，且指 代事物，应用连接代词what作引导词，结合时间状语in the future可知，从句用一般将来时。故填what our life will be like。 5．看样子天要下雨，你最好带把伞。 It looks . You’d better take an umbrella with you. 【答案】as if it is going to rain 【详解】考查固定句型。“看样子……”可以使用固定句型“It looks as if...”，“天要下雨”表示推测，翻译为“It is going to rain”，故填as if it is going to rain。 6．关键问题是我们对在线学习应持有什么样的态度。 The key problem is . 【答案】what kind of attitude we should hold to online learning 【详解】考查表语从句和名词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，此处应为what引导的表语从句作表语，根据句意，表示“什么样的态度”应为what kind of attitude作“持有”的宾语，作为引导词，所以应置于从句的句首，表示“我们”应为we作从句的主语，置于what kind of attitude之后，表示“应该持有”应为should hold作谓语，表示“对在线学习的态度”应为介词attitude to，attitude已经与what kind of一起提至句首，所以此处只有介词to，表示“在线学习”应为online learning作介词to的宾语，所以，表示“我们对在线学习应持有什么样的态度”应为what kind of attitude we should hold to online learning。故填what kind of attitude we should hold to online learning。 7．他非常喜欢中国画。那就是他上周末去看艺术展览的原因。 He likes Chinese paintings very much.That’s last weekend. 【答案】why he went to the art exhibition 【详解】考查表语从句和时态。对比中英文句子可知，“他上周末去看艺术展览的原因”处理为表语从句，从句主语为he“他”，表示“去艺术展览馆”用go to the art exhibiton，go作谓语，结合时间状语last weekend可知，从句陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时；从句成份完整，强调结果，应用why作引导词。故填why he went to the art exhibition。 二、阅读理解 American researchers have developed an AI-based system to discover Parkinson's(帕金森病）recently. The new system works by studying a person's breathing patterns(模式)during sleep. Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain. which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. This can influence their walking abilities and cause shaking movements in the body. Many patients also suffer from mental health problems and sleep problems. The researchers note that early signs of Parkinson's are not easy to notice. Many signs do not appear until years after the development of the illness. In fact. scientists have studied other methods to identify(识别)the illness before it has a chance to develop. But these methods are expensive and require special medical centers. The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development. Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research." A relationship between Parkinson's and the act of breathing was noted as early as1817.in the work of Dr James Parkinson,' Katabi said. She added this connection led the research team" to consider the possibility to identify the illness from a person's breathing without looking at the movements".“ Studies have shown that breathing patterns connected with Parkinson's can appear years before other signs. This means the AI system can be an early predictor(预测器)of Parkinson's,” Katabi said. The system was tested on 7,687 people, including 757 patients with Parkinson's. It showed that with just one night's sleep, the AI system was able to identify Parkinson's with up to 86% precision(精确度). The researchers say the simplicity of the system will allow many more people to be tested for the illness at home, especially those who are not easy to go to hospitals. 1. What can we know about Parkinson's in Paragraph 2？ A. its effects B. its varieties C. its treatments D. its methods 2.How does the writer show the advantage of the AI-based system in Paragraph 3? A. By listing numbers. B. By giving examples. C. By telling stories. D. By comparing facts. 3.What can we know about the AI-based system from the passage? A. It needs special medical centers. B. It can be used for treating sleep problems. C. It helps notice the early signs of Parkinson's. D. It can influence the development of Parkinson's. 4.Which of the following is TRUE about Dina Katabi? A. She first connected Parkinson's with the act of breathing. B. She is a leader of the research of the new system. C. She is a professor who studies sleeping patterns. D. She wrote a book about Parkinson's. 5.What does the underlined word “simplicity” most probably mean in Chinese? A.改善 B. 简单 C.增加 D.降低 长难句分析 原句：（第二段第一句)Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain, which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. 译文：帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常导致患者失去控制自己活动的能力。 分析：这是一个复合句。that harms the brain为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词an illness。which在句中引导非限制性定语 句，对Parkinson's进行补充说明。 译文 美国研究人员最近开发了一个基于人工智能的系统来发现帕金森病。这个新系统的工作原理是研究人在睡眠期间的呼吸模式。 帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常导致患者失去控制活动的能力。这会影响他们的行走能力，并导致身体颤抖。许多患者还患有心理健康问题和睡眠问题。 研究人员指出，帕金森病的早期症状不易被发现。许多症状直到疾病发展多年后才出现。事实上，研究人员还研究了其他方法，以便在疾病有机会发展之前识别它。但这些方法很昂贵且需要特殊的医疗中心。研究团队表示，新的人工智能系统很简单，它能在帕金森病早期就将这种病识别出来。 Dina Katabi 教授帮忙领导了这项研究。Katabi 说：“早在 1817 年，James Parkinson 博士的研究中就发现了帕金森病与呼吸行为之间的关系。”她补充说，这种联系促使研究小组“考虑从一个人的呼吸中识别疾病的可能性，而不看动作”。Katabi 说：“研究表明，与帕金森病有关的呼吸模式可能会比其他症状早几年出现。这意味着人工智能系统可以成为帕金森病的早期预测者。” 该系统在7687人身上进行了测试，其中包括757名帕金森病患者。测试结果显示，只需一晚的睡眠，人工智能系统就能识别出帕金森病，精确度高达86%。 研究人员说，该系统的简单性将使更多的人在家进行疾病检测，特别是那些不方便去医院的人。 答案详析 1.A 段落大意题。通读第二段可知，帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常会导致患者失去控制自己活动的能力。这可能会影响他们的行走能力，并导致身体颤抖。许多患者还患有心理健康问题和睡眠问题。因此，本段主要介绍了帕金森病的影响。 2.D推理判断题。通读第三段可知，研究人员还研究了其他方法,但这些方法很昂贵且需要特殊的医疗中心。而新的人工智能系统很简单,它能在帕金森病早期就将这种病识别出来。因此，作者是通过比较事实的手法来说明新系统的优点的。 3. C 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development.”可知，新的人工智能系统很简便，可以在帕金森病早期识别它。也就是说，基于人工智能的系统可以帮助发现帕金森病的早期症状。 4.B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research."可知，Dina Katabi 教授帮忙主导了这项研究，即Dina Katabi 教授是这个新系统研究的一位领导。 5.B 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the system will allow many more people...go to hospitals"可知，新系统能使更多的人在家进行疾病检测，特别是那些不方便去医院的人。由此可推知，新系统使用起来比较简单，故simplicity意为“简单”。 2 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句用法 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 初中阶段，要求识别主语从句、同位语从句的基本概念，明确其在句子中充当主语的功能。重点学习常见引导词、语序、基本句型结构。 高中阶段，能够区分不同连接词（如that, if, whether, who, what, where, when, how等）的用法和含义，并能够在更复杂的语境中准确、恰当地使用它们。 衔接指引 初中阶段：以 “识别和基础运用” 为主，考点直接、侧重记忆； 高中阶段：以 “理解和综合分析” 为主，考点复杂、侧重逻辑与语法结合。 【初中考点聚焦】 基本认知：能识别由 that, whether, 疑问词（what/who/when等） 引导的主语从句结构。 简单应用：会在基础语境中运用主语从句进行简单造句，理解其表意功能。常见抽象名词的搭配 考查如 news, fact, idea 等名词后接 that 同位语从句的结构。 1. That he was admitted into Beijing University made his teachers and parents happy. 他考上了北大，这让他的老师和父母很高兴。 2. It’s a pity that you can’t attend my birthday party.很可惜你不能参加我的生日聚会。 3. Whether we will build a new high school hasn’t been decided. 我们是否要建新高中还没决定呢。 4. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 5. The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 复杂结构掌握：理解 形式主语（it）替代主语从句 的结构，如 “It is clear that...”。 高阶功能运用：掌握主语从句在 虚拟语气、强调句、倒装句中的灵活应用。 逻辑分析：在长难句中准确拆分主语从句、同位语从句成分，分析句子主干。初中重点“记忆常见名词 + that 结构”，高中重点“分析从句成分及逻辑关系”，尤其需通过对比定语从句强化对同位语从句本质的理解。 考点清单 考点一、主语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） ③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. （误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. （从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。） Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。 疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿？ 主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true. what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁（主） whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁（宾） whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 小试牛刀： 1． makes it striking is the expression of fear. (用适当的词填空) 2．It is still open to question is to head the group. (用适当的词填空) 3．It doesn’t matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store. (用适当的词填空) 4．It suddenly occurred to him he forgot to lock the safe before he left the office. (用适当的词填空) 5． this happened is now investigated by police. (用适当的词填空) 考点二、同位语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句） 说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。 （正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句） （误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 考点三、同位语从句与定语从句的深度辨析： 从 “成分”“功能”“引导词” 三方面区分，如： 对比维度 同位语从句 定语从句 引导词功能 that 无实义，不充当成分 that 充当主语 / 宾语（可省略） 与名词关系 解释名词的具体内容（等价关系） 修饰名词的特征（从属关系） 例句 “The truth that he is honest is known.”（他诚实的事实） “The truth that he told me is important.”（他告诉我的真相） 小试牛刀： 1．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 2．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 3．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 4．Astronomers have long held the firm belief there are other livable planets in the vast universe. （用适当的词填空） 5．I have no idea they were able to get it done in so short a time. (用适当的词填空) 1． made Zhang Tian happy was that his students showed great progress. (用适当的词填空) 2． leaves the hall last shall turn off the air conditioner. (用适当的词填空) 3． the space mission went so well was beyond our expectations. (用适当的词填空) 4．It is still open to question is to head the group. (用适当的词填空) 5．It is likely native Americans moved to California at least 15,000 years ago. (用适当的词填空) 6．It doesn’t matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store. (用适当的词填空) 7．It suddenly occurred to him he forgot to lock the safe before he left the office. (用适当的词填空) 8． of them will become the next president of this country is still a mystery. (用适当的词填空) 9． this happened is now investigated by police. (用适当的词填空) 10． one should go to college is a good question for many high school graduates. (用适当的词填空) 11．It depends on the climate they are going shopping today. (用适当的词填空) 12．It remains unknown they are going to get married. (用适当的词填空) 13．There is no escape from the long arm of the law. breaks the law will sooner or later be caught and will be punished. （用适当的词填空） 14．All the preparation work has been completed but there still remains some doubt everything will go as planned. （用适当的词填空） 15．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 16．Sometimes I had the uncomfortable feeling this little machine had taken up too much of my time. (用适当的词填空) 17．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 18．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 19．Word came the students would put off the outing until next week because of the bad weather. （用适当的词填空） 20．We still have some doubt they can complete the task on time. (用适当的词填空) 一、完成句子 1．我想我有朝一日会去非洲旅行。 I thought Africa someday. 2． so we should hurry to get all ready. 经理说客人要来了，所以我们应该赶快准备好。 3．Now more and more people have come to realize . 现在越来越多的人意识到这个问题有多严重。 4．这就是我们未来生活的样子。 This is in the future. 5．看样子天要下雨，你最好带把伞。 It looks . You’d better take an umbrella with you. 6．关键问题是我们对在线学习应持有什么样的态度。 The key problem is . 7．他非常喜欢中国画。那就是他上周末去看艺术展览的原因。 He likes Chinese paintings very much.That’s last weekend. 二、阅读理解 American researchers have developed an AI-based system to discover Parkinson's(帕金森病）recently. The new system works by studying a person's breathing patterns(模式)during sleep. Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain. which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. This can influence their walking abilities and cause shaking movements in the body. Many patients also suffer from mental health problems and sleep problems. The researchers note that early signs of Parkinson's are not easy to notice. Many signs do not appear until years after the development of the illness. In fact. scientists have studied other methods to identify(识别)the illness before it has a chance to develop. But these methods are expensive and require special medical centers. The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development. Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research." A relationship between Parkinson's and the act of breathing was noted as early as1817.in the work of Dr James Parkinson,' Katabi said. She added this connection led the research team" to consider the possibility to identify the illness from a person's breathing without looking at the movements".“ Studies have shown that breathing patterns connected with Parkinson's can appear years before other signs. This means the AI system can be an early predictor(预测器)of Parkinson's,” Katabi said. The system was tested on 7,687 people, including 757 patients with Parkinson's. It showed that with just one night's sleep, the AI system was able to identify Parkinson's with up to 86% precision(精确度). The researchers say the simplicity of the system will allow many more people to be tested for the illness at home, especially those who are not easy to go to hospitals. 1. What can we know about Parkinson's in Paragraph 2？ A. its effects B. its varieties C. its treatments D. its methods 2.How does the writer show the advantage of the AI-based system in Paragraph 3? A. By listing numbers. B. By giving examples. C. By telling stories. D. By comparing facts. 3.What can we know about the AI-based system from the passage? A. It needs special medical centers. B. It can be used for treating sleep problems. C. It helps notice the early signs of Parkinson's. D. It can influence the development of Parkinson's. 4.Which of the following is TRUE about Dina Katabi? A. She first connected Parkinson's with the act of breathing. B. She is a leader of the research of the new system. C. She is a professor who studies sleeping patterns. D. She wrote a book about Parkinson's. 5.What does the underlined word “simplicity” most probably mean in Chinese? A.改善 B. 简单 C.增加 D.降低 长难句分析 原句：（第二段第一句)Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain, which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. 译文：帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常导致患者失去控制自己活动的能力。 分析：这是一个复合句。that harms the brain为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词an illness。which在句中引导非限制性定语 句，对Parkinson's进行补充说明。 8 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$