内容正文:
2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列
专题17 语法知识之构词法(长难句)
第一部分 构词法
1.表示否定或反义的常用词缀
反
义
否
定
反
义
否
定
前
缀
前
缀
位置
意义
例词
a-
an-
not,without否定
apo1itical不关心政治的;
anonymous匿名的,无名的,不知名的
ab-
away from
abnormal非正常的;
a-
ab-
abs-
在“t”“v”之前
avoid避免
abstain弃权,戒;
abstract摘要
ant-
anti-
against,opposite
“反抗”
“反”“抗”
antarctic南极(的); anti-Japanese war抗日战争;antimissile反导弹的;
antisocial反社会的;antimagnetic防磁的;
antiseptic防腐剂;
antifreezing liquid抗冻剂
counter-
contra-
against.Opposite
反,对应
counteraction反作用;
contrast对比,对照;
counteract抵抗;
counterattack反攻;
counterpart对手,副本;
contra.missile反导弹 导弹;counterclcckwise逆时针的
de-
away,down,negative离开,分,否定,使低下
decompose分解;
decompression减压;
degrade使降级;
demobilize复员;
degenerate堕落的;
decay衰败;
debase贬低;
dis-
加在名、形、动词前
不
disadvantage不利,不利条件;disagree,不同意
dis-
加在动词
前
不再……
disappear消失;
disarm解除武装;
disconnect分离
di-
dif-
dis-
away,negative
否定,分开,不
distrust不信任.怀疑;
disassemble拆开:divest脱衣,剥夺;
differentiate区分
il-
加在以“l” 开头的词前
不
illegal不合法的;
illiterate文盲;illegitimate非法的
im-
in-
ir-
加在字母m,b,p之前
not,in,into否定,加强或引申意义
impracticable行不通的; invisible不可见的;
irrational不合理的;
inaccurate不准确的;
irresistable不可抗拒的;
mal-
bad,badly恶,不良
maltreat虐待;malfunction机能失常;
malcontent不满的;malnutrition营养不良;
maladminister对……管理不善
mis-
bad,badly错,坏
mistake错误
non-
not否定
nonmetal非金属;
non-ferrous非铁的;
nonviolent非暴力的;nonprofessional无职业的
se-
分离
separation分离;secure安全;segregation隔离,分开
un-
加在形、副、名词前
not否定
unpredictable无法预言的;unknown未知的
后
缀
-proof
加在名词后
(adj.)防……的,
waterproof防水的;
boomproof防弹的;soundproof隔音的;
burglar-proof防盗的
2.表示时间的常用词缀:
时
间
时
间
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
ante-
before在……之前
ante-room前厅;
ante-Christian基督降生前;
antecedent先行的,先时的
ex-
前任的
ex-president前总统;ex-premier前总理
fore-
before前.预先
foremost最前的;
forecast预测;
forefather前人,祖先;
forehead前额;
foretell预言;
foreground前景;
foresee预见
pre-
before之前
prehistory史前:
prerequisite先决条件;
prelude序言前奏曲;pre-election大选前;
Prefix前缀
pro-
预先的
programme节目单;
prologue序言,序幕;
prophet预言家
proto-
原始,初
protohydrogen初氢;
prototype原型;
protoplasm原生质;
protoplast原物,原型
meta-
在……之后,
变化,变位
Metaphor隐喻;
metaphrase逐字硬译;
metaphysics形而上学
post-
after之后
postwar战后;
postgraduate研究生;
post-liberation解放后
retro-
back往后的
retrograde倒退的;
retrospect回顾
3.表示数字的常用词缀:
数
字
数
字
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
demi-
hemi-
semi-
半
demigod半神半人;
hemicycle半圆形建筑
semiautomatic半自动的;semimechanized半机械化的
mono-
one单一
monomotor单发动机;monowheel单轮
uni-
uniform均匀的;
unipolar单极的;
unicellular单细胞的:
uniaxial单轴的;
unilateralism单边主义
ambi-
amphi-
两
周围
ambiguous有两个意义的,暧昧的;
amphitheater圆形剧场;
ambidextrous左右手都善用;
amphibian两栖的
bi-
二,双
bimetalic双金属的;
bimotor双发动机;
biweekly双周(刊);
biyearly两年一次的
di-
dioxide二氧化物;
diode二级管;
diphthong双元音
tri-
三
triangle三角形;
tripod三角架;
triennial每三年一次的;
triple三倍的;
tricar三轮车;
triode三极管
quadri-
quadru-
四
quadruple四倍的;
quadrangle四边形;
quadricentennial四百周年纪念
penta-
五
pentagon五角大楼;pentagram五角星形:
pentameter五步诗句
quinque- quinqui- quinqua-
quinta-fever五日回归热;
quintessence精华(古代所谓组成天体的“第五元素”)
sex-
sexi-
六
sexangle六角;
sexennial六年一度的;
sexcentenary六周年纪念
sept-
七
September九月(古罗马的七月);
septennial七年一度的
hepta-
heptad七人集团;
heptagon七角形
octa-
oct-
octo-
八
octagon八角形;
October十月;:
octad八价元素;
octopus章鱼
nona- ennea-
九
nonagon九角形;
ennead九个一组
deci-
deca-
十
decimal十进位的;decagramme十克;
decade十年,十个合成一组
centi-
百,百分之一
centimetre厘米(百分之一米);
omtilitre厘升(百分之一升);
centipede蜈蚣(百脚虫)
kilo-
千
Kilowatt千瓦;
kilometer千米;
kilogram(me)公斤,千克
milli-
千,千分之一
millennial千年的;
milligram毫克
multi-
许多
Multi-coloured颜色多样的,
Multi-national多民族的;multiform多种形式的;
multilateral多边的;
multipole多极
poly-
多,复,聚
polygon多边形;
polyatomic多原子的;
polyphase多相的;
polyunclear多核的
4.动词化常用词缀:
动
词
化
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
be-
to make intensive
使……加强
belittle使缩小,贬低;
befriend友好相待,帮助
en-
em-
in,into,to make
使……,使人
enlarge扩大;
enable使……能;
embed埋置,嵌进;
empower使……能;
encage关人笼中;
embrace拥抱;
endear受喜爱;
embody收录,体现;
后
缀
-en
加在形容词前或后
(v.)make使变成……
harden使硬;
lengthen使变长;
weaken使变弱;
broaden加宽;
-ify
加在名词、形容词后
(v.)cause to become
使……成,使……化
magnify放大;
simplify简化;
purify提纯;
certify证明;
glorify颂扬;
electrify使电气化
-ish
(v.)从法文借来的
abolish废除.
blandish讨好;
cherish爱护;
perish毁灭
-ize
-ise
-yze
-yse
加在形容词后
(v.)cause to be of have以……方式对待;……化
realize实现;
mechanize机械化;
analyse,analyze分析;
Americanize美国化;popularize推广
-ate
(v.) 使成为
activate 使活动
5.名词化常用词缀:
名
词
化
名
词
化
名
词
化
名
词
化
后
缀
后
缀
后
缀
后
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
-an
加在形容词后
(n.)one who。that which表人
(n.)one who。that which表人
Asian 亚洲人;
electrician 电工;
physician医生
-ant
-ent
加在动词后
applicant申请人;correspondent通信者;resistant抵抗者;
servant仆人;
defendant被告
-ard
加在形容词后
drunkard酒鬼;
coward懦夫
-arian
加在名词后
humanitarian人道主义者:
octogenarian八十至八十九岁的人;
-crat
加在名词后
democrat民主人士;bureaucrat官僚
-ee
加在动词后
addressee收件人;
employee雇员;
examinee应试人;
refugee难民;
-eer
加在名词
后
pioneer开拓者;
volunteer志愿者;
auctioneer拍卖商;
engineer工程师;
rocketeer火箭专家;electioneer竞选的人
-er (-or)
加在动词后
加在地名后
manufacturer制造人;best-seller畅销货;
survivor幸存音;
adapter改编者
-ese
加在地名上
Chinese中国人.汉语;Portuguese葡萄牙人,葡萄牙语;
Japanese日本人;
-ess
加在动词后
hostess女主人;
manageress女经理;
actress女演员
-ian -an
加在地名后
Mile.an非洲人;
American美国人;Australian澳大利亚人
-ician
加在形容词后
electrician电学专家;
logician逻辑学家;mathematician数学家
-ish①
加在国家名称之后
Swedish瑞典的,瑞典人;Irish爱尔兰的,爱尔兰人
-ist
加在名词后
socialist社会主义者;dramatist剧作家;
dentist牙科医生;
botanist植物学家
-or
加在动词后
accelerator加速器;
actor演员;
collector收藏家;accumulator存储器;accommodator替工
-ster
加在形容词后
youngster年轻人;
gangster歹徒;
trickster骗子
-al
加在动词后
(n.)act;one who;that which表动作,事物
proposal提案;
professional专业人员;
signal信号;
approval同意;
refusal拒绝;
arrival到达
-age
加在动词后
(n.)state;quality,act表状态,性质,行为,情况
(n.)表示特性或情况
(n.)state,quality,act表状态,性质,行为
passage通道;
breakage破损;
shortage缺乏;
courage勇气;
shrinkage收缩;
-ance
-ence
加在形容词后
importance重要性;confidence自信心;
independence独立;appearance外貌;
existence存在
-ancy
-ency
加在形容词后
consistency贯性;
frequency频率;
urgency紧迫性
-cy
加在形容词后
accuracy准确性;
policy政策;
bureaucracy官僚主义;infancy婴儿期;
bankruptcy破产;
diplomacy外交
-dom
加在形容词后
freedom自由;
wisdom智慧;
chiefdom首领地位;kingdom王国
-ery
加在名词、动词、形容词后
slavery奴隶制;
bravery-勇敢;
refinery提炼厂
-hood
加在名词后
neighborhood邻里;livelihood生计;
manhood男子气概;fatherhood父亲的身份;falsehood谬误
-ion
-tion
-sion
加在动词后
fashion时髦;
decision决定;
addition增加;
dominion统治权;description描写
-ity
加在形容词后
unity团结一致;
maturity成熟性;
conductivity传导性;visibility能见度
-ment
加在动词后
enjoyment欣赏;management管理;instrument工具;
punishment惩罚
-ship
加在名词后
partnership伙伴关系;sportmanship运动员道德;
leadership领导;
citizenship公民身份;
championship冠军头衔
-ty
加在形容词后
bounty慷慨;
loyalty忠实;
certainty肯定;
plenty丰富
-y①
加在形容词后
entry进A;
difficulty困难;
victory胜利
-ness
加在形容词后
consciousness觉悟;darkness黑暗;
busyness忙碌;
kindness善良
-fold
加在数词后
(n.)表示倍数
twofold二倍的;
manifold许多倍的;thousand fold千倍的
-gram
加在名词后
(n.)构成图“画”“字”等含义
diagram图表;
program大纲,节目单;telegram电报
-graph
加在动词后
(n.)用于写或记录的仪器
calculagraph计时器;micrograph微写器;
seismograph地震仪;chorograph位置测定器
-la
加在形容词后
(n.)disease,state,quality疾病,集合,抽象名词
pneumonia肺炎;
media媒介;
militia民兵
-ics
加在名词后
(n.)表示一门学科
acoustics声学;
aerobatics技巧飞行术;
economics经济学;electrostatics静电学
-nomy
加在形容词后
astronomy天文学;
economy经济;
taxonomy分类学;autonomy自冶权
-ism
加在名词或动词之后
(n.)state, do才trine,system表行为,状态,制度,社会信仰,学说
criticism批评;
formalism形式主义;
impressionism印象主义;capitalism资本主义
-let
加在名词后
(n.)small,unimportant小
booklet小册子;
leaflet嫩叶,传单;
cutlet肉片;
streamlet小溪
-logy
加在名词后
(n.)discourse.study论,研究
biology生物学;
ideology思想(体系);
technology技术;archaeology.考古学;
etymology词源学;
geology地质学
-ette
加在名词后
(n.)表示假的,人造的代用品
cigarette香烟;
flannelette棉法兰绒;
leatherette人造革;kitchenette小厨房
-ing
加在动词后
(n.)indicating material表示材料
piping管道系统;
wiring配线
-th
加在形容词、动词、数词后
(n.)第……,性质
birth出生;
depth深度;
growth生长;
breadth宽度;
truth真理;
-try
-ery
加在名词、形容词、动词之后
(n.)表示集体、地点
fishery渔业;
carpentry木匠业;
bravery勇敢;
bakery面包坊
-ure
加在动词后
表示行为及其结果
departure离开;
exposure曝光;
expenditure支出;
disclosure透露;
-y②
加在称呼、形容词后
(n.)小,呢称
doggy小狗儿;
daddy爸爸;
deary宝贝儿,;
fatty胖子
-meter
仪器
speedometer测违仪
6.形容词化常用词缀:
形
容
词
化
形
容词
化
后
缀
后
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
-able
-ible
加在动词后
(adj.)capable of,suitable for能(为)……的,适于…的
noticeable值得注意的;portable可携带的;
avoidable可避免的;possible可能的
-al
加在名词后
(adj.)related to;like具有……性质的,如……的
functional起作用的;
natural自然的;
editorial编辑的;
educational教育上的;
national民族的
-an
-ian
-ean
加在地名上
(adj.)like,related关于……的,有……性质的
suburban郊区的;Canadian加拿大的;European欧洲的;African非洲的
-ate
-ute
加在动词后
fortunate幸运的;considerate考虑周到的;
passionate热情的;contribute贡献
-ed
加在名词后
(adj.)adjective form of nouns and verbs有……的
pleased愉快的;
armed武装的;
aged上了年纪的;
cultured有教养的:
talented有才能的;
-en
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of有……性质的,似……的
woolen毛的;
golden金色的;
rotten腐败的;
wooden木制的
-ful
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of充满……的,具有……性质的
fruitful有成果的;doubtful有怀疑的;
cheerful高兴的;peaceful和平的;wonderful好极了的
加在容器后
(adj.)表示某容器的容量
handful少量;spoonful一茶匙的量;glassful一玻璃杯的量
-ic
(-ical)
加在名词后
(adj.)like,related to类似的,具有……的
heroic英雄般的;metallic金属的;
logical合逻辑的;microscopic显微镜的
-id
加在动词后
(adj.)state性质
acid酸的;arid干燥的;
florid绚烂的;horrid可怕的;acrid刻薄的
-ing
加在名词后
(adj .)构成现在分词作定浯
agonizing令人痛苦的;appetizing开胃的;
fascinating迷人的;exciting使人兴奋的
-ish
加在普通名词之后
(adj.)表具有……性质或含有轻蔑的意思
childish孩子气的;㈨ish傻里傻气的;.selfish自私自利的
加在表颜色的形容词后
(adj.)表略带颜色的
greenish浅绿色的;yellowish淡黄色的
-ite
加在动词后
(adj.)related to,having the quality of具有…… 性质的
definite一定的;opposite相对的;favorite特别喜欢的
-1ess
加在名词后
(adj.)without没有……的
fearless无畏的;
boundless无边的;
useless无用的;
homeless无家可归的;
-like
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of 有……性质的,象……的
warlike好战的;
dreamlike梦一般的;humanlike象人类的
-ous
-eous
-ious
-iois
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality
of富有……的
advantageous有利的;famous著名的;
various各种各样的;
courageous英勇的
-some
加在形容词、名词、动词后
(adj.)having the quality of象……的,引起……的,易于……的,有……倾向的
troublesome讨厌的;lonesome寂寞的;
loathsome讨厌的;
fulsome讨厌的
-y
加在名词后
(adj.)full of,covered with,having the quality of充满,包含
hairy多毛发的;
irony铁似的
7.表示属性的常用词缀:
属
性
属
性
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
macro-
large大的
macrobian长寿的(人);.
rnacroworld宏观世界;
macroclimate大气候
mini-
small,little小
miniskirt超短裙;
minibus小公共汽车;
miniature小画像,小型的
micro-
small微
microwave微波;
microscope显微镜;microbus微型公共汽车;
microfilm缩微胶卷;micro-switch微型开关
eu-
good,well优,善
eugenics优生学;
eulogize赞美;
eulogy赞美;
euphony悦耳;
eupeptic消化良好的
mal-
bad,badly恶,不良
maltreat虐待;
malfunction机能失常;
malcontent不满的;malnutrition营养不良;
maladminister对……管理不善
neo-
new新
neorealism新现实主义;neolithic新石器时代的;
neotropical新热带区的;
neoclassic(a1)新古典主义;neoimpressionism新印象主义
pseudo-
false假
pseudoscience伪科学;pseudonym笔名,假名;
pseudomorph假象;
pseudo-democratic假民主
thermo-
heat热
Thermometer温度计;thermodyamics热力学
ec-
异常的
eclipse(天体)食;
ecstasy狂想;
eccentric(人、行为)古怪的;行为古怪的人
ortho-
正确,直
orthogonal直角的;
orthodox正统;
orthograph正投影图;orthoepy正音
hetero-
other不同的
heteropolar异极的;heteroatom异质原子
homo-
same同等
homogeneous均匀的;homopolar同极的;
homosexual同性恋的;homograph同形异义字;
homogeneous同类的,同族的
sym-
syn-
syl-
sys-
with,together共同
symmetric对称的;
syllable音节;
system系统;
synchronous同步的;synonym同义词:
synthetic合成的
tele-
远的,终端
teleprinter电传打字机;
telescope望远镜;
teleswitch摇控开关
auto-
self自动
automate使自动化;autonomy自治,自治权;
autoignite自燃;
autostable自动稳定;automobile汽车;
8.表示方向、位置的常用词缀:
方
向
位
置
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
over-
above,在…之上
向上,在上
over bridge天桥;
overhead 头顶的
up-
uphold 高举;
upright 垂直的
sub-
下,在下,其次
次,亚,低于,不足
subway 地道;
submarine 水下的
substandard低于标准规格的;succeed继承;
suffix后缀;
under-
Beneat,在..之下;低于,次于,下内(衣服)
underdone半生不熟的;
undersea在海底;
underline在……下划线;
underwear内衣:
underpants内裤;
underestimate估计过低;underground地下的:
undergrown发育不全的;
inter-
between;among;one with or on another 在……中,在……间;互相
interpersonal 人与人之间的,
internal 内部[政]的,国内的;interchange交换;
international国际的;
interconnect使互相联系
intra-
Inside在内;内部
intracardiac心脏内部的;intramolecular分子内部的;
intracellulor细胞内部的;intrapersonal个人内心的
intro-
到……之中
introduce介绍;introspect反省
mid-
rniddle中,中间
midair半空中;midstream中流
e-
ex-
out,away外
outside,outward
在……外,向外
external外部的;emit发射;发表(意见);发行
extra-
extranuclear核外的;extrasolar太阳系以外的;
extraordinary非常的;extra.territorial治外法权;
extra.European欧洲以外的
trans- tra-
across
转换,横过,越过
transmit传送;
tradition惯例;
transoceanic横渡大洋的;transnormal超出常规的:transplant移植;
后
缀
-ern
加在名词后
表示方向
eastern东方的;
southern南方的;
western西方的;
northern北方的
-ward
-wards
-ways
加在名词、介词后
(adv.)toward表方向
upward(s)向上;
outward(s)向外;
endways末端而上的;
backwards往后退地;lengthways纵长的
-wise
加在名词后
(adv.&dgj.)in the manner of:as far as...concerned表方向,位置
clock-wise顺时针;
crosswise成十字形;
stepwise逐步的,分段的;lengthwise纵长的
9. 表示程度的常用词缀:
程
度
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
hyper-
over,above在上,超;
beyond超过
hyperfrequency超高频;
hypersonic超声的;hyperphysical超物质的
super- supra-
sur-
superheat过热;
surface表面;
surpass超越;
supramolecular超分子的
ultra-
ultra-short极短的;
ultraviolet紫外线的
hypo-
hyp-
under下、低、次、少,在…之下
hypotension低血压;hyposensitize减弱……的敏感度;
hypogastric下腹的;hypodermic皮下的;
infra-
infra-red红外线;infrahuman低于人类的,类人猿; infra-structure基础建设
out-
out超过,过度,外,出,除去
outlive比……长寿;
outdo胜过;
outsized过大的;
outwear穿坏
omni-
所有的,公共的,总全,泛全,所有
omnibus公共汽车;omnipotent万能的;
omniscient无所不知的
pan-
Pan-American泛美的;panacea万灵药,万金油;
panorama万花筒;panchromatic全色的
panto-
pantopragmatic样样都要插手的:
pantoscopic视野开阔
per-
通过,彻底,完全
perambulate走来走去;
perfect完美;
perforate穿孔于
后
缀
-ly
加在形容词后
(adv.)in the manner of……地(状态.程度,性质,方式)
hurriedly匆忙地;
purposely有目的地;
seemingly表面地;immediately立即;
10.其他常用词缀词根:
其
他
其
他
前
缀
前缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
hydr-
water水
hydrogen氢;
hydroelectric水电的
para-
防,降落伞
parachute降落伞;
parasol阳伞;
paratroop伞兵
cyber-
计算机,与电脑有关
cyberspace网络空间
arch-
首领
archbishop大主教;
architect建筑师;
architecture建筑学
bene-
善好
benefit利益;
benevolenee慷慨;
bneficent慈善的;
benefactor恩人
dia-
通过,借以,分离
diagraph绘图仪;
diagnosis诊断
pen-
几乎,相近
peninsular半岛;
peneplain近似平原
phil- philo-
挚爱
philanthropist慈善家:philospher哲学家;
philanthropy慈善,善心;philomath爱学问的人
re-
back,again回,再
reheat再加热;
regrind重磨;
refuel重新加油;
relive再生,复活;
reconsider重新考虑
co-
与……一起
coexist共存;
cooperate合作;
co-auther合著者;cooperation协作
col-
com-
con-
cor-
with共同
collect收集;
collaborate协作;
commemorate纪念;conference会议;
correlate相关;
compile编辑;
corruption腐败;
第2部分 长难句攻略
一、结构分析
英语长难句有三多, 即修饰成分多、并列成分多、结构层次多。请看2021年山东菏泽中考阅读理解D篇的开头句: Zhu Keming never thought he would be a hero one day, but he was just that on Saturday when he saved the lives of six runners during the mountain marathon(马拉松) in Baiyin, Gansu Province, in which 21 people lost their lives.
这是由but连接的并列句。前一个分句为Zhu Keming never thought he would be a hero one day. 该句是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。后一个分句为含有状语从句和定语从句的复合句, 其中主句是一个主系表结构的句子。
二、方法攻略
三、必背技巧
1. 悉究本末——在语篇阅读中, 通过扫读就能获取所需信息, 多数句子没必要过分解读。
2. 字字对译——由于英汉语序有时是不同的, 如果直译, 句意会不通顺, 更不能表达原句的意思。
3. 望文生义——要结合上下文语境和文化背景等, 从整体上理解句子的真正含义, 切不可望文生义。
一、单项选择
1.The newly-built library is a________ building.
A.five-storey B.five storeys C.five-storey’s D.five storeys’
2.Halloween became an ______ festival for children, in spite of its religious origins. Children are ______ about the festival.
A.exciting; exciting B.excited; excited C.exciting; excited D.excited; exciting
3.His words were ________, which made many people ________.
A.discouraging; discouraged B.discouraging; discouraging
C.discouraged; discouraging D.discouraged; discouraged
4.The student wore an ________ look while trying to explain the ________ math problem.
A.embarrassed; confusing B.embarrassed; confused
C.embarrassing; confusing D.embarrassing; confused
5.The book ______ to Tom is quite ______.
A.belongs; interesting B.belonging; interested
C.belonged; interested D.belonging; interesting
6.—I am ___________ they won the football match.
—That’s not ___________ because they were fully prepared.
A.surprised; surprising B.surprising; surprising
C.surprised; surprised D.surprising; surprised
7.Getting lost in a big city must have been a ________ experience for you.
A.terrifying B.terrified C.having terrified D.being terrified
8.We went to bed as soon as we arrived at the hotel because we were so ________. The eight—hour train ride was quite________ .
A.tired; tiring B.tiring; tired
C.to be tired; being tired D.being tired; to be tired
9.That earthquake all the people of the city.
A.frightening; frightening B.frightening; frightened
C.frightened; frightened D.frightened; frightening
10.I was getting by such a problem.
A.confusing, confused B.confuse, confusing
C.confused, confusing D.confuse, confused
11.I felt ______ with tears in my eyes when I was reading the ______ novel.
A.moved; moving. B.moved; moved C.moving; moved D.moving; moving
12.The ________ news made us ________.
A.disappointing; disappointing B.disappointed; disappointed
C.disappointing; disappointed D.disappointed; disappointing
13.Poor boy! His ________ looks and ________ hands suggested he was very afraid.
A.frightening; trembling B.frightened; trembling
C.frightening; trembled D.frightened: trembled
14.When he knew his answer was correct, his ________face showed that he was successful and his effort was ________.
A.satisfied; delighted B.satisfied; delighting
C.satisfying; delighting D.satisfying; delighted
15.The picture was so ________ that all of us felt ________ when it was taken away from the classroom.
A.amazing; disappointed B.amazed; disappointed
C.amazed; disappointing D.amazing; disappointing
16.His performance is________, which makes us ________ .
A.entertained; pleasing B.entertained; pleased
C.entertaining; pleased D.entertaining; pleasing
17.He had a ______ look on his face when he heard the strange news.
A.puzzle B.puzzling C.puzzled D.puzzles
18.When you are interacting with others, inappropriate gestures can make them ______.
A.embarrassing B.embarrassed C.embarrassment D.embarrassedly
19.Jack told the news, ________ with a ________ look on his face.
A.laughed; surprised B.laughed; surprising C.laughing; surprised D.laughing; surprising
20.Mary would never ________ hurt anyone. She is always kind.
A.knowingly B.steadily C.gradually D.regularly
21.All the students who have been working hard can pass the exam.
A.sincerely B.definitely C.extremely D.properly
22.What is Western art? It is difficult to _____________ define Western art.
A.precisely B.frequently C.respectively D.fortunately
23.Mountain climbing is becoming a popular sport, but it is also a(n) ______ dangerous one.
A.gradually B.potentially C.currently D.originally
24.The demand for organic food has increased ________ as people pay more attention to their health.
A.regularly B.temporarily C.significantly D.virtually
25.The aim of education is to teach students to think for themselves and not to follow others ______.
A.blindly B.nervously C.carefully D.unwillingly
26.The company plans to expand its business ______ by establishing partnerships in Europe and Asia.
A.illegally B.actually C.forever D.further
27.The detective investigated the case ________, following every lead and clue carefully, determined to uncover the truth behind the mysterious incident.
A.profoundly B.thoroughly C.curiously D.superficially
28.The Tianwen-3 probe ______ landed on Mars in January 2025, collecting rock samples for geological analysis.
A.roughly B.accidentally C.precisely D.approximately
29.I’ve been writing this report ______ for the last two weeks, but it is due tomorrow.
A.finally B.immediately
C.occasionally D.certainly
30.The treatment may relieve patients’ pain for now, but it is ________ at risk in the long run.
A.superficially B.potentially C.knowingly D.consistently
31.It’s much ______ to make films with amazing special effects as computer technology is becoming better and better.
A.easy B.easier C.easiest D.the easiest
32._______ you practice, _______ you will be at math.
A.The more; the better B.The more; the best
C.The most; the better D.The most; the best
33.— More and more people like group buying on WeChat.
— You said it. The prices are ______.
A.much lower B.much cheaper
C.more expensive D.even higher
34.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A.helpless B.eggplant C.hard-working D.sleepwalk
35.Which of the following words is combined by two words?
A.poster B.impressive C.exchange D.butterfly
36.Which word is formed in the same way as “homesick”?
A.unfold B.rainbow C.disqualify D.professional
37.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”?
A.careless B.railway C.unhealthy D.tourist
38.Which of the following words is formed like “handbag”?
A.meaningful B.snowman C.protection D.impatient
39.Which of the following words has a different word formation?
A.sculpture B.memorise C.humorous D.highway
40.“For a moment, he was speechless. Happiness seemed to fill his body and stick in his throat.”
Which word is formed in the same way as “speechless”?
A.disappear B.dangerous C.footprint D.impossible
二、阅读理解
1
An important lesson in the moral education of children could be as close as the book in their hands. Stories can play a role in shifting the importance of particular moral values in young audiences, according to the results of a new study.
“Media can markedly influence separate moral values and get kids to place more or less importance on those values depending on what is uniquely stressed in that content,” says Lindsay Hahn, PhD, assistant professor of communication in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.
Hahn is the first author of the new study, which adds an important part to a body of literature that explores how media content affects children. While many previous studies have focused on broad conceptualizations, like positive or negative effects of specific content, Hahn’s study looks at reading content featuring specific moral values (care, fairness, loyalty, and authority) that influence the weight kids place on those values.
Do children reading about particular moral characteristics absorb those qualities as building blocks for their own morality? The findings suggest so, and further support how this indirect approach to socializing children’s morality can add to the direct teaching of moral principles kids might receive through formal instruction.
For the study, Hahn and her colleagues took the main character from a teen story and edited the content to reflect in each version the study’s focus on one of four moral values. A fifth version was changed in a way that featured an amoral (不道德的) main character. The stories were shared with about 200 participants between the ages of 10 and 14.
The team then created a scale (量表) designed to measure the importance kids place on moral values to find out how participants might be influenced by specific stories.
“Measuring these effects can be difficult,” says Hahn of the research, published in the Journal of Media Psychology. “That’s why one purpose of this research was to develop a measure of moral values for kids. Nothing like that exists yet, that we know of.”
41.What can we infer from Hahn’s statement in paragraph 2?
A.Stories with amoral characters can weaken children’s sense of morality.
B.Formal instruction is less effective than media in teaching moral principles.
C.Media has the power to adjust children’s emphasis on specific moral values.
D.Media’s impact on kids’ morality is limited to broad positive or negative effects.
42.What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The response of the general public to Hahn’s study.
B.The contribution of Hahn’s study to children’s literature.
C.The difference between Hahn’s study and previous studies.
D.The branches of research on media influences on children.
43.What do the results of the study show?
A.Good virtues can carry children through hard times.
B.Good morals in stories help shape children’s values.
C.Teaching moral principles directly to kids seems useless.
D.Reading stories is a better approach than formal instructions.
44.What did Hahn’s team do for the study?
A.They created a chain story out of an old character.
B.They tested different moral principles in children.
C.They illustrated the study for younger participants.
D.They adapted a character and created five stories.
2
In May 2021, a hole was found in a robotic arm aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The culprit (罪魁祸首) was believed to be a piece of space junk. While thankfully no astronauts were injured, it has refocused attention on the growing problem of orbital debris (残骸).
It’s easy to forget that just seven decades ago the Moon was the only thing orbiting the Earth. On 1 January 2021, there were 6,542 satellites in orbit. Tellingly, only just over half of them were active. That’s a lot of useless metal rushing around the planet at 28,000 kilometers per hour.
Jan Wörner, the former European Space Agency Director General, put it this way: “Imagine how dangerous sailing the high seas would be if all the ships ever lost in history were still moving around on top of the water.” In fact, even the smallest pieces can cause huge amounts of damage.
The problem is very bad and getting worse. There are currently about half a million pieces of debris about one centimeter wide or larger and 100 million pieces of debris above one millimeter across. Yet only 27,000 pieces are actively tracked.
Space is only going to get more crowded, with the number of satellite launches set to increase by five times in the next decade. In January 2021, 143 satellites were launched into space on a single SpaceX Falcon rocket alone. And 12,000 more are to be put in orbit by Starlink over the next five years. All this significantly raises the chances of collisions (撞击).
Better control of new launches would help, as right now it’s a bit of a free-for-all. Increased monitoring of existing space junk could also help because active satellites can be moved off a collision course—yet dead satellites are sitting ducks and there’s nothing we can do to prevent a collision. That’s why many are calling for a clean-up job. A space debris removal mission called ClearSpace-1 will be launched in 2025 and attempt to de-orbit the upper stage of a rocket left in space back in 2013.
45.What is the main factor that worsens the space junk problem?
A.The high speed of orbital debris.
B.The difficult procedures of debris clean-up.
C.The large amount of untracked space debris.
D.The insufficient functions of clean-up facilities.
46.What can we learn about space junk?
A.It can be recycled for other uses.
B.It has injured astronauts in space.
C.It first appeared over seven decades ago.
D.It threatens the safety of space activities.
47.What does the underlined phrase “sitting ducks” in the last paragraph mean?
A.Things easy to attack.
B.Things hard to track.
C.Things failing to function.
D.Things set in a fixed position.
48.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Orbital Debris: What Results in It?
B.Satellite Launches: The More the Merrier?
C.Space Junk: Is It a Disaster Waiting to Happen?
D.Satellite Collisions: Who Should Be Responsible?
三、语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A future generation of flying cars could change the idea that all flying 49 (be) bad for the climate.
Firms 50 as Rolls-Royce, Lilium and Vertical Aerospace have argued that flying cars could be a green form of transport, despite the large amounts of energy they need 51 (get) off the ground. One of the first 52 (study) into the environmental effect of such vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles suggests 53 their backers could be right — 54 least in some circumstances. Gregory Keoleian at the University of Michigan and his colleagues found that VTOL aircraft, if they ever take to the skies, would produce 6 percent 55 (few) emissions (排放物) than an electric car over a100-kilometre journey.
Don’t jump into a VTOL just yet, though. The 56 (differ) was only very small and there are several big catches. Number one is that flying cars don’t 57 (present) exist yet. Moreover, journeys shorter than 35 kilometres in the air would produce more emissions than electric cars, because of the energy 58 (require) at take-off.
四、完成句子
59.全球化对全世界的人影响巨大,不仅带来了显著的效益,也带来了巨大的挑战。
Globalization has had a huge impact on people all around the world, significant benefits and great challenges.
60.很不幸她对童年的一切记忆随着时间的推移从脑海中逐渐消失了。
Sadly, all memory of her childhood has from her mind over time.
61.记住,生活中的每一次挑战都是成长的机会,无论它看起来多么艰难。
that every challenge in life is an opportunity for growth, no matter how difficult it may seem.
62.在大学期间,我主修国际事务专业。
While in college, I international affairs.
63.不幸的是,洪水冲毁了这座历史追溯回清朝的建筑。
Unfortunately, the flood destroyed the building the Qing Dynasty.
64.他有丰富的急救经验,所以我觉得他可以胜任这份工作。
He has much experience in first aid, so I think that he the job.
65.这些技能都和语言和阅读有关。
These skills all language and reading.
66.你很可能一整天都在寻找可躲避严寒的地方。
You’d most likely spend the day trying to find somewhere to the freezing cold.
67.有一场大风暴,看起来就好像世界末日到了。
There is such a storm, it looks as if the world were .
68.尽管有很多跌宕起伏,他依然对生活采取积极的态度。
Despite the many ups and downs in his career, he still life.
69.比起查字典,我总是试着去理解新单词的意思。
Instead of the dictionary, I always try to guess the meanings of the new words
70.几个世纪以来,中国人一直在吃各种各样的蔬菜。
They have been eating the vegetables for centuries.
71.我们碰到的许多人仍处于震惊中。
Many of the people we ran into were still .
72.这个年轻艺术家决心摆脱传统绘画风格的束缚,去探索属于自己的独特艺术语言。
The young artist is determined the constraints of traditional painting styles and explore his own unique artistic language.
73.这个小镇每年都会举办一场盛大的音乐节,作为对一位著名音乐家的纪念,他曾在这里度过了创作的黄金时期。
The small town holds a grand music festival every year a famous musician who spent his golden creative years here.
74.这位热衷于科技的博主时刻关注着最新的电子产品发布,以便在他的博文中分享前沿信息。
The tech-enthusiastic blogger is always the latest electronic product releases so as to share cutting-edge information in his blog posts.
75.她深深地沉浸在这本扣人心弦的小说中,完全没有注意到周围发生的一切。
Deeply this gripping novel, she was completely unaware of everything happening around her.
76.这个神秘的岛屿,它所拥有的古老传说据说能追溯到几个世纪前,实际上是属于一个古老家族的后裔。
This mysterious island, which an ancient family’s descendants, has age-old legends that are said to date back centuries.
77.这部社区戏剧是成名的好机会,不少怀揣表演梦想的年轻人勇敢地参加主角选拔。
The community drama was such a great opportunity to make a name for oneself that quite a few young people with acting dreams bravely for the leading role.
78.她于1984年离去,从那时起他便独自一人生活。
She left in 1984 and he lived alone.
79.为了纪念刘邦和项羽之间的战争,人们发明了中国象棋。
People invented Chinese chess the battle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu.
80.她在黑暗中匆匆赶路,不小心被一根树根绊倒,差点摔了个跟头。
She was hurrying in the dark and carelessly a tree root, almost falling headlong.
81.在上周的家庭聚会上,表妹巧妙利用轻松的氛围,化解了亲戚间长久以来的矛盾。
At last week’s family gathering, the cousin skillfully the relaxed atmosphere to resolve the long-standing conflicts among relatives.
82.尽管遭遇了无数挫折,这位发明家仍然坚持他的梦想,致力于创造改变生活的发明。
countless setbacks, the inventor still sticks to his dream and devotes himself to creating life-changing inventions.
83.所有的除夕夜派对都有一个共同点:午夜倒计时。
There’s one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties : the countdown to midnight.
84.这不仅是授予我个人的荣誉,也是对全体中国科学家的鼓励和认可。
This is an honour for myself, encouragement and for all scientists in China.
85.如你所见,我能在这里讲故事正是因为我做了正确的决定。
you can see, the reason I’m here to tell the story is that I .
86.一下飞机,我就疯狂地跑过机场大楼,毫不犹豫地跳进了排在第一位的出租车。
The moment I the plane, I ran through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
87.然而,生产纸袋的耗能为塑料袋的四倍,耗水则多达三倍。
However, making a paper bag uses four times energy as making a plastic bag and three times the amount of water.
88.如果你能在考虑自己感受的同时也考虑别人的感受,很快你就会发现情况将逐渐好转。
If you think about other people’s feelings your own, you’ll soon find everything works .
参考答案
一、
1.A
【解析】考查复合形容词。句意:新建的图书馆是一座五层楼的建筑。此处表示“五层楼的”应用复合形容词five-storey。故选A。
2.C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:尽管万圣节起源于宗教,但它逐渐成为了孩子们的一个激动人心的节日。孩子们对这个节日感到兴奋。第一个空需要一个形容词来描述“festival(节日)”的性质。exciting意为“令人兴奋的,激动人心的”,通常用来描述事物或事件给人的感受,符合句意,即万圣节成为了孩子们激动人心的节日,所以用exciting。第二个空需要一个形容词来描述“Children(孩子们)”对节日的感受。excited意为“感到兴奋的”,通常用来描述人的感受,即孩子们对这个激动人心的节日感到兴奋,所以用excited。故选C。
3.A
【解析】考查-ing形容词和-ed形容词辨析。句意:他的话令人沮丧,这让许多人感到沮丧。第一空应用形容词作表语,表示“令人沮丧的”,应用修饰物的形容词discouraging;第二空应用形容词作宾语补足语,表示“沮丧的”,应用修饰人或人的表情的形容词discouraged,故选A。
4.A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这个学生在试图解释这道令人困惑的数学题时,脸上露出尴尬的表情。embarrassed尴尬的;embarrassing令人尴尬的;confused困惑的;confusing令人困惑的。第一个空修饰名词look,是人的表情,应用-ed结尾形容词embarrassed“尴尬的”,作定语;第二个空修饰名词短语math problem,是事物,应用-ing结尾形容词confusing“令人困惑的”,作定语。故选A。
5.D
【解析】考查非谓语动词和形容词词义辨析。句意:属于汤姆的那本书相当有趣。第一空作后置定语,需用非谓语动词形式,the book和belong to为逻辑主谓关系,需用现在分词形式;第二空作表语,修饰物,需用-ing结尾的形容词interesting。故选D。
6.A
【解析】考查-ed形容词和-ing形容词辨析。句意:——我很惊讶他们赢得了这场足球比赛。——那并不奇怪,因为他们做了充分的准备。surprised通常用来形容人,意为“感到惊讶的”,主语一般是人;surprising通常用来形容事物,意为““令人惊讶的”,主语一般是事物。在本题中,第一个空的主语是“I”,表示“我”的感受,所以用-ed形容词surprised作表语;第二个空描述的是“they won the football match”这件事,所以用-ing形容词surprising作表语。故选A项。
7.A
【解析】考查形容词和非谓语动词辨析。句意:在大城市里迷路对你来说一定是一次极其可怕的经历。terrify(使害怕,使恐惧)在句中作定语,修饰名词experience,表示“令人害怕的”,用-ing形容词terrifying,用来描述事物具有令人害怕的性质。故选A项。
8.A
【解析】考查-ing形容词和-ed形容词辨析。句意:我们一到旅馆就上床睡觉了,因为我们太累了。8个小时的火车旅行很累。句中用形容词作表语。tired“感到疲倦的”,用来形容人;tiring“令人疲倦的”,用来形容事物。故选A。
9.B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析和时态。句意:那场令人恐惧的地震使城市里的所有人都感到害怕。第一个空需要一个形容词来修饰earthquake,frightening表示“令人恐惧的”,用来描述事物的特征,所以用 frightening修饰earthquake,表示“那场令人恐惧的地震”;第二个空是句子的谓语动词,frighten 表示“使惊吓;使害怕”,这里说地震使城市里的所有人都感到害怕,根据语境可知应用一般过去时,所以用frightened。故选B项。
10.C
【解析】考查-ing形容词和-ed形容词辨析。句意:我被这样一个令人困惑的问题弄糊涂了。第一空修饰主语I,表示人的主观感受,应用-ed结尾形容词confused“感到困惑的”。第二空修饰空后的名词problem,表事物的特征,用-ing结尾形容词,confusing意为“令人困惑的”符合语境。故选C项。
11.A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当我读到这部感人的小说时,我感动得热泪盈眶。第一空使用形容词作表语,以-ed结尾的形容词修饰人,此处对主语I的进行修饰,moved意为“使人感动的”;第二空处使用形容词作定语修饰名词novel,以-ing结尾的形容词修饰物,此处moving意为“令人感动的”,修饰名词novel。故选A。
12.C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这个令人失望的消息使我们失望。disappointing意为“令人失望的”,常用来修饰事物,描述事物本身具有的性质或特征,disappointed意为“感到失望的”,常用来描述人的感受或情绪,故第一空用disappointing在句中作定语修饰news,表示“令人失望的消息”,第二空用disappointed表示我们“感到失望”,在句中作宾语补足语,故选C。
13.B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:可怜的孩子!他惊恐的表情和颤抖的双手表明他非常害怕。frightened“感到害怕的”,用来描述人或动物的情绪状态;frightening表示“令人害怕的”,用来描述事物或情境,而不是人的情绪。 在句子中,描述的是“男孩”的情绪状态,应用形容词frightened;trembling“颤抖的”,用来描述正在进行的状态;trembled是动词的过去式,表示“颤抖了”,是一个动作的完成形式。 在句子中,描述的是男孩“颤抖的双手”,这是一个持续的状态,而不是一个过去的动作,应用形容词trembling。故选B。
14.B
【解析】考查ing结尾的形容词和ed结尾的形容词。句意:当他知道他的答案是正确的时,他满意的表情表明他成功了,他的努力是令人高兴的。第一个空为-ed结尾的形容词satisfied表示“满意的”,表示人“满意”而发出的表情;第二个空主语为effort,-ing结尾的形容词delighting说明物。故选A。
15.A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意:这幅画太棒了,当它被从教室拿走时,我们都感到很失望。第一空主语为picture,应用形容词amazing,作表语,amazed用于修饰人,表示“感到失望的”;第二空主语为all of us应用形容词disappointed,作表语,disappointing用于修饰事物,表示“令人失望的”。故选A。
16.C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他的表演很有趣,使我们感到高兴。句中的一个空处需要形容词作表语,而第二空处需要形容词作宾语补足语。entertained为形容词“愉快的”,该形容词主要描述某人感到愉快、被逗乐的状态。entertaining为形容词“令人愉快的”,该形容词描述某事物本身具有娱乐性、有趣的特点。主句的主语为His performance,所以第一个空处需要entertaining,表示“他的表演很有趣”;pleased为形容词“高兴的”,该形容词描述某人感到满意、高兴的状态。pleasing为形容词“令人愉悦的”,该形容词描述某事物本身具有令人愉快、讨人喜欢的特点。此处补充说明us的状态,所以用pleased,表示“使我们感到高兴”。故选C。
17.C
【解析】考查形容词。句意:当他听到这个奇怪的消息时,脸上露出困惑的表情。A. puzzle使困惑;B. puzzling令人困惑的;C. puzzled感到困惑的;D. puzzles使困惑。空处修饰名词“look (表情)”,表达人“感到困惑的”状态,要用ed结尾的形容词puzzled,作定语。故选 C。
18.B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当你与他人交流时,不恰当的手势会让他人感到尴尬。A. embarrassing“令人尴尬的”,为形容词,常修饰物;B. embarrassed“尴尬的”,为形容词,常修饰人的感情;C. embarrassment“尴尬”,为名词;D. embarrassedly“尴尬地”,为副词。空处应用形容词embarrassed在句中作宾语补足语,补充说明them的状态。故选B项。
19.C
【解析】考查现在分词和形容词。句意:Jack告诉了这个消息,脸上带着惊讶的表情。第一空需要用现在分词形式laughing,表示伴随状况,修饰主语Jack,laugh与逻辑主语Jack是主动关系,第二空需要用形容词surprised,修饰look,表示“感到惊讶的”,说明人的感受,surprising,表示“令人吃惊的”,表示事物的特征,根据句意。故选C。
20.A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:玛丽绝不会蓄意伤害任何人,她总是很善良。A. knowingly蓄意地;故意地;B. steadily稳定地;C. gradually逐渐地;D. regularly定期地。根据下文的“She is always kind”可知,她总是很善良,所以她不会“故意”伤人,所以此处使用副词knowingly。故选A项。
21.B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:所有一直努力学习的学生都一定能通过考试。A. sincerely真诚地;B. definitely肯定地;C. extremely极其地;D. properly合适地。根据“All the students who have been working hard”可知,句子强调“努力学习”与“通过考试”的必然联系,definitely表示“肯定能”,符合题意。故选B。
22.A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:什么是西方艺术?很难精确地定义西方艺术。A. precisely精确地;B. frequently频繁地;C. respectively分别地;D. fortunately幸运地。题目中的句子在表达定义的困难程度,所以应该选择一个能表示“难以准确或精确地定义”的词。再结合语境,西方艺术的范围和定义可能比较广泛或有不同的理解,所以用precisely符合逻辑,表示难以精确地定义。故选A项。
23.B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:爬山正在成为一项流行的运动,但它也是一项有潜在危险的运动。A. gradually逐渐;B. potentially潜在地;C. currently目前;D. originally最初。由“Mountain climbing is becoming a popular sport, but it is also”和“dangerous one”可知,句子表示“爬山也是一项有潜在危险的运动”,空格处意为“潜在地”,故选B。
24.C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:随着人们越来越注重自身健康,对有机食品的需求也大幅增长了。A. regularly定期地;B. temporarily暂时地;C. significantly显著地;D. virtually几乎。根据“as people pay more attention to their health”可知人们因为注重健康,对有机食品的需求也大幅增长。significantly(显著地)在句中作状语,修饰动词increased,表示增加的程度大,符合句意。故选C。
25.A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:教育的目的是教学生独立思考,而不是盲从别人。A. blindly盲目地;B. nervously紧张地;C. carefully仔细地;D. unwillingly不情愿地。根据“The aim of education is to teach students to think for themselves”可知,教育的目的是让学生不盲从别人。故选A。
26.D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:该公司计划通过在欧洲和亚洲建立合作伙伴关系来进一步扩大业务。A. illegally非法地;B. actually实际上;C. forever永远;D. further进一步地。根据“by establishing partnerships in Europe and Asia.”可知,通过在欧洲和亚洲建立合作伙伴关系,公司进一步扩大业务。故选D。
27.B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:侦探彻底调查了这起案件,仔细追踪每一条线索,决心揭开这起神秘事件背后的真相。A. profoundly深刻地;B. thoroughly彻底地;C. curiously好奇地;D. superficially表面地。根据“following every lead and clue carefully”可知,侦探对案件的调查是彻底的,B选项符合句意。故选B。
28.C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。 句意:天问三号探测器于2025年1月精确着陆火星,采集岩石样本进行地质分析。 A. roughly粗略地; B. accidentally偶然地; C. precisely精确地; D. approximately大约。根据“collecting rock samples for geological analysis.”可知,探测器登陆火星是为了精确完成科研任务,需体现操作的准确性。故选C。
29.C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:过去两周我一直在断断续续地写这份报告,但明天就要交了。A. finally最终;B. immediately立刻;C. occasionally偶尔,有时候;D. certainly确定,当然。根据句意可知,此处为副词occasionally“有时候”作状语,表示“断断续续地”。故选C项。
30.B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:这种治疗或许能暂时缓解患者的疼痛,但从长远来看,它潜在地存在风险。 A. superficially表面地; B. potentially潜在地; C. knowingly 会意地; D. consistently一贯地。根据下文“in the long run”可知,但从长远来看,它潜在地存在风险。故选B。
31.B
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:随着计算机技术变得越来越好,制作具有惊人特效的电影更加容易了。根据句意和much可知,空处为比较级作表语。故选B项。
32.A
【解析】考查固定句型。句意:你练习得越多,你的数学就会越好。“the+比较级,the+比较级”是固定句型,意为“越……越……”,因此第一空是The more,第二空是the better。故选A。
33.A
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:——越来越多的人喜欢在微信上团购。——你说对了。价格要低得多。根据句意可知,此处为“价格低得多”,满足句意要求,结合这里修饰价格prices,应用low不能用cheap,所以为much lower。故选A项。
34.A
【解析】考查构词法。题干询问哪一项不是复合词,A项helpless不是复合词,less是后缀;B项eggplant是由egg和plant组合而成的名词;C项hard-working是由hard和working组合而成的形容词;D项sleepwalk是由sleep和walk组合而成的动词。故选A。
35.D
【解析】考查构词法。句意:以下哪个单词是由两个单词组合而成的?A. poster海报;B. impressive让人印象深刻的;C. exchange交换;D. butterfly蝴蝶。butterfly:这个词由“butter”(黄油)和“fly”(飞)两个词组合而成。故选D。
36.B
【解析】考查构词法。句意:哪个词和homesick(乡愁)的构成方式相同?A. unfold展开;B. rainbow彩虹;C. disqualify取消资格;D. professional职业的。unfold和disqualify均为加前缀构成,professional为加后缀构成,homesick为合成词,由home和sick合并而成,相同的为rainbow,由rain和bow合成。故选B。
37.B
【解析】考查构词法。题干:下列哪个单词与snowstorm的构词方式相同?A. careless粗心大意的(派生词);B. railway铁路(合成词);C. unhealthy不健康的(派生词);D. tourist旅行者(派生词)。snowstorm意为“暴风雪”,是由snow和storm两个单词构成的合成词,railway与其构词方式相同。故选B项。
38.B
【解析】考查构词法。handbag由hand+bag构成,两个都是名词,meaningful是由meaning+后缀ful构成,snowman由名词snow+名词man构成,snowman和题干所给的单词handbag构词法一样.protection由动词protect+名词后缀tion构成,只是两个t省略了一个,impatient由否定前缀im+patient构成。故选B项。
39.D
【解析】考查构词法。句意:以下哪一个单词的单词构成不同?A. sculpture雕塑,派生词;B. memorise记忆,派生词;C. humorous幽默的,派生词;D. highway高速路,合成词。D项单词的构词法与其他选项不同。故选D。
40.B
【解析】考查构词法。句意:“他一时说不出话来。幸福似乎充满了他的身体,卡在了他的喉咙里。” 哪个单词与“speechless”的构成方式相同?A. disappear消失;B. dangerous危险的;C. footprint足迹;D. impossible不可能的。形容词speechless是由名词“speech”加后缀“less”而构成,形容词dangerous由名词danger加后缀“ous”而构成,两者构词方式相同。A、D项均是“前缀+词根”构成,C项为合成词。故选B。
二、
1
41.C 42.C 43.B 44.D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现故事能影响孩子对特定道德价值观的重视程度。
41.推理判断题。根据第二段中““Media can markedly influence separate moral values and get kids to place more or less importance on those values depending on what is uniquely stressed in that content,” says Lindsay Hahn, PhD, assistant professor of communication in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.(布法罗大学艺术与科学学院传播学助理教授林赛·哈恩博士说:“媒体能显著影响个体道德价值观的形成,并通过内容侧重点的差异,引导儿童强化或弱化对特定价值观的重视程度。”)可知,哈恩说媒体能显著影响个体道德价值观的形成,能引导儿童强化或弱化对特定价值观的重视程度。由此推知,媒体有能力调整孩子们对特定道德价值观的重视程度。故选C项。
42.主旨大意题。根据第三段中“While many previous studies have focused on broad conceptualizations, like positive or negative effects of specific content, Hahn’s study looks at reading content featuring specific moral values (care, fairness, loyalty, and authority) that influence the weight kids place on those values.(虽然许多以前的研究都集中在宽泛的概念上,比如特定内容的积极或消极影响,但哈恩的研究着眼于具有特定道德价值观(关怀、公平、忠诚和权威)的阅读内容,这些内容会影响孩子们对这些价值观的重视程度。)可知,此段主要讲了哈恩的研究与以往研究的不同之处。故选C项。
43.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Do children reading about particular moral characteristics absorb those qualities as building blocks for their own morality? The findings suggest so, and further support how this indirect approach to socializing children’s morality can add to the direct teaching of moral principles kids might receive through formal instruction.(阅读具有特定道德特征的内容的孩子们会将这些品质吸收为自己道德的基石吗?研究结果表明是这样的,并且进一步支持了这种间接培养孩子道德的方法如何能补充孩子们通过正规教育可能获得的道德原则的直接教学。)可知,故事中的良好道德有助于塑造孩子的价值观。故选B项。
44.细节理解题。根据第五段中“For the study, Hahn and her colleagues took the main character from a teen story and edited the content to reflect in each version the study’s focus on one of four moral values. A fifth version was changed in a way that featured an amoral (不道德的) main character.(为了这项研究,哈恩和她的同事从一个青少年故事中选取了主角,并编辑内容,使每个版本都体现研究关注的四种道德价值观之一。第五个版本进行了修改,以一个不道德的主角为特色。)可知,哈恩的团队改编了一个角色并创作了五个故事。故选D项。
2
45.C 46.D 47.A 48.C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕太空垃圾问题展开,介绍了太空垃圾的现状,包括其数量庞大且不断增多,以及对太空活动安全构成的威胁,还探讨了应对太空垃圾问题的一些措施,如更好地控制新发射、加强监测和清理等。
45.推理判断题。由第四段“There are currently about half a million pieces of debris about one centimeter wide or larger and 100 million pieces of debris above one millimeter across. Yet only 27,000 pieces are actively tracked. (目前大约有50万片宽度约一厘米或更大的残骸,以及1亿片直径超过一毫米的残骸。然而,只有27000片被积极追踪)”可知,大量的太空残骸处于未被追踪状态。这使得人类无法对其进行有效管理和控制,从而加剧了太空垃圾问题。所以使太空垃圾问题恶化的主要因素是大量未被追踪的太空残骸。故选C项。
46.推理判断题。根据第一段“In May 2021, a hole was found in a robotic arm aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The culprit (罪魁祸首) was believed to be a piece of space junk. (2021年5月,国际空间站(ISS)上的一个机械臂上发现了一个洞。罪魁祸首被认为是一块太空垃圾)”以及第三段“Imagine how dangerous sailing the high seas would be if all the ships ever lost in history were still moving around on top of the water. In fact, even the smallest pieces can cause huge amounts of damage. (想象一下,如果历史上所有失踪的船只都还在水面上移动,在公海上航行会有多危险。事实上,即使是最小的碎片也会造成巨大的破坏)”可知,太空垃圾对太空活动的安全构成了威胁。故选D项。
47.词义猜测题。根据最后一段“because active satellites can be moved off a collision course—yet dead satellites are sitting ducks and there’s nothing we can do to prevent a collision. (因为活跃的卫星可以被移开以避开碰撞路线——然而,报废的卫星是sitting ducks,我们无法采取任何措施来防止碰撞)”,通过对比可知,活跃卫星能移动躲避碰撞,而报废卫星无法移动,极易受到太空垃圾的撞击,由此推断sitting ducks意思是“容易撞击的东西”。故选A项。
48.主旨大意题。根据第一段“In May 2021, a hole was found in a robotic arm aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The culprit (罪魁祸首) was believed to be a piece of space junk. While thankfully no astronauts were injured, it has refocused attention on the growing problem of orbital debris (残骸). (2021年5月,国际空间站(ISS)上的一个机械臂上发现了一个洞。罪魁祸首被认为是一块太空垃圾。谢天谢地,没有宇航员受伤,但这再次将注意力集中在日益严重的轨道残骸问题上)”引出太空垃圾问题,以及第五段“Space is only going to get more crowded, with the number of satellite launches set to increase by five times in the next decade. All this significantly raises the chances of collisions (撞击). (太空只会变得更加拥挤,未来十年卫星发射数量将增加五倍。所有这些都大大增加了碰撞的可能性)”等说明未来太空垃圾问题更严峻,文章主要讲述了太空垃圾问题日益严重,大量的太空垃圾对太空活动构成了威胁,突出了太空垃圾可能带来的严重后果。C“太空垃圾:这是一场即将发生的灾难吗?”符合主题,适合用作标题,故选C项。
三、
49.is 50.such 51.to get 52.studies 53.that 54.at 55.fewer 56.difference 57.presently 58.required
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了未来一代飞行汽车可能会改变人们对飞行不利于气候的看法,并探讨了飞行汽车在环保方面的潜力以及面临的挑战。
49.考查时态和主谓一致。句意:未来一代飞行汽车可能会改变飞行对气候有害的观点。句子描述的是一般性事实,用一般现在时,主语all flying表示“所有飞行活动”,看作一个整体,视为单数。故填is。
50.考查固定短语。句意:像劳斯莱斯、Lilium和垂直航空航天这样的公司认为,尽管飞行汽车需要大量能量才能起飞,但它们可能是一种绿色的交通方式。such as为固定短语,意为“例如”,用于列举同类事物。故填such。
51.考查非谓语动词。句意:像劳斯莱斯、Lilium和垂直航空航天这样的公司认为,尽管飞行汽车需要大量能量才能起飞,但它们可能是一种绿色的交通方式。need to do sth.为固定短语,意为“需要做某事”。故填to get。
52.考查名词。句意:对这种垂直起降车辆环境影响的首批研究之一表明,至少在某些情况下,它们的支持者可能是正确的。one of后应接可数名词复数形式。故填studies。
53.考查宾语从句。句意:对这种垂直起降车辆环境影响的首批研究之一表明,至少在某些情况下,它们的支持者可能是正确的。空处引导宾语从句,从句不缺少成分,句意完整,故用that引导。故填that。
54.考查介词。句意:对这种垂直起降车辆环境影响的首批研究之一表明,至少在某些情况下,它们的支持者可能是正确的。at least为固定短语,意为“至少”。故填at。
55.考查比较级。句意:密歇根大学的Gregory Keoleian和他的同事发现,如果垂直起降飞机真的升空,那么在100公里的旅程中,它们的排放量将比电动汽车少6%。根据空后的than可知,此处应用比较级。故填fewer。
56.考查名词。句意:差异非常小,而且有几个大问题。根据空前的定冠词The可知,空处需填名词作主语,根据空后的谓语动词was可知,应用名词单数形式。故填difference。
57.考查副词。句意:第一,飞行汽车目前还不存在。空处修饰动词exist,需用副词作状语。故填presently。
58.考查非谓语动词。句意:此外,由于起飞所需的能量,空中飞行距离短于35公里的旅程会产生比电动汽车更多的排放物。句中已有谓语动词would produce,且无其它连词,所以空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词energy,require和energy为动宾关系,需用过去分词形式。故填required。
四、
59. bringing/contributing/resulting/leading about/to/in/to
【解析】考查动词短语和非谓语动词。中英文句子对比可知,空处应填“带来”,可用动词短语bring about或contribute to或result in或lead to,意为“带来,导致”,且句中已有谓语动词has had,空处应填非谓语动词,与逻辑主语Globalization之间为主动关系,应用现在分词形式,作伴随状语。故填①bringing/contributing/resulting/leading;②about/to/in/to。
60. faded away
【解析】考查固定短语。根据句意,此处表示“逐渐消失”,对应固定短语 fade away,空前有助动词has,所以此处使用过去分词形式与has构成现在完成时,作谓语。故填①faded ②away。
61. Keep in mind
【解析】考查动词短语。根据句意和中文提示可知,表示“记住”应用keep in mind,为固定搭配,这里应用动词原形构成祈使句,且句首时首字母应大写。故填Keep in mind。
62. majored in
【解析】考查动词短语。表示“主修”短语为major in,发生在过去用一般过去时。故填majored in。
63. dating back to
【解析】考查动词短语。表示“追溯”短语为date back to,该短语没有被动形式,故用现在分词作定语。故填dating back to。
64. is equal to
【解析】考查固定短语和时态。“胜任”用动词短语be equal to,根据前一分句时态可知,描述一般性事实用一般现在时态,主语he是第三人称单数代词,系动词用单数形式is。故填is;equal;to。
65. are related to
【解析】考查短语。根据句意,句中“与……有关”用短语be related to。陈述客观事实,用一般现在时。主语是These skills,谓语动词用are。故填are related to。
66. shelter from
【解析】考查动词短语。表示“躲避”短语为shelter from,此处为不定式作后置定语。故填shelter from。
67. coming to an end
【解析】考查固定短语。空处表示“末日到了”,需用固定短语come to an end,其中come to an end意为“结束”,与主语之间为主动关系,所以此处用动词ing形式coming与were构成过去进行时表虚拟(as if引导的从句用虚拟语气,表示与现在的事实相反)。故填①coming②to③an④end。
68. has a positive attitude to
【解析】考查固定短语和时态。“对……采取积极的态度”表达为固定短语“have a positive attitude to ...”,根据语境可知,句子描述的是现在的一般情况,所以用一般现在时,主语是he,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填①has②a③positive④attitude⑤to。
69. referring to
【解析】考查动名词。“查字典”为“refer to the dictionary”,介词of后接动名词。故填referring to。
70. varieties of
【解析】考查固定短语。“各种各样的”为固定搭配“varieties of”,故填varieties of。
71. in shock
【解析】考查介词固定短语。根据汉语提示可知,此处应用介词短语in shock,表示“震惊”,作表语,be in shock为固定短语,意为“处于震惊中,震惊”,符合语境。故填①in②shock。
72. to break away from
【解析】考查固定短语和不定式。对比中英文句子可知,空格处意为“摆脱……的束缚”,是固定短语break away from,be determined to do sth.是固定短语,意为“决心做某事”,故填to break away from。
73. in memory of
【解析】考查介词固定短语。根据汉语提示可知,此处应用固定短语in memory of ...表示“作为对……的纪念”,在句中作目的状语。故填①in②memory③of。
74. keeping track of
【解析】考查动词短语及时态。中英文句子对比可知,空处应填“关注”,需用动词短语keep track of表示“关注,了解……的动态”,根据空前的is always可知,句子需用现在进行时态,表示博主一直在关注着最新的电子产品发布,所以空处动词keep需用其现在分词keeping。故填①keeping②track③of。
75. absorbed in
【解析】考查固定短语。动词短语be absorbed in表示“沉浸于、全神贯注于”,“was”为句中谓语动词,故空处应用非谓语动词形式,absorb与主语“she”之间为被动关系,故应用其过去分词形式,作状语;故“她深深地沉浸在这本扣人心弦的小说中”应译为Deeply aborbed in this gripping novel。故空①填absorbed;空②填in。
76. belongs to
【解析】考查固定短语和时态。根据汉语提示可知,此处应用固定短语belong to表示“属于”,根据语境可知,句子描述的是客观事实,所以用一般现在时,且定语从句中的which指代This mysterious island,是单数,所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填①belongs②to。
77. tried out
【解析】考查短语。根据句意,“参加……选拔”用短语try out。根据句中时态可知,用一般过去时。故填tried out。
78. from then on
【解析】考查固定短语。根据句意,此处表示“从那时起”,需用固定短语from then on,在句中作时间状语。故填①from②then③on。
79. in memory of
【解析】考查短语。根据句意,此处表示“为了纪念”用介词短语in memory of,构成介词短语作目的状语。故填①in②memory③of。
80. tripped over
【解析】考查固定短语和时态。对比中英文句子可知,空格处意为“被……绊倒”,是固定短语trip over,由was可知,时态是一般过去时,trip用过去式tripped。故填①tripped②over。
81. took advantage of
【解析】考查动词短语。表示“利用”短语为take advantage of,发生在过去用一般过去时。故填took advantage of。
82. In spite of
【解析】考查固定短语。根据句意,此处表示“尽管”,需用固定短语in spite of,在句中作让步状语,位于句首单词首字母需大写。故填①In②spite③of。
83. have in common
【解析】考查固定搭配和主谓一致。“有共同点”用固定短语have...in common表示;定语从句描述客观情况,用一般现在时,从句主语all New Year’s Eve parties是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。故填have;in;common。
84. not only but also recognition
【解析】考查连词短语和名词。对比中英文可知,第一至四空表示“不仅……也……”,可用连词短语not only… but also…,连接并列的成分,第五空表示“认可”,可用名词recognition,不可数,作表语。故填①not;②only;③but;④also;⑤recognition。
85. As why made the right decision
【解析】考查定语从句和动词短语。对比中英文可知,第一空表示“如”,应用as引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面的整个主句,句首单词的首字母需大写;第二空应用关系副词why引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the reason,表示“……的原因”;第三至六空表示“做了正确的决定”,可用动词短语make the right decision,且描述的是过去发生的事,时态应用一般过去时。故填①As;②why;③made;④the;⑤right;⑥decision。
86. got off like crazy
【解析】考查短语和时态。对比中英文可知,第一、二空表示“从(飞机上)下来”,可用动词短语get off,且根据“ran”或“jumped”可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,时态应用一般过去时;第三、四空表示“疯狂地”,可用固定短语like crazy,作状语。故填①got;②off;③like;④crazy。
87. as much up to
【解析】考查倍数表达和固定搭配。“倍数 + as + 形容词 / 副词原级 + as” 的比较结构(即 A + 倍数 + as + 原级 + as + B),用于表示 “A 是 B 的多少倍”;energy(能源)为不可数名词,需用形容词 much修饰,第一空和第二空填as much;up to为固定短语,意为 “多达;达到”,第三空和第四空填up to。故填①as;②much;③up;④to。
88. as well as out
【解析】考查介词短语。as well as是固定短语,意为“除……之外(也);和……一样”,用于连接两个并列成分;work out为固定搭配,意为“(情况)发展顺利;解决”。故填①as;②well;③as;④out。
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2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列
专题17 语法知识之构词法(长难句)
第一部分 构词法
1.表示否定或反义的常用词缀
反
义
否
定
反
义
否
定
前
缀
前
缀
位置
意义
例词
a-
an-
not,without否定
apo1itical不关心政治的;
anonymous匿名的,无名的,不知名的
ab-
away from
abnormal非正常的;
a-
ab-
abs-
在“t”“v”之前
avoid避免
abstain弃权,戒;
abstract摘要
ant-
anti-
against,opposite
“反抗”
“反”“抗”
antarctic南极(的); anti-Japanese war抗日战争;antimissile反导弹的;
antisocial反社会的;antimagnetic防磁的;
antiseptic防腐剂;
antifreezing liquid抗冻剂
counter-
contra-
against.Opposite
反,对应
counteraction反作用;
contrast对比,对照;
counteract抵抗;
counterattack反攻;
counterpart对手,副本;
contra.missile反导弹 导弹;counterclcckwise逆时针的
de-
away,down,negative离开,分,否定,使低下
decompose分解;
decompression减压;
degrade使降级;
demobilize复员;
degenerate堕落的;
decay衰败;
debase贬低;
dis-
加在名、形、动词前
不
disadvantage不利,不利条件;disagree,不同意
dis-
加在动词
前
不再……
disappear消失;
disarm解除武装;
disconnect分离
di-
dif-
dis-
away,negative
否定,分开,不
distrust不信任.怀疑;
disassemble拆开:divest脱衣,剥夺;
differentiate区分
il-
加在以“l” 开头的词前
不
illegal不合法的;
illiterate文盲;illegitimate非法的
im-
in-
ir-
加在字母m,b,p之前
not,in,into否定,加强或引申意义
impracticable行不通的; invisible不可见的;
irrational不合理的;
inaccurate不准确的;
irresistable不可抗拒的;
mal-
bad,badly恶,不良
maltreat虐待;malfunction机能失常;
malcontent不满的;malnutrition营养不良;
maladminister对……管理不善
mis-
bad,badly错,坏
mistake错误
non-
not否定
nonmetal非金属;
non-ferrous非铁的;
nonviolent非暴力的;nonprofessional无职业的
se-
分离
separation分离;secure安全;segregation隔离,分开
un-
加在形、副、名词前
not否定
unpredictable无法预言的;unknown未知的
后
缀
-proof
加在名词后
(adj.)防……的,
waterproof防水的;
boomproof防弹的;soundproof隔音的;
burglar-proof防盗的
2.表示时间的常用词缀:
时
间
时
间
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
ante-
before在……之前
ante-room前厅;
ante-Christian基督降生前;
antecedent先行的,先时的
ex-
前任的
ex-president前总统;ex-premier前总理
fore-
before前.预先
foremost最前的;
forecast预测;
forefather前人,祖先;
forehead前额;
foretell预言;
foreground前景;
foresee预见
pre-
before之前
prehistory史前:
prerequisite先决条件;
prelude序言前奏曲;pre-election大选前;
Prefix前缀
pro-
预先的
programme节目单;
prologue序言,序幕;
prophet预言家
proto-
原始,初
protohydrogen初氢;
prototype原型;
protoplasm原生质;
protoplast原物,原型
meta-
在……之后,
变化,变位
Metaphor隐喻;
metaphrase逐字硬译;
metaphysics形而上学
post-
after之后
postwar战后;
postgraduate研究生;
post-liberation解放后
retro-
back往后的
retrograde倒退的;
retrospect回顾
3.表示数字的常用词缀:
数
字
数
字
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
demi-
hemi-
semi-
半
demigod半神半人;
hemicycle半圆形建筑
semiautomatic半自动的;semimechanized半机械化的
mono-
one单一
monomotor单发动机;monowheel单轮
uni-
uniform均匀的;
unipolar单极的;
unicellular单细胞的:
uniaxial单轴的;
unilateralism单边主义
ambi-
amphi-
两
周围
ambiguous有两个意义的,暧昧的;
amphitheater圆形剧场;
ambidextrous左右手都善用;
amphibian两栖的
bi-
二,双
bimetalic双金属的;
bimotor双发动机;
biweekly双周(刊);
biyearly两年一次的
di-
dioxide二氧化物;
diode二级管;
diphthong双元音
tri-
三
triangle三角形;
tripod三角架;
triennial每三年一次的;
triple三倍的;
tricar三轮车;
triode三极管
quadri-
quadru-
四
quadruple四倍的;
quadrangle四边形;
quadricentennial四百周年纪念
penta-
五
pentagon五角大楼;pentagram五角星形:
pentameter五步诗句
quinque- quinqui- quinqua-
quinta-fever五日回归热;
quintessence精华(古代所谓组成天体的“第五元素”)
sex-
sexi-
六
sexangle六角;
sexennial六年一度的;
sexcentenary六周年纪念
sept-
七
September九月(古罗马的七月);
septennial七年一度的
hepta-
heptad七人集团;
heptagon七角形
octa-
oct-
octo-
八
octagon八角形;
October十月;:
octad八价元素;
octopus章鱼
nona- ennea-
九
nonagon九角形;
ennead九个一组
deci-
deca-
十
decimal十进位的;decagramme十克;
decade十年,十个合成一组
centi-
百,百分之一
centimetre厘米(百分之一米);
omtilitre厘升(百分之一升);
centipede蜈蚣(百脚虫)
kilo-
千
Kilowatt千瓦;
kilometer千米;
kilogram(me)公斤,千克
milli-
千,千分之一
millennial千年的;
milligram毫克
multi-
许多
Multi-coloured颜色多样的,
Multi-national多民族的;multiform多种形式的;
multilateral多边的;
multipole多极
poly-
多,复,聚
polygon多边形;
polyatomic多原子的;
polyphase多相的;
polyunclear多核的
4.动词化常用词缀:
动
词
化
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
be-
to make intensive
使……加强
belittle使缩小,贬低;
befriend友好相待,帮助
en-
em-
in,into,to make
使……,使人
enlarge扩大;
enable使……能;
embed埋置,嵌进;
empower使……能;
encage关人笼中;
embrace拥抱;
endear受喜爱;
embody收录,体现;
后
缀
-en
加在形容词前或后
(v.)make使变成……
harden使硬;
lengthen使变长;
weaken使变弱;
broaden加宽;
-ify
加在名词、形容词后
(v.)cause to become
使……成,使……化
magnify放大;
simplify简化;
purify提纯;
certify证明;
glorify颂扬;
electrify使电气化
-ish
(v.)从法文借来的
abolish废除.
blandish讨好;
cherish爱护;
perish毁灭
-ize
-ise
-yze
-yse
加在形容词后
(v.)cause to be of have以……方式对待;……化
realize实现;
mechanize机械化;
analyse,analyze分析;
Americanize美国化;popularize推广
-ate
(v.) 使成为
activate 使活动
5.名词化常用词缀:
名
词
化
名
词
化
名
词
化
名
词
化
后
缀
后
缀
后
缀
后
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
-an
加在形容词后
(n.)one who。that which表人
(n.)one who。that which表人
Asian 亚洲人;
electrician 电工;
physician医生
-ant
-ent
加在动词后
applicant申请人;correspondent通信者;resistant抵抗者;
servant仆人;
defendant被告
-ard
加在形容词后
drunkard酒鬼;
coward懦夫
-arian
加在名词后
humanitarian人道主义者:
octogenarian八十至八十九岁的人;
-crat
加在名词后
democrat民主人士;bureaucrat官僚
-ee
加在动词后
addressee收件人;
employee雇员;
examinee应试人;
refugee难民;
-eer
加在名词
后
pioneer开拓者;
volunteer志愿者;
auctioneer拍卖商;
engineer工程师;
rocketeer火箭专家;electioneer竞选的人
-er (-or)
加在动词后
加在地名后
manufacturer制造人;best-seller畅销货;
survivor幸存音;
adapter改编者
-ese
加在地名上
Chinese中国人.汉语;Portuguese葡萄牙人,葡萄牙语;
Japanese日本人;
-ess
加在动词后
hostess女主人;
manageress女经理;
actress女演员
-ian -an
加在地名后
Mile.an非洲人;
American美国人;Australian澳大利亚人
-ician
加在形容词后
electrician电学专家;
logician逻辑学家;mathematician数学家
-ish①
加在国家名称之后
Swedish瑞典的,瑞典人;Irish爱尔兰的,爱尔兰人
-ist
加在名词后
socialist社会主义者;dramatist剧作家;
dentist牙科医生;
botanist植物学家
-or
加在动词后
accelerator加速器;
actor演员;
collector收藏家;accumulator存储器;accommodator替工
-ster
加在形容词后
youngster年轻人;
gangster歹徒;
trickster骗子
-al
加在动词后
(n.)act;one who;that which表动作,事物
proposal提案;
professional专业人员;
signal信号;
approval同意;
refusal拒绝;
arrival到达
-age
加在动词后
(n.)state;quality,act表状态,性质,行为,情况
(n.)表示特性或情况
(n.)state,quality,act表状态,性质,行为
passage通道;
breakage破损;
shortage缺乏;
courage勇气;
shrinkage收缩;
-ance
-ence
加在形容词后
importance重要性;confidence自信心;
independence独立;appearance外貌;
existence存在
-ancy
-ency
加在形容词后
consistency贯性;
frequency频率;
urgency紧迫性
-cy
加在形容词后
accuracy准确性;
policy政策;
bureaucracy官僚主义;infancy婴儿期;
bankruptcy破产;
diplomacy外交
-dom
加在形容词后
freedom自由;
wisdom智慧;
chiefdom首领地位;kingdom王国
-ery
加在名词、动词、形容词后
slavery奴隶制;
bravery-勇敢;
refinery提炼厂
-hood
加在名词后
neighborhood邻里;livelihood生计;
manhood男子气概;fatherhood父亲的身份;falsehood谬误
-ion
-tion
-sion
加在动词后
fashion时髦;
decision决定;
addition增加;
dominion统治权;description描写
-ity
加在形容词后
unity团结一致;
maturity成熟性;
conductivity传导性;visibility能见度
-ment
加在动词后
enjoyment欣赏;management管理;instrument工具;
punishment惩罚
-ship
加在名词后
partnership伙伴关系;sportmanship运动员道德;
leadership领导;
citizenship公民身份;
championship冠军头衔
-ty
加在形容词后
bounty慷慨;
loyalty忠实;
certainty肯定;
plenty丰富
-y①
加在形容词后
entry进A;
difficulty困难;
victory胜利
-ness
加在形容词后
consciousness觉悟;darkness黑暗;
busyness忙碌;
kindness善良
-fold
加在数词后
(n.)表示倍数
twofold二倍的;
manifold许多倍的;thousand fold千倍的
-gram
加在名词后
(n.)构成图“画”“字”等含义
diagram图表;
program大纲,节目单;telegram电报
-graph
加在动词后
(n.)用于写或记录的仪器
calculagraph计时器;micrograph微写器;
seismograph地震仪;chorograph位置测定器
-la
加在形容词后
(n.)disease,state,quality疾病,集合,抽象名词
pneumonia肺炎;
media媒介;
militia民兵
-ics
加在名词后
(n.)表示一门学科
acoustics声学;
aerobatics技巧飞行术;
economics经济学;electrostatics静电学
-nomy
加在形容词后
astronomy天文学;
economy经济;
taxonomy分类学;autonomy自冶权
-ism
加在名词或动词之后
(n.)state, do才trine,system表行为,状态,制度,社会信仰,学说
criticism批评;
formalism形式主义;
impressionism印象主义;capitalism资本主义
-let
加在名词后
(n.)small,unimportant小
booklet小册子;
leaflet嫩叶,传单;
cutlet肉片;
streamlet小溪
-logy
加在名词后
(n.)discourse.study论,研究
biology生物学;
ideology思想(体系);
technology技术;archaeology.考古学;
etymology词源学;
geology地质学
-ette
加在名词后
(n.)表示假的,人造的代用品
cigarette香烟;
flannelette棉法兰绒;
leatherette人造革;kitchenette小厨房
-ing
加在动词后
(n.)indicating material表示材料
piping管道系统;
wiring配线
-th
加在形容词、动词、数词后
(n.)第……,性质
birth出生;
depth深度;
growth生长;
breadth宽度;
truth真理;
-try
-ery
加在名词、形容词、动词之后
(n.)表示集体、地点
fishery渔业;
carpentry木匠业;
bravery勇敢;
bakery面包坊
-ure
加在动词后
表示行为及其结果
departure离开;
exposure曝光;
expenditure支出;
disclosure透露;
-y②
加在称呼、形容词后
(n.)小,呢称
doggy小狗儿;
daddy爸爸;
deary宝贝儿,;
fatty胖子
-meter
仪器
speedometer测违仪
6.形容词化常用词缀:
形
容
词
化
形
容词
化
后
缀
后
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
-able
-ible
加在动词后
(adj.)capable of,suitable for能(为)……的,适于…的
noticeable值得注意的;portable可携带的;
avoidable可避免的;possible可能的
-al
加在名词后
(adj.)related to;like具有……性质的,如……的
functional起作用的;
natural自然的;
editorial编辑的;
educational教育上的;
national民族的
-an
-ian
-ean
加在地名上
(adj.)like,related关于……的,有……性质的
suburban郊区的;Canadian加拿大的;European欧洲的;African非洲的
-ate
-ute
加在动词后
fortunate幸运的;considerate考虑周到的;
passionate热情的;contribute贡献
-ed
加在名词后
(adj.)adjective form of nouns and verbs有……的
pleased愉快的;
armed武装的;
aged上了年纪的;
cultured有教养的:
talented有才能的;
-en
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of有……性质的,似……的
woolen毛的;
golden金色的;
rotten腐败的;
wooden木制的
-ful
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of充满……的,具有……性质的
fruitful有成果的;doubtful有怀疑的;
cheerful高兴的;peaceful和平的;wonderful好极了的
加在容器后
(adj.)表示某容器的容量
handful少量;spoonful一茶匙的量;glassful一玻璃杯的量
-ic
(-ical)
加在名词后
(adj.)like,related to类似的,具有……的
heroic英雄般的;metallic金属的;
logical合逻辑的;microscopic显微镜的
-id
加在动词后
(adj.)state性质
acid酸的;arid干燥的;
florid绚烂的;horrid可怕的;acrid刻薄的
-ing
加在名词后
(adj .)构成现在分词作定浯
agonizing令人痛苦的;appetizing开胃的;
fascinating迷人的;exciting使人兴奋的
-ish
加在普通名词之后
(adj.)表具有……性质或含有轻蔑的意思
childish孩子气的;㈨ish傻里傻气的;.selfish自私自利的
加在表颜色的形容词后
(adj.)表略带颜色的
greenish浅绿色的;yellowish淡黄色的
-ite
加在动词后
(adj.)related to,having the quality of具有…… 性质的
definite一定的;opposite相对的;favorite特别喜欢的
-1ess
加在名词后
(adj.)without没有……的
fearless无畏的;
boundless无边的;
useless无用的;
homeless无家可归的;
-like
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality of 有……性质的,象……的
warlike好战的;
dreamlike梦一般的;humanlike象人类的
-ous
-eous
-ious
-iois
加在名词后
(adj.)having the quality
of富有……的
advantageous有利的;famous著名的;
various各种各样的;
courageous英勇的
-some
加在形容词、名词、动词后
(adj.)having the quality of象……的,引起……的,易于……的,有……倾向的
troublesome讨厌的;lonesome寂寞的;
loathsome讨厌的;
fulsome讨厌的
-y
加在名词后
(adj.)full of,covered with,having the quality of充满,包含
hairy多毛发的;
irony铁似的
7.表示属性的常用词缀:
属
性
属
性
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
macro-
large大的
macrobian长寿的(人);.
rnacroworld宏观世界;
macroclimate大气候
mini-
small,little小
miniskirt超短裙;
minibus小公共汽车;
miniature小画像,小型的
micro-
small微
microwave微波;
microscope显微镜;microbus微型公共汽车;
microfilm缩微胶卷;micro-switch微型开关
eu-
good,well优,善
eugenics优生学;
eulogize赞美;
eulogy赞美;
euphony悦耳;
eupeptic消化良好的
mal-
bad,badly恶,不良
maltreat虐待;
malfunction机能失常;
malcontent不满的;malnutrition营养不良;
maladminister对……管理不善
neo-
new新
neorealism新现实主义;neolithic新石器时代的;
neotropical新热带区的;
neoclassic(a1)新古典主义;neoimpressionism新印象主义
pseudo-
false假
pseudoscience伪科学;pseudonym笔名,假名;
pseudomorph假象;
pseudo-democratic假民主
thermo-
heat热
Thermometer温度计;thermodyamics热力学
ec-
异常的
eclipse(天体)食;
ecstasy狂想;
eccentric(人、行为)古怪的;行为古怪的人
ortho-
正确,直
orthogonal直角的;
orthodox正统;
orthograph正投影图;orthoepy正音
hetero-
other不同的
heteropolar异极的;heteroatom异质原子
homo-
same同等
homogeneous均匀的;homopolar同极的;
homosexual同性恋的;homograph同形异义字;
homogeneous同类的,同族的
sym-
syn-
syl-
sys-
with,together共同
symmetric对称的;
syllable音节;
system系统;
synchronous同步的;synonym同义词:
synthetic合成的
tele-
远的,终端
teleprinter电传打字机;
telescope望远镜;
teleswitch摇控开关
auto-
self自动
automate使自动化;autonomy自治,自治权;
autoignite自燃;
autostable自动稳定;automobile汽车;
8.表示方向、位置的常用词缀:
方
向
位
置
前
缀
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
over-
above,在…之上
向上,在上
over bridge天桥;
overhead 头顶的
up-
uphold 高举;
upright 垂直的
sub-
下,在下,其次
次,亚,低于,不足
subway 地道;
submarine 水下的
substandard低于标准规格的;succeed继承;
suffix后缀;
under-
Beneat,在..之下;低于,次于,下内(衣服)
underdone半生不熟的;
undersea在海底;
underline在……下划线;
underwear内衣:
underpants内裤;
underestimate估计过低;underground地下的:
undergrown发育不全的;
inter-
between;among;one with or on another 在……中,在……间;互相
interpersonal 人与人之间的,
internal 内部[政]的,国内的;interchange交换;
international国际的;
interconnect使互相联系
intra-
Inside在内;内部
intracardiac心脏内部的;intramolecular分子内部的;
intracellulor细胞内部的;intrapersonal个人内心的
intro-
到……之中
introduce介绍;introspect反省
mid-
rniddle中,中间
midair半空中;midstream中流
e-
ex-
out,away外
outside,outward
在……外,向外
external外部的;emit发射;发表(意见);发行
extra-
extranuclear核外的;extrasolar太阳系以外的;
extraordinary非常的;extra.territorial治外法权;
extra.European欧洲以外的
trans- tra-
across
转换,横过,越过
transmit传送;
tradition惯例;
transoceanic横渡大洋的;transnormal超出常规的:transplant移植;
后
缀
-ern
加在名词后
表示方向
eastern东方的;
southern南方的;
western西方的;
northern北方的
-ward
-wards
-ways
加在名词、介词后
(adv.)toward表方向
upward(s)向上;
outward(s)向外;
endways末端而上的;
backwards往后退地;lengthways纵长的
-wise
加在名词后
(adv.&dgj.)in the manner of:as far as...concerned表方向,位置
clock-wise顺时针;
crosswise成十字形;
stepwise逐步的,分段的;lengthwise纵长的
9. 表示程度的常用词缀:
程
度
前
缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
hyper-
over,above在上,超;
beyond超过
hyperfrequency超高频;
hypersonic超声的;hyperphysical超物质的
super- supra-
sur-
superheat过热;
surface表面;
surpass超越;
supramolecular超分子的
ultra-
ultra-short极短的;
ultraviolet紫外线的
hypo-
hyp-
under下、低、次、少,在…之下
hypotension低血压;hyposensitize减弱……的敏感度;
hypogastric下腹的;hypodermic皮下的;
infra-
infra-red红外线;infrahuman低于人类的,类人猿; infra-structure基础建设
out-
out超过,过度,外,出,除去
outlive比……长寿;
outdo胜过;
outsized过大的;
outwear穿坏
omni-
所有的,公共的,总全,泛全,所有
omnibus公共汽车;omnipotent万能的;
omniscient无所不知的
pan-
Pan-American泛美的;panacea万灵药,万金油;
panorama万花筒;panchromatic全色的
panto-
pantopragmatic样样都要插手的:
pantoscopic视野开阔
per-
通过,彻底,完全
perambulate走来走去;
perfect完美;
perforate穿孔于
后
缀
-ly
加在形容词后
(adv.)in the manner of……地(状态.程度,性质,方式)
hurriedly匆忙地;
purposely有目的地;
seemingly表面地;immediately立即;
10.其他常用词缀词根:
其
他
其
他
前
缀
前缀
词缀
位置
意义
例词
hydr-
water水
hydrogen氢;
hydroelectric水电的
para-
防,降落伞
parachute降落伞;
parasol阳伞;
paratroop伞兵
cyber-
计算机,与电脑有关
cyberspace网络空间
arch-
首领
archbishop大主教;
architect建筑师;
architecture建筑学
bene-
善好
benefit利益;
benevolenee慷慨;
bneficent慈善的;
benefactor恩人
dia-
通过,借以,分离
diagraph绘图仪;
diagnosis诊断
pen-
几乎,相近
peninsular半岛;
peneplain近似平原
phil- philo-
挚爱
philanthropist慈善家:philospher哲学家;
philanthropy慈善,善心;philomath爱学问的人
re-
back,again回,再
reheat再加热;
regrind重磨;
refuel重新加油;
relive再生,复活;
reconsider重新考虑
co-
与……一起
coexist共存;
cooperate合作;
co-auther合著者;cooperation协作
col-
com-
con-
cor-
with共同
collect收集;
collaborate协作;
commemorate纪念;conference会议;
correlate相关;
compile编辑;
corruption腐败;
第2部分 长难句攻略
一、结构分析
英语长难句有三多, 即修饰成分多、并列成分多、结构层次多。请看2021年山东菏泽中考阅读理解D篇的开头句: Zhu Keming never thought he would be a hero one day, but he was just that on Saturday when he saved the lives of six runners during the mountain marathon(马拉松) in Baiyin, Gansu Province, in which 21 people lost their lives.
这是由but连接的并列句。前一个分句为Zhu Keming never thought he would be a hero one day. 该句是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。后一个分句为含有状语从句和定语从句的复合句, 其中主句是一个主系表结构的句子。
二、方法攻略
三、必背技巧
1. 悉究本末——在语篇阅读中, 通过扫读就能获取所需信息, 多数句子没必要过分解读。
2. 字字对译——由于英汉语序有时是不同的, 如果直译, 句意会不通顺, 更不能表达原句的意思。
3. 望文生义——要结合上下文语境和文化背景等, 从整体上理解句子的真正含义, 切不可望文生义。
一、单项选择
1.The newly-built library is a________ building.
A.five-storey B.five storeys C.five-storey’s D.five storeys’
2.Halloween became an ______ festival for children, in spite of its religious origins. Children are ______ about the festival.
A.exciting; exciting B.excited; excited C.exciting; excited D.excited; exciting
3.His words were ________, which made many people ________.
A.discouraging; discouraged B.discouraging; discouraging
C.discouraged; discouraging D.discouraged; discouraged
4.The student wore an ________ look while trying to explain the ________ math problem.
A.embarrassed; confusing B.embarrassed; confused
C.embarrassing; confusing D.embarrassing; confused
5.The book ______ to Tom is quite ______.
A.belongs; interesting B.belonging; interested
C.belonged; interested D.belonging; interesting
6.—I am ___________ they won the football match.
—That’s not ___________ because they were fully prepared.
A.surprised; surprising B.surprising; surprising
C.surprised; surprised D.surprising; surprised
7.Getting lost in a big city must have been a ________ experience for you.
A.terrifying B.terrified C.having terrified D.being terrified
8.We went to bed as soon as we arrived at the hotel because we were so ________. The eight—hour train ride was quite________ .
A.tired; tiring B.tiring; tired
C.to be tired; being tired D.being tired; to be tired
9.That earthquake all the people of the city.
A.frightening; frightening B.frightening; frightened
C.frightened; frightened D.frightened; frightening
10.I was getting by such a problem.
A.confusing, confused B.confuse, confusing
C.confused, confusing D.confuse, confused
11.I felt ______ with tears in my eyes when I was reading the ______ novel.
A.moved; moving. B.moved; moved C.moving; moved D.moving; moving
12.The ________ news made us ________.
A.disappointing; disappointing B.disappointed; disappointed
C.disappointing; disappointed D.disappointed; disappointing
13.Poor boy! His ________ looks and ________ hands suggested he was very afraid.
A.frightening; trembling B.frightened; trembling
C.frightening; trembled D.frightened: trembled
14.When he knew his answer was correct, his ________face showed that he was successful and his effort was ________.
A.satisfied; delighted B.satisfied; delighting
C.satisfying; delighting D.satisfying; delighted
15.The picture was so ________ that all of us felt ________ when it was taken away from the classroom.
A.amazing; disappointed B.amazed; disappointed
C.amazed; disappointing D.amazing; disappointing
16.His performance is________, which makes us ________ .
A.entertained; pleasing B.entertained; pleased
C.entertaining; pleased D.entertaining; pleasing
17.He had a ______ look on his face when he heard the strange news.
A.puzzle B.puzzling C.puzzled D.puzzles
18.When you are interacting with others, inappropriate gestures can make them ______.
A.embarrassing B.embarrassed C.embarrassment D.embarrassedly
19.Jack told the news, ________ with a ________ look on his face.
A.laughed; surprised B.laughed; surprising C.laughing; surprised D.laughing; surprising
20.Mary would never ________ hurt anyone. She is always kind.
A.knowingly B.steadily C.gradually D.regularly
21.All the students who have been working hard can pass the exam.
A.sincerely B.definitely C.extremely D.properly
22.What is Western art? It is difficult to _____________ define Western art.
A.precisely B.frequently C.respectively D.fortunately
23.Mountain climbing is becoming a popular sport, but it is also a(n) ______ dangerous one.
A.gradually B.potentially C.currently D.originally
24.The demand for organic food has increased ________ as people pay more attention to their health.
A.regularly B.temporarily C.significantly D.virtually
25.The aim of education is to teach students to think for themselves and not to follow others ______.
A.blindly B.nervously C.carefully D.unwillingly
26.The company plans to expand its business ______ by establishing partnerships in Europe and Asia.
A.illegally B.actually C.forever D.further
27.The detective investigated the case ________, following every lead and clue carefully, determined to uncover the truth behind the mysterious incident.
A.profoundly B.thoroughly C.curiously D.superficially
28.The Tianwen-3 probe ______ landed on Mars in January 2025, collecting rock samples for geological analysis.
A.roughly B.accidentally C.precisely D.approximately
29.I’ve been writing this report ______ for the last two weeks, but it is due tomorrow.
A.finally B.immediately
C.occasionally D.certainly
30.The treatment may relieve patients’ pain for now, but it is ________ at risk in the long run.
A.superficially B.potentially C.knowingly D.consistently
31.It’s much ______ to make films with amazing special effects as computer technology is becoming better and better.
A.easy B.easier C.easiest D.the easiest
32._______ you practice, _______ you will be at math.
A.The more; the better B.The more; the best
C.The most; the better D.The most; the best
33.— More and more people like group buying on WeChat.
— You said it. The prices are ______.
A.much lower B.much cheaper
C.more expensive D.even higher
34.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A.helpless B.eggplant C.hard-working D.sleepwalk
35.Which of the following words is combined by two words?
A.poster B.impressive C.exchange D.butterfly
36.Which word is formed in the same way as “homesick”?
A.unfold B.rainbow C.disqualify D.professional
37.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”?
A.careless B.railway C.unhealthy D.tourist
38.Which of the following words is formed like “handbag”?
A.meaningful B.snowman C.protection D.impatient
39.Which of the following words has a different word formation?
A.sculpture B.memorise C.humorous D.highway
40.“For a moment, he was speechless. Happiness seemed to fill his body and stick in his throat.”
Which word is formed in the same way as “speechless”?
A.disappear B.dangerous C.footprint D.impossible
二、阅读理解
1
An important lesson in the moral education of children could be as close as the book in their hands. Stories can play a role in shifting the importance of particular moral values in young audiences, according to the results of a new study.
“Media can markedly influence separate moral values and get kids to place more or less importance on those values depending on what is uniquely stressed in that content,” says Lindsay Hahn, PhD, assistant professor of communication in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.
Hahn is the first author of the new study, which adds an important part to a body of literature that explores how media content affects children. While many previous studies have focused on broad conceptualizations, like positive or negative effects of specific content, Hahn’s study looks at reading content featuring specific moral values (care, fairness, loyalty, and authority) that influence the weight kids place on those values.
Do children reading about particular moral characteristics absorb those qualities as building blocks for their own morality? The findings suggest so, and further support how this indirect approach to socializing children’s morality can add to the direct teaching of moral principles kids might receive through formal instruction.
For the study, Hahn and her colleagues took the main character from a teen story and edited the content to reflect in each version the study’s focus on one of four moral values. A fifth version was changed in a way that featured an amoral (不道德的) main character. The stories were shared with about 200 participants between the ages of 10 and 14.
The team then created a scale (量表) designed to measure the importance kids place on moral values to find out how participants might be influenced by specific stories.
“Measuring these effects can be difficult,” says Hahn of the research, published in the Journal of Media Psychology. “That’s why one purpose of this research was to develop a measure of moral values for kids. Nothing like that exists yet, that we know of.”
41.What can we infer from Hahn’s statement in paragraph 2?
A.Stories with amoral characters can weaken children’s sense of morality.
B.Formal instruction is less effective than media in teaching moral principles.
C.Media has the power to adjust children’s emphasis on specific moral values.
D.Media’s impact on kids’ morality is limited to broad positive or negative effects.
42.What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The response of the general public to Hahn’s study.
B.The contribution of Hahn’s study to children’s literature.
C.The difference between Hahn’s study and previous studies.
D.The branches of research on media influences on children.
43.What do the results of the study show?
A.Good virtues can carry children through hard times.
B.Good morals in stories help shape children’s values.
C.Teaching moral principles directly to kids seems useless.
D.Reading stories is a better approach than formal instructions.
44.What did Hahn’s team do for the study?
A.They created a chain story out of an old character.
B.They tested different moral principles in children.
C.They illustrated the study for younger participants.
D.They adapted a character and created five stories.
2
In May 2021, a hole was found in a robotic arm aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The culprit (罪魁祸首) was believed to be a piece of space junk. While thankfully no astronauts were injured, it has refocused attention on the growing problem of orbital debris (残骸).
It’s easy to forget that just seven decades ago the Moon was the only thing orbiting the Earth. On 1 January 2021, there were 6,542 satellites in orbit. Tellingly, only just over half of them were active. That’s a lot of useless metal rushing around the planet at 28,000 kilometers per hour.
Jan Wörner, the former European Space Agency Director General, put it this way: “Imagine how dangerous sailing the high seas would be if all the ships ever lost in history were still moving around on top of the water.” In fact, even the smallest pieces can cause huge amounts of damage.
The problem is very bad and getting worse. There are currently about half a million pieces of debris about one centimeter wide or larger and 100 million pieces of debris above one millimeter across. Yet only 27,000 pieces are actively tracked.
Space is only going to get more crowded, with the number of satellite launches set to increase by five times in the next decade. In January 2021, 143 satellites were launched into space on a single SpaceX Falcon rocket alone. And 12,000 more are to be put in orbit by Starlink over the next five years. All this significantly raises the chances of collisions (撞击).
Better control of new launches would help, as right now it’s a bit of a free-for-all. Increased monitoring of existing space junk could also help because active satellites can be moved off a collision course—yet dead satellites are sitting ducks and there’s nothing we can do to prevent a collision. That’s why many are calling for a clean-up job. A space debris removal mission called ClearSpace-1 will be launched in 2025 and attempt to de-orbit the upper stage of a rocket left in space back in 2013.
45.What is the main factor that worsens the space junk problem?
A.The high speed of orbital debris.
B.The difficult procedures of debris clean-up.
C.The large amount of untracked space debris.
D.The insufficient functions of clean-up facilities.
46.What can we learn about space junk?
A.It can be recycled for other uses.
B.It has injured astronauts in space.
C.It first appeared over seven decades ago.
D.It threatens the safety of space activities.
47.What does the underlined phrase “sitting ducks” in the last paragraph mean?
A.Things easy to attack.
B.Things hard to track.
C.Things failing to function.
D.Things set in a fixed position.
48.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Orbital Debris: What Results in It?
B.Satellite Launches: The More the Merrier?
C.Space Junk: Is It a Disaster Waiting to Happen?
D.Satellite Collisions: Who Should Be Responsible?
三、语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A future generation of flying cars could change the idea that all flying 49 (be) bad for the climate.
Firms 50 as Rolls-Royce, Lilium and Vertical Aerospace have argued that flying cars could be a green form of transport, despite the large amounts of energy they need 51 (get) off the ground. One of the first 52 (study) into the environmental effect of such vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles suggests 53 their backers could be right — 54 least in some circumstances. Gregory Keoleian at the University of Michigan and his colleagues found that VTOL aircraft, if they ever take to the skies, would produce 6 percent 55 (few) emissions (排放物) than an electric car over a100-kilometre journey.
Don’t jump into a VTOL just yet, though. The 56 (differ) was only very small and there are several big catches. Number one is that flying cars don’t 57 (present) exist yet. Moreover, journeys shorter than 35 kilometres in the air would produce more emissions than electric cars, because of the energy 58 (require) at take-off.
四、完成句子
59.全球化对全世界的人影响巨大,不仅带来了显著的效益,也带来了巨大的挑战。
Globalization has had a huge impact on people all around the world, significant benefits and great challenges.
60.很不幸她对童年的一切记忆随着时间的推移从脑海中逐渐消失了。
Sadly, all memory of her childhood has from her mind over time.
61.记住,生活中的每一次挑战都是成长的机会,无论它看起来多么艰难。
that every challenge in life is an opportunity for growth, no matter how difficult it may seem.
62.在大学期间,我主修国际事务专业。
While in college, I international affairs.
63.不幸的是,洪水冲毁了这座历史追溯回清朝的建筑。
Unfortunately, the flood destroyed the building the Qing Dynasty.
64.他有丰富的急救经验,所以我觉得他可以胜任这份工作。
He has much experience in first aid, so I think that he the job.
65.这些技能都和语言和阅读有关。
These skills all language and reading.
66.你很可能一整天都在寻找可躲避严寒的地方。
You’d most likely spend the day trying to find somewhere to the freezing cold.
67.有一场大风暴,看起来就好像世界末日到了。
There is such a storm, it looks as if the world were .
68.尽管有很多跌宕起伏,他依然对生活采取积极的态度。
Despite the many ups and downs in his career, he still life.
69.比起查字典,我总是试着去理解新单词的意思。
Instead of the dictionary, I always try to guess the meanings of the new words
70.几个世纪以来,中国人一直在吃各种各样的蔬菜。
They have been eating the vegetables for centuries.
71.我们碰到的许多人仍处于震惊中。
Many of the people we ran into were still .
72.这个年轻艺术家决心摆脱传统绘画风格的束缚,去探索属于自己的独特艺术语言。
The young artist is determined the constraints of traditional painting styles and explore his own unique artistic language.
73.这个小镇每年都会举办一场盛大的音乐节,作为对一位著名音乐家的纪念,他曾在这里度过了创作的黄金时期。
The small town holds a grand music festival every year a famous musician who spent his golden creative years here.
74.这位热衷于科技的博主时刻关注着最新的电子产品发布,以便在他的博文中分享前沿信息。
The tech-enthusiastic blogger is always the latest electronic product releases so as to share cutting-edge information in his blog posts.
75.她深深地沉浸在这本扣人心弦的小说中,完全没有注意到周围发生的一切。
Deeply this gripping novel, she was completely unaware of everything happening around her.
76.这个神秘的岛屿,它所拥有的古老传说据说能追溯到几个世纪前,实际上是属于一个古老家族的后裔。
This mysterious island, which an ancient family’s descendants, has age-old legends that are said to date back centuries.
77.这部社区戏剧是成名的好机会,不少怀揣表演梦想的年轻人勇敢地参加主角选拔。
The community drama was such a great opportunity to make a name for oneself that quite a few young people with acting dreams bravely for the leading role.
78.她于1984年离去,从那时起他便独自一人生活。
She left in 1984 and he lived alone.
79.为了纪念刘邦和项羽之间的战争,人们发明了中国象棋。
People invented Chinese chess the battle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu.
80.她在黑暗中匆匆赶路,不小心被一根树根绊倒,差点摔了个跟头。
She was hurrying in the dark and carelessly a tree root, almost falling headlong.
81.在上周的家庭聚会上,表妹巧妙利用轻松的氛围,化解了亲戚间长久以来的矛盾。
At last week’s family gathering, the cousin skillfully the relaxed atmosphere to resolve the long-standing conflicts among relatives.
82.尽管遭遇了无数挫折,这位发明家仍然坚持他的梦想,致力于创造改变生活的发明。
countless setbacks, the inventor still sticks to his dream and devotes himself to creating life-changing inventions.
83.所有的除夕夜派对都有一个共同点:午夜倒计时。
There’s one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties : the countdown to midnight.
84.这不仅是授予我个人的荣誉,也是对全体中国科学家的鼓励和认可。
This is an honour for myself, encouragement and for all scientists in China.
85.如你所见,我能在这里讲故事正是因为我做了正确的决定。
you can see, the reason I’m here to tell the story is that I .
86.一下飞机,我就疯狂地跑过机场大楼,毫不犹豫地跳进了排在第一位的出租车。
The moment I the plane, I ran through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
87.然而,生产纸袋的耗能为塑料袋的四倍,耗水则多达三倍。
However, making a paper bag uses four times energy as making a plastic bag and three times the amount of water.
88.如果你能在考虑自己感受的同时也考虑别人的感受,很快你就会发现情况将逐渐好转。
If you think about other people’s feelings your own, you’ll soon find everything works .
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