专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（福建专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（原卷版） （一） （2025·福建龙岩·二模） Scientists tell us that when a bird silently nods off, it may dream as its singing muscles make sudden quick movements. Could it be rehearsing (排练) in its sleep? A substantial part of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B．Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds’ dreams and song production — particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited born song learning capacity. Scientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements like lip-syncing (对口型). In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron (神经元) and muscle activity in the sleeping birds. When awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of discontinuous notes. But their sleeping song movements are disjointed — “rather like a dream,” Mindlin says. A sleeping finch seems to silently practice a few “notes” and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin “of learning a musical instrument.” Such “rehearsing” appears far less likely in the non-learning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species’ sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into hearable sounds. The Kiskadees’ sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded astonishingly loud and strong — “more like a nightmare than a dream,” Amador says. University of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds’ neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as “dreaming.” Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says — including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals. 12．What does Mindlin’s study focus on? A．Singing-learning ability of sleeping birds. B．Dreams-song production links in birds. C．Birds’ brain operation during sleep. D．Mathematical model development. 13．What did Mindlin’s team do in a recent study? A．They observed the movement of lip-syncing. B．They analyzed the birds’ sleeping habits. C．They tracked sleeping birds’ muscle responses. D．They compared the singing skills of different birds. 14．How do the studied birds differ in sleep singing? A．Frequency of electrode implants. B．Brain region activation patterns. C．Song complexity and continuity. D．Preferred sleeping environments. 15．What can be the best title for this text? A．The Mystery of Birds Singing B．Muscle Movements in Sleeping Birds C．Sleeping Like Dreaming D．Musical Rehearsal in Birds’ Sleep （二） （2025·福建莆田·二模） In recent years, China has faced persistent challenges from illegal wastewater discharge by chemical enterprises, threatening aquatic ecosystems and public health. High-profile incidents, such as the 2025 case in Donghai County where a sewage plant allegedly dumped untreated chemical waste into rivers, causing mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination, underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis.       Similar occurrences, like the 2024 discharge of reddish-brown effluent from a steel plant in Loudi, Hunan Province into the Lianshui River, highlight systemic flaws in pollution control. The primary drivers of such pollution include cost-cutting measures by enterprises, inadequate infrastructure, and regulatory gaps. For instance, some factories bypass treatment systems during non-inspection periods, while aging pipelines in industrial zones like Jiangjin, Chongqing’s collapse, leading to leaks. Additionally, subcontracting public sewage facilities to private entities, often prioritizes profit over environmental responsibility. Industries must adopt cleaner production practices. For example, Lanzhou established real-time monitoring systems to track wastewater quality and quantity, ensuring compliance. Innovations like advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration are increasingly used to treat toxic pollutants. Companies failing to meet standards face severe consequences: fines up to 200,000 yuan under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, and criminal charges for intentional pollution. Addressing industrial water pollution requires systemic change: stricter enforcement, technological innovation, and public vigilance. While progress has been made — such as reducing the proportion of water quality sections of Grade V inferior from 12.2% in 2015 to 9.1% in 2016 — the battle is far from over. Only through collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and society can China restore its waterways and safeguard ecological health for future generations. 28．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce China’s achievements in water pollution control. B．To analyze the causes and solutions of industrial wastewater problems. C．To compare different cases of illegal discharge in various provinces. D．To criticize the subcontracting of public sewage facilities to private companies. 29．What was the consequence of the 2025 incident in Donghai County? A．The steel plant was fined 200,000 yuan. B．The proportion of Grade V inferior water sections increased. C．Mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination occurred. D．Real-time monitoring systems were immediately implemented. 30．What can be inferred about the root cause of industrial water pollution? A．The aging pipelines in Chongqing are the primary pollution source. B．Private companies lack the technology to treat wastewater. C．Stricter laws have completely eliminated intentional pollution. D．Profit-driven behaviors often override environmental responsibilities. 31．The phrase “systemic flaws” in paragraph 2 most probably refers to ______. A．temporary malfunctions in sewage treatment systems B．fundamental weaknesses in pollution control mechanisms C．local governments’ failure to inspect factories regularly D．public indifference toward environmental protection （三） （2025·福建莆田·二模） Scammers (骗子) are becoming tricky, turning to artificial intelligence to better cheat their victims out of money. This includes using deep fakes to present themselves as someone else. Now, AI is being used in the fight back with telecom company O2 employing an AI-powered granny in the battle. Daisy, an AI-generated grandma created by British telecom company O2 as the ultimate scam fighter, is a new AI tool with the voice of a grandmother designed to talk with scammers and “waste as much of their time as possible”. Basically, she rambles on (絮叨) about anything and everything to keep them away from real people. While Daisy may sound like a human, she is essentially an AI large language model with the character application of a grandma. The company worked with known scam artists to train Daisy and used an approach called number seeding to get Daisy’s phone number added to a list of online “mugs lists” — lists used by scammers targeting U. K. consumers. She functions by listening to the scammers and translating their voice to text. The AI then searches its large database to find an appropriate response, based on the specific scam training she’s received, and translates that text response to speech for Daisy to reply. All this happens in seconds with no additional input needed. The goal is to keep the scammer on the phone for as long as possible by engaging them in a lifelike, but lengthy conversation. “Daisy is turning the tables on scammers — outsmarting them at their own cruel game simply by keeping them on the line.” Murray Mackenzie, Director of Fraud at O2, explained. O2 also hopes to draw attention to scams by warning consumers to be cautious about who they may be speaking to. “No matter how persuasive someone on the other end of the phone may be, they aren’t always who you think they are.” Murray said. “In terms of tips and tricks, whether you’re shopping online, reviewing your emails, or receiving an out-of-the-blue phone call, it’s important to always remain cautious.” 8．How does the AI granny fight against scammers? A．By telling scammers funny stories. B．By taking up scammers’ time. C．By talking scammers into quitting. D．By keeping scammers entertained. 9．Why does Daisy receive scam training? A．To react to scammers properly. B．To recognize scammers’ tricks. C．To make herself more creative. D．To improve her translation skills. 10．What do the underlined words “turning the tables on” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Serving. B．Defeating. C．Educating. D．Tracking. 11．What is Murray’s suggestion to consumers? A．Stop answering calls. B．Use particular software. C．Avoid shopping online. D．Raise anti-scam awareness. （四） （2025·福建厦门·二模） Snow can be a powerful reminder of childhood snow days — that joyful surprise when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating. But there are also plenty of reasons why snow can appeal to people without that fond nostalgia (怀旧). Snow quite literally changes our physical experience of the world. For example, freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) enough to absorb sound well, making the world quieter. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. One aspect of that visual appeal is the way snow reflects light in the darker months. ‌“A lot of people really struggle with winter darkness as much as they struggle with the cold,” says Leibowitz, who has written a book about mental health in winter. ‌“The brightening effect of the snow, I think, is really powerful.” Snow changes the very shape of the world people see around them, Leibowitz says, pointing to the way a fresh blanket of it hides and yet reveals the surroundings. ‌“Things that you look at every day suddenly can appear very different,” she says. In the right conditions, snow can be fascinating. But for certain people, the same weather can become the very opposite: annoying, exhausting or depressing. Leibowitz recommends welcoming changing seasons, taking inspiration from the long nights and cold days—and argues that snow can be a helpful cue to do so. ‌“It’s such a clear visual reminder that we’re in a different season that perhaps it inspires people to respond more adaptively,” she says. But as climate change continues to unfold, some historically snowy areas will lose the most magical precipitation (降水) and face nothing but cold rain. ‌“There are a lot of places in the world that are right on this borderline where the difference of a couple of degrees of warming is the difference between a white, snowy winter…and a gray, rainy winter,” Leibowitz says. ‌“I think there’s a lot that is lost when we lose the cold and when we lose the snow.” 8．What does the underlined word ‌“one” refer to in paragraph 1? A．A reminder. B．A surprise. C．A day. D．A snowball. 9．How does snow change our experience of the world? A．By making musical sounds. B．By increasing the cold of winter. C．By exercising our sense of sight. D．By offering a new look of the world. 10．What is Leibowitz’s suggestion to snow haters? A．Searching for visual cues. B．Ignoring negative emotions. C．Adjusting to seasonal changes. D．Cleaning unpleasant surroundings. 11．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．Express concern for snow loss. B．Make predictions of climate change. C．Present reasons for increased rainfall. D．Summarize consequences of cold rain. （五） （2025·福建仙游·二模） The Amazon rainforest, renowned as the “lungs of the Earth”, is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, mainly located in Brazil. Recognizing its crucial role in maintaining global ecological balance, the Brazilian government has been taking a series of significant measures to protect this precious natural heritage. One of the primary steps is the establishment of numerous protected areas. These areas cover vast stretches of the rainforest, providing a safe haven for countless plant and animal species. By designating these regions, the government effectively restricts activities such as logging, agriculture expansion, and mining that could harm the rainforest. In addition, the Brazilian government has strengthened law enforcement to combat illegal deforestation. Specialized environmental protection agencies are equipped with advanced monitoring technologies, including satellite imagery, to detect any illegal activities in the rainforest in a timely manner. Once discovered, strict penalties are imposed on the offenders. Furthermore, the government is promoting sustainable development models. For example, it encourages local communities to engage in sustainable forestry and ecotourism. These activities not only generate income for the locals but also minimize the negative impact on the rainforest. However, the protection of the Amazon rainforest is still facing challenges, such as illegal logging and deforestation driven by economic interests. It requires continuous efforts from the Brazilian government, as well as the joint efforts of the international community to ensure the long-term survival and health of this magnificent ecosystem. 28．Why is the Amazon rainforest called the “lungs of the Earth”? A．Because it is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. B．Because it is mainly located in Brazil. C．Because it plays a crucial role in maintaining global ecological balance. D．Because it is home to countless plant and animal species. 29．What is one of the main measures the Brazilian government has taken to protect the Amazon rainforest? A．Encouraging large-scale logging in some areas. B．Allowing unrestricted agriculture expansion. C．Establishing many protected areas. D．Promoting large -scale mining. 30．How does the Brazilian government combat illegal deforestation? A．By using only traditional patrol methods. B．By equipping specialized agencies with advanced monitoring technologies. C．By turning a blind eye to illegal activities. D．By reducing the number of environmental protection agencies. 31．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The protection of the Amazon rainforest has been completely successful. B．The international community has no role to play in protecting the rainforest. C．Sustainable development models have no impact on the rainforest. D．The Amazon rainforest still faces threats despite the government’s efforts. （六） （2025·福建漳州·二模） Doctors measure blood pressure to track heart disease. But when it comes to depression with complex causes, clinicians (临床医生) must rely on people’s self-reported symptoms, making it difficult to objectively measure a treatment’s effects on patients especially those refusing treatment. Consequently, it costs a lot for clinicians to make therapy (疗法) adjustments. Now, researchers have used artificial intelligence (AI) to identify a brain signal linked to recovery from depression in people treated with deep-brain stimulation (DBS), a technique that uses electrodes (电极) implanted into the brain to deliver electric pulses that change nervous activity. The team reported its results on ten people with severe depression, in Nature on 20 September. If applied in a larger sample, these findings could represent a “game-changer in how we would be able to treat depression”, says Paul Holtzheimer, a neuroscientist at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. To find a more objective measure of depression recovery, Mayberg and her colleagues developed a DBS device that includes sensors to measure brain activity. They implanted this device into the subcallosal cingulate cortex (胼胝体下扣带皮层) — an area of the brain that has a role in revising emotional behaviour — in ten people with depression that resisted all forms of treatment. After 24 weeks of stimulation, nine of the ten participants showed a noticeable improvement in their symptoms, and seven met the criteria for disease relief. Mayberg and her colleagues used an AI model to identify the brain patterns associated with severe depression at the start of the study. They also trained the model to identify the brain patterns associated with successful treatment at the end of the study. It is important not only to test this approach in more people but also to dig into the biology of what the brain pattern for recovery represents. These findings could have implications beyond DBS. People with severe depression might not want an electrode in their brain. But if there’s a corresponding brain signal that could be measured by less invasive methods, the findings might be more broadly useful. 28．What challenge does the assessment of depression treatment face? A．Obtaining patients’ approval. B．Relating to patients’ emotions. C．Lack of necessary data. D．High assessment costs. 29．What is Paul Holtzheimer’s attitude toward the new measurement method? A．Doubtful. B．Cautious. C．Critical. D．Appreciative. 30．What is the main focus of Mayberg’s research? A．To develop new treatment strategies for depression. B．To investigate the brain’s role in emotional regulation. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of different therapies. D．To detect brain signals of improvement in depression. 31．What can we know from the last paragraph? A．Perfected assessing methods may lead to wider application. B．Invasive treatments are almost ineffective for depression. C．Recovery signals are invisible without a surgery. D．It is of importance to study biology deeply. （七） （2025·福建泉州·二模） A wave of startups say seaweed is a solution to climate change - able to absorb atmospheric carbon, provide raw materials for biofuels, and feed the world - no fertilizers (化肥), fresh water, or even land required. Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working on a system that will eventually sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor, where the carbon they contain will remain stored for 800 years or more. Running Tide was founded by Marty Odlin, an engineer and fourth-generation commercial fisherman. The Gulf of Maine is warming faster than nearly every other oceanic region, and Odlin has seen the changes firsthand. About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who popularised the idea of removing carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. “It was like, oh, this is right because there’s no way we ’ re going to get off fossil (化石的) fuels in the next 50 years, ” he recalls thinking. “We’ re going to have to pull it down.” Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works. Seaweed forests collectively cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the Amazon rainforest. But much of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or washes ashore, its stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least, would take that stored carbon and sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down slowly. Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific, environmental, and regulatory questions are answered. “Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking, ”says Kristen Davis, a professor of University of California Irvine, “but the science is not there yet to actually confirm that it’s a good idea. ” 8．What can we learn about Running Tide's system? A．It removes carbon from seaweed. B．It turns seaweed into fertilizers. C．It sinks seaweed into the ocean floor. D．It stores seaweed as food sources. 9．What did Lackner's speech lead Odlin to do? A．Monitor changes in oceanic regions. B．Reduce commercial fishing industry. C．Set restrictions on the use of fossil fuels. D．Remove carbon from the atmosphere. 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a carbon replacement method. B．The underlying logic of sinking seaweeds. C．Examples of massive seaweed forests. D．The carbon absorbing ability of seaweeds. 11．Why does the author quote Kristen Davis? A．To prove Odlin's opinion. B．To emphasise the climate crisis. C．To advocate scientists' cooperation. D．To present the issue objectively. （八） （2024·福建福州·二模） Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, giant tortoise shells — and language. “The survival of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man in 1871． Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but ignores the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the lexicon (词汇表). For an extensive new study published recently, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants, who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The end result shows three properties that give words an “evolutionary advantage” by helping them stick in the brain: First, words typically acquired at an early age (such as “hand,” “uncle”or “today”) are stabler. Next, concrete words linger (逗留) better than abstract ones: “dog” persists longer than “animal,” which persists longer than “organism.” Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to endure. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But Fritz Breithaupt, a cognitive scientist, says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains: “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexities of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. Columbia University linguist McWhorter more or less agrees with the study’s results about evolutionary advantages within language. He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language which contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces. 12．What does the new study concentrate on? A．The impact of cognitive selection. B．The perspective of Charles Darwin. C．The effectiveness of preserved words. D．The importance of natural environment. 13．What may make a word gain evolutionary advantage? A．Its stability in word-building. B．Its more abstract meaning. C．Its strong emotional information. D．Its simple grammatical structure. 14．What phenomenon does the underlined “this shift” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．Communication gets more complex. B．Humans prefer to use simpler language. C．Language is getting less understandable. D．New words can interpret modern life easily. 15．What does McWhorter imply about English? A．It has an evolutionary advantage. B．It keeps the grammatical traces. C．It should be simplified sometimes. D．People should embrace its changes. （九） （2024·福建莆田·二模） The year is 1763, and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that will jump-start the Mozart legend. Mozart had a trick up his sleeve. When the young Mozart heard a note played-any note-he could immediately identify exactly which note it was. It was an ability now we know as “perfect pitch”, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so? Over my years of studying experts in various fields, like Mozart, I have found that there’s no such thing as a predefined ability. Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not. In them, potential is an expandable vessel, shaped by the various things they do throughout their lives. One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen, a ten-time All-Star in the NBA．Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it. But it doesn’t mean “Just keep working at it, and you’ll get there”. Heartfelt desire and hard work alone will not lead to improved performance. The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities. 32．Why is Mozart’s perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To introduce an inborn talent. B．To explain reasons for success, C．To lead to reflection on gifts. D．To define a brilliant trick. 33．Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer? A．Affection. B．Experience. C．Training. D．Gifts. 34．What does the underlined word “testimonies” mean in paragraph 3? A．Challenges. B．Proofs. C．Comments. D．Puzzles. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Secret of Great Talents B．Born to Stand Out C．A Surprising Discovery D．Start When Young 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（解析版） （一） （2025·福建龙岩·二模） Scientists tell us that when a bird silently nods off, it may dream as its singing muscles make sudden quick movements. Could it be rehearsing (排练) in its sleep? A substantial part of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B．Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds’ dreams and song production — particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited born song learning capacity. Scientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements like lip-syncing (对口型). In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron (神经元) and muscle activity in the sleeping birds. When awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of discontinuous notes. But their sleeping song movements are disjointed — “rather like a dream,” Mindlin says. A sleeping finch seems to silently practice a few “notes” and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin “of learning a musical instrument.” Such “rehearsing” appears far less likely in the non-learning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species’ sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into hearable sounds. The Kiskadees’ sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded astonishingly loud and strong — “more like a nightmare than a dream,” Amador says. University of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds’ neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as “dreaming.” Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says — including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals. 12．What does Mindlin’s study focus on? A．Singing-learning ability of sleeping birds. B．Dreams-song production links in birds. C．Birds’ brain operation during sleep. D．Mathematical model development. 13．What did Mindlin’s team do in a recent study? A．They observed the movement of lip-syncing. B．They analyzed the birds’ sleeping habits. C．They tracked sleeping birds’ muscle responses. D．They compared the singing skills of different birds. 14．How do the studied birds differ in sleep singing? A．Frequency of electrode implants. B．Brain region activation patterns. C．Song complexity and continuity. D．Preferred sleeping environments. 15．What can be the best title for this text? A．The Mystery of Birds Singing B．Muscle Movements in Sleeping Birds C．Sleeping Like Dreaming D．Musical Rehearsal in Birds’ Sleep 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述科学家研究鸟类睡眠时的情况及与唱歌的联系。 12．细节理解题。根根据第二段中“His research examines connections between birds’ dreams and song production—particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited born song learning capacity.(他的研究考察了鸟类的梦境与歌唱产生之间的联系——尤其是在斑胸草雀中，它们经常学习新的声音和歌曲，以及在巨嘴鸟中，它们天生学习歌曲的能力有限)”可知，Mindlin的研究重点是鸟类梦境与歌唱产生之间的联系。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron (神经元) and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.(在早期的研究中，Mindlin和他的同事在两只斑胸草雀身上植入了电极；在最近发表在《混沌》杂志上的一项研究中，他们对两只巨嘴鸟也做了同样的处理。这让他们能够记录和比较睡眠中鸟类的神经元和肌肉活动)”可知，Mindlin的团队在最近的一项研究中追踪了睡眠中鸟类的肌肉反应。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段中“When awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of discontinuous notes. But their sleeping song movements are disjointed — “rather like a dream,” Mindlin says.(当清醒时，斑胸草雀会唱出一系列有规律的不连续音符。但它们睡眠中的歌唱动作是不连贯的——“更像是一场梦，”Mindlin说)”以及第五段中“The Kiskadees’ sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded astonishingly loud and strong — ‘more like a nightmare than a dream,’ Amador says.(巨嘴鸟的睡眠曲调由快速、相同的音符音节组成，听起来惊人地响亮和有力——“更像是一场噩梦，而不是一场梦，”Amador说)”可知，所研究的鸟类在睡眠中歌唱的不同之处在于歌曲的复杂性和连续性。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Scientists tell us that when a bird silently nods off, it may dream as its singing muscles make sudden quick movements. Could it be rehearsing (排练) in its sleep?(科学家告诉我们，当一只鸟安静地打盹时，它可能会做梦，因为它的歌唱肌肉会突然快速移动。它会在睡梦中排练吗？)”结合文章主要介绍了科学家们对鸟类睡眠中歌唱行为的研究，研究发现鸟类在睡眠中可能会进行歌唱的“排练”，不同种类的鸟类在睡眠中歌唱的行为存在差异。可知，D选项“鸟类睡眠中的音乐排练”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （二） （2025·福建莆田·二模） In recent years, China has faced persistent challenges from illegal wastewater discharge by chemical enterprises, threatening aquatic ecosystems and public health. High-profile incidents, such as the 2025 case in Donghai County where a sewage plant allegedly dumped untreated chemical waste into rivers, causing mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination, underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis.       Similar occurrences, like the 2024 discharge of reddish-brown effluent from a steel plant in Loudi, Hunan Province into the Lianshui River, highlight systemic flaws in pollution control. The primary drivers of such pollution include cost-cutting measures by enterprises, inadequate infrastructure, and regulatory gaps. For instance, some factories bypass treatment systems during non-inspection periods, while aging pipelines in industrial zones like Jiangjin, Chongqing’s collapse, leading to leaks. Additionally, subcontracting public sewage facilities to private entities, often prioritizes profit over environmental responsibility. Industries must adopt cleaner production practices. For example, Lanzhou established real-time monitoring systems to track wastewater quality and quantity, ensuring compliance. Innovations like advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration are increasingly used to treat toxic pollutants. Companies failing to meet standards face severe consequences: fines up to 200,000 yuan under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, and criminal charges for intentional pollution. Addressing industrial water pollution requires systemic change: stricter enforcement, technological innovation, and public vigilance. While progress has been made — such as reducing the proportion of water quality sections of Grade V inferior from 12.2% in 2015 to 9.1% in 2016 — the battle is far from over. Only through collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and society can China restore its waterways and safeguard ecological health for future generations. 28．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce China’s achievements in water pollution control. B．To analyze the causes and solutions of industrial wastewater problems. C．To compare different cases of illegal discharge in various provinces. D．To criticize the subcontracting of public sewage facilities to private companies. 29．What was the consequence of the 2025 incident in Donghai County? A．The steel plant was fined 200,000 yuan. B．The proportion of Grade V inferior water sections increased. C．Mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination occurred. D．Real-time monitoring systems were immediately implemented. 30．What can be inferred about the root cause of industrial water pollution? A．The aging pipelines in Chongqing are the primary pollution source. B．Private companies lack the technology to treat wastewater. C．Stricter laws have completely eliminated intentional pollution. D．Profit-driven behaviors often override environmental responsibilities. 31．The phrase “systemic flaws” in paragraph 2 most probably refers to ______. A．temporary malfunctions in sewage treatment systems B．fundamental weaknesses in pollution control mechanisms C．local governments’ failure to inspect factories regularly D．public indifference toward environmental protection 【答案】28．B 29．C 30．D 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述中国工业废水污染的案例、原因及应对措施。 28．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, China has faced persistent challenges from illegal wastewater discharge by chemical enterprises, threatening aquatic ecosystems and public health. High-profile incidents, such as the 2025 case in Donghai County where a sewage plant allegedly dumped untreated chemical waste into rivers, causing mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination, underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis.(近年来，中国一直面临着化工企业非法排放废水的持续挑战，这对水生生态系统和公众健康构成了威胁。一些备受瞩目的事件，比如 2025 年东海县的一起事件，据称一家污水处理厂将未经处理的化学废料排入河流，导致大量鱼类死亡和地下水污染，这些事件凸显了解决这一危机的紧迫性)”和最后一段中“Only through collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and society can China restore its waterways and safeguard ecological health for future generations.(只有通过政府、行业和社会的共同努力，中国才能恢复水路，为子孙后代保护生态健康)”可知，文章先列举了中国化工企业非法排放废水的案例，如东海县和娄底的事件，接着分析了污染的原因，包括企业成本削减、基础设施不足和监管漏洞等，还提出了解决办法，如采用清洁生产实践、建立监测系统等，所以主要目的是分析工业废水问题的原因和解决方案。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“High-profile incidents, such as the 2025 case in Donghai County where a sewage plant allegedly dumped untreated chemical waste into rivers, causing mass fish deaths and groundwater contamination, underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis.(一些备受瞩目的事件，比如 2025 年东海县的一起事件，据称一家污水处理厂将未经处理的化学废料排入河流，导致大量鱼类死亡和地下水污染，这些事件凸显了解决这一危机的紧迫性)”可知，2025 年东海县事件的后果是造成了大量鱼类死亡和地下水污染。故选C。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Additionally, subcontracting public sewage facilities to private entities，often prioritizes profit over environmental responsibility.(此外，将公共污水处理设施转包给私营企业，这种情况往往把利润置于环境责任之上)” 以及提到企业为削减成本在非检查期绕过处理系统等情况可推知，企业追求利润的行为常常凌驾于环境责任之上，这是工业水污染的根本原因之一。故选D。 31．词句猜测题。根据该短语所在的句子“Similar occurrences, like the 2024 discharge of reddish-brown effluent from a steel plant in Loudi, Hunan Province into the Lianshui River(类似的事件也有发生，比如 2024 年湖南省娄底市的一家钢铁厂向涟水排放红棕色废水)”以及上下文提到的各种污染情况可推知，systemic flaws 指的是污染控制机制中存在的根本性弱点。故选B。 （三） （2025·福建莆田·二模） Scammers (骗子) are becoming tricky, turning to artificial intelligence to better cheat their victims out of money. This includes using deep fakes to present themselves as someone else. Now, AI is being used in the fight back with telecom company O2 employing an AI-powered granny in the battle. Daisy, an AI-generated grandma created by British telecom company O2 as the ultimate scam fighter, is a new AI tool with the voice of a grandmother designed to talk with scammers and “waste as much of their time as possible”. Basically, she rambles on (絮叨) about anything and everything to keep them away from real people. While Daisy may sound like a human, she is essentially an AI large language model with the character application of a grandma. The company worked with known scam artists to train Daisy and used an approach called number seeding to get Daisy’s phone number added to a list of online “mugs lists” — lists used by scammers targeting U. K. consumers. She functions by listening to the scammers and translating their voice to text. The AI then searches its large database to find an appropriate response, based on the specific scam training she’s received, and translates that text response to speech for Daisy to reply. All this happens in seconds with no additional input needed. The goal is to keep the scammer on the phone for as long as possible by engaging them in a lifelike, but lengthy conversation. “Daisy is turning the tables on scammers — outsmarting them at their own cruel game simply by keeping them on the line.” Murray Mackenzie, Director of Fraud at O2, explained. O2 also hopes to draw attention to scams by warning consumers to be cautious about who they may be speaking to. “No matter how persuasive someone on the other end of the phone may be, they aren’t always who you think they are.” Murray said. “In terms of tips and tricks, whether you’re shopping online, reviewing your emails, or receiving an out-of-the-blue phone call, it’s important to always remain cautious.” 8．How does the AI granny fight against scammers? A．By telling scammers funny stories. B．By taking up scammers’ time. C．By talking scammers into quitting. D．By keeping scammers entertained. 9．Why does Daisy receive scam training? A．To react to scammers properly. B．To recognize scammers’ tricks. C．To make herself more creative. D．To improve her translation skills. 10．What do the underlined words “turning the tables on” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Serving. B．Defeating. C．Educating. D．Tracking. 11．What is Murray’s suggestion to consumers? A．Stop answering calls. B．Use particular software. C．Avoid shopping online. D．Raise anti-scam awareness. 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．B 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国电信公司O2利用人工智能奶奶Daisy对抗骗子的情况。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Daisy, an AI-generated grandma created by British telecom company O2 as the ultimate scam fighter, is a new AI tool with the voice of a grandmother designed to talk with scammers and “waste as much of their time as possible”.(黛西是英国电信公司O2创造的一个人工智能奶奶，是终极反诈骗斗士，这是一个有着奶奶声音的新人工智能工具，旨在与骗子交谈并“尽可能多地浪费他们的时间”)”可知，人工智能奶奶通过占用骗子的时间来对抗骗子。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The AI then searches its large database to find an appropriate response, based on the specific scam training she’s received, and translates that text response to speech for Daisy to reply.(然后，人工智能根据黛西接受的特定诈骗训练，在其庞大的数据库中搜索合适的回复，并将文本回复转化为语音让黛西回答)”可知，黛西接受诈骗训练是为了能恰当地回应骗子。故选A。 10．词句猜测题。根据第四段破折号后面的内容“outsmarting them at their own cruel game simply by keeping them on the line(仅仅通过让他们在线上交谈，就在他们自己残酷的游戏中智胜他们)”可知，Daisy通过让骗子一直在线上而击败了他们，由此可知划线词意思是“击败”。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段的““No matter how persuasive someone on the other end of the phone may be, they aren’t always who you think they are.” Murray said. “In terms of tips and tricks, whether you’re shopping online, reviewing your emails, or receiving an out-of-the-blue phone call, it’s important to always remain cautious.”(“不管电话另一端的人多么有说服力，他们并不总是你认为的那个人。”默里说。“就技巧而言，无论你是在网上购物、查看电子邮件，还是接到一个突然的电话，始终保持谨慎是很重要的。”)”可知，Murray建议消费者提高反诈骗意识。故选D。 （四） （2025·福建厦门·二模） Snow can be a powerful reminder of childhood snow days — that joyful surprise when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating. But there are also plenty of reasons why snow can appeal to people without that fond nostalgia (怀旧). Snow quite literally changes our physical experience of the world. For example, freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) enough to absorb sound well, making the world quieter. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. One aspect of that visual appeal is the way snow reflects light in the darker months. ‌“A lot of people really struggle with winter darkness as much as they struggle with the cold,” says Leibowitz, who has written a book about mental health in winter. ‌“The brightening effect of the snow, I think, is really powerful.” Snow changes the very shape of the world people see around them, Leibowitz says, pointing to the way a fresh blanket of it hides and yet reveals the surroundings. ‌“Things that you look at every day suddenly can appear very different,” she says. In the right conditions, snow can be fascinating. But for certain people, the same weather can become the very opposite: annoying, exhausting or depressing. Leibowitz recommends welcoming changing seasons, taking inspiration from the long nights and cold days—and argues that snow can be a helpful cue to do so. ‌“It’s such a clear visual reminder that we’re in a different season that perhaps it inspires people to respond more adaptively,” she says. But as climate change continues to unfold, some historically snowy areas will lose the most magical precipitation (降水) and face nothing but cold rain. ‌“There are a lot of places in the world that are right on this borderline where the difference of a couple of degrees of warming is the difference between a white, snowy winter…and a gray, rainy winter,” Leibowitz says. ‌“I think there’s a lot that is lost when we lose the cold and when we lose the snow.” 8．What does the underlined word ‌“one” refer to in paragraph 1? A．A reminder. B．A surprise. C．A day. D．A snowball. 9．How does snow change our experience of the world? A．By making musical sounds. B．By increasing the cold of winter. C．By exercising our sense of sight. D．By offering a new look of the world. 10．What is Leibowitz’s suggestion to snow haters? A．Searching for visual cues. B．Ignoring negative emotions. C．Adjusting to seasonal changes. D．Cleaning unpleasant surroundings. 11．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．Express concern for snow loss. B．Make predictions of climate change. C．Present reasons for increased rainfall. D．Summarize consequences of cold rain. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．C 11．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了雪能唤起人们对童年的回忆，改变人们对世界的体验，还建议人们适应季节变化，同时表达了对因气候变化雪减少的担忧。 8．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在部分“when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating. (当原本以为要在学校里坐着度过的一天，变成了充满打雪仗或滑冰的one时)”可知，one是代词，与“another expected day”词义相关，结合其后定语从句“that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating”可推知，指的是“充满打雪仗或滑冰的一天”，即a day。故选C项。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Snow quite literally changes our physical experience of the world. For example, freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) enough to absorb sound well, making the world quieter. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. One aspect of that visual appeal is the way snow reflects light in the darker months.(雪确实改变了我们对世界的物理体验。例如，刚下的雪有足够的多孔性，可以很好地吸收声音，使世界更安静。而且它对我们的视觉影响更大。这种视觉吸引力的一个方面是雪在黑暗月份反射光线的方式)”可知，雪改变了我们对世界的物理体验，即通过呈现世界的新面貌改变了我们对世界的体验。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the right conditions, snow can be fascinating. But for certain people, the same weather can become the very opposite: annoying, exhausting or depressing. Leibowitz recommends welcoming changing seasons, taking inspiration from the long nights and cold days — and argues that snow can be a helpful cue to do so. (在适当的条件下，雪是迷人的。但对某些人来说，同样的天气可能会变得完全相反：恼人、疲惫或沮丧。莱博维茨建议人们迎接季节的变化，从漫长的夜晚和寒冷的日子中汲取灵感——并认为雪可以是一个有益的提示，促使人们这样做)”可知，莱博维茨给讨厌雪的人的建议是去适应季节变化。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But as climate change continues to unfold, some historically snowy areas will lose the most magical precipitation (降水) and face nothing but cold rain.(但随着气候变化的持续发展，一些历史上多雪的地区将失去最神奇的降水，只能面对冰冷的雨)”和“I think there’s a lot that is lost when we lose the cold and when we lose the snow.(我认为当我们失去寒冷和雪的时候，我们失去了很多东西)”可推知，作者在最后一段表达了对雪减少的担忧。故选A项。 （五） （2025·福建仙游·二模） The Amazon rainforest, renowned as the “lungs of the Earth”, is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, mainly located in Brazil. Recognizing its crucial role in maintaining global ecological balance, the Brazilian government has been taking a series of significant measures to protect this precious natural heritage. One of the primary steps is the establishment of numerous protected areas. These areas cover vast stretches of the rainforest, providing a safe haven for countless plant and animal species. By designating these regions, the government effectively restricts activities such as logging, agriculture expansion, and mining that could harm the rainforest. In addition, the Brazilian government has strengthened law enforcement to combat illegal deforestation. Specialized environmental protection agencies are equipped with advanced monitoring technologies, including satellite imagery, to detect any illegal activities in the rainforest in a timely manner. Once discovered, strict penalties are imposed on the offenders. Furthermore, the government is promoting sustainable development models. For example, it encourages local communities to engage in sustainable forestry and ecotourism. These activities not only generate income for the locals but also minimize the negative impact on the rainforest. However, the protection of the Amazon rainforest is still facing challenges, such as illegal logging and deforestation driven by economic interests. It requires continuous efforts from the Brazilian government, as well as the joint efforts of the international community to ensure the long-term survival and health of this magnificent ecosystem. 28．Why is the Amazon rainforest called the “lungs of the Earth”? A．Because it is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. B．Because it is mainly located in Brazil. C．Because it plays a crucial role in maintaining global ecological balance. D．Because it is home to countless plant and animal species. 29．What is one of the main measures the Brazilian government has taken to protect the Amazon rainforest? A．Encouraging large-scale logging in some areas. B．Allowing unrestricted agriculture expansion. C．Establishing many protected areas. D．Promoting large -scale mining. 30．How does the Brazilian government combat illegal deforestation? A．By using only traditional patrol methods. B．By equipping specialized agencies with advanced monitoring technologies. C．By turning a blind eye to illegal activities. D．By reducing the number of environmental protection agencies. 31．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The protection of the Amazon rainforest has been completely successful. B．The international community has no role to play in protecting the rainforest. C．Sustainable development models have no impact on the rainforest. D．The Amazon rainforest still faces threats despite the government’s efforts. 【答案】28．C 29．C 30．B 31．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了巴西政府为保护亚马逊雨林所采取的措施。 28．细节理解题。第一段中提到“Recognizing its crucial role in maintaining global ecological balance(认识到它在维护全球生态平衡中的重要作用)”，表明亚马逊雨林因其在维持全球生态平衡中起着关键作用，所以被称为 “地球之肺”。A选项“它是世界上最大的热带雨林”，这只是它的一个特点，并非被称为 “地球之肺” 的原因；B选项“它主要位于巴西”，位置与“地球之肺”的称呼无关；D选项“它是无数动植物物种的家园”，这是雨林的一个特征，但不是被称为 “地球之肺”的原因。故选C。 29．细节理解题。第二段中明确指出 “One of the primary steps is the establishment of numerous protected areas.(首要步骤之一是建立大量的保护区)”，说明巴西政府保护亚马逊雨林的主要措施之一是建立许多保护区。A选项“鼓励在一些地区进行大规模伐木”、B选项“允许无限制的农业扩张”和D选项“促进大规模采矿”，这些都是会对雨林造成伤害的活动，与原文巴西政府的保护措施相悖，故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Specialized environmental protection agencies are equipped with advanced monitoring technologies, including satellite imagery, to detect any illegal activities in the rainforest in a timely manner.(专门的环境保护机构配备了先进的监测技术，包括卫星图像，以及时发现雨林中的任何非法活动)” 可知，巴西政府通过为专门的环境保护机构配备先进的监测技术来打击非法砍伐森林行为。A选项“仅使用传统巡逻方法”，原文未提及传统巡逻方法且强调的是先进监测技术；C选项“对非法活动视而不见”，与原文巴西政府打击非法活动相悖；D选项“减少环境保护机构的数量”，原文未提及且不符合政府保护雨林的行动，故选B。 31．推理判断题。最后一段中提到“However, the protection of the Amazon rainforest is still facing challenges, such as illegal logging and deforestation driven by economic interests.(然而，亚马逊雨林的保护仍然面临着挑战，例如在经济利益的驱动下非法采伐和砍伐森林)”，表明尽管巴西政府做出了努力，但亚马逊雨林仍然面临着诸如非法伐木和因经济利益驱动的森林砍伐等威胁。A选项“亚马逊雨林的保护已经完全成功”，与原文提到面临挑战不符；B选项“国际社会在保护雨林方面没有作用”，原文提到需要国际社会共同努力，所以该选项错误；C选项“可持续发展模式对雨林没有影响”，原文提到可持续发展模式对雨林负面影响小且能给当地人带来收入，所以该选项错误。故选D。 （六） （2025·福建漳州·二模） Doctors measure blood pressure to track heart disease. But when it comes to depression with complex causes, clinicians (临床医生) must rely on people’s self-reported symptoms, making it difficult to objectively measure a treatment’s effects on patients especially those refusing treatment. Consequently, it costs a lot for clinicians to make therapy (疗法) adjustments. Now, researchers have used artificial intelligence (AI) to identify a brain signal linked to recovery from depression in people treated with deep-brain stimulation (DBS), a technique that uses electrodes (电极) implanted into the brain to deliver electric pulses that change nervous activity. The team reported its results on ten people with severe depression, in Nature on 20 September. If applied in a larger sample, these findings could represent a “game-changer in how we would be able to treat depression”, says Paul Holtzheimer, a neuroscientist at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. To find a more objective measure of depression recovery, Mayberg and her colleagues developed a DBS device that includes sensors to measure brain activity. They implanted this device into the subcallosal cingulate cortex (胼胝体下扣带皮层) — an area of the brain that has a role in revising emotional behaviour — in ten people with depression that resisted all forms of treatment. After 24 weeks of stimulation, nine of the ten participants showed a noticeable improvement in their symptoms, and seven met the criteria for disease relief. Mayberg and her colleagues used an AI model to identify the brain patterns associated with severe depression at the start of the study. They also trained the model to identify the brain patterns associated with successful treatment at the end of the study. It is important not only to test this approach in more people but also to dig into the biology of what the brain pattern for recovery represents. These findings could have implications beyond DBS. People with severe depression might not want an electrode in their brain. But if there’s a corresponding brain signal that could be measured by less invasive methods, the findings might be more broadly useful. 28．What challenge does the assessment of depression treatment face? A．Obtaining patients’ approval. B．Relating to patients’ emotions. C．Lack of necessary data. D．High assessment costs. 29．What is Paul Holtzheimer’s attitude toward the new measurement method? A．Doubtful. B．Cautious. C．Critical. D．Appreciative. 30．What is the main focus of Mayberg’s research? A．To develop new treatment strategies for depression. B．To investigate the brain’s role in emotional regulation. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of different therapies. D．To detect brain signals of improvement in depression. 31．What can we know from the last paragraph? A．Perfected assessing methods may lead to wider application. B．Invasive treatments are almost ineffective for depression. C．Recovery signals are invisible without a surgery. D．It is of importance to study biology deeply. 【答案】28．C 29．D 30．D 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员利用人工智能识别与抑郁症康复相关的大脑信号，Mayberg团队进行相关研究，最后指出完善评估方法可能带来更广泛应用。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But when it comes to depression with complex causes, clinicians (临床医生) must rely on people’s self reported symptoms, making it difficult to objectively measure a treatment’s effects on patients especially those refusing treatment. Consequently, it costs a lot for clinicians to make therapy (疗法) adjustments.(但当涉及病因复杂的抑郁症时，临床医生必须依靠患者自我报告的症状，这使得客观衡量治疗对患者的效果变得困难，尤其是那些拒绝治疗的患者。因此，临床医生进行治疗调整的成本很高)”可知，因为要依靠患者自我报告症状，所以抑郁症治疗评估面临的问题是缺乏必要的客观数据来评估抑郁症治疗效果。故选C项。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“If applied in a larger sample, these findings could represent a ‘game changer in how we would be able to treat depression’, says Paul Holtzheimer, a neuroscientist at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth.(达特茅斯学院盖泽尔医学院的神经科学家保罗·霍尔茨海默表示，如果在更大的样本中应用，这些发现可能代表着‘我们治疗抑郁症方式的一个重大改变’)”可知，保罗·霍尔茨海默认为这一发现可能会带来治疗抑郁症方式的重大改变，由此可推断他对这种新的测量方法持赞赏态度。故选D项。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“To find a more objective measure of depression recovery, Mayberg and her colleagues developed a DBS device that includes sensors to measure brain activity.(为了找到一种更客观的衡量抑郁症康复的方法，梅伯格和她的同事开发了一种包含传感器的脑深部电刺激(DBS)设备，用于测量大脑活动)”可知，Mayberg研究的主要重点是检测抑郁症改善的大脑信号。故选D项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is important not only to test this approach in more people but also to dig into the biology of what the brain pattern for recovery represents. These findings could have implications beyond DBS. People with severe depression might not want an electrode in their brain. But if there’s a corresponding brain signal that could be measured by less invasive methods, the findings might be more broadly useful.(不仅要在更多人身上测试这种方法，还要深入研究康复大脑模式所代表的生物学意义。这些发现可能会产生超出脑深部电刺激(DBS)的影响。重度抑郁症患者可能不想在大脑中植入电极。但如果有一种相应的大脑信号可以通过侵入性较小的方法测量，这些发现可能会有更广泛的用途)”可知，完善评估方法，例如采用侵入性较小的测量方法，可能会使这些发现得到更广泛的应用。故选A项。 （七） （2025·福建泉州·二模） A wave of startups say seaweed is a solution to climate change - able to absorb atmospheric carbon, provide raw materials for biofuels, and feed the world - no fertilizers (化肥), fresh water, or even land required. Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working on a system that will eventually sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor, where the carbon they contain will remain stored for 800 years or more. Running Tide was founded by Marty Odlin, an engineer and fourth-generation commercial fisherman. The Gulf of Maine is warming faster than nearly every other oceanic region, and Odlin has seen the changes firsthand. About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who popularised the idea of removing carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. “It was like, oh, this is right because there’s no way we ’ re going to get off fossil (化石的) fuels in the next 50 years, ” he recalls thinking. “We’ re going to have to pull it down.” Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works. Seaweed forests collectively cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the Amazon rainforest. But much of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or washes ashore, its stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least, would take that stored carbon and sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down slowly. Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific, environmental, and regulatory questions are answered. “Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking, ”says Kristen Davis, a professor of University of California Irvine, “but the science is not there yet to actually confirm that it’s a good idea. ” 8．What can we learn about Running Tide's system? A．It removes carbon from seaweed. B．It turns seaweed into fertilizers. C．It sinks seaweed into the ocean floor. D．It stores seaweed as food sources. 9．What did Lackner's speech lead Odlin to do? A．Monitor changes in oceanic regions. B．Reduce commercial fishing industry. C．Set restrictions on the use of fossil fuels. D．Remove carbon from the atmosphere. 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a carbon replacement method. B．The underlying logic of sinking seaweeds. C．Examples of massive seaweed forests. D．The carbon absorbing ability of seaweeds. 11．Why does the author quote Kristen Davis? A．To prove Odlin's opinion. B．To emphasise the climate crisis. C．To advocate scientists' cooperation. D．To present the issue objectively. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了利用海藻对抗气候变化的新兴创业项目和其背后的科学原理、挑战及专家观点。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Running Tide, a Maine-based company, is working on a system that will eventually sink the buoys (浮标), attached with long locks of seaweed, to the deep ocean floor (总部位于缅因州的奔潮公司正在研究一种系统，该系统最终将这些附着着长串海藻的浮标沉入海底)”可知，该系统会将海草沉入海底。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“About 15 years ago, Odlin heard a talk from Klaus Lackner - the physicist who popularized the idea of removing carbon from the atmosphere. It clicked. ‘It was like, oh, this is right because there’s no way we’re going to get off fossil fuels in the next 50 years,’ he recalls thinking. ‘We’re going to have to pull it down.’ (大约15年前，Odlin听了物理学家Klaus Lackner的演讲，Lackner普及了从大气中去除碳的想法。Odlin听后觉得很有道理，认为在接下来的50年里，我们无法摆脱化石燃料，因此我们必须从大气中去除碳。)”可知，Lackner的演讲促使Odlin想要从大气中去除碳。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Using seaweed to draw down carbon would be an elegant solution - if it works. Seaweed forests collectively cover an estimated two million square kilometers and absorb as much carbon as the Amazon rainforest. But much of that storage is short-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, or washes ashore, its stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Running Tide’s model, in theory at least, would take that stored carbon and sink it to the ocean floor where it would remain for centuries, breaking down slowly. (使用海藻来减少碳排放将是一个优雅的解决方案——如果它有效的话。海藻林总共覆盖了大约200万平方公里，吸收的碳与亚马逊雨林一样多。但是大部分的储存都是短暂的。当海藻被收割、被动物吃掉或被冲上岸时，其储存的碳被释放回大气中。至少在理论上，奔流大潮的模型会把储存的碳带到海底，在那里它们可以保存数百年，慢慢分解。)”可知，这段主要讲述了下沉海藻的基本逻辑，B选项“海藻下沉的潜在逻辑”可以概括本段的主要内容。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Some scientists are careful about rushing ahead before fundamental scientific, environmental, and regulatory questions are answered. ‘Climate change is intensifying, and people are panicking,’ says Kristen Davis, a professor of University of California Irvine, ‘but the science is not there yet to actually confirm that it’s a good idea.’ (一些科学家对在基本的科学、环境和监管问题得到解答之前仓促行动持谨慎态度。加州大学欧文分校教授克里斯汀•戴维斯说，气候变化正在加剧，人们感到恐慌，但科学还没有真正证实这是个好想法。)”可知，克里斯汀•戴维斯指出一些基础科学、环境和监管问题未解决前就匆忙推进利用海草解决气候变化问题并不明智，因为科学依据还不足，所以作者引用她的话是为了从另一个角度客观地呈现这一问题，避免只强调利用海草解决问题的积极面。故选D。 （八） （2024·福建福州·二模） Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, giant tortoise shells — and language. “The survival of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man in 1871． Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but ignores the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the lexicon (词汇表). For an extensive new study published recently, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants, who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The end result shows three properties that give words an “evolutionary advantage” by helping them stick in the brain: First, words typically acquired at an early age (such as “hand,” “uncle”or “today”) are stabler. Next, concrete words linger (逗留) better than abstract ones: “dog” persists longer than “animal,” which persists longer than “organism.” Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to endure. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But Fritz Breithaupt, a cognitive scientist, says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains: “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexities of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. Columbia University linguist McWhorter more or less agrees with the study’s results about evolutionary advantages within language. He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language which contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces. 12．What does the new study concentrate on? A．The impact of cognitive selection. B．The perspective of Charles Darwin. C．The effectiveness of preserved words. D．The importance of natural environment. 13．What may make a word gain evolutionary advantage? A．Its stability in word-building. B．Its more abstract meaning. C．Its strong emotional information. D．Its simple grammatical structure. 14．What phenomenon does the underlined “this shift” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．Communication gets more complex. B．Humans prefer to use simpler language. C．Language is getting less understandable. D．New words can interpret modern life easily. 15．What does McWhorter imply about English? A．It has an evolutionary advantage. B．It keeps the grammatical traces. C．It should be simplified sometimes. D．People should embrace its changes. 【答案】12．A 13．C 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项针对认知选择影响的研究。研究发现，情绪激动的词——无论是消极的还是积极的——往往会持久。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but ignores the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the lexicon (词汇表). For an extensive new study published recently, scientists investigated just that. (许多研究考察了社会和环境因素如何影响语言变化，但忽略了将某些单词固定在词典中的人类认知选择的力量。在最近发表的一项广泛的新研究中，科学家们对此进行了调查。)”可知，这项新研究的重点是认知选择对语言变化的影响。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to endure. (最后，情绪激动的词——无论是消极的还是积极的——往往会持久。)”可知，情绪激动的词往往能够继续存在下来，即强烈的情感信息让一个单词获得了进化优势。故选C。 14．词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need. (是的，我们转向了简单的语言，但我们也掌握了我们需要的复杂语言。)”以及“New words that address the complexities of modern life may somewhat balance out”可知，描述现代生活复杂性的新词可能会在某种程度上平衡“人类更喜欢使用简单语言”这种转变。故划线部分 this shift指代上文“shift toward simple language”，表示“人类更喜欢使用简单语言”。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language which contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces. (然而，他质疑英语的整体效率——因为包含了“不必要的复杂”语法痕迹。)”可知，McWhorter质疑英语的整体效率，认为包含了“不必要的复杂”语法痕迹影响了英语的整体效率；由此可知，McWhorter暗示英语有时应该简化。故选C。 （九） （2024·福建莆田·二模） The year is 1763, and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that will jump-start the Mozart legend. Mozart had a trick up his sleeve. When the young Mozart heard a note played-any note-he could immediately identify exactly which note it was. It was an ability now we know as “perfect pitch”, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so? Over my years of studying experts in various fields, like Mozart, I have found that there’s no such thing as a predefined ability. Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not. In them, potential is an expandable vessel, shaped by the various things they do throughout their lives. One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen, a ten-time All-Star in the NBA．Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it. But it doesn’t mean “Just keep working at it, and you’ll get there”. Heartfelt desire and hard work alone will not lead to improved performance. The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities. 32．Why is Mozart’s perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To introduce an inborn talent. B．To explain reasons for success, C．To lead to reflection on gifts. D．To define a brilliant trick. 33．Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer? A．Affection. B．Experience. C．Training. D．Gifts. 34．What does the underlined word “testimonies” mean in paragraph 3? A．Challenges. B．Proofs. C．Comments. D．Puzzles. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Secret of Great Talents B．Born to Stand Out C．A Surprising Discovery D．Start When Young 【答案】32．C 33．C 34．B 35．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，各个领域的专家似乎具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力，但作者通过研究发现，这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准。 32．推理判断题。第一段中“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so?(这种能力现在被我们称为‘完美音高’，它似乎是年轻天才与生俱来的神秘天赋的一个例子。但真的是这样吗？)”提到年轻的莫扎特具有似乎是天生的神秘天赋——“完美音高”的能力，接着提出一个问题，事实真的是这样吗？接着第二段中“Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”(实际上，这些人都是通过‘刻意练习’来发展他们的能力的)”提到实际上这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，故作者提到莫扎特的“完美音高”能力是为了导入对天赋的思考，故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.(在足够的时间内进行正确的练习将通向进步。没有其他的。无论我们的目标是成为一名音乐会钢琴家，还是只是把钢琴弹得足够好来娱乐自己，成为最伟大的三分射手，还是只是为了锻炼自己，这都是正确的。刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准)”可知，在作者看来，成为专家最重要的是刻意练习，故选C。 34．词义猜测题。第二段中“Actually, those people all develop their abilities through ‘deliberate practice’, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not.(实际上，这些人都是通过‘刻意练习’来发展他们的能力的，这是一种有目的的、系统的练习，使他们有可能做他们本来做不到的事情)”提到，这些非凡的能力并非天生，而是通过“刻意练习”来发展的，结合划线词下文“Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it.(Allen的跳投并不比他的高中队友好多少;事实上，它很穷。但通过努力和投入，他将自己的跳投变得如此优雅和自然，以至于人们认为他是天生的)”可知，本段是通过Ray Allen的例子佐证上文说法，由此推知划线词所在句意为“我的一个见证来自Ray Allen，一个十次入选NBA全明星的球员”，testimonies意为“证据”，故选B。 35．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so?(这种能力现在被我们称为‘完美音高’，它似乎是年轻天才与生俱来的神秘天赋的一个例子。但真的是这样吗？)”和最后一段中“Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.(刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准)”可知，各个领域的专家似乎具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力，但作者通过研究发现，这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准，A项“伟大天赋的秘诀”为最佳标题，故选A。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$