2024-2025学年高中英语阅读理解之精读文章四大法则

英语阅读理解之精读文章四大法则 法则（一）　人名地名某某名，判定类别速略过　扫除陌生专有词 　　如果在阅读中遇见人名、地名、作品名（常用斜体）、报刊名（常用斜体）、物种名、机构组织名等，我们不需要弄明白其具体意思，可以根据上下文将其转换为“某人”“某地”“某组织”“某作品”等，提取关键信息，加快阅读速度。 这些词一般不会影响我们对文章大意的理解。 In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.— Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse ... Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden， who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. 1916年，来自某地（Auburn， N.Y.）的两个互为最佳好友的富家女孩——某人（Dorothy Woodruff）和某人（Rosamond Underwood）——来到某地（Rocky Mountains）的一个村落，在一个只有一间教室的校舍里教书……她们在某地（Elkhead）的停留是某书（Nothing Daunted： The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West）的主题，其作者某人（Dorothy Wickenden）是一名杂志编辑，也是某人（Dorothy Woodruff）的孙女。 法则（二）　全然陌生莫慌张，巧用逻辑判意义　扫除生僻障碍词 　　如果在阅读中遇到纯粹的生词或生僻短语，我们可以借助上下文的逻辑关系猜测词义，常见的方法有利用定义、定语从句、同位语等猜测词义；借助对比、同义或反义表达猜测词义；通过因果、转折关系猜测词义；根据所举的例子反推词义。 　　He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians （兽医） now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic （按摩疗法） and herbal medicine. 形容词holistic后紧跟破折号引领的动词-ing结构进行解释说明，结合下文combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture可知，此处“holistic” medicine表示结合传统的西方疗法与针灸、按摩疗法和草药的“全面”疗法。 法则（三）　熟词探源引生义，语境之中定含义　扫除最熟悉的陌生词 课标词汇数量是有限的，但是高考对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的，命题者会在试题中使用一些学生熟悉的单词，但其含义是较为陌生的，需要学生结合语境仔细推敲来确定。 　　In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. document熟义为“文件，公文”，结合to do表示目的和下文的the species可知，此处作动词，可猜测这里表示“记录，记载”。 Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. condition熟义为“状态，情况”， 根据上文serious heart， 再结合下文had a heart attack可知，此处在介绍Charlie的心脏健康问题，结合语境猜测此处表示“疾病”。 法则（四）　长难单词巧拆解，利用构词猜词义　扫除似曾相识词 　　阅读中越来越多地出现由构词法派生、合成和转化而来的词，掌握构词法有助于我们准确地猜测生词的意思，实现高效阅读。 合成 　　Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. over （超过）＋sample （采样）→oversampled 过度采样的 派生 　　With environmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. information信息；-tive是常见的形容词后缀；informative表示“提供有用信息的；给予知识的”。 转换 　　The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. print的常见词性为动词，表示“印刷，打印”；此处print名词化，表示“出版物，印刷物”。 即时训练： A Let’s face it, we are influenced by AI algorithms （算法） when surfing the Internet on a daily basis. 　　If you think about it, almost anything you can possibly click on over the Internet wants to influence you in some way.Even if it’s not an advertisement and the goal isn’t literally to sell you a product or service, it wants to influence you somehow, whether it’s getting you to think something, feel something, or do something. 　　Behind every blogger, YouTube personality, and social media influencer, there are the companies that own the platforms these bloggers and influencers use: YouTube, Meta, TikTok, Instagram, and the rest.Generally speaking, the goal of these platforms is to keep users on them as often as possible for as long as possible and this increases the likelihood of those users clicking on targeted ads. 　　These platforms use the users’ data to serve the content most likely to arouse their emotions and keep them engaged.The kind of content that’s effective at keeping people engaged often happens to be emotionally charged: sensational(轰动的), controversial, or misinformative.Unfortunately, due to its massive computing power, AI is very good at understanding your psychology （often better than you do） and, therefore, using content that is most likely to “push your buttons”. 　　Obviously, AI itself has no emotions.It doesn’t “want” to influence you or to have power over you, but it does simply because, in the context of the Internet, that’s what it’s been programmed to do.The people who used AI as their tools are simply trying to accomplish the goal of any platform or company, which is to be profitable. 　　In a previous post, I wrote about being data literate.Well, the first step towards protecting yourself against AI’s influence is to be conscious of the fact that we live in an attention economy in which much of the business occurs between companies that want your attention and the content platforms that provide it to them. 1.What message does the author try to convey by mentioning YouTube, Meta, TikTok, and Instagram in Paragraph 3? A.They are trying to control us. B.They offer us a variety of choices. C.Social media is developing rapidly. D.Social media enjoys great popularity. 2.What kind of content do the social media platforms favour most? A.The content that creates value for users. B.The content that spreads positive energy. C.The content that causes emotional reaction. D.The content that makes users feel satisfied. 3.Which of the following are to blame according to the author? A.AI algorithms. B.Content creators. C.Social media users. D.Social media platforms. 4.What will the author probably talk about in the paragraphs that follow? A.How social media platforms work. B.How AI algorithms are influencing us. C.Some measures to protect ourselves. D.Some negative effects of AI algorithms. B Ask any parent and it’s likely they’ll tell you they’re worried about their kids’ screen time.A 2021 poll found it was Australian parents’ number one health concern for their kids — ahead of cyberbullying and unhealthy diets.But how worried should parents be? 　　In our new research, we wanted to give parents, policymakers and researchers a comprehensive summary of the best evidence on the influence of screens on children’s physical and psychological health， education and development.We found some things that should reassure parents. 　　The overall size of the influence of screens across the outcomes （for example, depression, body weight, literacy and sleep） in children were small.We also found it’s not the screen itself that really matters but what’s on it and the way kids use it. 　　Television is a form of screen time that has worried parents for more than half a century.We did find general television viewing was associated with poorer academic performance and literacy skills.But if the program was educational or if the child was watching with a parent, we found there was a benefit to their literacy. 　　Our research found more social media use was associated with depression, anxiety and risk taking.The more time a child spent on social media， the more likely they were to have a mental health issue. 　　So, a key message from our study is to focus less on an unachievable time limit, and instead focus on what kids are actually doing on screens.Try to steer them towards educational apps and meaningful TV programs. 　　Regardless of what screen-based activities you choose to allow, remember most screen time is sedentary.Long periods of sitting aren’t great for kids （or adults）, so breaking up these periods with movement is still important. 　　Eventually, the most important factor for child development is quality parenting.Being present, spending quality time and creating a caring environment are what really make a difference for children.You matter more to your child’s mental and physical health than the screen. 5.What were Australian parents worried most about their children? A.Exam results. B.Cyberbullying. C.Digital devices. D.Unhealthy diets. 6.What did the researchers stress about the screen? A.Its size. B.Its quality. C.The contents on it. D.Hours children spend on it. 7.What does the underlined word “steer” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A.Guide someone’s behaviour. B.Develop someone’s interests. C.Forbid someone’s activities. D.Follow someone’s footsteps. 8.What should be the top priority for parents according to the author? A.Choosing educational apps. B.Keeping their children company. C.Combining sitting with movement. D.Limiting their children’s screen time. 答案及解析： A 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。我们必须面对这样一个现实：各大社交媒体平台正在利用人工智能算法来影响和控制我们，表面看它们是争夺我们的注意力，其背后的真实目的自然是利益。 1.A　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，作者提到YouTube、 Meta、 TikTok、 Instagram等这些社交媒体平台，主要说明它们在争夺我们的注意力，最终目的是增加我们点击广告的概率。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，社交媒体上最能有效吸引用户的是那些耸人听闻、有争议、错误的内容，这项内容有一个共同点，那就是能激发或煽动起网友们的各种情绪反应。 3.D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，作者认为，人工智能本身没有情感，也无意影响我们或调动我们的情绪，真正试图操纵和影响我们的是社交媒体平台以及背后的公司。第三段指出，社交媒体平台上的那些内容生产者也是被平台操控的。 4.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者指出保护自己不受人工智能影响的第一步是要意识到这样一个事实，即我们生活在注意力经济中；在这种经济模式中，许多业务发生在想要你注意力的公司和为它们提供注意力的内容平台之间。由此判断，接下来作者可能会继续就如何进行自我保护给我们提出更多的建议和措施。 B 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。澳大利亚父母最担心的就是孩子们不断增加的屏幕时间，可是，本文作者认为，父母最关注的不应该是屏幕时间的长度，而是屏幕上的内容。另外，作者特别强调了父母陪伴孩子的重要性。 5.C　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，就孩子而言，澳大利亚父母最担心的不是网络霸凌和不健康的饮食，而是他们使用电子产品的时间，也就是“屏幕时间”。 6.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的it’s not the screen itself that really matters but what’s on it and the way kids use it可知，作者认为真正重要的不是屏幕时间的长度，而是屏幕上的内容和孩子们使用它的方式。 7.A　词义猜测题。根据第六段语境可知，这里作者建议家长们不要将重点放在限制屏幕时长上面，而是设法把他们引向教育类应用软件以及有意义的电视节目。因此这里steer表示“引导”。 8.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为，对儿童发展最重要的因素是高质量的父母教育。陪伴和关爱孩子才是真正对孩子产生影响的决定性因素。就孩子的身心健康而言，父母远远比屏幕重要。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$