2025年高考考前必做——易考的阅读理解语篇

2025年高考考前必做——易考的阅读理解语篇 目录 （相关阅读理论知识建议英语和汉语同时了解，考前做好充分的知识储备） 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、科普与科研 1.科普与科研——“奥卡姆剃刀”理论 2.科普与科研——弗林效应 3.科普与科研——CRISPR基因编辑技术 4.科普与科研——DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法 5.科普与科研——模仿欲望及AI对人类真实性的挑战 6.科普与科研——睡眠激发创造力 7.科普与科研——集中注意力的认知神经科学 8.科普与科研——人工智能（AI）在食谱开发领域的应用 9.科普与科研——植物“气候忠诚度”的概念 二、心理学研究 1.心理学——群体感知 2.心理学——“功能等同”（functional equivalence）理论 3.心理学——自信源于自我接纳 4.心理学——“明智干预”概念 三、社会生活 1.社会生活——“孤独”与“独处” 2.社会生活——提倡成为“灯塔父母” 3.社会生活——如何有效改变他人观点 4.社会生活——莎草纸卷轴揭示柏拉图临终时刻 5.社会生活——“文化杂食者”对文化创新的真实态度 四、太空宇宙——爱因斯坦环 一、科普与科研 1.科普与科研——“奥卡姆剃刀”理论 If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 1．Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A．simpler explanations should be preferred B．reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C．explanations should be consistent with purposes D．sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B．The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C．Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D．Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 3．It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A．follow the laws of nature B．interpret the world as it is C．balance accuracy and simplicity D．highlight the existence of entities 【答案】139．A 140．B 141．B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了“奥卡姆剃刀”认为最简单的解释最接近真相，但牛顿的理论及物理中光的解释、生物学中吸烟与癌症的关系表明，自然和人类事务都很复杂。奥卡姆剃刀是形而上学原则，科学应让事物自然展现，真相往往并非简单，不应一味追求简单的解释。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.”(如果你曾经和科学家在一起，你很可能会听到他们中的一个人说：“最好的解释是最简单的。”)”以及第二段“He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.”(他提出了这样一个原则：“如无必要，勿增实体”)”可知，奥卡姆剃刀理论表明，更简单的解释更可取。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer.(当我们转向生物学时，事情变得更加复杂。想象一下，有两个吸烟者，他们每天吸一包烟，持续了30年。一个得了癌症；另一个没有。最简单的解释是什么？几十年来，烟草行业的答案是吸烟不会致癌。简单但错误。事实上，疾病是复杂的，我们还不了解与癌症有关的所有因素)”可知，烟草业用“吸烟不致癌”这一简单但错误的解释，虽违背事实，但其逻辑符合奥卡姆剃刀的表面原则（优先简单解释）。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were.(我们的解释应该尽可能符合现实。科学是关于让事物自然展开的，有时这意味着接受事实并不简单，即使事实简单会让我们的生活更容易)”可知，我们需要如实地解读世界。故选B。 2.科普与科研——弗林效应 Since scientists began measuring brain function, young people have scored higher than older people in IQ. Now that is changing. A study by Nottingham Trent University (NTU) has found that for the first time, the mental ability of older generations is catching up with the young. It is happening, scientists believe, because gains in intelligence of younger generations came to a stop around 2000, yet are still climbing for older people, meaning the mental gap between the young and old is closing. Dr Stephen Badham, an associate professor in psychology at NTU’s School of Social Sciences, said: “Much existing research shows IQ has been improving globally throughout the 20th century.” This means later-born generations are more cognitively (认知地) able than those born earlier. However, there is growing evidence that time-based increases in IQ are leveling off. In the most recent decades, young adults are no more cognitively able than those born shortly before. As a result, the current data show young adult advantages in cognition relative to older adults, such as memory ability and speed of processing, are now getting smaller over time. When we compare young and older adults today, the gap is smaller than in the past. Dr Badham carried out an analysis of 60 studies that have recorded mental ability of different generations. In 83 of the tests used, older adults showed better performance than earlier older adults. However young adults’ cognition remained relatively flat across time. Scientists believe the phenomenon is being caused because the Flynn Effect has leveled off. The Flynn Effect states global IQ will rise steadily over time, mostly fuelled by improvements in education, diet and health. But it now appears to have come to a halt for people born at the turn of the millennium (千禧年). In contrast, those born earlier are still recording improvements compared to older people of previous generations. 1．What can we infer about later-born generations in the 20th century? A．They would grow healthier and longer. B．They learned from their parents intellectually. C．They were more intelligent than their parents. D．They seemed to stop growing in mental ability. 2．How does Badham conduct the research? A．By testing the participants. B．By doing series of researches. C．By analyzing results of other studies. D．By comparing some young and old adults. 3．What improvement might lead to the Flynn Effect? A．Education. B．Intelligence. C．Relationship. D．Environment. 4．What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “halt” in the last paragraph? A．Stop. B．Peak. C．Head. D．Point. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究表明，由于弗林效应已经趋于平稳，年轻人的智商优势在缩小，而老年人的智力仍在继续发展。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Dr Stephen Badham, an associate professor in psychology at NTU’s School of Social Sciences, said: “Much existing research shows IQ has been improving globally throughout the 20th century.” This means later-born generations are more cognitively (认知地) able than those born earlier. (诺丁汉特伦特大学社会科学学院心理学副教授Stephen Badham博士表示：‘大量现有研究表明，20世纪全球范围内智商水平持续提升。’这意味着后出生世代比早出生世代具有更强的认知能力)”可知，20世纪出生晚的人认知能力更高。由此可知，20世纪出生的人比他们的父母更聪明。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Dr Badham carried out an analysis of 60 studies that have recorded mental ability of different generations. (Badham博士对60项记录不同世代智力水平的研究进行了分析)”可知，Badham是通过分析其他研究的结果来开展研究的。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The Flynn Effect states global IQ will rise steadily over time, mostly fuelled by improvements in education, diet and health. (弗林效应指出，全球智商水平将随时间推移稳步提升，这主要得益于教育水平、饮食结构和医疗健康的持续改善)”可知，教育水平提高、饮食结构和医疗健康的持续改善可以导致弗林效应。故选A项。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The Flynn Effect states global IQ will rise steadily over time, mostly fuelled by improvements in education, diet and health.(弗林效应表明，随着时间的推移，全球智商将稳步上升，这主要是由教育、饮食和健康的改善所推动的。)”、划线词所在句句首的转折词“ But”以及划线词下文“In contrast, those born earlier are still recording improvements compared to older people of previous generations.(相比之下，那些出生较早的人与前几代人相比仍有进步。)”可知，“But it now appears to have come to a halt for people born at the turn of the millennium (千禧年).(但现在，对于千禧年之交出生的人来说，这种现象似乎已经停止come to a halt了)”是指：对于千禧年之交出生的人来说，弗林效应似乎已经停止了，划线词halt的意思是“停止”，与stop意思一致。故选A项。 3.科普与科研——CRISPR基因编辑技术 Of the many patients who need an organ from a donor, 90% go without. About 240 million people live with rare genetic discases, most of which cannot be treated. Each year poor diets cause more than 10 million early deaths. Suffering on such an immense scale can appear hopeless. However, a technique called CRISPR gene editing promises to help deal with these issues and many more and proper regulation can help it develop. CRISPR is like an editor for DNA．It can rewrite DNA, removing harmful mutations (突变) or adding protective ones. This summer, clinical trials (试验) will start on pig organs edited for human transplants. Last year, the first new treatment went on the market. It seemingly cures sickle- cell disease and beta-thalassemia, two blood disorders that affect millions. If ongoing trials succeed, a one-time treatment might protect against heart attacks for life. CRISPR can also help farming. It can increase outputs or protect crops from climate change. Soon, consumers may get healthier, tastier foods. But now is a crucial time. Since its discovery in 2012, CRISPR has replaced old, less-effective ideas. Gene treatment, which uses viruses to insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically modified (GM) crops, which borrow genes from other species, face opposition in Europe. CRISPR offers a new way. But to succeed, it needs continuous investment, which means achieving real-world successes. For this to happen, scientists must show they can get CRISPR into more body cells easily and cheaply. If it can create personalized treatments for individual mutations, it will be even more useful. This requires new science and better regulation. Current regulations for rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable for new medicines. They stop patients from getting new treatments. Developing drugs for small groups has always been hard, and many CRISPR companies are struggling. But CRISPR is programmable, so the same drug can target different mutations. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. For patients who may die before drug approval, this is a good trade-off. Agriculture also needs reform. In many regions, gene-edited foods are regulated like GM foods, though they’re different. Gene-edited plants have their own genes adjusted, not genes from other species. Britain plans to pass new, looser laws for gene-edited foods to address climate change threats to food security. But public trust in regulators and scientists could be a problem. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The challenges and requirements for CRISPR’s success. B．The differences between CRISPR and GM farming. C．The economic benefits of genetic engineering. D．The history of CRISPR development. 2．What can be inferred about current safety testing standards? A．They are unnecessary for CRISPR treatments. B．They delay treatment access for urgent cases. C．They ensure complete safety for all patients. D．They focus only on agricultural products. 3．As for CRISPR gene editing, the author is ______. A．critical B．doubtful C．indifferent D．positive 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．CRISPR: Medical Breakthroughs and Funding Shortages. B．CRISPR: Public Distrust in Agricultural Innovation. C．CRISPR: Potential and Regulatory Adaptation. D．CRISPR: Limitations in Current Applications. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Gene treatment, which uses viruses to insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically modified (GM) crops, which borrow genes from other species, face opposition in Europe. CRISPR offers a new way. But to succeed, it needs continuous investment, which means achieving real-world successes. For this to happen, scientists must show they can get CRISPR into more body cells easily and cheaply. If it can create personalized treatments for individual mutations, it will be even more useful. This requires new science and better regulation. (基因治疗利用病毒将基因插入（人体细胞），能够治疗罕见的遗传性疾病，但成本高昂。转基因作物从其他物种中借入基因，在欧洲面临反对声音。而CRISPR技术提供了一种新的途径。然而，要取得成功，它需要持续的投资，这意味着要实现实际应用的突破。为了实现这一目标，科学家们必须证明他们能够轻松且廉价地将CRISPR技术引入更多的体细胞中。如果CRISPR能够针对个体突变创造出个性化的治疗方案，那么它将更具实用性。而这需要新的科学研究以及更完善的监管。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是CRISPR成功的挑战和要求。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Current regulations for rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable for new medicines. They stop patients from getting new treatments. (目前对罕见病药物的规定不适用于新药。他们阻止病人接受新的治疗。)”和“If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. (如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。)”可知，目前的安全检测标准延误了对紧急病例的治疗。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But CRISPR is programmable, so the same drug can target different mutations. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. For patients who may die before drug approval, this is a good trade-off. (但是CRISPR是可编程的，所以同样的药物可以针对不同的突变。如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。对于可能在药物批准前死亡的患者来说，这是一个很好的权衡。)”可知，作者对CRISPR基因编辑的态度是积极的，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“However, a technique called CRISPR gene editing promises to help deal with these issues and many more and proper regulation can help it develop. (然而，一种被称为CRISPR基因编辑的技术有望帮助解决这些问题，而更多适当的监管可以帮助它的发展。)”可知，本文主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施，因此最好的题目是C选项“CRISPR: Potential and Regulatory Adaptation. (CRISPR：潜力和调控适应)”。故选C。 4.科普与科研——DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法 Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like（似琥珀）coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format（二进制）, zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence（序列）, which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75°Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 1．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 2．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 3．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：“你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。”。“编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。”)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：“塑料很耐用。”。此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。 5.科普与科研——模仿欲望及AI对人类真实性的挑战 You’re scrolling through social media, and suddenly, everyone’s focused on the same meme or movie. Before you know it, you’re sharing opinions, posting your take, or joining a chorus you didn’t even know existed five minutes ago. But why? René Girard, the French philosopher, offered a fascinating explanation. We don’t just imitate others — we imitate their desires. Think about buying a car. One person in a neighborhood buys an expensive SUV, and suddenly, others start desiring the same or an even more luxurious model. The desire to own a better car spreads rapidly. It’s not just about transportation — it’s about status, reputation, and keeping up with societal expectations. But what happens when imitation breaks free of desire entirely? French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concept of simulacra steps in. He defines simulacra as representations that no longer refer to any underlying reality. In simpler terms, simulacra are copies without an original. Consider a selfie transformed by generative AI: No “real” you exists in that flawless, algorithm-crafted glow, yet it’s more charming than any mirror’s truth, shaping how we see ourselves. Here lies the paradox. AI enters our mimetic web without ever experiencing genuine desire. It’s a digital echo, reflecting our expressions back at us with chilling precision, yet lack of true emotional depth. This poses an unsettling question: If AI can simulate desire so convincingly, what does that reveal about the authenticity of our own desires? Perhaps it’s time to reconsider the impulses guiding our actions. Are we truly driven by personal passion, or are we merely caught in someone else’s chain reaction? Instead of mechanically mirroring the crowd, we might consciously cultivate desires rooted in genuine self-awareness and careful choice. Ultimately, perhaps AI’s greatest gift isn’t flawless imitation but clarity — a chance to see ourselves anew. In a world increasingly crowded by echoes, understanding the difference between borrowed desire and authentic longing could make all the difference. 1．How does the writer make us convincing that we imitate desires? A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By offering an explanation. D．By citing a famous philosopher. 2．What is Jean Baudrillard’s understanding of simulacra? A．Advanced algorithms in AI systems. B．Original artworks with high authenticity. C．Copies disconnected from their origins. D．Digital tools for creating perfect images. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI can mirror precisely yet feel nothing. B．René Girard believes AI can wholly imitate human desire. C．AI’s flawless imitation is guaranteed to see ourselves anew. D．Desiring a luxurious SUV reflects the urge for transportation. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Social Media and the Rise of Imitative Behavior B．Imitative Desire and Its Challenge to Human Authenticity C．The Role of AI Technology: from Imitation to Innovation D．The Evolution of Imitation Theory: from Girard to Baudrillard 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了模仿欲望及AI对人类真实性的挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Think about buying a car. One person in a neighborhood buys an expensive SUV, and suddenly, others start desiring the same or an even more luxurious model. The desire to own a better car spreads rapidly. It’s not just about transportation — it’s about status, reputation, and keeping up with societal expectations.(想想买车这件事。社区里有一个人买了一辆昂贵的SUV，突然之间，其他人也开始渴望拥有同样或更豪华的车型。拥有一辆更好的车的欲望迅速蔓延。这不仅仅是关于交通——还涉及地位、声誉以及跟上社会期望)”可推知，作者通过举例买车这件事，让我们相信我们是在模仿他人的欲望。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concept of simulacra steps in. He defines simulacra as representations that no longer refer to any underlying reality. In simpler terms, simulacra are copies without an original.(法国社会学家让·鲍德里亚的拟像概念应运而生。他将拟像定义为不再指向任何潜在现实的表征。简单来说，拟像就是没有原作的复制品)”可知，让·鲍德里亚对拟像的理解是与原作脱节的复制品。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“AI enters our mimetic web without ever experiencing genuine desire. It’s a digital echo, reflecting our expressions back at us with chilling precision, yet lack of true emotional depth.(人工智能在没有经历过真正欲望的情况下进入了我们的模仿网络。它就像一个数字回音，以惊人的精确度将我们的表情反射回来，但却缺乏真正的情感深度)”可推知，人工智能可以精确地模仿，但却没有任何感觉。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段通过社交媒体上的现象引出人们会模仿他人行为和欲望的话题，第二段引用勒内·吉拉尔的观点说明人们会模仿他人的欲望，第三段介绍让·鲍德里亚的拟像概念，第四段指出人工智能在没有真正欲望的情况下进入模仿网络并引发关于人类欲望真实性的思考，第五段呼吁人们重新审视引导行动的冲动，培养基于真正自我意识和谨慎选择的欲望，强调要理解借来的欲望和真正的渴望之间的区别。所以文章主要是关于模仿欲望以及它对人类真实性的挑战。故选B。 6.科普与科研——睡眠激发创造力 When Thomas Edison hit a wall with his inventions, he would nap in an armchair while holding a steel ball. As he started to fall asleep and his muscles relaxed, the ball would strike the floor, waking him with insights into his problems. Or so the story goes. Thomas Edison was somewhat right. Now, more than 100 years later, scientists have repeated the trick in a lab, revealing that the famous inventor was onto something. People following his recipe significantly enhanced their chances of solving a math problem. The trick was to wake up in the transition between sleep and wakefulness, just before deep sleep. In this transitional period, we are not quite awake, but also not deeply asleep. It can be as short as a minute and occurs right when we start to doze off.     Researchers tested Edison’s method of cultivating creativity with 103 healthy people. Volunteers came to the lab to solve a tricky number problem. They were asked to change a string of numbers into a shorter sequence (序列). They were told to follow two simple rules. What the volunteers weren’t told was that there was an easy trick to do this task. The second number in the sequence would always be the correct final number, too. Once discovered, this trick dramatically cut the solving time. After doing this task 60 times, the volunteers earned a 20-minute break. This downtime was spent in a quiet, dark room. Volunteers sat in chairs and held a version of the steel balls that Edison used as “alarm clocks”—it was a light drinking bottle in one dangling (悬垂) hand. The researchers told participants to close their eyes and rest or sleep if they desired. About half of the participants stayed awake. Twenty-four fell asleep and stayed in the shallow, twilight(朦胧的) stage of sleep called N1. Fourteen others progressed to N2, a deeper stage of sleep. After their rest, participants returned to their number problem. The researchers saw a clear difference between the groups. People who had fallen into a shallow, early sleep were 2.7 times as likely to spot the hidden trick as people who stayed awake. Shallow sleepers were 5.8 times as likely to spot the trick as people who reached the deeper N2 stage. 1．What does the underlined phrase “was onto something” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Discovered the truth. B．Was absorbed in math puzzles. C．Started the experiment. D．Was engaged in laboratory work. 2．What were the volunteers asked to do in the experiment? A．Work out a number sequence. B．Find out the rules in a sequence of words. C．Describe what happened in their shallow sleep. D．Pick out the wanted numbers in the shortest time. 3．Which group of volunteers did best in the experiment? A．Those who stayed awake. B．Those who slept for the longest hours. C．Those who woke up from the stage of N1. D．Those who woke up from the stage of N2. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Write down Your Ideas before You Forget. B．Shallow Sleepers May Be Better Inventors. C．Number Problems Are Solved in a Deep Sleep. D．Nodding off May Turn Your Creativity on. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述科学家通过实验验证托马斯・爱迪生利用浅睡眠激发创造力的方法的科学性，发现处于浅睡眠阶段（N1）的人更易发现问题的隐藏技巧，从而提升解决问题的能力。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“scientists have repeated the trick in a lab, revealing that the famous inventor was onto something. People following his recipe significantly enhanced their chances of solving a math problem(科学家在实验室重复了这一技巧，表明这位著名发明家was onto something。遵循他方法的人显著提高了解决数学问题的几率)”可知，所遵循的方法有效，他 “发现了真相”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Volunteers came to the lab to solve a tricky number problem. They were asked to change a string of numbers into a shorter sequence(志愿者来到实验室解决一个棘手的数字问题，他们被要求将一串数字转换成更短的序列)”可知，实验中志愿者的任务是解决数字序列问题。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“People who had fallen into a shallow, early sleep were 2.7 times as likely to spot the hidden trick as people who stayed awake. Shallow sleepers were 5.8 times as likely to spot the trick as people who reached the deeper N2 stage(进入浅睡眠阶段 N1 的人发现隐藏技巧的可能性是保持清醒者的 2.7 倍，是进入更深睡眠阶段 N2 者的 5.8 倍）可知，从 N1 阶段醒来的志愿者在实验中表现最好。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“People following his recipe significantly enhanced their chances of solving a math problem. The trick was to wake up in the transition between sleep and wakefulness, just before deep sleep.(遵循他方法的人解决数学问题的几率显著提高。诀窍是在睡眠和清醒之间的过渡阶段 —— 即深度睡眠之前醒来）以及最后一段 “People who had fallen into a shallow, early sleep were 2.7 times as likely to spot the hidden trick as people who stayed awake. Shallow sleepers were 5.8 times as likely to spot the trick as people who reached the deeper N2 stage.(进入浅睡眠阶段 N1 的人发现隐藏技巧的可能性是保持清醒者的 2.7 倍，是进入更深睡眠阶段 N2 者的 5.8 倍）可知，文章核心围绕 “浅睡眠（打盹）能提升创造力” 展开。D选项“打盹可能激发你的创造力”为最佳标题。故选D。 7.科普与科研——集中注意力的认知神经科学 New research reveals that “intensive domain-specific training” like mathematics fundamentally reshapes brain activity during complex problem solving, offering insights into the cognitive neuroscience (认知神经科学) of concentration. A study published in Cognitive Neuroscience compared graduate students in math-related fields with peers in non-mathematical fields to investigate how long-term specialized practice influences thinking processes. Participants watched video demonstrations of multi-step mathematical problems while wearing brain-wave-monitoring caps to track brain activity. The study found clear differences: non-math students’ front brain areas (linked to memory and focus) worked harder as they struggled to follow logical steps. In contrast, math-intensive students displayed synchronized (同步的) slow brain waves connecting the frontal and upper-back brain areas, which are responsible for abstract reasoning and spatial processing. These slow brain rhythms, typically observed during deep sleep, appeared to facilitate efficient communication between distant neural networks during intense focus. These findings indicate that repeated exposure to complex problem solving allows math-trained students to automate basic logical steps (e.g. formula application), which saves mental energy for complex analysis. This “neural efficiency” — the brain’s adaptability through training — mirrors patterns in other experts: experienced musicians’ brains show similar slow waves when composing and athletes enter similar “flow states” during competitions. Most importantly, researchers confirm such neural efficiency isn’t inborn but develops through deliberate practice. Students with equal IQs but less math training lacked these distinctive wave patterns. However, those who engaged in repetition and intentional study eventually developed such patterns, becoming more efficient in solving problems. By the same logic, these findings hint at a trade-off that people should keep in mind particularly as artificial intelligence (AI) and other tools offer tempting shortcuts for various forms of problem solving. Dr. Elena Torres, lead researcher of the study, further warns that over-reliance on AI might weaken our brain’s natural problem-solving abilities. “Each time we off-load a problem to a calculator or ask AI to summarize an essay, we are losing an opportunity to improve our own skills and practise deep concentration for ourselves.” Torres urges “a strategic balance — use AI for repetitive labor, thanks to its fast data processing and continuous operation, but reserve complex challenges for deep, tech-free focus.” 1．What was the main purpose of the new research? A．To study how specialized training affects brains. B．To investigate how AI tools influence learning. C．To compare brain activity among math experts. D．To measure IQ levels across different specialists. 2．How did non-math students’ brains differ from those of math students in complex problem solving? A．Their front-top parts worked together. B．They showed random sleep-like waves. C．Their front area worked with extra effort. D．They processed information automatically. 3．What is crucial to developing “neural efficiency” according to the text? A．Long-term focused practice. B．Inborn abstract reasoning talent. C．Random exposure to complex problems. D．Training on memorizing basic logical steps. 4．What do Dr. Elena Torres’ quotes highlight in the last paragraph? A．AI tools limit independent learning opportunities. B．Technology improves efficiency in complex tasks. C．Overusing shortcuts harms cognitive development. D．AI tools reduce motivation for deep concentration. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新的研究揭示“特定领域的强化训练”（如数学）如何从根本上重塑大脑在解决复杂问题时的活动，提供了对集中注意力的认知神经科学的见解。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A study published in Cognitive Neuroscience compared graduate students in math-related fields with peers in non-mathematical fields to investigate how long-term specialized practice influences thinking processes.(一项发表在《认知神经科学》杂志上的研究，对数学相关领域的研究生和非数学领域的研究生进行了对比，以探究长期的专业训练是如何影响思维过程的。)”可知，这项发表在《认知神经科学》上的研究，将数学相关领域的研究生和非数学领域的研究生进行对比，是为了探究长期的专业训练是如何影响思维过程的，而思维过程与大脑活动相关，也就是研究专业训练如何影响大脑。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The study found clear differences: non-math students’ front brain areas (linked to memory and focus) worked harder as they struggled to follow logical steps. In contrast, math-intensive students displayed synchronized (同步的) slow brain waves connecting the frontal and upper-back brain areas, which are responsible for abstract reasoning and spatial processing.(研究发现了明显的差异：非数学专业的学生在努力理解逻辑步骤时，他们大脑前部区域（与记忆和注意力相关）更为活跃。相比之下，大量学习数学的学生大脑前部和上后部区域之间出现了同步的慢脑电波，而后两个区域负责抽象推理和空间处理。)”可知，非数学专业学生在努力理解逻辑步骤时，他们大脑前部区域更加努力地工作；而大量学习数学的学生则表现为大脑前部和上后部区域之间出现同步的慢脑电波。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Most importantly, researchers confirm such neural efficiency isn’t inborn but develops through deliberate practice. Students with equal IQs but less math training lacked these distinctive wave patterns. However, those who engaged in repetition and intentional study eventually developed such patterns, becoming more efficient in solving problems.(最重要的是，研究人员证实，这种神经效率并非天生就有，而是通过刻意练习培养出来的。智商相当但数学训练较少的学生缺乏这些独特的脑电波模式。然而，那些进行重复练习和有意学习的人最终会形成这样的模式，在解决问题时也会变得更加高效。)”可知，这种神经效率并非天生的，而是通过进行重复和有意学习最终形成了这种模式，在解决问题时变得更有效率。因此，培养“神经效率”的关键是长期专注的练习。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Dr. Elena Torres, lead researcher of the study, further warns that over-reliance on AI might weaken our brain’s natural problem-solving abilities. “Each time we off-load a problem to a calculator or ask AI to summarize an essay, we are losing an opportunity to improve our own skills and practise deep concentration for ourselves.”(该研究的首席研究员Elena Torres博士进一步警告说，过度依赖人工智能可能会削弱我们大脑天生的问题解决能力。“每次我们把一个问题交给计算器处理，或者让人工智能来总结一篇文章时，我们都失去了一个提升自身技能和锻炼深度专注力的机会。”)”可知，Elena Torres博士警告过度依赖人工智能可能会削弱我们大脑天生的问题解决能力，每次将问题交给计算器或让人工智能总结文章，我们都失去了提升自身技能和锻炼深度专注力的机会，可推知过度使用捷径（如AI）有害认知发展。故选C。 8.科普与科研——人工智能（AI）在食谱开发领域的应用 Many companies have advertised a feature that enables users to employ AI as a recipe generator assistant. In one demonstration, a user asks the virtual assistant for a meal plan with ingredients (食材) they have, and the AI returns a list of recipes using those ingredients. In fact, the employment of AI in the brainstorming stage is also gaining increasing popularity. While that seems convenient, most of the press about the relationship between AI and cooking has been negative so far. For years, chefs on popular video platforms have staged cook-offs between “real” and AI recipes, with the “real” chefs often winning. In 2022, Tasty, an online platform, compared a chocolate cake recipe generated by an AI tool with one developed by a professional cook. While the AI recipe baked up fine, the cook’s recipe won in a blind taste test. The tasters preferred the cook’s cake for its not-too-sweet and juicer flavor compared to the AI cake. Sarah and Kaitlin Leung are sisters who run a famous food blog. Their recipes go through a long process. They brainstorm ideas, do research, and experiment a lot before testing each recipe up to 40 times. “We know that our readers are trusting us, so we try to make sure our recipe not only works but is also easy to follow,” Sarah says. “The stories that surround these recipes and the connections that we make with people through these recipes are priceless — it’s so deeply human. By comparison, the machine doesn’t eat and the machine can’t taste.” “It’s not all negative for me.” A software engineer Olson believes AI has a place in the recipe development process. He adds, “but I don’t think the technology is there to the point where you can have an entirely AI-generated blog, although that would be a cool concept. Maybe someone should try it and see how it goes.” 1．What can AI do in developing a recipe? A．Planning the budget. B．Shortening cooking time. C．Coming up with ideas. D．Demonstrating cooking methods. 2．What can we know about the competition launched by Tasty? A．The AI tool was developed by a cook. B．The result agrees with those of prior years. C．The cook’s cake tasted sweeter and juicier. D．The comparison was based on the appearance. 3．How does the sisters ensure the quality of their recipes on their food blog? A．By doing multiple trials. B．By learning the recipes from AI. C．By using priceless ingredients. D．By following standard procedures. 4．What is Olson’s attitude towards entirely AI-generated blogs? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Reserved. D．Critical. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人工智能（AI）在食谱开发领域的应用情况，包括其优势、局限性以及人们对其不同的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In one demonstration, a user asks the virtual assistant for a meal plan with ingredients (食材) they have, and the AI returns a list of recipes using those ingredients. (在一次演示中，用户向虚拟助手提出请求，希望根据自己所拥有的食材制定一份餐食计划，随后人工智能便返回了一份利用这些食材制作的食谱清单。)”可知，人工智能在开发食谱方面能提出一些想法，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For years, chefs on popular video platforms have staged cook-offs between “real” and AI recipes, with the “real” chefs often winning. In 2022, Tasty, an online platform, compared a chocolate cake recipe generated by an AI tool with one developed by a professional cook. While the AI recipe baked up fine, the cook’s recipe won in a blind taste test. (多年来，热门视频平台上的厨师们在“真正的”和人工智能的食谱之间进行烹饪比赛，“真正的”厨师经常获胜。2022年，在线平台Tasty将人工智能工具生成的巧克力蛋糕食谱与专业厨师制作的食谱进行了比较。虽然人工智能的食谱烤得很好，但厨师的食谱在盲品测试中胜出。)”可知，Tasty发起的比赛的结果与前几年的结果一致。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“They brainstorm ideas, do research, and experiment a lot before testing each recipe up to 40 times. (她们集思广益，做研究，做很多实验，然后把每个食谱测试40次。)”可知，这对姐妹通过多次试验在她们的美食博客上保证食谱的质量。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He adds, “but I don’t think the technology is there to the point where you can have an entirely AI-generated blog, although that would be a cool concept. Maybe someone should try it and see how it goes.” (他补充道：“但我不认为现在的技术可以让你拥有一个完全由人工智能生成的博客，尽管这将是一个很酷的概念。也许有人应该试试，看看效果如何。”)”可知，Olson对完全由人工智能生成的博客的态度是有所保留的，故选C。 9.科普与科研——植物“气候忠诚度”的概念 Unlike animals, plants are rooted to a place and don’t have the ability to get away when things take a turn for the worse. This can pose great challenges when a changing climate makes certain areas less suitable. “As seeds fall or are transported to distant places, the likelihood that the plant’s seed is going to be able to survive and grow is changing as climates are changing,” says Jenny McGuire, an assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States. Studying how plants’ habitat changes over thousands of years helps scientists understand how species adapt to climate change and how to protect and maintain biodiversity in the face of rapid climate change to come. If a plant has “climate fidelity”, which means it sticks to its preferred climatic conditions, it will move across geographic areas over long periods to stay within its ideal environment. Plants that don’t have this feature adapt locally in the face of climate change instead of moving. McGuire and her colleague Yue Wang, an associate professor at Sun Yat-sen University in China, examined data from over 13,000 ancient pollen (花粉) samples across 337 North American locations, dividing the data into six 4,000-year periods starting 18,000 years ago, to see how tree species’ climatic conditions have shifted. They found most North American plant species have demonstrated climate fidelity over time. However, some species are better able to move than others. Willows, for instance, have small seeds that can stay airborne over long distances, enabling the trees to travel farther, faster over a relatively short period. The large seeds of ash trees, however, can travel only over short distances, making it hard for the trees to move along with changing temperatures. “Understanding climate fidelity, while a new and different idea, will be very important going forward, especially when thinking about how to prioritise protecting different plants in the face of climate change,” McGuire says. “It is important to be able to see that some plants and animals are more easily affected by climate change, and this information can help build stronger strategies for protecting the biodiversity on the planet.” 1．What do plants without climate fidelity do? A．They move across geographic areas. B．They seek their preferred environments. C．They maintain their important features. D．They adjust to their present surroundings. 2．Why did McGuire and Wang analyse the data from these ancient pollen samples? A．To determine the origins of North American tree species. B．To explore the development of pollen samples over time. C．To examine the responses of tree species to climate change. D．To identify patterns of tree species movement across continents. 3．Why does the author mention willows and ash trees in Paragraph 4? A．To explain that tree species have seeds of various sizes. B．To show that tree species have different moving abilities. C．To suggest that some species are more adaptable than others. D．To argue that some species travel less due to temperature changes. 4．What is McGuire’s attitude towards understanding climate fidelity? A．Favourable. B．Cautious. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍植物“气候忠诚度”的概念，即具备该特性的植物会随气候变迁迁徙至理想环境，不具备的植物则就地适应。科学家通过分析北美古树花粉数据验证多数植物的气候忠诚度，探讨不同物种迁移能力差异及其对生物多样性保护的意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Plants that don’t have this feature adapt locally in the face of climate change instead of moving. (不具备这一特性的植物会在气候变化面前就地适应，而非迁徙。)”可知，没有 “气候忠诚度” 的植物会调整自身适应当前环境。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“McGuire and her colleague Yue Wang, an associate professor at Sun Yat-sen University in China, examined data from over 13,000 ancient pollen (花粉) samples across 337 North American locations, dividing the data into six 4,000-year periods starting 18,000 years ago, to see how tree species’ climatic conditions have shifted. (McGuire和她的同事、中国中山大学副教授王悦（Yue Wang）研究了来自北美337个地点的13000多个古代花粉样本的数据，将这些数据分为6个4000年的时期，从1.8万年前开始，以了解树种的气候条件是如何变化的。）可推知，研究目的是探究树种对气候变化的反应。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, some species are better able to move than others. Willows, for instance, have small seeds that can stay airborne over long distances, enabling the trees to travel farther, faster over a relatively short period. The large seeds of ash trees, however, can travel only over short distances, making it hard for the trees to move along with changing temperatures. (然而，有些物种比其他物种更能移动。例如，柳树的种子很小，可以在空中长距离飞行，使树木在相对较短的时间内走得更远、更快。然而，白蜡树的大种子只能传播很短的距离，这使得树木很难随着温度的变化而移动。)”可知，该段通过柳树（种子小、传播远）和白蜡树（种子大、传播近）的对比，论证不同树种迁移能力的差异。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““It is important to be able to see that some plants and animals are more easily affected by climate change, and this information can help build stronger strategies for protecting the biodiversity on the planet. (能够看到一些植物和动物更容易受到气候变化的影响是很重要的，这些信息可以帮助建立更强有力的战略来保护地球上的生物多样性。)”可推知，她对这一概念持支持态度。故选A。 二、心理学研究 1.心理学——群体感知 In 1923, a German psychologist, Max Wertheimer, presented a concept related to group perception. His initial experiments showed that when people observed a series of moving lights in a dark room, their collective perception of the motion could differ from individual perceptions. This laid the groundwork for understanding how groups process visual information. The principle behind this phenomenon is based on the way our visual system and cognitive processes interact. When individuals view a stimulus, their personal experiences, expectations, and attention levels can all influence their perception. In a group setting, these individual differences can either complement or conflict with one another. If people have diverse perspectives on what they see, it can lead to a more comprehensive understanding. However, if there is a dominant way of thinking within the group, it may suppress alternative viewpoints and limit the accuracy of collective perception. But a recent study led by Dr. Emily Chen has added a new dimension to this classic concept. Dr. Chen’s team divided participants into small groups and presented them with complex visual puzzles. The key discovery was that when groups were encouraged to first write down their individual thoughts privately and then share and discuss them, the overall accuracy of their solutions was significantly higher than when they immediately started discussing without the initial private thought-phase. For example, in one experiment, groups that followed the private-thought-then-discussion method solved 30% more puzzles correctly compared to those that jumped straight into discussion. In a subsequent study involving 200 students from different majors, the researchers aimed to dig deeper into what exactly happened during the discussion phase. Were students simply conforming to the most assertive voices? Or were they truly integrating diverse ideas? Most often, the groups reported that the initial private-thought phase allowed them to form more well-developed ideas, which they then refined through discussion. They “built on each other’s thoughts in a more structured way.” Although Dr. Chen’s studies have certain limitations and many questions remain open, they offer promising implications for educational settings and team-based problem-solving. 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of visual perception experiments. B．The underlying logic of the group perception concept. C．The causes of individual differences in perception. D．The design of Wertheimer’s initial experiments. 2．Dr. Chen’s study found that the accuracy of group solutions could increase even if ________. A．the groups were relatively large B．there were occasional distractions C．individuals had strong personal opinions D．the initial individual thoughts were not fully accurate 3．What did the subsequent study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The most assertive members. C．The interaction process during discussion. D．The individual visual abilities. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward Dr. Chen’s studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述德国心理学家马克斯・韦特海默提出的群体感知概念，以及陈博士团队的新研究发现——小组讨论前先进行个人独立思考能提高解决问题的准确性，并探讨其在教育和团队合作中的意义。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The principle behind this phenomenon is based on the way our visual system and cognitive processes interact. When individuals view a stimulus, their personal experiences, expectations, and attention levels can all influence their perception. In a group setting, these individual differences can either complement or conflict with one another. If people have diverse perspectives on what they see, it can lead to a more comprehensive understanding. However, if there is a dominant way of thinking within the group, it may suppress alternative viewpoints and limit the accuracy of collective perception.(这种现象背后的原理是基于我们的视觉系统和认知过程相互作用的方式。当个体看到刺激时，他们的个人经历、期望和注意力水平都会影响他们的感知。在群体环境中，这些个体差异可以相互补充，也可以相互冲突。如果人们对所看到的事物有不同的看法，就会有更全面的理解。然而，如果群体中存在一种占主导地位的思维方式，它可能会压制其他观点，并限制集体感知的准确性)”可知，第二段主要群体感知概念的潜在逻辑。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The key discovery was that when groups were encouraged to first write down their individual thoughts privately and then share and discuss them, the overall accuracy of their solutions was significantly higher than when they immediately started discussing without the initial private thought-phase. (关键的发现是，当小组被鼓励首先私下写下他们的个人想法，然后分享和讨论时，他们的解决方案的总体准确性明显高于他们在没有最初的私下想法阶段就立即开始讨论时。)”以及第四段“Most often, the groups reported that the initial private-thought phase allowed them to form more well-developed ideas, which they then refined through discussion.(大多数情况下，小组报告说，最初的私人思考阶段使他们形成了更完善的想法，然后他们通过讨论来完善这些想法)”可推知，陈博士的研究发现即使个人初始想法不完全正确，小组解决方案的准确性仍能提高。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In a subsequent study involving 200 students from different majors, the researchers aimed to dig deeper into what exactly happened during the discussion phase. Were students simply conforming to the most assertive voices? Or were they truly integrating diverse ideas?(在随后的一项涉及200名来自不同专业的学生的研究中，研究人员旨在更深入地挖掘讨论阶段到底发生了什么。学生们只是简单地遵从最自信的声音吗？或者他们真的融合了不同的想法？)可知，后续研究聚焦于讨论过程中的互动过程。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“they offer promising implications for educational settings and team-based problem-solving(它们为教育环境和团队解决问题提供了有希望的启示)”可知，作者认为陈博士的研究具有积极意义，持肯定态度。故选D。 2.心理学——“功能等同”（functional equivalence）理论 Suppose you’re preparing for a tennis match. Your mind wanders, envisioning every possible outcome. Do you picture yourself in control? Or does your imagination toy with the idea of failure? The answer matters because it could affect your confidence and, ultimately, how well you will perform in the upcoming match. Although people don’t take such moments spent in their imagination as seriously as they should, it can be just as vital as any physical practice, directly impacting your chances of success. This is especially the case in high-pressure situations where what’s happening inside your mind outweighs what’s happening outside. Your imagination shapes how you interpret the world around you and is capable of causing the same physiological (生理的) and emotional responses that are caused by external, real-life events. To take just one example, just as emotional pictures and sounds can cause the pupils to widen, so can emotional mental images in the mind. Another phenomenon highlighting the significance of the imagination is called functional equivalence, which refers to the way the brain doesn’t always distinguish between imagining an action and physically doing it. For instance, when athletes vividly imagine running a race or sinking a basket, their brain scans reveal that the same neural circuits (神经回路) are activated as if they were physically performing the task. Other research with athletes using functional MRI (磁共振成像) has shown that mental practice engages regions of the brain involved in controlling the body and also activates areas linked to focus, motivation and emotional regulation. The principle of functional equivalence extends beyond sports. In one study, pianists were asked to picture moving their fingers across the keys, hearing the tune, and seeing the sheet music. Astonishingly, the same motor areas in their brains lit up as when they actually played. Many studies like this have proved the connection between mental imagery and realworld performance. Whether you’re aiming to build confidence or prepare for a challenge, using your imagination with more intention could make all the difference. The key is to switch your mental channel to an image of capability, control and empowerment. 1．How does the author start the text? A．By giving a definition. B．By explaining an opinion. C．By presenting a context. D．By sharing an experience. 2．In which aspect is mental imagery the same as actual occurrences according to the text? A．Requiring body movements. B．Initiating visual stimulations. C．Affecting physical functions. D．Causing emotional responses. 3．In which case may functional equivalence occur? A．A learner conducts a discussion with a professor. B．A doctor envisions the procedure of an operation. C．A pianist videos finger movements for perfection. D．A speaker practices a deep breath before a speech. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Positive emotion brightens your life B．Mental imagery boosts your success C．Imagination enhances your creativity D．Physical practice unlocks your potential 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述心理意象（mental imagery）对现实表现的影响，介绍了“功能等同”（functional equivalence）理论，指出大脑在想象动作时与实际执行动作会激活相同的神经回路，强调有意运用想象力可提升自信和挑战准备效果。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Suppose you’re preparing for a tennis match. Your mind wanders, envisioning every possible outcome.(假设你正在准备一场网球比赛，你的思绪游离，想象着每一种可能的结果)”可知，作者通过设定一个具体情境（准备网球比赛时的心理活动）引入话题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Your imagination shapes how you interpret the world around you and is capable of causing the same physiological (生理的) and emotional responses that are caused by external, real-life events.(你的想象力塑造了你对周围世界的理解，并能引起与外部现实生活事件所引起的相同的生理和情感反应)”可知，心理意象与实际事件在“引起情绪反应”方面具有一致性。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Another phenomenon highlighting the significance of the imagination is called functional equivalence, which refers to the way the brain doesn’t always distinguish between imagining an action and physically doing it.(另一个突出想象力重要性的现象称为功能等同，指大脑并不总是能区分想象一个动作和实际执行它)”及“Other research with athletes using functional MRI (磁共振成像) has shown that mental practice engages regions of the brain involved in controlling the body and also activates areas linked to focus, motivation and emotional regulation. (其他对运动员使用功能性磁共振成像的研究表明，心理练习会激活大脑中控制身体的区域，也会激活与专注、动机和情绪调节相关的区域)”可推知，该理论适用于“想象某动作时大脑激活与实际执行相同神经回路” 的场景。B选项“医生设想手术流程”符合“想象动作（envisioning the procedure）”且未实际执行的情境，符合功能等同理论。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。文章开篇以准备网球比赛时的心理活动为例，引出想象力对实际表现有影响这一话题，接着阐述“功能等同”现象，即大脑对想象动作和实际动作的反应相似以及最后一段“Many studies like this have proved the connection between mental imagery and real - world performance. Whether you’re aiming to build confidence or prepare for a challenge, using your imagination with more intention could make all the difference.(许多这样的研究已经证明了心理意象和现实世界表现之间的联系。无论你是想要建立信心还是为挑战做准备，更有意图地运用你的想象力可能会产生很大的不同)”都表明了心理意象对成功有推动作用。  B选项“心理意象助推成功”最符合文章主旨，是合适的标题。故选 B。 3.心理学——自信源于自我接纳 Lee, a third grader at Parkside Elementary, harbored a secret passion that set him apart from his peers — an undying love for peas. He loved fresh peas, frozen peas, and canned peas. He loved peas mixed with other vegetables and peas all by themselves. While his friends Carl, Naveen, and Pete hated cafeteria vegetables, Lee secretly enjoyed every pea, though he hid this preference to avoid being teased. His family fully supported his unusual taste, with Friday night chicken-and-pea dinners and special visits to Carter’s Restaurant, home to what Lee declared “best-in-the-universe peas”. When Lee bit into them, they squished into a flavor explosion. As Lee’s birthday approached, his excitement about the annual Carter’s celebration turned to anxiety when his mother suggested inviting friends. “Ordering peas on purpose? They’ll think I’m strange,” Lee worried. His internal conflict peaked during the pre-birthday dinner when his father noticed his hesitation about peas, advising gently, “You should order whatever you want, birthday boy.” The celebration day arrived with Lee torn between authenticity and social acceptance. At Carter’s, as friends discussed ordering standard fries, Lee’s eyes lingered on the menu’s French-dip sandwich with pea sides — his perfect meal. When the server asked his order, he whispered “...with peas,” bracing for laughter. Instead, Carl requested applesauce, Naveen chose coleslaw, and Pete opted for sweet-potato fries. The anticipated teasing never came; his friends simply continued their menu discussions. The food arrived and everyone got their own unique favorite. Lee cleaned his pea plate contentedly, surrounded by friends enjoying their individual choices. Through this experience, Lee discovered two vital truths: First, his fear of judgment had been exaggerated — his friends neither noticed nor cared about his pea preference. Second, everyone had unique tastes, as shown by their unconventional side orders. This realization empowered Lee to enjoy his beloved peas openly, recognizing that confidence arose from self-acceptance rather than peer approval. 1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．The various functions of peas. B．Lee’s friend circle at school. C．Lee’s strong preference for peas. D．The popularity of Carter’s Restaurant. 2．Why did Lee initially hesitate to order peas at Carter’s? A．He fancied French fries for birthday. B．He feared being judged by his friends. C．The restaurant’s peas were overpriced. D．His family discouraged unusual food choices. 3．How did Lee’s friends respond to his pea order? A．They instantly criticized it. B．They requested the same dish. C．They accepted it without comment. D．They ignored his choice on purpose. 4．What message is conveyed in the passage? A．Healthy eating requires family support. B．Courage grows through self-acceptance. C．Birthday tradition strengthens friendship. D．Peer pressure shapes childhood fondness. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Lee对豌豆有着与众不同的热爱，他害怕因为这一独特爱好被朋友嘲笑，但在生日庆祝时鼓起勇气点了豌豆，结果发现朋友们并没有在意，他意识到自信源于自我接纳而非同伴的认可。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Lee, a third grader at Parkside Elementary, harbored a secret passion that set him apart from his peers — an undying love for peas.(Lee是Parkside小学的一名三年级学生，他有一种秘密的激情，使他与同龄人不同——他对豌豆有着永恒的热爱)”和第二段“While his friends Carl, Naveen, and Pete hated cafeteria vegetables, Lee secretly enjoyed every pea, though he hid this preference to avoid being teased.(当他的朋友Carl、Naveen和Pete讨厌食堂里的蔬菜时，Lee偷偷地喜欢每一颗豌豆，尽管他隐藏了这种偏好，以避免被嘲笑)”可知，前两段主要讲的是Lee对豌豆的强烈偏好。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段““Ordering peas on purpose? They’ll think I’m strange,” Lee worried.(“故意点豌豆？他们会觉得我很奇怪，”Lee担心)”可知，Lee一开始在卡特餐厅点豌豆时犹豫是因为他害怕被朋友们评判。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Instead, Carl requested applesauce, Naveen chose coleslaw, and Pete opted for sweet-potato fries. The anticipated teasing never came; his friends simply continued their menu discussions.(相反，Carl点了苹果酱，Naveen选了凉拌卷心菜，Pete选了红薯条。预期的嘲笑并没有到来；他的朋友们只是继续讨论菜单)”可知，Lee的朋友们对他点豌豆的反应是他们没有发表评论就接受了。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This realization empowered Lee to enjoy his beloved peas openly, recognizing that confidence arose from self-acceptance rather than peer approval.(这一认识让Lee能够公开地享受他喜爱的豌豆，他意识到自信源于自我接纳，而非同伴的认可)”可知，这篇文章传达的信息是勇气来自于自我接纳。故选B。 4.心理学——“明智干预”概念 In his book Ordinary Magic, Stanford psychologist Gregory Walton reveals how small, evidence-based techniques termed “wise interventions” can create far-reaching personal transformation. The concept originated from Walton’s teenage encounter with Stanford social psychologist Claude Steele’s work on “stereotype (刻板印象) threat”: Simply the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group could disturb them on a challenging test. But a simple reframing (重构) technique like calling a test “a puzzle” can break this cycle. “In tradition, ‘wise’ doesn’t mean good or effective — it’s more like street smarts paired with science,” Walton said. “It’s understanding that, for all of us, there are times in life when you walk into a situation that poses an uncomfortable question — a question that seeks to define you.” These questions often arise during important stages: A child beginning a new school or a college graduate starting his/her first job. Those moments can lead to questions like: “Do I belong here? ”,  “Can I do it?” “No one likes these doubts,” said Walton. Often we pay no attention to these thoughts or cry to push them away. But the sad truth is, left unaddressed, doubts like these can make themselves true. That’s what Steele’s stereotype threat did. People worried ‘If I do badly, will people judge my whole group?’. That made it harder to do well on a tough test.” “But we can get ‘wise’ to psychological questions,” Walton said. “We can develop ‘an ear’ for them and when we anticipate when they come up, we can learn to answer them well, both for others and for ourselves.” That effect can be significant. In one study, Walton found that a one-hour session addressing students’ worries about belonging during the change to college improved their lives 10 years later. “It needn’t be fancy. It might be as simple as an encouraging note from a teacher given at the right time,” Walton said. “This is ordinary magic,” said Walton. “Ordinary magic is vision that helps us see the good and competent persons we can become and how we can get there. They show us that failures don’t define us, that barriers are normal and that they need not stop us.” 1．What can a simple reframing technique do according to the text? A．Take the pressure away. B．Make people less confident. C．Remove positive thoughts. D．Get students more worried. 2．What is probably Walton’s suggestion about self-doubts? A．Pushing them away. B．Ignoring them. C．Dealing with them. D．Hiding them inside. 3．If the students were given belonging intervention, ________. A．they depended more on their teachers B．their lives were improved a decade later C．they became doubtful about themselves D．their academic scores were rather higher 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．The Principle of Ordinary Magic B．The Importance of Addressing Doubts C．The Effects of Stereotype Threat D．The Power of “Wise Interventions” 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福心理学家Gregory Walton在他的书Ordinary Magic中提出的“明智干预”概念，它能帮助人们在关键时刻突破心理障碍、负面刻板印象、自我怀疑和归属感焦虑，实现个人成长。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Simply the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group could disturb them on a challenging test. But a simple reframing (重构) technique like calling a test “a puzzle” can break this cycle.(仅仅是对证实关于自己群体的负面刻板印象的恐惧就可能在具有挑战性的测试中干扰他们。但像把测试称为“一个谜题”这样简单的重构技巧可以打破这种循环)”可知，简单的重构技巧可以打破循环，减轻压力。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Often we pay no attention to these thoughts or cry to push them away. But the sad truth is, left unaddressed, doubts like these can make themselves true.(我们常常不关注这些想法，或者努力把它们推开。但可悲的是，如果不加以处理，这样的怀疑会变成现实)”和第五段“But we can get ‘wise’ to psychological questions,” Walton said. “We can develop ‘an ear’ for them and when we anticipate when they come up, we can learn to answer them well, both for others and for ourselves.(“但我们可以对心理问题变得‘明智’，” 沃尔顿说。“我们可以培养对这些问题的‘敏锐感知’，当我们预见到这些问题出现时，我们可以学会为他人和自己很好地回答这些问题。”)”可知，对于自我怀疑，沃尔顿的建议是处理它们。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“In one study, Walton found that a one-hour session addressing students’ worries about belonging during the change to college improved their lives 10 years later.(在一项研究中，沃尔顿发现，在大学转变期间，针对学生对归属感的担忧进行一小时的干预，可以改善他们10年后的生活)”可知，如果学生们接受了归属感干预，他们10年后的生活会得到改善。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In his book Ordinary Magic, Stanford psychologist Gregory Walton reveals how small, evidence-based techniques termed ‘wise interventions’ can create far-reaching personal transformation.(在《Ordinary Magic》一书中，斯坦福大学心理学家格雷戈里·沃尔顿揭示了基于证据的小技巧——被称为‘明智干预’——如何能产生深远的个人转变)”可知，本文主要讲述了沃尔顿在《Ordinary Magic》一书中提出的“明智干预”的概念，以及这种干预如何通过简单的重构技巧来产生深远的个人转变，选项D“‘明智干预’的力量”适合作文章的标题。故选D。 三、社会生活 1.社会生活——“孤独”与“独处” It is William Shakespeare the great poet who is given credit for the word. Coriolanus, one of his characters compares going into exile (流放)to a “lonely dragon” retiring to his cave. He was talking about a physical state: someone who was lonely was simply alone. Then, thanks to the Romantic poets. the word took on emotional meanings. Loneliness became a condition of the soul. For William Wordsworth, who famously “wandered lonely as a cloud”, the natural world offered an escape from negative feelings of loneliness — a host of flowers could provide “cheerful company”. Today, loneliness is often seen as a serious public-health problem, creating the feeling of disconnection. In his book Solitude, Netta Weinstein a psychology professor wonders the rewards of time spent alone. He begins with an account of solitude created by figures such as Michel Montaigne, a writer, and Edward Hopper, a painter Netta then draw on laboratory work, interviews and surveys to clarify how being alone really affects the human mind It is common to treat loneliness and solitude as synonyms (同义词), but they are not. The author suggests that what is negatively described as one state can be positively expressed as the other. Loneliness, often perceived as a negative state, can potentially be transformed into a positive experience of solitude. To this end he emphasizes how being alone can help restore people and offers practical advice. In a noisy world, he argues, people should make time to be alone, away from attention-grabbing motives. The book’s interviewees mostly regard a lack of company as a contributor to autonomy. But this depends on whether solitude is desirable or not. Enforced solitude, such as that experienced by prisoners, typically leads to nothing but suffering. Elective solitude by contrast affords space for self-reflection. It can open the door to peak experiences” such as wonder, harmony, and happiness. In a highly-connected digital age, however many readers do not fancy their chances of ever taking a long enough break to have such experiences. 1．How does Paragraph 1 introduce the concept of loneliness? A．By tracing its development. B．By sharing a romantic story. C．By making a point to be argued. D．By analyzing causes and effects. 2．What does Netta Weinstein’s book Solitude focus on? A．The various terms of solitude. B．The societal impact of solitude. C．The long-standing history of solitude. D．The psychological benefits of solitude. 3．Netta describes the state of loneliness as . A．stressful B．essential C．unbearable D．changeable 4．What does Netta most probably agree with according to the last paragraph? A．Enforced solitude is a matter of choice. B．Enforced solitude contributes to autonomy. C．Elective solitude is rare in the digital world. D．Elective solitude interrupts peak experiences. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“孤独”与“独处”展开讨论，通过历史背景、书籍内容及受访者观点，分析两者区别并探讨独处的积极意义。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“It is William Shakespeare the great poet who is given credit for the word. Coriolanus, one of his characters compares going into exile (流放) to a “lonely dragon” retiring to his cave. He was talking about a physical state: someone who was lonely was simply alone. Then, thanks to the Romantic poets. the word took on emotional meanings. Loneliness became a condition of the soul. For William Wordsworth, who famously “wandered lonely as a cloud”, the natural world offered an escape from negative feelings of loneliness-a host of flowers could provide “cheerful company”. Today, loneliness is often seen as a serious public-health problem, creating the feeling of disconnection.(“孤独”一词的演变归功于伟大的诗人威廉・莎士比亚。在他的作品《科利奥兰纳斯》中，一个角色将流放比作一条“孤独的龙”退隐洞穴。此时，这个词描述的是一种物理状态：孤独的人仅仅是“孤身一人”。后来，得益于浪漫主义诗人，这个词有了情感层面的含义——孤独成为了一种灵魂的状态。以“像一朵云般孤独地漫游”闻名的威廉・华兹华斯认为，自然世界能让人从孤独的消极情绪中解脱：一片花海就能带来“愉悦的陪伴”。如今，孤独常被视为一个严重的公共健康问题，它会产生人与人之间的疏离感)”可知，第一段首先提到莎士比亚的作品中“孤独”的意象，接着说明莎士比亚当时是在描述一种物理状态，即孤独的人只是独自一人。然后提到浪漫主义诗人赋予了“孤独”情感上的意义，使其成为灵魂的一种状态。最后指出，在现代“孤独”通常被视为一个严重的公共卫生问题，造成一种与外界隔绝的感觉。因此，第一段是通过追溯“孤独”概念的发展来引入这一概念的。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In his book Solitude, Netta Weinstein a psychology professor wonders the rewards of time spent alone.(心理学教授Netta Weinstein在其著作《独处》中探讨了独处时光的益处)”以及第三段“To this end he emphasizes how being alone can help restore people and offers practical advice. In a noisy world, he argues, people should make time to be alone, away from attention-grabbing motives.(为此，他强调独处如何帮助人们恢复精力，并提供了实用建议。他认为，在喧嚣的世界里，人们应留出独处的时间，远离那些吸引注意力的纷扰)”可知，书中探讨了独处时光的益处，强调独处可帮助人们恢复精力并带来积极心理体验。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The author suggests that what is negatively described as one state can be positively expressed as the other. Loneliness, often perceived as a negative state, can potentially be transformed into a positive experience of solitude.(作者指出，被消极描述的一种状态，或许能以积极的方式表达为另一种状态——常被视为消极的“孤独”，有可能转化为“独处”的积极体验)”可知，Netta Weinstein认为孤独可以被转化为积极的心理体验，也就是说他强调了孤独的可转化性。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In a highly-connected digital age, however many readers do not fancy their chances of ever taking a long enough break to have such experiences.(然而，在高度互联的数字时代，许多读者并不认为自己有机会获得足够长的独处时间来拥有此类体验)”可推测，主动独处在数字世界中较为稀缺。故选C。 2.社会生活——提倡成为“灯塔父母” When my son was a little kid, he liked to run in our driveway until he fell. He would then turn to me to see if he was hurt. If my face showed worry, he would cry. If I maintained peace, he would brush himself off and get back to running. Learning that I could so powerfully influence his mental state was a revelation. One night while doing homework, my son told me about a classmate who had been unkind to him. My first instinct (本能) was to rush to fix it — email the parents, call the school, and demand action. But instead of reacting, I paused. “That sounds hard. What did you do?” “Dad, I decided not to hang out with him for a while,” my son replied. “I’m going to try playing soccer at lunch instead.” “That’s a great solution,” I said, and he went back to his homework. These otherwise ordinary parenting moments made me realize a truth: Sometimes, the best thing a parent can do is nothing at all. I’ve spent the past 30 years working in schools, and I’ve watched thousands of parents engage with educators and with their children. Too often, I watch parents over-functioning — depriving (剥夺) their kids of the confidence that comes from struggling, and tiring themselves in the process. We’re biologically wired to prevent our children’s suffering, and it can be painful to watch them struggle. A parent’s first instinct is often to remove barriers from their child’s path. This urge has led to pop-culture mythology (神话) around pushy parenting styles, including the “Helicopter Parent”, who flies in to rescue a child in crisis, and the “Snowplow Parent”, who flattens any barrier in their child’s way. A young person who grows accustomed to having a parent intervene on his behalf begins to believe that he’s not capable of acting on his own, feeding both anxiety and dependence. I want to make a case for the Lighthouse Parent. A Lighthouse Parent stands as a steady, reliable guide, providing safety and clarity without controlling every aspect of their child’s journey. Yes, parenting can be stressful. But when we trust our children to explore the world — with us as steady and supportive guides — we lighten our own load and help them grow healthily. 1．How did the author’s son react when he fell? A．He would always cry for his father. B．He would get up with his father’s help. C．He would rise quickly and continue running. D．It depended on his father’s facial expression. 2．What did the author’s son decide to do when a classmate was unkind to him? A．Face the classmate bravely. B．Tell the classmate’s parents. C．Avoid the classmate and play soccer. D．Ignore the issue and do his homework. 3．Why does the author mention his work experience in schools? A．To define a concept. B．To support his argument. C．To introduce a new topic. D．To provide the background. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Trusting Children Is of Importance B．Putting Pressure on Kids Is Necessary C．Lighthouse Parents Benefit Kids’ Growth D．Over-Functioning Parents Do Harm to Kids 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要论述了“直升机父母”和“铲雪机父母”现象，提倡成为“灯塔父母”。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“If my face showed worry, he would cry. If I maintained peace, he would brush himself off and get back to running. (要是我脸上露出担忧的神情，他就会哭起来。要是我能保持镇定，他就会拍拍身上的灰，接着跑。)”可知，作者的儿子摔倒时的反应取决于他父亲的面部表情。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段““Dad, I decided not to hang out with him for a while,” my son replied. “I’m going to try playing soccer at lunch instead.” (“爸爸，我决定暂时不跟他一起玩了，”儿子回答道，“我打算午饭时间去踢踢足球。”)”可知，儿子决定避开那个同学，去踢足球。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段“Sometimes, the best thing a parent can do is nothing at all. (有时候，父母能做的最好的事情就是什么都不做。)”和第七段“I’ve spent the past 30 years working in schools, and I’ve watched thousands of parents engage with educators and with their children. Too often, I watch parents over-functioning — depriving (剥夺) their kids of the confidence that comes from struggling, and tiring themselves in the process. (过去30年，我一直在学校工作，目睹了成千上万的家长与教育工作者以及他们自己的孩子互动。很多时候，我看到家长们过度干预——剥夺了孩子从奋斗中获得的自信，自己也在这个过程中疲惫不堪。)”可知，作者提到自己在学校工作三十年的经历是为了说明家长不要对孩子的成长进行过多的干预，以此支撑他的论点。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第三段“This urge has led to pop-culture mythology (神话) around pushy parenting styles, including the “Helicopter Parent”, who flies in to rescue a child in crisis, and the “Snowplow Parent”, who flattens any barrier in their child’s way. (这种冲动催生了流行文化中关于过度干预式育儿方式的种种“神话”，比如“直升机父母”，他们像直升机一样，在孩子遇到危机时迅速飞来救援；还有“扫雪机父母”，他们会扫除孩子前进道路上的一切障碍。)”和最后一段“I want to make a case for the Lighthouse Parent. A Lighthouse Parent stands as a steady, reliable guide, providing safety and clarity without controlling every aspect of their child’s journey. (我想为“灯塔式父母”正名。“灯塔式父母”就像一座稳定可靠的灯塔，为孩子提供安全和清晰的方向指引，但不会控制孩子人生旅程的每一个细节。)”可知，文章论述了“直升机父母”和“铲雪机父母”现象，提倡成为“灯塔父母”，对比说明了“灯塔父母”对孩子的成长是有益的，因此最好的题目是C选项“Lighthouse Parents Benefit Kids’ Growth (灯塔父母让孩子成长)”。故选C。 3.社会生活——如何有效改变他人观点 You’ve seen it happen: you present a fact — clear, undeniable — and instead of reconsidering their position, the other person doubles down. “I just don’t believe it,” they say. This confusing resistance isn’t just frustrating; it’s deeply human. Our brains are wired not merely to seek truth, but to defend identity. Welcome to the mind’s firewall — our internal system that protects beliefs from intruding (侵入的) evidence. And yet, understanding this firewall is the first step to disarming it, for ourselves and others. In Elizabeth Kolbert’s article “Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds,” she draws on studies in cognitive science to show that reasoning evolved not to find truth, but to win arguments. Our brains often favor “motivated reasoning” — seeking information that supports our views and discounting evidence that challenges them. This tendency, known as “confirmation bias (偏见)”, helps us maintain a consistent sense of self and stay in line with our social groups. This makes conversations less about learning and more about defending one’s territory. Think of your mind like a computer. Facts are like data packets trying to get through your firewall. But unless they meet certain criteria — emotional relevance, social safety, identity compatibility (兼容) — they’re blocked. The mind doesn’t simply take in raw information; it tries to make sense of it. Facts alone aren’t enough to truly connect or stick. This is especially true in emotionally charged fields like politics, health, or identity. When we feel threatened, the emotional brain overrides the rational (理智的) brain. What feels true outweighs what is true. If facts can’t get past the firewall, what can? As discussed in my book The Art of Change, it’s not about tearing down the firewall, but about finding alternative paths around it — narrative, emotion, and relationship. Next time you’re trying to change someone’s mind — or your own — remember: lead with connection, not argument. Start with shared experiences or values. Use stories, not just analytics. And stay open yourself. Try this: Think of a belief you hold strongly. Then write down three reasons someone might see it differently — not arguments, but genuinely thoughtful reasons. Doing this won’t make you weaker in your beliefs. It’ll make you wiser in your understanding. 1．What does the author think of the mind’s firewall? A．It is natural. B．It is confusing. C．It is beneficial. D．It is necessary. 2．Why do our brains favor “motivated reasoning”? A．It helps people seek truth. B．It allows people to defend identity. C．It makes people learn more about themselves. D．It enables people to overcome any challenges. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The scientific method for processing facts. B．The underlying logic of the mind’s firewall. C．The biological structure of the human brain. D．The conflict between emotional and rational brains. 4．What does the author suggest readers do to change others’ minds? A．Argue against their beliefs. B．Present a through analysis to them. C．Form an emotional bond with them. D．Train them to be more open-minded. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过引用研究数据和案例，探讨了人类认知偏见和文化接受度的现象，并提出了如何有效改变他人观点的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“This confusing resistance isn’t just frustrating; it’s deeply human.(这种令人困惑的阻力不仅令人沮丧；这是人性使然)”可知，作者认为mind’s firewall是人类大脑的自然机制，故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Our brains often favor ‘motivated reasoning’ — seeking information that supports our views and discounting evidence that challenges them. This tendency, known as ‘confirmation bias (偏见)’, helps us maintain a consistent sense of self and stay in line with our social groups.(我们的大脑通常倾向于‘有动机的推理’——寻找支持我们观点的信息，而忽略挑战我们观点的证据。这种倾向被称为‘确认偏见’，它帮助我们保持一致的自我意识，并与我们的社会群体保持一致)”可知，大脑偏爱motivated reasoning，以维护自我认同和社会归属感，故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。第三段“Think of your mind like a computer. Facts are like data packets trying to get through your firewall. But unless they meet certain criteria — emotional relevance, social safety, identity compatibility (兼容) — they’re blocked. The mind doesn’t simply take in raw information; it tries to make sense of it. Facts alone aren’t enough to truly connect or stick. This is especially true in emotionally charged fields like politics, health, or identity. When we feel threatened, the emotional brain overrides the rational (理智的) brain. What feels true outweighs what is true.(把你的大脑想象成一台电脑。事实就像试图通过防火墙的数据包。但除非他们符合某些标准——情感相关性、社会安全感、身份兼容性——否则他们就会被拒之门外。大脑并不是简单地接受原始信息；它试图让它有意义。事实本身并不足以真正建立联系。这在政治、健康或身份等情绪化的领域尤其如此。当我们感到威胁时，感性的大脑会压倒理性的大脑。感觉真实的东西比真实的东西重要)”通过比喻（防火墙）和科学分析（情感与理性的冲突），解释了为何大脑会排斥不符合自身信念的事实，即大脑防火墙的运作逻辑，故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Next time you’re trying to change someone’s mind — or your own — remember: lead with connection, not argument. Start with shared experiences or values. Use stories, not just analytics. And stay open yourself.(下次当你试图改变别人或你自己的想法时，记住：以联系为导向，而不是争论。从共同的经历或价值观开始。使用故事，而不仅仅是分析)”可知，此处提出“以联系为导向，而不是争论”，即以情感共鸣而非争论为主导，并建议“使用故事，而不仅仅是分析”，可见是要建立情感联系，故选C项。 4.社会生活——莎草纸卷轴揭示柏拉图临终时刻 A papyrus scroll (莎草纸卷轴) that was buried when Mount Vesuvius erupted nearly 2,000 years ago may have revealed how Plato, one of the fathers of western thought, spent his final hours. The Greek philosopher died in about 348 BC having been a student of Socrates, the teacher of Aristotle and the founder of the first university, the Academy at Athens. He is thought to have been 80 or 81 at the time of his death. The scroll carries a previously unknown account of how he spent his last evening listening to flute music played by a Thracian slave girl. It claims that he was unimpressed and criticized her sense of rhythm. According to Graziano Ranocchia, a professor at the University of Pisa who led the team that recovered it, the account shows that Plato was clear-headed until the end of his life, despite suffering from attacks of fever. “Until his very last hour, he was able to express an aesthetic (审美的) judgment.” he said. The scroll contains part of a history of the Academy by Philodemus, who lived in the first century BC． Until now, however, it had mostly been unreadable. The papyrus on which it is written was transformed into easily-broken black carbon when Vesuvius erupted in AD79, burying both Pompeii and the nearby Roman town of Herculaneum. The scroll was recovered from a house in Herculaneum, thought to have once been owned by the father-in-law of Julius Caesar. Its black ink had been impossible to make out from the burned papyrus to which it had been applied. Ranocchia and his colleagues managed to find out the meaning of the words on it using techniques including shortwave infrared hyper spectra (红外高光谱) imaging, which detected tiny differences in how light bounced off the ink. 1．What do we know about that scroll? A．It was written by Plato. B．It contains the story of Plato. C．It was ruined by volcanic ash. D．It consists of essays on aesthetics. 2．Which of the following events took place first? A．The birth of Plato. B．The eruption of Vesuvius. C．The death of Philodemus. D．The completion of the scroll. 3．Why was the scroll difficult to read? A．It was burned to carbon. B．The words on it were faded. C．It was written in old language. D．No technique could make out the words. 4．What can be the best title of this text? A．2000-year Old Scroll Unearthed B．More Cultural Relics Were Found C．Plato Will Be Remembered Forever D．Scroll Reveals Plato’s Final Thought 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍近2000年前的莎草纸卷轴揭示柏拉图临终时刻。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The scroll carries a previously unknown account of how he spent his last evening listening to flute music played by a Thracian slave girl. (卷轴记载了此前不为人知的他如何度过最后一晚的内容。)” 可知，卷轴包含关于柏拉图的故事。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Greek philosopher died in about 348 BC having been a student of Socrates, the teacher of Aristotle and the founder of the first university, the Academy at Athens. (这位希腊哲学家约于公元前348年逝世，他是苏格拉底的学生、亚里士多德的老师，也是雅典学院（世界上第一所大学）的创始人。)”可知，柏拉图出生时间肯定早于公元前348年；根据第五段中“The papyrus on which it is written was transformed into easily-broken black carbon when Vesuvius erupted in AD79, burying both Pompeii and the nearby Roman town of Herculaneum. (公元79年维苏威火山爆发时，书写莎草纸被变成了易碎的黑色碳，庞贝古城和附近的罗马城镇赫库兰尼姆都被掩埋。)”可知，维苏威火山爆发于公元79年；根据第五段中“The scroll contains part of a history of the Academy by Philodemus, who lived in the first century BC. (卷轴中包含了生活在公元前一世纪的费罗德穆斯所写的学院历史的一部分。）”可推断出费罗德穆斯死于公元前一世纪之后；根据第六段中“Its black ink had been impossible to make out from the burned papyrus to which it had been applied. (卷轴上的黑墨水已经无法从烧焦的莎草纸上辨认出来了。)”可知，卷轴完成时间肯定早于维苏威火山爆发（公元79年），否则不需要从烧焦的莎草纸上辨认。柏拉图的出生时间最早，维苏威火山爆发于公元79年，费罗德穆斯死于公元前一世纪之后，而卷轴完成时间早于维苏威火山爆发。四个事件中最早发生的是柏拉图的出生。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The papyrus on which it is written was transformed into easily-broken black carbon when Vesuvius erupted in AD79, burying both Pompeii and the nearby Roman town of Herculaneum. (公元79年维苏威火山爆发时，书写莎草纸被变成了易碎的黑色碳，庞贝古城和附近的罗马城镇赫库兰尼姆都被掩埋。)”可知，卷轴难以阅读是因为被烧成碳化物。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“A papyrus scroll (莎草纸卷轴) that was buried when Mount Vesuvius erupted nearly 2,000 years ago may have revealed how Plato, one of the fathers of western thought, spent his final hours. (近2000年前维苏威火山喷发时被掩埋的一卷莎草纸卷轴，可能揭示了西方哲学之父柏拉图的临终时刻。)”可知，全文围绕卷轴揭示柏拉图临终情景展开。“Scroll Reveals Plato’s Final Thought (卷轴揭示柏拉图的临终思绪)”。故选D。 5.社会生活——“文化杂食者”对文化创新的真实态度 Amir Goldberg discovered a funny thing about American culture on his way to researching the complex topic. Goldberg and his colleagues at Stanford and Yale universities analyzed millions of Yelp and Netflix reviews to reveal that people considered the most culturally adventurous are actually the most resistant to experiences perceived as “crossing the line.” That is, those described as “cultural omnivores (杂食动物)” — because they eat Thai for lunch, play bocce ball after work, and stream a French film that night — are the very ones opposed to mixing it up. No hummus on their hot dogs, forget about spaghetti Westerns, and do not mention Switched-On Bach. Those offerings are not considered culturally authentic. They are a hodgepodge (混杂物) to which these folks would likely wrinkle their collective noses. “We find these people hate the most atypical offerings,” says Goldberg. “They can pretend to be the most open, but it turns out they are not. By being multicultural, they are the most conservative and the most resistant to changes.” The findings are opposite to previous research, which viewed omnivorousness as synonymous with openness. Instead, Goldberg, along with Michael T. Hannan, professor emeritus of organizational behavior at Stanford GSB and Balazs Kovacs of Yale University, write in their paper that “a taste for variety decreases one’s receptivity to cultural innovation.” But as the team’s research points out, there is a subset of consumers who are open to change. “For cultural novelty to have an impact and occasionally drive change, some agents must be tolerant to breaking traditional boundaries,” he says. The trick is to find and develop them, as Steve Jobs did with the iPhone. Goldberg notes that when the iPhone was first introduced, it confused the public. What is it? A phone? A computer? Many saw the product and dismissed it, deciding phones are for personal communication and computers are for the office. The professor notes that it was Jobs and his loyal followers who changed minds, changed habits, and ultimately changed the global culture. 1．What do we know about “cultural omnivores”? A．They are unwilling to change. B．They are adventurous customers. C．They prioritize American culture. D．They hate culturally authentic offerings. 2．What does the underlined phrase “synonymous with” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Heavily dependent on. B．Greatly superior to. C．Closely connected with. D．Completely contrary to. 3．What does Goldberg think of the iPhone? A．Confusing. B．Pioneering. C．Convenient. D．Effective. 4．What is the key to overcoming cultural resistance according to the text? A．Educating the public. B．Setting traditional boundaries. C．Developing innovative products. D．Making use of the open-minded. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章基于Amir Goldberg的研究，探讨了“文化杂食者”对文化创新的真实态度。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“That is, those described as “cultural omnivores (杂食动物)” — because they eat Thai for lunch, play bocce ball after work, and stream a French film that night — are the very ones opposed to mixing it up. (也就是说，那些被称为“文化杂食者”的人——因为他们午餐吃泰国菜，下班后玩地掷球，晚上看法国电影——恰恰是反对混合的人。)”以及第三段“By being multicultural, they are the most conservative and the most resistant to changes.(由于文化多元，他们是最保守、最抗拒变化的。)”可知，文化杂食者恰恰最反对文化混合，也是最保守和不愿意改变的，故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据划线词前半句“The findings are opposite to previous research, (这一发现与之前的研究结果相反，)”以及后文的研究结果“a taste for variety decreases one’s receptivity to cultural innovation(对多样性的偏好会降低一个人对文化创新的接受能力)”可知， Goldberg 的研究发现与之前的研究结果截然相反，之前的研究认为杂食性（omnivorousness）和开放性是synonymous with关系，而现在研究表明并非如此，所以synonymous with应是“紧密相连”的意思。故选C。 3．推理判断题。最后一段“The trick is to find and develop them, as Steve Jobs did with the iPhone. Goldberg notes that when the iPhone was first introduced, it confused the public. What is it? A phone? A computer? Many saw the product and dismissed it, deciding phones are for personal communication and computers are for the office. The professor notes that it was Jobs and his loyal followers who changed minds, changed habits, and ultimately changed the global culture.(关键在于找到并开发它们，就像史蒂夫•乔布斯开发iPhone一样。戈德堡指出，当iPhone首次推出时，它让公众感到困惑。这是什么？一个电话吗?电脑吗?许多人看到这款产品后都不以为然，认为手机是用于个人交流的，电脑是用于办公室的。这位教授指出，是乔布斯和他的忠实追随者改变了思想、习惯，并最终改变了全球文化。)”可知，Goldberg以iPhone为例子进行说明，提到iPhone最初被公众质疑，但乔布斯及其追随者最终改变了全球文化，从而推断，Goldberg认为它是开创性的，故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段““For cultural novelty to have an impact and occasionally drive change, some agents must be tolerant to breaking traditional boundaries,” he says. (他说：“为了让文化新奇产生影响，偶尔推动变革，一些代理人必须容忍打破传统界限。”)”以及最后一段“The trick is to find and develop them, as Steve Jobs did with the iPhone. (关键在于找到并开发它们，就像史蒂夫•乔布斯开发iPhone一样。)” 以及最后一段乔布斯和其追随者改变文化的例子可知，克服文化抵制的关键是利用那些思想开放的人。故选D项。 四、太空宇宙——爱因斯坦环 Scientists say Europe’s Euclid space telescope has discovered a bright ring of light circling a nearby galaxy. The observed light is known as an Einstein ring. The Einstein ring was discovered in a well-studied galaxy called NGC 6505, about 590 million light-years from Earth. Astronomers have long known about the galaxy. So they were surprised that the bright ring had not been identified before. Einstein rings are rare. They form when light from a distant galaxy is bent by the gravitational pull of a closer, massive galaxy, creating the illusion of a circular ring around the nearer galaxy. The Einstein ring gets its name from physicist Albert Einstein, who, predicted that light would bend around extremely massive objects in space. This is called, “gravitational lensing (引力透镜效应).” Gravitational lenses permit telescopes like Euclid to observe more distant and less-bright objects. In the latest project, researchers from Germany used data from Euclid to create a computer model to discover the Einstein ring. Euclid, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 2023 for a six-year mission to study dark matter and dark energy. During Euclid’s early testing phase, team member Bruno Altieri first noticed signs of the Einstein ring. Later observations confirmed a nearly perfect ring, which was particularly exciting for researchers specializing in gravitational lensing. Lead study author Conor O’Riordan emphasized the significance of this discovery. Strong gravitational lenses like this are rare and incredibly useful scientifically. Since this Einstein ring is relatively close to Earth and well-positioned, it offers a unique opportunity for study. Using advanced modeling techniques, researchers analyzed the light from the ring and even examined raw telescope data for deeper insights. O’Riordan said the team’s modeling operations were just the first step in studying the newly discovered Einstein ring. He said the group plans to use the ring to also study “dark matter substructures” within the lensing galaxy. O’Riordan predicted, “Euclid is going to revolutionize the field, with all this data we’ve never had before.” 1．What surprised astronomers about the Einstein ring in NGC 6505? A．It was the first Einstein ring ever found. B．It appeared in a newly discovered galaxy. C．It had gone unnoticed in a well-studied galaxy. D．It was much closer to Earth than other Einstein rings. 2．What is the main purpose of the Euclid space telescope’s six-year mission? A．To study the formation of galaxies. B．To explore dark matter and dark energy. C．To search for new Einstein rings in the universe. D．To observe the gravitational effects of massive objects. 3．What’s a future research goal using the Einstein ring? A．Identifying new types of gravitational lenses. B．Measuring the exact distance between galaxies. C．Examining dark matter substructures in the lensing galaxy. D．Developing improved computer models for space observation 4．Which could be the most suitable title? A．Dark Matter Study Advances. B．New Galaxy Found Near Earth. C．Einstein’s Theory Proven Again. D．Euclid Detects Rare Einstein Ring. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了欧洲的欧几里得太空望远镜在距离地球约 5.9 亿光年的星系 NGC 6505 中发现了一个罕见的爱因斯坦环。文章介绍了爱因斯坦环形成的原理，发现的过程以及其对于研究暗物质等方面的意义和未来研究目标。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Einstein ring was discovered in a well-studied galaxy called NGC 6505, about 590 million light-years from Earth. Astronomers have long known about the galaxy. So they were surprised that the bright ring had not been identified before.(爱因斯坦环是在一个被充分研究的星系NGC 6505中发现的，它距离地球大约5.9亿光年。天文学家早就知道这个星系。所以他们很惊讶这个明亮的环之前没有被发现过)” 可知，天文学家惊讶于这个爱因斯坦环在一个被充分研究的星系中一直未被注意到。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Euclid, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 2023 for a six - year mission to study dark matter and dark energy.(由欧洲航天局（ESA）操作的欧几里得太空望远镜于 2023 年发射，进行为期六年的任务，以研究暗物质和暗能量)” 可知，欧几里得太空望远镜六年任务的主要目的是探索暗物质和暗能量。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“He said the group plans to use the ring to also study “dark matter substructures” within the lensing galaxy.(他说该团队计划利用这个环来研究透镜星系内的“暗物质子结构”)” 可知，利用这个爱因斯坦环未来的一个研究目标是研究透镜星系内的暗物质子结构。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了欧洲的欧几里得太空望远镜在距离地球约 5.9 亿光年的星系 NGC 6505 中发现了一个罕见的爱因斯坦环，介绍了爱因斯坦环形成的原理，发现的过程以及其对于研究暗物质等方面的意义和未来研究目标。所以短文的最佳标题为“欧几里得探测到罕见的爱因斯坦环”。故选D。 $$