考点清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 -2024-2025学年高一下学期期末考点大串讲（沪外版2020必修三）

2024-2025学年高一下学期期末考点大串讲（沪外版2020） 专题02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 沪外版必修三 Unit 1 Road to Success 【单元语法】 1.分词做补语； 1) 现在分词做宾语补足语； 2）过去分词做宾语补足语； 【现在分词作补足语】 能接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词不多，主要有以下两类： 1. feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 等表示感官或感觉的动词。如： I can hear someone knocking. 我听见有人敲门。 She felt anger arising in her heart. 她感到心中涌起股怒气。 Listen to the birds singing. 听那些鸟儿歌唱。 Just look at the rain pouring down. 瞧雨这样倾盆地下。 She noticed the man looking at her a couple of times. 她注意到那个男人朝她看了好几次。 2. catch, discover, find, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等常用动词。 如： She caught me smoking again. 她又抓住我抽烟了。 He discovered her sitting near the fire, reading a book. 他发现她坐在炉火边看书。 I found him lying on the floor. 我发现他躺在地板上。 Do you think you can get the radio working? 你觉得能把收音机弄好吗? He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。 Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. 别让她站在雨里等候。 【过去分词作补足语】 作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语之间的关系 1. 及物动词(短语)的过去分词用作宾语补足语时, 宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语, 宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。 2. 少数不及物动词如 go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时, 仅表示动作完成。 3. 使役动词get, have, make, keep, leave等后, 可用过去分词做宾语补足语, 表： “致使某人或某事被…” We should keep them informed of what is going on here. Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s. 表示“意欲; 命令”的动词如: like, order, want, wish, 相当于过去分词短语前省略了to be, 表示“希望/要求某人或某事被做”。 I wish these letters (to be) typed as soon as possible. The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 沪外版必修三 Unit 2 Art and Artists 【单元语法】 非谓语之动词不定式 1. 构成 一般式 to do /被动 to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done /被动 to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1. To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 2. She was the first woman to be elected such a post. 3. I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 4. It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 5. It happened to be raining when I got there. 【经典题例】 1.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ___________ (break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. 2. When mother entered the room last night, I pretended ___________ (work) on the computer. 3.Energy drinks are not allowed _________ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. 4. It seemed a pity for me ____________ ( waste) so much time. 5. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows what ______ (do) with it. 注意①seem; appear; be said; be supposed; be believed; be thought; be known; be reported等动词常用于上面句型。 注意②expect / hope /intend/ mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。 也可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达“原打算、原以为”之意思。如： I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你，但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨晚能在这里见到他。 I had hoped to meet him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up. 我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。 2．用法 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. （主语） He managed to solve the complicated problem. （宾语） I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. （形式宾语） His wish is to become an astronaut. （表语） On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. （定语） She raised her voice to be heard well. （状语） The teacher encouraged the students to take active part in some outdoor activities. （补语） (ask/tell/order/advise sb. to do sth.) (make/have/let sb do sth ) (feel/see/sb do sth.) ★必背：用作独立成分的不定式有： to tell you the truth 说老实话; to be frank 坦率地说; to begin with 首先; to be brief 简言之; to make things worse 更糟的是; to be exact 精确地说; to say nothing of 姑且不说; to conclude 总而言之; to be sure 诚然; to do him justice 说句公道话; so to speak 可以这么说 ★必背：常见带to的动词: afford担得起 want想要 aim目标是 appear好像 claim宣称 decide决定 desire渴求 determine决心 fail不能 happen碰巧 hesitate犹豫 agree同意 intend打算 choose选择 prefer 宁愿 expect期待 manage设法 offer主动愿意 pretend假装 promise答应 attempt尝试 refuse拒绝 seek寻求 plan 计划 本单元重点学习不定式作宾补、定语、状语 1. 做宾语补足语（动词+宾语+ to do） 不定式作宾语补足语，通常只放在某些特地的谓语动词后面，其基本结构是“动词+宾语+ to do” 2. 做定语（名词+ to do） 做定语则修饰的是名词，且放在被修饰名词后面。 3. 作状语 不定式最主要的状语功能就是表示目的，还可以表示结果、条件以及原因。 （1）目的状语 to do 结构可放在句末，来表示句中某个动作的目的，即为目的状语从句。 若要强调目的状语，可以把 to do 提置句首。 To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing. 为了不被批评，那只好什么也不做，什么也不说，最后就什么也不是。 不定式充当目的状语时，否定形式要用 in order not to 或 so as not to，而不能单独用 not to。 We’d better start early, in order not to miss the train. 而不能说 We’d better start early, not to miss the train. （2）结果状语 We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. 我们匆匆忙忙赶到火车站，结果却发现火车刚刚出站。 句型1：. so +形容词+as to do/ such as to do Her story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy. = Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy. 她的经历如此悲惨，以至于引起了我们的同情。 句型2： 形容词+enough to do He is old enough to go to school.他年纪足够大去学校了。 句型3：. too...to do 结构 a. 肯定形式，否定意思。表示“太....而不能” If they did fall, they are too light to hurt my feet. 即使它们掉下来也不会伤者我的脚的，因为它们很轻。 b. 肯定形式，肯定意思 (1) too 后面接特殊形容词，如 ready（乐意的）、anxious（热心的），eager（热切的）， willing（愿意 的），此时句型表示肯定意思 I’m just too eager to help you.我非常乐意帮助你。 (2) 当 too 前面有 only, all, but, really 修饰时，该结构表示肯定意思。 I’m only too pleased to help you.我非常乐意帮助你。 (3) 否定句 双重否定两种形式： A. not too...to do 表示“不很...所以能够”； We are never too old learn.活到老，学到老。 B. too....not to do 表示“很...所以不会不” He is too smart not to see your point.他很聪明，不会不明白你的意思。 （3）条件状语 当不定式表示条件时，句子的位于通常含有助动词， 如：will, would, shall,should, must,can,could 等。 The father will be proud for his son to win the gold medal. = The father will be proud if his son wins the gold medal. 如果他儿子能拿金牌，这位父亲将非常自豪。 沪外版必修三 Unit 3 Healthy Lifestyle 【单元语法】 省略 为了避免重复，将句子中的一个或几个成分省去，这种语法现象叫省略。省略是避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法手段。英语中的省略有下列几种情况。 一、简单句的省略 1．祈使句的省略。在祈使句中，通常省略主语you。 Open the window. 请(你)打开窗户。 2．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。 (Is there)Anything else? (还有)其他东西吗？ 3．疑问句的答语省略。为避免重复而省略疑问句的答语，这也是常见的一种句式省略。 —Are you a student? ——你是一名学生吗？ —Yes，I am(a student)． ——是的，我是(一名学生)。 4．感叹句的省略。目的是突出感叹的部分。 What a beautiful girl(she is)! (她是)多么漂亮的女孩呀！ 二、比较结构的省略 在“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构中和由than和as引导的比较句式中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略。 The sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be)． (你做得)越快(结果就会)越好。 He is cleverer than any other boy (is)． 他比其他男孩聪明。 三、并列句中的省略 在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。 My father is a lawyer and my mother (is) a teacher. 我爸爸是律师，我妈妈是教师。 She came into the room and (she) turned on the computer. 她进了房间，打开了电脑。 The news made me angry，but (the news made) John happy. 这条消息使我生气，但却让约翰高兴。 四、主从复合句中的省略 1．宾语从句中，连词that常省略，但当有多个并列宾语从句时，只能省略第一个that。 I know(that)she is a teacher and that she is an excellent writer. 我知道她是一名教师，也是一位优秀的作家。 2．表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句的谓语含有be动词，且从句的主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it时，常把从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。 If so(＝If it is so)，you must go back and get it. 如果是这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。 Look out for cars when crossing the street (＝when you are crossing the street)． 穿过街道时要当心车辆。 3．定语从句中的省略。若引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作宾语，该关系代词一般可省略。 The car(which/that)his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen. 他父亲送给他的作为生日礼物的那辆汽车被盗了。 五、不定式的省略 1．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不省略to。 The book is intended to be read and not (to) be torn. 这本书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。 The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是要让生活更轻松自在，而不是让生活更困难。 2．某些使役动词如make，let，have等，和感官动词如see, watch，notice，observe等，后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。 My mother wouldn't let me go to see the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。 He was noticed to leave the office. 有人注意到他离开了办公室。 3．不定式to后面的内容也可承前省略，此时所省略的成分相当于do so，但一定要有上下文语境。但倘若承前省略的不定式含有作助动词用的have，be的任何形式，to后要保留原形have或be。 —Would you like to study English with me? ——你愿意和我一起学英语吗？ —Yes. I'd like to (study English with you)． ——是的，我愿意(和你一起学英语)。 She has succeeded in the final examination，but in fact, she ought to have(succeeded in the final examination)． 她在期末考试中取得了成功，而实际上，她本就该获得成功。 4．介词but，except(除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。 All he could do was nothing but wait and see. 他所能做的只有等着看看(情况)。 六、虚拟语气中的省略 1．虚拟条件句常省略if，而将were，had，should提前，构成部分倒装。 Had you come here yesterday，you would have met her. ＝If you had come here yesterday，you would have met her. 如果你昨天来这儿的话，你就会见到她了。 2．动词advise，suggest(建议)，propose，demand，insist(坚持要求)，require，command，recommend，order等后的宾语从句及It is...that...主语从句中常省略表虚拟语气的should。 We insisted that they (should) go with us. 我们坚持要求他们和我们一起走。 It is necessary that we (should) learn more words by heart. 我们有必要多记一些单词。 It is suggested that we (should) go to see the film. 有人建议我们去看这部电影。 七、介词的省略 1．在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的介词常被省略，而只保留后面的动名词：spend time/money (in) doing sth.; have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.。 She spends half an hour (in) doing some reading every day. 她每天花半小时读书。 I have some trouble (in) learning English. 我学英语有困难。 What prevented him (from) going? 什么事阻止了他去？ 2．表示时间的介词at，on和in用在next，last，this, each，these，yesterday，every，tomorrow等词之前，一般可省略。 We have a final exam (in) every term. 每学期我们都举行一次期末考试。 be busy (in)doing 忙于做 occupy oneself (in) doing 从事于… employ oneself (in) doing 从事于 pass (in) doing 花…做… have a hard time (in) doing 做…很难 prevent… (from) doing 阻止…做 have difficulty (in) doing 做…有困难 spend… (in) doing 花…做… have fun (in) doing 做…开心 stop… (from) doing 阻止…做 have trouble (in) doing 做…有麻烦 take …(in) doing 带…去做… lose no time (in) doing 不失时机做 waste… (in) doing 做…浪费 八、使用so，not等的省略 英语中，可以使用so，not或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can I put my bike here? ——我可以把自行车放在这儿吗？ —You'd better not. ——你最好不要。 —Do you think our team will win? ——你认为我们队会赢吗？ —I think so. ——我认为会。 单元语法小结及课堂练习：省略 1. 学习省略句，掌握其特点 2. 学会使用省略句使自己的语言表达更生动，且能够解答与这一语法相关的习题。 【认知讲解】 If possible, discuss what kind of first aid you should give in these situations. Turn white when pressed. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. ● 对比分析 第一个句子，if后面省略了it is，第二个句子中的when后面省略了they are，而they指的是前面的burns。第三个句子if后省略了it is。 【重、难点】 为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常省去某些成分，这在英语中叫作省略。 省略可出现在简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中，省略部分可以是主语、谓语、表语、状语、定语等。 1. 并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。 This cell phone works well，but that one doesn’t(work well). 这个手机工作正常，但那个就不行。 There are many people in the room, some of them are reading, some chatting and others just sitting there doing nothing. 房间里有许多人，有的在读书，有的在闲聊，还有的坐在那里无所事事。 【考题链接】 One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________. A. the other is white B. another white C. the other white D. another is white 答案：C 解析：这里的省略是承前省略。完整的句子为the other side of the board should be painted white。 2. 在when，while，if，as if，though（或although），as，until，once，whether，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。 When (water is) pure，water is a colorless liquid. 水在纯净时，是无色的液体。 When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to her for help. 我有困难时总是找她帮忙。 Errors，if any，should be corrected. 如果有什么错误，就应当改正。(if后省略了there are) Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning. 木头燃烧时，放出很多烟。 The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for. 这封信留在这里待领。 Henry walked around as if (he were) looking for something. 亨利四处走动，似乎在寻找什么。 She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak. 她虽然体弱，但学习仍十分努力。 【考题链接】 1）The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if __ regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 答案：C 解析：原句部分可变形为if proper amounts of exercise are carried out 句意：这个实验表明，如果运动量有规律地进行的话，合理的运动量可以促进我们的健康。 2）The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ______ accompanied by an adult. A. once B. when C. if D. unless 答案：D 解析：句意为“校规规定：除非有成年人陪同，否则孩子们在校期间不能出学校。”表示“除非”的意思时用unless。该句式构成了“连词＋过去分词”结构，相当于一个状语从句“unless they are accompanied by an adult”。 3. 当见到“when（或if where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast as，than等）＋possible／necessary”等时，可理解为中间省略了it is（或was）。 I will be back as soon as possible. 我会尽可能快的回来。 When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something. 必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。 4. 有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。 It seems／appears (that)Joe is out，not Jack. 外出的似乎是乔，不是杰克。 It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party. 我很荣幸地被邀请参加你的生日聚会。 It’s a pity (that) you can’t operate a computer. 很遗憾，你不会操作计算机。 It is the third time (that) I have come to China. 这是我第三次来中国。 5. 在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。[来源:学科网] That is the book (that) we talked about last week. 那就是我们上周讨论的那本书。 【考题链接】 Do you still remember the chicken farm ______ we visited three months ago? A. where B. when C. / D. what 答案：C 解析：visit为及物动词，所以引导定语从句的应该为关系代词that或which，且可以省略。 6. 在direction（方向），way（方式），distance（距离），time（时间），times（倍数）等词后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which。 The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed. 我们可以改变移动物体的方向。 The distance (which／that) light travels in one second is 300, 000 kilometers. 光每秒走的距离是30万公里。 【考题链接】 The way he did it was different from what we were used to.[来源:Z_xx_k.Com] A. in that B. in what C. / D. with which 答案：C 解析：此题解题的关键在于牢记way后面的定语从句的引导词有三种形式：that, in which或者省略，什么也不用。 7. 命令句、感叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中的省略最为常见。 Open the door! 开门!！ Why not? 为什么不？ Why so? 为什么这样？ What a lovely day! 天气真不错！ 8. 用so、not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子，是高考的常考项目。 —Can Emily do this work? 埃米莉能做这份工作吗? —I think so. 我想她能。 —I think not (或I don’t think so). 我想她不能。 —Did you know anything about it? 你以前知道这件事吗? —Not until you told me. 你告诉了我，我才知道。 He has gone. No one knows where (he has gone). 他走了。谁也不知道他去什么地方了。 Jenny knows what (is to be done)! 詹妮知道该怎么做! 【考题链接】 1）—Everybody is going to climb the mountain. Can I go too, mom? —______ Wait till you are old enough, dear. A. Will you? B. Why not? C. I hope so. D. I’m afraid not. 答案：D 解析：Will you用于请求对方的同意，Why not意为“为什么不去做……”用于向别人提建议，I hope so意为“我也希望是这样”，I am afraid not意为“恐怕不行”，根据句意选择D项。 句意：—每个人都要去爬山。我也能去吗，妈妈？ —恐怕不行，亲爱的，等你再长大些吧。 2）—What’s the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs. —______. It must be the window-cleaner working, next door. A. I’m not sure B. I hope not C. I’d rather not D. I don’t think so 答案：D 解析：A项意思是：我不确信；B项意思是：我希望不会；C项意思是：我宁愿不；D项意思是：我认为不会。根据应答句后面分句的意思可知所填部分表示对前一人的观点的否定，故选D项。 9. 用to表示前述动词(包括谓语或非谓语动词)及其短语。这些动词有：expect，want，hope，like，mean，refuse等。 Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter，but she refused to (reconsider the matter). 有些人建议她重新考虑此事，但是她拒绝了。 Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to (play). 当这个男孩想玩电子游戏时，没有什么可以阻止他玩。 【考题链接】 1）—You should apologize to her, Barry. —______, but it’s not going to be easy. A. I suppose so B. I feel so C. I prefer to D. I like to 答案：A 解析：I feel so，英语中没有B项这样的应答搭配。suppose在这里意为“应当”，整句话的意思是“我是应当向她道歉，但是这不会这么容易”，选B的话 就变成“我感觉应当向他道歉”，C意为“我宁愿向他道歉”，说不通，和上文相矛盾，D意为“我喜欢去向她道歉”，这样虽然勉强中文说得通，但是就不是地道的英语。选择是选择最佳答案，因此这里的最佳选择A项。 10. 在某些动词（如find，consider，prove等）后含有宾语补足语或主语补足语的复合结构中省略to be或being的情况。 They found the answer (to be) correct. 他们发现答案是正确的。 This conclusion proved (to be) correct. 这个结论证明是正确的。 11. 在某些使役动词（如let, make, have等）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中则不能省去to。 I saw the boy fall from the tree. 我看到那个男孩从树上掉下来。 注意：该句子变为被动语态就应该是：The boy was seen to fall from the tree. 【考题链接】 I saw Mary _______ the house. A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go into C. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into 答案：A 解析：题目所说看到的是动作的全过程，所以要用动词不定式，而在感官动词see后面要省略to。 12. 介词but前若有实义动词do时，后面的不定式不带to。 The boy did nothing but play the whole morning. 整个上午，那个男孩除了玩什么也没干。 【考题链接】 Paul does nothing but _____ all day long. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 答案：A 解析：句子中含有实义动词do，所以but后面要省略to。 13. 引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。 My idea is (that) we can get more people to help in the work. 我的想法是让更多的人来帮忙。 14. 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。但是，如果两个宾语从句由and连接，第二个从句的引导词that就不能省略。 I hope (that) everything is all right around you. 我希望你一切都好。 Having checked (that) all the doors were shut and that all the lights were off, he went to bed. 检查过所有的门都关了，所有的灯都灭了，他去睡觉了。 【考题链接】 Having checked the doors were closed, and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. A. / B. that C. when D. where 答案：B 解析：两个宾语从句由and连接，第二个宾语从句的引导词that不能省略，所以答案为B项。 15. 注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。 We had a lot of trouble (in) finding the way home on the snowy night. 在那个雪夜，我们费了好大的劲才找到回家的路。 Many adolescence spend their spare time (in) playing computer games. 许多青少年把空闲的时间都花在玩电脑游戏上了。 As the final exam is approaching, the students are busy (in) preparing for it. 由于期末考试临近了，学生们都忙于为之做准备。 There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more. 向她解释这件事是无用的。 He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as yesterday. 他在用昨天用过的方法做实验。 【考题链接】 You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ______ home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking 答案：D 解析：这里考查have difficulty in doing这一结构，介词in常省略。 沪外版必修三 Unit 4 Life and Technology 【单元语法】 1. 情态动词的完成时； 2. 情态动词的特殊用法。 情态动词+have done用法： must have done “过去一定发生了/做了某事”，表示对过去事情肯定推测，只用于肯定句中。 It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为路很泥泞。 can/can’t have done “过去可能发生了(做了)某事/过去不可能发生了（做了）某事”，表示对过去疑问和否定的推测，用于疑问句和否定句中。 There is nowhere to find Tom. Where can he have gone? He can’t have gone to Beijing ,for I saw him just now. 到处都找不到汤姆，他可能去哪里呢？他不可能去北京，我刚刚还见他来。 couldn’t have done “过去不可能做过某事” 1）表示对过去事情的否定推测 We couldn’t have heard them because of the noise from the river.由于河水的声音我们当时不可能听到他们的谈话。 用于虚拟语气 If it hadn’t been for your help,I couldn’t have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助，我也不可能成功。 could have done “过去本来能做某事而实际上没做”（表虚拟） Tom could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.汤姆本来能通过考试，但他太粗心了。 5. may/might have done “过去可能/也许做了某事”表示对过去发生过的事情的推测，用might 可能性更小。 It is too late .I think Tom may /might have gone to bed. 太晚了，我想汤姆或许已经睡了。 6. may not /might not have done “过去可能/也许没做过某事”表示对过去发生过的事情推测，用might 可能性更小。 may not have finished his homework. 汤姆可能完成了他的作业。 They might not have regarded me as their friends. 他们可能没把我当朋友看待。 7. should/ought to have done “过去本应该做某事而实际上没做” You are too lazy . You should/ought to have finished the work yesterday. 你太懒了，你昨天本应该完成那项工作。 8. shouldn’t /oughtn’t have done “过去本不应该做某事而实际上却做了” You shouldn’t/oughtn’t have told her the truth. 你本不该告诉她真相。 9. needn’t have done “过去本来不必做某事但却做了” You needn’t have taken a taxi here 。你本来不必打车来这里。 总结如下表： must have done “想必、一定、一定做作了某事”，只用于肯定句。表示对过去所做事情的肯定推测。 can/could have done 表示对过去情况的推测，常用于否定句和疑问句。也可用于虚拟语气，表示过去本来可以做某事但没做。 should/ought  to have done 表示过去应该做某事却没做，其否定式shouldn't/oughtn't have done 表示过去不该做某事却做了。 needn't have done 表示过去不必做某事实际却做了。 may/might have done "也许/或许已经...";“might have done ”还可表示“本来可能......但实际上没发生”的意思。 had better  done "当时最好做某事“，表示事后的建议，含有轻微责备的意思；其否定式 “ had better not have done ”表示相反的意义。 would rather have done 表示"当时宁愿做了某事”；其否定式"would rather not have done "表示相反的意义。 would like / love to have done 表示“过去愿意做某事但未做成”。 情态动词的特殊用法 1. can’t but do sth 表示“不得不/只好做某事” I can’t but tell you the truth.我不得不告诉你真相。 注意：表示“不得不/只好做某事”的句式： can’t help but do can’t choose but do can do nothing but do 2. can’t help doing sth 情不自禁做某事 Hearing the sad story ,he can’t help crying. 听完那个悲伤的故事，他禁不住哭了起来。 3. may as well do sth 最好/倒不如做某事 You may as well finish your work now. 你最好现在就完成你的工作。 4. may well do sth 相当于be likely to do sth “很可能做某事” Tickets are likely to be expensive. 入场券可能很贵。 5. can not /can never +be +adj enough, can not /can never +be +too adj “再...也不过分”或“越..越好” You can never be too careful while crossing the road. You can never be careful enough while crossing the road.过马路的时候，你越细心越好。 6. may 用于祈使句，表示祝愿 May you succeed！祝你成功！ 7. must 表示“偏要，硬要” Must you make so much noise?你非要这么吵吗？ 8. should 与疑问词连用，表示说话人惊讶、难以相信等。 How should I know?我怎么知道呢？ Why should he think that ?他怎么那么想呢？ 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$