焦点 04 阅读理解之说明文-备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）二轮复习之优秀生拔高重难题型特训（广东广州）

焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）二轮复习之优秀生拔高重难题型特训 【预测分析】 一、重难点分析 1. 文体特点与结构逻辑 复杂结构：说明文常采用总分总、问题-解决、时间顺序等结构，段落间逻辑关系紧密（如因果、对比、举例），需考生快速识别框架。 长难句分析：嵌套定语从句、被动语态等复杂句式是高频难点，需拆分主干（主谓宾）理解核心含义。 专业术语：涉及科技、环保、传统文化等领域的词汇（如“carbon emission”“algorithm”），需结合上下文或构词法推测词义。 2. 高频题型与干扰项设置 细节理解题（占比40%）：需精准定位关键词（如数字、专有名词），但选项常通过“偷换概念”（如将“reduce”改为“eliminate”）或“无中生有”设置陷阱。 推理判断题：需结合文本逻辑（如因果关联词“due to”“as a result”）和常识辅助推理，区分“事实”与“观点”。 主旨大意题：易混淆“段落主旨”与“全文主旨”，需关注首尾段及段落首句，避免被细节干扰。 3. 语篇整合与批判性思维 跨学科融合：选材可能结合科学、历史、地理知识（如“三星堆考古新技术”），需考生具备综合分析能力。 数字化元素：可能出现“图表+文本”双模态语篇，考查多源信息整合能力。 二、解题步骤与技巧 1. 通读全文，把握结构 标记主题句：首段、尾段及段落首句多为关键句，概括核心内容。 绘制逻辑图：用符号标注因果（∵→）、对比（vs.）或步骤顺序（①→②），辅助理解脉络。 2. 定位细节，验证信息 关键词定位法：根据题干中的数字、专有名词（如技术术语）回原文定位，注意限定词（如“main purpose”需关注首尾段）。 同义替换验证：正确选项常对原文进行改写（如“efficient”对应“save time and energy”），排除绝对化选项（含“only”“absolutely”）。 3. 分析逻辑，推理判断 因果推断：关注逻辑关联词（如“therefore”“because”），关联前后信息。 观点与事实区分：事实为客观描述，观点含主观判断词（如“may be”“argue”）。 4. 词义猜测与长难句拆分 上下文语境法：通过解释、对比或举例关系推测词义（如“due to”后接原因）。 构词法辅助：利用前缀（如“un-”表否定）、后缀（如“-tion”表名词）拆解生词。 5. 验证答案与检查 复读全文：基于主旨检查答案一致性，排除矛盾选项。 三、2025年命题预测与备考建议 1. 选材趋势 贴近现实热点：聚焦科技（如AI应用）、环保（碳中和）、传统文化（非遗技艺）等社会议题。 图表结合题增多：可能出现“流程图+文字说明”或“数据图表”，考查图文互补信息提取能力。 2. 题型变化 批判性思维考查：要求评估信息可靠性（如辨别虚假数据），分析作者意图（如呼吁环保行动）。 跨学科综合性增强：融合科学、历史、地理知识，如“海洋塑料污染治理”可能涉及环境科学与地理知识。 3. 备考策略 强化逻辑分析训练：通过模拟题熟悉复杂结构（如多步骤说明），练习绘制逻辑图。 积累高频术语：重点掌握科技、环保类词汇（如“renewable energy”“biodiversity”），结合构词法记忆。 限时实战演练：模拟考试环境，限时完成说明文阅读（建议每篇8-10分钟），提升信息定位速度。 四、广东本地特色与真题示例 • 本土化选材：可能涉及岭南文化（如广府早茶、粤剧服饰）、广东环保政策（如垃圾分类）等，需关注地域特色词汇。 • 真题示例： 细节题：如“Green Rice Ball”一文中，需定位制作步骤中的关键材料（如艾叶、糯米粉）。 主旨题：如“hui nan tian”一文，需归纳湿热天气的影响及应对措施，排除干扰项（如仅描述现象的选项）。 总结：2025年广州中考说明文阅读将延续“高阶思维考查”趋势，考生需强化逻辑分析能力，积累跨学科词汇，并通过限时训练适应数字化、图表化语篇。备考时可结合本地真题及模拟题，针对性突破长难句与干扰项陷阱。 【基础试题】 A About 80 percent of Earth’s land animals make a home in the forests. Lots of people are working hard to protect forests, and you can, too. Follow these tips to help keep the planet’s forests standing tall. Light Touch Don’t take rocks, earth, flowers and leaves from the forest floor—they are an important part of the forest and provide homes for small animals like ants and snakes. Gum Shoe Clean the bottom of your shoes before walking in a new place—the seeds (种子) from other places might be under your shoes, which can harm the living areas of some animals and plants. Trash Trooper Bring an extra bag along on your walk: you can pick up litter as you go and help keep the forest clean. Fire Safety During dry seasons, wildfires can quickly burn down woods and forests. If you go camping, build campfires only in areas allowed, and make sure they’ re fully put out before moving on. Animal Help Forest animals should live in the wild, not in people’s home or market. Never buy or pay to touch an animal that should be living in the wild, and ask your parents not to support those actions. 1．What can provide homes for small animals? A．Rocks. B．Shoes. C．Bags. D．Litter. 2．Which tip helps keep the forest clean? A．Light Touch. B．Gum Shoe. C．Trash Trooper. D．Animal Help. 3．What should you do if you want to move on when camping? A．Clean shoes. B．Put out the fire. C．Bring a bag. D．Touch an animal. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Forest protection. B．Campfire safety. C．Traveling advice. D．Saving animals. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】环境保护、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了保护森林的几种方法，包括不带走森林中的自然物品、清理鞋底、捡拾垃圾、注意防火以及不购买野生动物等。 1．细节理解题。根据“Don’t take rocks, earth, flowers and leaves from the forest floor—they are an important part of the forest and provide homes for small animals like ants and snakes.”可知，岩石、土壤、花朵和树叶为小动物提供了家园。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Bring an extra bag along on your walk: you can pick up litter as you go and help keep the forest clean.”可知，“Trash Trooper”这一建议帮助保持森林清洁。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“If you go camping, build campfires only in areas allowed, and make sure they’re fully put out before moving on.”可知，露营时要确保火完全熄灭后才能离开。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕保护森林展开，介绍了多种保护森林的方法。故选A。 B The capybara (水豚) is the largest rodent (啮齿动物) in the world. These friendly animals live in South America, near rivers, lakes, or swamps (湿地). They have short legs, small ears, and brown fur. An adult capybara can grow as long as a 10-year-old child and weigh up to 50 kilograms—about the size of a big dog! Capybaras love water. They spend most of their time swimming or resting in pools to stay cool. Their eyes, ears, and noses are on top of their heads, so they can hide underwater while watching for danger. They eat grasses and water plants. Interestingly, they sometimes eat their own poop  (粪便)! This helps their stomachs break down plants. These animals are very social. They live in groups of 10 to 20. Baby capybaras stay with their mothers for months. Other animals, like birds and monkeys, often sit on capybaras’ backs. The capybaras don’t mind—they are peaceful and share their space happily! However, life isn’t easy for them. Jaguars (美洲虎), eagles, and snakes hunt capybaras. To stay safe, they swim quickly with their webbed feet or hide in the water. 1．Where do capybaras live? A．In deserts. B．In cold forests. C．On mountains. D．Near rivers and lakes. 2．Why do capybaras eat their own poop? A．To break down plants better. B．To play a game. C．To feed their babies. D．To scare enemies. 3．Capybaras are ________ when other animals often sit on their backs. ①dangerous     ②friendly     ③peaceful     ④happy A．①③④ B．②③④ C．①②③ D．①②④ 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How capybaras hunt for food. B．The dangers capybaras face. C．The life and habits of capybara. D．Why capybaras are good pets. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.85 【知识点】常见动物、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界上最大的啮齿动物——水豚的生活环境和习性，包括其体型、居住地、食物来源、社交行为以及面临的危险等。 1．细节理解题。根据“These friendly animals live in South America, near rivers, lakes, or swamps (湿地).”可知，水豚生活在南美洲，靠近河流、湖泊或湿地的地方。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Interestingly, they sometimes eat their own poop (粪便)! This helps their stomachs break down plants.”可知，水豚有时会吃自己的粪便，这有助于它们的胃更好地分解植物。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“Other animals, like birds and monkeys, often sit on capybaras’ backs. The capybaras don’t mind—they are peaceful and share their space happily!”可知，当其他动物坐在水豚背上时，水豚并不介意，它们是和平的，并且快乐地分享自己的空间。由此可以推断出水豚是友好的、和平的、快乐的，而不是危险的。因此选项②friendly（友好的）、③peaceful（和平的）、④happy（快乐的）均符合描述，选项①dangerous（危险的）不符合描述。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了水豚的生活环境和习性，包括其体型、居住地、食物来源、社交行为以及面临的危险等，这些都是关于水豚的生活和习性的描述。因此，选项C“水豚的生活和习性”是文章的主旨。故选C。 C 1．In ancient times, how did Chinese people know when to farm? A．They looked through calendar. B．They made a decision by their experience. C．They asked the god. D．They farmed according to 24 solar terms. 2．How long have people made efforts to predict weather? A．For about 1,830 years. B．For about 1,920 years. C．For nearly 2,000 years. D．For over 2,600 years. 3．What can we know from the passage? A．People predicted weather through winds. B．Supercomputers can help people predict weather efficiently. C．People began to predict weather with modern science 2,000 years ago. D．There were only three ways for ancient people to predict weather. 4．Where can you read the passage? A．In a science book. B．In a novel. C．In a magazine. D．In a storybook. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】说明文、季节、科普知识 【导语】本文主要介绍了古代中国人如何通过二十四节气指导农耕，以及人类预测天气的历史和方法。 1．细节理解题。根据图片中的“In China, 24 solar terms guided people in farming.”可知，古代中国人通过24节气来指导农事活动，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据图片中的“Over 2000 years”并结合选项可知，人们预测天气的努力已超过2600年，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据图片中的“Today supercomputers can collect and process worldwide data very fast.”可知，超级计算机可以帮助人们高效地预测天气，故选B。 4．推理判断题。这篇文章可能出现在科学书籍中，因为它涉及天气预测和古代农业知识，故选A。 【提升试题】 A The ancient Chinese discovered the secret of silk thousands of years ago. Silk was so beautiful and valuable that it only remained China’s secret. However, the secret of silk did not remain long. China’s neighbors soon found it out when Chinese leaders sent gifts of silk to leaders of other lands during the Warring States period. Little by little, the word spread out 2000 years ago. In the Han Dynasty, people of the Roman Empire (present-day Italy and nearby areas) knew about silk, which made silk grew wildly popular in the West just one night. In the Tang and Northern Song Dynasty, traders built lots of trade routes between Europe and China, carrying many other products, like china, cloth and so on. However, during this period, the routes didn’t get an official name. A German traveler named the trade routes “The Silk Road” in the mid-1800s, making them more popular in the world. In the Song Dynasty, different main routes developed between China and Europe. Traders could choose among routes that crossed Eastern Europe and the Far East. In the Ming Dynasty, there were sea routes, too. Ships could start the journey from China to other countries. The Silk Road played an important role in bringing different cultures and peoples together. To make successful deals, businessmen had to learn the languages and practice of the countries they traveled. As they journeyed along the Silk Road, people shared knowledge about arts, science, technologies and so on. Over hundreds of years, different cultures influenced each other. Today, a new “Silk Road”—“Belt and Road” has built relationships between different countries. The modern transportation will allow travel from the farthest points, like Shanghai to London in a couple of days or even hours. Just like the ancient one, it builds relationships between the east and the west, the past and the future. Different countries will have more chances to not only make business but also exchange ideas. Let’s see the great story of the new “Silk Road”. 1．Which of the timeline best describe the development of the Silk Road? A． B． C． D． 2．How does the author organize the information about the Silk Road in the passage? A．By comparing ancient and modern trade routes. B．By listing problems and solutions related to trade. C．By following the order of time and historical events. D．By giving examples of famous travelers’ experiences. 3．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Ancient Chinese Secret of Silk B．From the Silk Road to the Belt and Road C．The Naming of the Silk Road D．Modern Transportation and Global Trade Routes 4．Where is this passage most probably taken from? A．A science fiction novel about future trade routes. B．A historical textbook discussing cultural exchanges. C．A travel guide introducing modern transportation. D．A news report commenting on international politics. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】中华文化、科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要讲述了丝绸之路的发展历程，从古代中国的丝绸秘密，到丝绸之路的命名，再到现代的“一带一路”倡议。 1．细节理解题。根据“In the Han Dynasty, people of the Roman Empire (present-day Italy and nearby areas) knew about silk, which made silk grew wildly popular in the West just one night.”可知，汉代丝绸之路在西方广泛传播；根据“A German traveler named the trade routes “The Silk Road” in the mid-1800s, making them more popular in the world.”可知，19世纪中期，首次被命名为“丝绸之路”；根据“In the Ming Dynasty, there were sea routes, too.”可知，在明朝有了海上丝绸之路。故选C。 2．细节理解题。通读全文可知，作者首先介绍了古代中国发现丝绸的秘密，然后按照时间顺序，从战国时期到汉代，再到唐宋明清等朝代，详细描述了丝绸之路的发展过程。因此，作者是按照时间和历史事件的顺序组织信息的。故选C。 3．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了丝绸之路的发展历程，从古代中国的丝绸秘密，到丝绸之路的命名，再到现代的“一带一路”倡议。因此B项“从丝绸之路到一带一路”适合作标题。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文详细描述了丝绸之路的历史发展，并涉及了文化交流和国际贸易的内容。因此，这篇文章最可能来自一本讨论文化交流的历史教科书。故选B。 B Thanks to Earth, we have fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink and warm sunshine to enjoy. But it seems that we may have considered those things natural and haven’t realized that our planet is getting “sick”. Now scientists have given us a warning. “More than 15,000 scientists around the world have written a letter to warn about environmental problems,” The Washington Post reported. Among those environmental challenges,climate change sits at the top. Global average temperatures have risen by more than 0.5 ℃ since 1992. A half-degree temperature rise is a big deal. It means that heatwaves would last around a third longer and rainstorms would be about a third more intense (激烈的). The increase in sea levels would be much higher,according to NASA． But this is not the only problem people are facing. It’s getting harder to get fresh water.Ocean pollution has become serious. Since 1992, the human population has grown by about 3 billion, while the population of all other animals has dropped by nearly 30 percent. Scientists say that we are experiencing the sixth mass extinction (灭绝) in history. More than two-thirds of the world’s wildlife could be gone by the end of the decade if action isn’t taken soon, according to the World Wildlife Fund. However, we have made some progress by making the hole in the ozone layer (臭氧层)smaller. That’s because we gradually stopped using chemicals that can break down ozone. This progress shows that we can make positive changes when we take action, the letter says. 1．What are the scientists worried about in the letter? A．The overuse of natural resources. B．Deadly diseases C．The growth of human population. D．Environmental problems. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The heatwave. B．The rainstorm. C．Climate change. D．Sea level. 3．The writer wrote this passage to ________. A．ask people to give thanks to Earth B．help people do scientific research C．call on people to protect our planet D．show the progress people have made 4．How is the text organized? (①=Paragraph 1,②=Paragraph 2..) A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】说明文、科普知识、环境保护 【导语】本文通过科学家的警告信，揭示了地球面临的多重环境危机，包括气候变化、淡水短缺、海洋污染和物种灭绝等。 1．细节理解题。根据“More than 15,000 scientists... have written a letter to warn about environmental problems”可知，科学家担忧的是环境问题，故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Among those environmental challenges, climate change sits at the top. Global average temperatures have risen... But this is not the only problem people are facing.”可知，“this”指代前文提到的气候变化，故选C。 3．主旨大意题。分析全文可知，文章通过列举环境问题（气候、淡水、物种灭绝等）及呼吁行动（如臭氧层修复案例），目的是呼吁人们保护地球，故选C。 4．篇章结构题。结合全文可知，①：引出主题：地球的重要性及人类忽视其“生病”；②：提出科学家的集体警告：环境问题严峻性；③④：重点分析首要环境问题，列举其他环境问题：淡水短缺、海洋污染、物种灭绝等；⑤：展示积极案例，如臭氧层修复，证明行动有效。因此选项A的结构符合，故选A。 C 阅读下面材料，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。 During the Labour Day holiday, many people want to find dazi (搭子) on activity partners for travelling, eating or other activities. The activity offinding dazi is a new way of social contact (社交交往) for young people. The idea of this activity is easy to understand. It helps people to find someone who has the same hobby and it doesn’t take much time. With one or a few dazi, people have more fun in the activities they are interested in. A girl Zhang Li, is a high school student from Shandong. She likes talking with her meal dazi when she is having lunch. “We love to share our ideas on the food,” said the girl. “If my meal dazi doesn’t come to school one day, I will be sad.” “ It takes a lot of time to make friends with others. But it doesn’t need much time to have a dazi ,” said another girl Shi Zhimin, a student from Shanxi. Zhang Li also has the same idea. She doesn’t want to spend too much time making friends, so having a dazi is good for her. She can feel relaxed and then has more time to study. Also, dazi sometimes may give you some big surprises. “ Once, my game dazi and I did something wrong when playing a game, but we worked together-to turn - the tide (扭转局面). By playing the game together,I find I like working with others now!” Shi Zhimin said. Dazi is usually helpful but it can be dangerous. People may lie on the Internet. For example, a young and beautiful girl on the Internet may be an old, short, and heavy man in real life. So think twice when finding dazi. 1．How will Zhang Li feel if her meal dazi doesn’t come to school? A．Happy. B．Bored. C．Sad. D．Relaxed. 2．According to the passage, people like finding dazi because ________. A．it is a new way of social contact for all the people B．it is not easy for young people to be understood C．it can’t give them any big surprises on playing the games D．it doesn’t take much time to find friends with the same hobbies 3．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． 4．What may be the best title for the passage? A．Know the Culture of Dazi in China. B．Having a Dazi: More Fun, More Time. C．Dazi A Dangerous Way to Make Friends. D．Dazt: The New Way of Finding Activity Partners. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】兴趣社交、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了搭子作为一种新的社交方式，帮助人们找到有相同兴趣的伙伴，并举例说明了搭子的好处和可能的风险。 1．细节理解题。根据“If my meal dazi doesn’t come to school one day, I will be sad.”可知，如果张莉的饭搭子不来学校，她会感到难过。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“It helps people to find someone who has the same hobby and it doesn’t take much time.”可知，人们喜欢找搭子是因为它不需要花费太多时间就能找到有相同兴趣的朋友。故选D。 3．篇章结构题。文章第一段引出“搭子”这种年轻人新的社交方式，第二段介绍了搭子的好处；第三、四、五段是人们对于找搭子的不同看法，第六段介绍了搭子的弊端，所以结构如D选项所示。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。文章主要介绍了找搭子这种新的社交方式，包括它的好处和可能存在的风险。因此，最合适的标题是D选项，故选D。 【拔高试题】 A ①For centuries, Chinese people have used folding fans (折扇) to cool themselves and have regarded them as a symbol of culture and wisdom. Among them, the Rongchang folding fan, which is from Chongqing’s Rongchang District (地区), is one of the most famous. In 2008, it was listed as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage (国家非物质文化遗产). ②The history of Rongchang folding fans dates back to the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Rongchang became a center for handmade fan production because of its high-quality bamboo and skilled workers. Over time, the fans have become well-known for being strong and beautiful. ③Creating a Rongchang folding fan is a highly skilled process. ④Making each fan requires over 70 steps, including cutting and painting. Workers usually spend years learning these skills to make sure the fans meet high standards. ⑤During the process, one of the most important steps is to choose the material. Workers need to use thin but strong bamboo, making fans easy to carry. At the same time, the material makes Rongchang folding fans special. ⑥As dynasties rose and fell, the Rongchang folding fan continually reinvented its cultural role. From being a tool to a cultural symbol, it shows that true craftsmanship (技艺) not only serves practical needs, but also carries cultural meaning. ⑦In ancient China, many of Rongchang folding fans were hand-painted with traditional Chinese calligraphy  (书法) or paintings, turning each one into a piece of art. Poets wrote poems on them, and performers used them in traditional dances and operas. ⑧Though fewer people need hand-held fans nowadays, Rongchang folding fans are popular among collectors and are often given as cultural gifts. Old workers are not only training the next generation but also exploring creative designs to attract more young people. Rongchang folding fans have become a living art form that continues to spread to more people. 1．What makes Rongchang folding fans special? A．Their large size and heavy weight. B．Their thin but strong bamboo. C．Their modern and creative designs. D．Their famous and beautiful paintings. 2．What does the writer think of the future of Rongchang folding fans? A．Hopeful. B．Difficult. C．Doubtful. D．Uncertain. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To encourage more people to buy Rongchang folding fans. B．To compare Rongchang folding fans with other types of fans. C．To teach young people how to make a Rongchang folding fan. D．To introduce the history and importance of Rongchang folding fans. 4．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】传统工艺、说明文、中华文化 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了荣昌折扇的历史、制作工艺、文化意义以及其未来的发展。 1．细节理解题。根据“During the process, one of the most important steps is to choose the material. Workers need to use thin but strong bamboo, making fans easy to carry. At the same time, the material makes Rongchang folding fans special.”可知，荣昌折扇使用既薄又韧的竹子，使之与众不同。故选B。 2．观点态度题。根据第⑧段可知，虽然如今使用手持扇的人变少，但荣昌折扇仍受收藏者青睐，也常被当作文化礼品，老艺人还在培养新人并探索更多创意设计，说明作者对其未来持乐观的态度。hopeful“充满希望的”，符合作者的态度。故选A。 3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了荣昌折扇的历史渊源、制作工艺及其文化意义，意在阐述它的历史和重要性，故选 D。 4．篇章结构题。文章可分为四部分：①②段介绍荣昌折扇及其历史背景；③～⑤段介绍扇子的制作工艺；⑥⑦段讲述扇子的文化内涵与演变；第⑧段总结并展望其未来。与 B 选项所示的结构相符。故选B。 B Everyone needs deep sleep because our body fixes itself when we are in deep sleep. However, deep sleep doesn’t happen right after we get into bed and close our eyes. It takes time and happens only a few times during sleep. From the picture, we can see the time when deep sleep usually happens. In the picture, REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement, and NREM stands for Non-Rapid Eye Movement. During REM sleep, our eyes move quickly from side to side, and this movement doesn’t happen during NREM sleep. NREM sleep comes after Wake period, and it has three stages. In the first stage, others can easily wake us up because we are in light sleep. In the second stage, our heart rate (比率) is slow, and our body cools to get ready for deep sleep. The third stage is deep sleep. It’s more difficult for others to wake us up in this stage because our body is busy fixing itself. But it doesn’t last long. We enter REM sleep about 90 minutes after we start to sleep. This stage is part of light sleep, too. And dreams usually happen here. Then NREM sleep returns. Although we can go back to NREM sleep again, we don’t always get into the third stage. This is why a long sleep doesn’t always make us feel good. The key is how much deep sleep we get. How can we achieve as much deep sleep as needed? Doctors have not yet found the answer. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Deep sleep. B．Light sleep. C．REM sleep. D．NREM sleep. 2．What can we learn from the picture? A．REM sleep only happens once. B．After the three stages of NREM sleep, people wake up. C．People first go into REM sleep, and then NREM sleep. D．People won’t get into the third stage of NREM sleep after three hours of sleep. 3．According to the text, when do dreams usually happen? A．During period ①. B．During period ②. C．During period ③. D．During period ④. 4．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Deep sleep lasts for a long time. B．Deep sleep is good for our bodies. C．Doctors know how to get more deep sleep. D．Our eyes move quickly during NREM sleep. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】说明文、科普知识 【导语】本文主要介绍了睡眠的相关信息。 1．段落大意题。根据第三段“NREM sleep comes after Wake period, and it has three stages.”可知，第三段主要介绍了NREM睡眠的相关内容。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据图片信息三小时后的显示可知，人们不会在三个小时的睡眠后进入NREM睡眠的第三阶段。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“We enter REM sleep about 90 minutes after we start to sleep. This stage is part of light sleep, too. And dreams usually happen here.”并结合图片可知，梦经常发生在图中③处。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“Everyone needs deep sleep because our body fixes itself when we are in deep sleep.”可知，深度睡眠对我们的身体有好处。故选B。 C We all have a right to say no. Many of us feel that if we say we’ll do something, we can’t change our minds and back out. This isn’t true. We have the ability to make our own decisions, and to say no whenever we feel we need to. I have a friend who used to say yes to every job she was offered. It wasn’t long before she found herself tired, and ready to call it quits. After one difficult week of working straight through with no days off, my friend realized something needed to change. She was trying so hard to please the people around her that she forgot about her own needs. After a while of saying yes to everything, my friend began to say no to jobs based on certain things. The important thing is to remember that it is OK to say no to people, and that you don’t have to give a reason for why you’ve done so. I think this is something that troubles a lot of people, myself included. Not only do we feel we can’t say no, but we feel if we do say no. We have to have an amazing reason for doing so, and the person we are saying no to has to somehow be OK with it, or we must feel sorry. If we can start saying no, and stop justifying (证明……是正当的) ourselves for every decision we make, we might just be happier. But we have to start one step at a time. These behaviors are part of us and they can’t just be changed right away. We can work to change them one behavior at a time. Today, I challenge you to say no to something that you would normally say yes to. If you don’t feel comfortable with that quite yet, just try to become aware of the times you’re justifying your actions to yourself and others. Try to stop and remind yourself that you have your reasons, and others don’t need to know them. 1．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．We don’t have a right to no. B．Once you say yes, you’d better not give up. C．You should say no and find out an amazing reason. D．You should learn to say no to somebody with no reason. 2．Why does the author take her friend as an example? A．To support his ideas. B．To praise his friend. C．To show how to please others. D．To show now to work hard. 3．The underlined “call it quits” in Paragraph 2 refers to ________. A．ask for a new job B．stop doing what one is doing C．have a good rest D．make a promise 4．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Learn How to Say No B．It’s Good Manner to Say Yes C．How to Change Yourself D．Action Speaks Louder Than Words 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【难度】0.4 【知识点】说明文、意见/建议 【导语】本文的作者一直在告诉读者拒绝是我们的权利，也是很正常的事情，在某些情况下我们应该习惯拒绝别人，学着拒绝别人。 1．主旨大意题。根据“The important thing is to remember that it is OK to say no to people, and that you don’t have to give a reason for why you’ve done so.”可知，本文告诉我们应该学会不需要理由地拒绝别人。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“After a while of saying yes to everything.my friend began to say no to jobs based on certain things.”可知，作者以她的朋友为例是为了支持他的观点。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据“It wasn’t long before she found herself tired, and ready to call it quits.”没过多久，她就发现自己累了，准备退出。可知，这里的call it quits意为 “停止做自己正在做的事”。故选B。 4．最佳标题。根据“We all have a right to say no. Many of us feel that if we say we’ll do something, we can’t change our minds and back out. This isn’t true. We have the ability to make our own decisions, and to say no whenever we feel we need to.”可知，本文介绍了应该学会拒绝别人。因此“学习如何说‘不’”，符合题目。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）二轮复习之优秀生拔高重难题型特训 【预测分析】 一、重难点分析 1. 文体特点与结构逻辑 复杂结构：说明文常采用总分总、问题-解决、时间顺序等结构，段落间逻辑关系紧密（如因果、对比、举例），需考生快速识别框架。 长难句分析：嵌套定语从句、被动语态等复杂句式是高频难点，需拆分主干（主谓宾）理解核心含义。 专业术语：涉及科技、环保、传统文化等领域的词汇（如“carbon emission”“algorithm”），需结合上下文或构词法推测词义。 2. 高频题型与干扰项设置 细节理解题（占比40%）：需精准定位关键词（如数字、专有名词），但选项常通过“偷换概念”（如将“reduce”改为“eliminate”）或“无中生有”设置陷阱。 推理判断题：需结合文本逻辑（如因果关联词“due to”“as a result”）和常识辅助推理，区分“事实”与“观点”。 主旨大意题：易混淆“段落主旨”与“全文主旨”，需关注首尾段及段落首句，避免被细节干扰。 3. 语篇整合与批判性思维 跨学科融合：选材可能结合科学、历史、地理知识（如“三星堆考古新技术”），需考生具备综合分析能力。 数字化元素：可能出现“图表+文本”双模态语篇，考查多源信息整合能力。 二、解题步骤与技巧 1. 通读全文，把握结构 标记主题句：首段、尾段及段落首句多为关键句，概括核心内容。 绘制逻辑图：用符号标注因果（∵→）、对比（vs.）或步骤顺序（①→②），辅助理解脉络。 2. 定位细节，验证信息 关键词定位法：根据题干中的数字、专有名词（如技术术语）回原文定位，注意限定词（如“main purpose”需关注首尾段）。 同义替换验证：正确选项常对原文进行改写（如“efficient”对应“save time and energy”），排除绝对化选项（含“only”“absolutely”）。 3. 分析逻辑，推理判断 因果推断：关注逻辑关联词（如“therefore”“because”），关联前后信息。 观点与事实区分：事实为客观描述，观点含主观判断词（如“may be”“argue”）。 4. 词义猜测与长难句拆分 上下文语境法：通过解释、对比或举例关系推测词义（如“due to”后接原因）。 构词法辅助：利用前缀（如“un-”表否定）、后缀（如“-tion”表名词）拆解生词。 5. 验证答案与检查 复读全文：基于主旨检查答案一致性，排除矛盾选项。 三、2025年命题预测与备考建议 1. 选材趋势 贴近现实热点：聚焦科技（如AI应用）、环保（碳中和）、传统文化（非遗技艺）等社会议题。 图表结合题增多：可能出现“流程图+文字说明”或“数据图表”，考查图文互补信息提取能力。 2. 题型变化 批判性思维考查：要求评估信息可靠性（如辨别虚假数据），分析作者意图（如呼吁环保行动）。 跨学科综合性增强：融合科学、历史、地理知识，如“海洋塑料污染治理”可能涉及环境科学与地理知识。 3. 备考策略 强化逻辑分析训练：通过模拟题熟悉复杂结构（如多步骤说明），练习绘制逻辑图。 积累高频术语：重点掌握科技、环保类词汇（如“renewable energy”“biodiversity”），结合构词法记忆。 限时实战演练：模拟考试环境，限时完成说明文阅读（建议每篇8-10分钟），提升信息定位速度。 四、广东本地特色与真题示例 • 本土化选材：可能涉及岭南文化（如广府早茶、粤剧服饰）、广东环保政策（如垃圾分类）等，需关注地域特色词汇。 • 真题示例： 细节题：如“Green Rice Ball”一文中，需定位制作步骤中的关键材料（如艾叶、糯米粉）。 主旨题：如“hui nan tian”一文，需归纳湿热天气的影响及应对措施，排除干扰项（如仅描述现象的选项）。 总结：2025年广州中考说明文阅读将延续“高阶思维考查”趋势，考生需强化逻辑分析能力，积累跨学科词汇，并通过限时训练适应数字化、图表化语篇。备考时可结合本地真题及模拟题，针对性突破长难句与干扰项陷阱。 【基础试题】 A About 80 percent of Earth’s land animals make a home in the forests. Lots of people are working hard to protect forests, and you can, too. Follow these tips to help keep the planet’s forests standing tall. Light Touch Don’t take rocks, earth, flowers and leaves from the forest floor—they are an important part of the forest and provide homes for small animals like ants and snakes. Gum Shoe Clean the bottom of your shoes before walking in a new place—the seeds (种子) from other places might be under your shoes, which can harm the living areas of some animals and plants. Trash Trooper Bring an extra bag along on your walk: you can pick up litter as you go and help keep the forest clean. Fire Safety During dry seasons, wildfires can quickly burn down woods and forests. If you go camping, build campfires only in areas allowed, and make sure they’ re fully put out before moving on. Animal Help Forest animals should live in the wild, not in people’s home or market. Never buy or pay to touch an animal that should be living in the wild, and ask your parents not to support those actions. 1．What can provide homes for small animals? A．Rocks. B．Shoes. C．Bags. D．Litter. 2．Which tip helps keep the forest clean? A．Light Touch. B．Gum Shoe. C．Trash Trooper. D．Animal Help. 3．What should you do if you want to move on when camping? A．Clean shoes. B．Put out the fire. C．Bring a bag. D．Touch an animal. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Forest protection. B．Campfire safety. C．Traveling advice. D．Saving animals. B The capybara (水豚) is the largest rodent (啮齿动物) in the world. These friendly animals live in South America, near rivers, lakes, or swamps (湿地). They have short legs, small ears, and brown fur. An adult capybara can grow as long as a 10-year-old child and weigh up to 50 kilograms—about the size of a big dog! Capybaras love water. They spend most of their time swimming or resting in pools to stay cool. Their eyes, ears, and noses are on top of their heads, so they can hide underwater while watching for danger. They eat grasses and water plants. Interestingly, they sometimes eat their own poop  (粪便)! This helps their stomachs break down plants. These animals are very social. They live in groups of 10 to 20. Baby capybaras stay with their mothers for months. Other animals, like birds and monkeys, often sit on capybaras’ backs. The capybaras don’t mind—they are peaceful and share their space happily! However, life isn’t easy for them. Jaguars (美洲虎), eagles, and snakes hunt capybaras. To stay safe, they swim quickly with their webbed feet or hide in the water. 1．Where do capybaras live? A．In deserts. B．In cold forests. C．On mountains. D．Near rivers and lakes. 2．Why do capybaras eat their own poop? A．To break down plants better. B．To play a game. C．To feed their babies. D．To scare enemies. 3．Capybaras are ________ when other animals often sit on their backs. ①dangerous     ②friendly     ③peaceful     ④happy A．①③④ B．②③④ C．①②③ D．①②④ 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How capybaras hunt for food. B．The dangers capybaras face. C．The life and habits of capybara. D．Why capybaras are good pets. C 1．In ancient times, how did Chinese people know when to farm? A．They looked through calendar. B．They made a decision by their experience. C．They asked the god. D．They farmed according to 24 solar terms. 2．How long have people made efforts to predict weather? A．For about 1,830 years. B．For about 1,920 years. C．For nearly 2,000 years. D．For over 2,600 years. 3．What can we know from the passage? A．People predicted weather through winds. B．Supercomputers can help people predict weather efficiently. C．People began to predict weather with modern science 2,000 years ago. D．There were only three ways for ancient people to predict weather. 4．Where can you read the passage? A．In a science book. B．In a novel. C．In a magazine. D．In a storybook. 【提升试题】 A The ancient Chinese discovered the secret of silk thousands of years ago. Silk was so beautiful and valuable that it only remained China’s secret. However, the secret of silk did not remain long. China’s neighbors soon found it out when Chinese leaders sent gifts of silk to leaders of other lands during the Warring States period. Little by little, the word spread out 2000 years ago. In the Han Dynasty, people of the Roman Empire (present-day Italy and nearby areas) knew about silk, which made silk grew wildly popular in the West just one night. In the Tang and Northern Song Dynasty, traders built lots of trade routes between Europe and China, carrying many other products, like china, cloth and so on. However, during this period, the routes didn’t get an official name. A German traveler named the trade routes “The Silk Road” in the mid-1800s, making them more popular in the world. In the Song Dynasty, different main routes developed between China and Europe. Traders could choose among routes that crossed Eastern Europe and the Far East. In the Ming Dynasty, there were sea routes, too. Ships could start the journey from China to other countries. The Silk Road played an important role in bringing different cultures and peoples together. To make successful deals, businessmen had to learn the languages and practice of the countries they traveled. As they journeyed along the Silk Road, people shared knowledge about arts, science, technologies and so on. Over hundreds of years, different cultures influenced each other. Today, a new “Silk Road”—“Belt and Road” has built relationships between different countries. The modern transportation will allow travel from the farthest points, like Shanghai to London in a couple of days or even hours. Just like the ancient one, it builds relationships between the east and the west, the past and the future. Different countries will have more chances to not only make business but also exchange ideas. Let’s see the great story of the new “Silk Road”. 1．Which of the timeline best describe the development of the Silk Road? A． B． C． D． 2．How does the author organize the information about the Silk Road in the passage? A．By comparing ancient and modern trade routes. B．By listing problems and solutions related to trade. C．By following the order of time and historical events. D．By giving examples of famous travelers’ experiences. 3．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Ancient Chinese Secret of Silk B．From the Silk Road to the Belt and Road C．The Naming of the Silk Road D．Modern Transportation and Global Trade Routes 4．Where is this passage most probably taken from? A．A science fiction novel about future trade routes. B．A historical textbook discussing cultural exchanges. C．A travel guide introducing modern transportation. D．A news report commenting on international politics. B Thanks to Earth, we have fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink and warm sunshine to enjoy. But it seems that we may have considered those things natural and haven’t realized that our planet is getting “sick”. Now scientists have given us a warning. “More than 15,000 scientists around the world have written a letter to warn about environmental problems,” The Washington Post reported. Among those environmental challenges,climate change sits at the top. Global average temperatures have risen by more than 0.5 ℃ since 1992. A half-degree temperature rise is a big deal. It means that heatwaves would last around a third longer and rainstorms would be about a third more intense (激烈的). The increase in sea levels would be much higher,according to NASA． But this is not the only problem people are facing. It’s getting harder to get fresh water.Ocean pollution has become serious. Since 1992, the human population has grown by about 3 billion, while the population of all other animals has dropped by nearly 30 percent. Scientists say that we are experiencing the sixth mass extinction (灭绝) in history. More than two-thirds of the world’s wildlife could be gone by the end of the decade if action isn’t taken soon, according to the World Wildlife Fund. However, we have made some progress by making the hole in the ozone layer (臭氧层)smaller. That’s because we gradually stopped using chemicals that can break down ozone. This progress shows that we can make positive changes when we take action, the letter says. 1．What are the scientists worried about in the letter? A．The overuse of natural resources. B．Deadly diseases C．The growth of human population. D．Environmental problems. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The heatwave. B．The rainstorm. C．Climate change. D．Sea level. 3．The writer wrote this passage to ________. A．ask people to give thanks to Earth B．help people do scientific research C．call on people to protect our planet D．show the progress people have made 4．How is the text organized? (①=Paragraph 1,②=Paragraph 2..) A． B． C． D． C 阅读下面材料，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。 During the Labour Day holiday, many people want to find dazi (搭子) on activity partners for travelling, eating or other activities. The activity offinding dazi is a new way of social contact (社交交往) for young people. The idea of this activity is easy to understand. It helps people to find someone who has the same hobby and it doesn’t take much time. With one or a few dazi, people have more fun in the activities they are interested in. A girl Zhang Li, is a high school student from Shandong. She likes talking with her meal dazi when she is having lunch. “We love to share our ideas on the food,” said the girl. “If my meal dazi doesn’t come to school one day, I will be sad.” “ It takes a lot of time to make friends with others. But it doesn’t need much time to have a dazi ,” said another girl Shi Zhimin, a student from Shanxi. Zhang Li also has the same idea. She doesn’t want to spend too much time making friends, so having a dazi is good for her. She can feel relaxed and then has more time to study. Also, dazi sometimes may give you some big surprises. “ Once, my game dazi and I did something wrong when playing a game, but we worked together-to turn - the tide (扭转局面). By playing the game together,I find I like working with others now!” Shi Zhimin said. Dazi is usually helpful but it can be dangerous. People may lie on the Internet. For example, a young and beautiful girl on the Internet may be an old, short, and heavy man in real life. So think twice when finding dazi. 1．How will Zhang Li feel if her meal dazi doesn’t come to school? A．Happy. B．Bored. C．Sad. D．Relaxed. 2．According to the passage, people like finding dazi because ________. A．it is a new way of social contact for all the people B．it is not easy for young people to be understood C．it can’t give them any big surprises on playing the games D．it doesn’t take much time to find friends with the same hobbies 3．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． 4．What may be the best title for the passage? A．Know the Culture of Dazi in China. B．Having a Dazi: More Fun, More Time. C．Dazi A Dangerous Way to Make Friends. D．Dazt: The New Way of Finding Activity Partners. 【拔高试题】 A ①For centuries, Chinese people have used folding fans (折扇) to cool themselves and have regarded them as a symbol of culture and wisdom. Among them, the Rongchang folding fan, which is from Chongqing’s Rongchang District (地区), is one of the most famous. In 2008, it was listed as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage (国家非物质文化遗产). ②The history of Rongchang folding fans dates back to the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Rongchang became a center for handmade fan production because of its high-quality bamboo and skilled workers. Over time, the fans have become well-known for being strong and beautiful. ③Creating a Rongchang folding fan is a highly skilled process. ④Making each fan requires over 70 steps, including cutting and painting. Workers usually spend years learning these skills to make sure the fans meet high standards. ⑤During the process, one of the most important steps is to choose the material. Workers need to use thin but strong bamboo, making fans easy to carry. At the same time, the material makes Rongchang folding fans special. ⑥As dynasties rose and fell, the Rongchang folding fan continually reinvented its cultural role. From being a tool to a cultural symbol, it shows that true craftsmanship (技艺) not only serves practical needs, but also carries cultural meaning. ⑦In ancient China, many of Rongchang folding fans were hand-painted with traditional Chinese calligraphy  (书法) or paintings, turning each one into a piece of art. Poets wrote poems on them, and performers used them in traditional dances and operas. ⑧Though fewer people need hand-held fans nowadays, Rongchang folding fans are popular among collectors and are often given as cultural gifts. Old workers are not only training the next generation but also exploring creative designs to attract more young people. Rongchang folding fans have become a living art form that continues to spread to more people. 1．What makes Rongchang folding fans special? A．Their large size and heavy weight. B．Their thin but strong bamboo. C．Their modern and creative designs. D．Their famous and beautiful paintings. 2．What does the writer think of the future of Rongchang folding fans? A．Hopeful. B．Difficult. C．Doubtful. D．Uncertain. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To encourage more people to buy Rongchang folding fans. B．To compare Rongchang folding fans with other types of fans. C．To teach young people how to make a Rongchang folding fan. D．To introduce the history and importance of Rongchang folding fans. 4．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． B Everyone needs deep sleep because our body fixes itself when we are in deep sleep. However, deep sleep doesn’t happen right after we get into bed and close our eyes. It takes time and happens only a few times during sleep. From the picture, we can see the time when deep sleep usually happens. In the picture, REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement, and NREM stands for Non-Rapid Eye Movement. During REM sleep, our eyes move quickly from side to side, and this movement doesn’t happen during NREM sleep. NREM sleep comes after Wake period, and it has three stages. In the first stage, others can easily wake us up because we are in light sleep. In the second stage, our heart rate (比率) is slow, and our body cools to get ready for deep sleep. The third stage is deep sleep. It’s more difficult for others to wake us up in this stage because our body is busy fixing itself. But it doesn’t last long. We enter REM sleep about 90 minutes after we start to sleep. This stage is part of light sleep, too. And dreams usually happen here. Then NREM sleep returns. Although we can go back to NREM sleep again, we don’t always get into the third stage. This is why a long sleep doesn’t always make us feel good. The key is how much deep sleep we get. How can we achieve as much deep sleep as needed? Doctors have not yet found the answer. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Deep sleep. B．Light sleep. C．REM sleep. D．NREM sleep. 2．What can we learn from the picture? A．REM sleep only happens once. B．After the three stages of NREM sleep, people wake up. C．People first go into REM sleep, and then NREM sleep. D．People won’t get into the third stage of NREM sleep after three hours of sleep. 3．According to the text, when do dreams usually happen? A．During period ①. B．During period ②. C．During period ③. D．During period ④. 4．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Deep sleep lasts for a long time. B．Deep sleep is good for our bodies. C．Doctors know how to get more deep sleep. D．Our eyes move quickly during NREM sleep. C We all have a right to say no. Many of us feel that if we say we’ll do something, we can’t change our minds and back out. This isn’t true. We have the ability to make our own decisions, and to say no whenever we feel we need to. I have a friend who used to say yes to every job she was offered. It wasn’t long before she found herself tired, and ready to call it quits. After one difficult week of working straight through with no days off, my friend realized something needed to change. She was trying so hard to please the people around her that she forgot about her own needs. After a while of saying yes to everything, my friend began to say no to jobs based on certain things. The important thing is to remember that it is OK to say no to people, and that you don’t have to give a reason for why you’ve done so. I think this is something that troubles a lot of people, myself included. Not only do we feel we can’t say no, but we feel if we do say no. We have to have an amazing reason for doing so, and the person we are saying no to has to somehow be OK with it, or we must feel sorry. If we can start saying no, and stop justifying (证明……是正当的) ourselves for every decision we make, we might just be happier. But we have to start one step at a time. These behaviors are part of us and they can’t just be changed right away. We can work to change them one behavior at a time. Today, I challenge you to say no to something that you would normally say yes to. If you don’t feel comfortable with that quite yet, just try to become aware of the times you’re justifying your actions to yourself and others. Try to stop and remind yourself that you have your reasons, and others don’t need to know them. 1．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．We don’t have a right to no. B．Once you say yes, you’d better not give up. C．You should say no and find out an amazing reason. D．You should learn to say no to somebody with no reason. 2．Why does the author take her friend as an example? A．To support his ideas. B．To praise his friend. C．To show how to please others. D．To show now to work hard. 3．The underlined “call it quits” in Paragraph 2 refers to ________. A．ask for a new job B．stop doing what one is doing C．have a good rest D．make a promise 4．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Learn How to Say No B．It’s Good Manner to Say Yes C．How to Change Yourself D．Action Speaks Louder Than Words 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$