专题04 阅读理解（优选上海名校真题）15篇（上海专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题04 阅读理解（优选上海名校真题）15篇 (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) 1．Why is there a personal checklist in the advertisement? A．To help readers self-check their degree of aging. B．To teach readers how to slow the natural aging process. C．To urge readers to take their own health issues more seriously. D．To make readers aware of how much the product can help them. 2．Which of the following is NOT the safety feature of a Safe Step Tub? A．Low step-in. B．Heated seat and back. C．Grab bars. D．Anti-slip tub floor. 3．If a customer calls 1-888-380-9164 today, he can ________. A．have a $1500 discount when he buys any bathroom fittings B．get $1500 back for the walk-in tub he bought last year C．save $1500 when buying a new Safe Step Walk-In Tub D．change the Walk-In Tub for a shower room for free (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) Four Books Worth Reading Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition. At over 240 pages, his passion and knowledge leaps off every spread. From the microscopic to the splendid, the colour images create an entertaining and charming experience. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless. Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. Walther’s book is comprehensive and perfect for Atkins fans or anyone keen to learn. The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne. Pesquet took more than 245,000 images over two missions, with his book including 200 of these. It is the closest most of us will get to being on the ISS — a deeply engaging read. Looking at Trees by Sophie Howarth This absorbing book features 26 of the world’s leading photographers. From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa, Howarth asks us to value trees at a time of environmental challenge. It’s a book you will return to. 1．The four books can be classified into ______. A．art magazines B．photo books C．historical novels D．instruction books 2．Which book is a remade version of a popular book? A．Entangled Life (Illustrated). B．Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes. C．The Earth in Our Hands. D．Looking at Trees. 3．What can be learnt from the introduction of the four books? A．Looking at Trees mainly focuses on valuable trees. B．Don Pettit has joined space missions with Pesquet. C．Cyanotypes of Anna Atkins enjoy a high reputation. D．All the books introduced care about the environment. (23-24高二下·上海复旦附中·期末) Hopping Around the World Hopscotch is a very old game. It usually uses a puck, such as a stone, and a pattern that players hop through. Here are different versions to play. Scotch-HoppersChildren in England and Scotland play this game with a stone or a coin. Throw the stone into Box 1. Hop over Box 1 and through the pattern. On the way back, hop into Box 1, pick up the stone, and hop out. Then, toss the puck into Box 2, and so on. If your stone enters the wrong box, start over! The first player to throw the stone into each box and hop through the whole pattern wins. Escargot Escargot is the French word for “snail.” For this game, the pattern looks like a snail. No puck is used. Players hop through the pattern on one foot. You may rest in the center on both feet. After resting, hop back through the pattern and out. If you finish the pattern without stepping on a line, write your name in a space. No other player may land in that space. At the end, the player who owns the most spaces wins. La Thunkuna Children play this game in Bolivia, a country in South America. The puck is a stone or the peel from an orange. Instead of writing a number in each square, players write each day of the week. Throw the puck into the first box. Hop over it into the second box. Next, kick the puck backwards and out of the pattern. Then, hop out. On your next turn, throw the puck into the next space, and so on. The first player to hop all the way through wins. Gat Fei Gei In this Chinese version of hopscotch, the puck is a piece of roof tile. At the top is the pig’s head. Toss the puck into the pig’s head and hop through the pattern. When you reach boxes 7 and 8, spin around and pick up the puck from behind. If you hop through the pattern without making a mistake, pick a box and write your name in it. No one else can land in that box! The player who owns the most boxes wins. 1．What are the two common things used in hopscotch? A．Coin and pin. B．Box and chair. C．Snail and space. D．Puck and pattern. 2．Which of the following shows the difference of Escargot from other hopscotches? A．It needs more space. B．It doesn’t need a puck. C．It is a snail from France. D．It isn’t a pattern but a line. 3．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．The successful winners in the hopscotch. B．The history and development of hopscotch. C．The rules of different versions of hopscotch. D．The popularity of hopscotch all over the world. (23-24高二下·上海七宝中学·期末) Zoe Chambers was a successful PR (Public Relations) consultant (顾问) and life was going well—she had a great job, a beautiful flat and a busy social life in London. Then one evening in June last year, she received a text message telling her she was out of work. The first two weeks were the most difficult to live through.” she said. “After everything I’d done for the company, they dismissed me by text!I was So angry and I just didn’t feel like looking for another job. I hated everything about the city and my life.” Then, Zoe received an invitation from an old school friend, Kathy, to come and stay. Kathy and her husband, Huw, had just bought a farm in north-west Wales. Zoe jumped at the chance to spend a weekend away from London, and now, ten months later, she is still on the farm. “The moment I arrived at Kathy’s farm, I loved it and I knew I wanted to stay.” said Zoe. “ Everything about my past life suddenly seemed meaningless.” Zoe has been working on the farm since October of last year and says she has no regrets. “It’s a hard life, physically very tiring. ” she says. “In London I was stressed and often mentally exhausted. But this is a good, healthy tiredness. Here, all I need to put me in a good mood is a hot bath and one of Kathy’s wonderful dinners. ” Zoe says she has never felt bored on the farm. Every day brings a new experience. Kathy has been teaching her how to ride a horse and she has learnt to drive a tractor. Since Christmas, she has been helping with the lambing-—watching a lamb being born is unbelievable, she says, “It’s one of the most moving experiences I’ve ever had. I could never go back to city life now. ” 1．When working as a PR consultant in London, Zoe thought she lived a life. A．satisfying B．tough C．meaningless D．boring 2．The most important reason why Zoe went to visit Kathy’s farm is that . A．Zoe lost her job as a PR consultant B．Kathy persuaded her to do so C．Zoe got tired of the city life D．Zoe loved Wales more than London 3．How does Zoe feel about the country life according to the passage? A．Tiresome and troublesome. B．Romantic and peaceful C．Mentally exhausting but healthy D．Physically tiring but rewarding. 4．Which of the following is closest to the main idea of the passage? A．A friend in need is a friend indeed. B．Where there is a will, there is a way. C．A misfortune may turn out a blessing. D．Kill two birds with one stone. (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial (冰川的) activity of the Ice Age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier declined, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land. And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Marine fossils found here are 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier. The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged (锯齿状的) coastline of Maine keeps watching over nearly 2,000 islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to blooming communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands left behind by the glacier. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long. For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, has afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently, though, Bar Harbor has become a new arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds. 1．The large number of small islands along the coast of Maine is the result of ______. A．the drowning of the Maine coastline B．glacier’s forcing mountains into the sea C．the irregularity of the Maine coastline D．ocean water’s flooding the mountain range 2．What does the underlined word “charge” mean in paragraph 2? A．To ask an amount of money. B．To accuse someone publicly of doing something wrong. C．To rush in a particular direction. D．To pass electricity through something. 3．Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of paragraph 4 of the selection? A．The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves. B．Acadia National Park is one of the best national parks. C．On Mt. Desert Island, there is great tension between the residents and tourists. D．Mt. Desert Island supports an incredibly diverse animal and plant life. 4．From the passage, we learn that ________. A．the coastline of Maine is ten times longer after the Ice Age B．there are more than 2,500 islands along the Maine coastline C．Mt. Desert Island has been broken apart by a 7-mile-long water stretch D．an arts community gave way to the summer homes on Mt. Desert Island (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Sia Godika was 13 when she noticed the barefoot children of construction workers at a building site near her house in the upscale Koramangala district of Bangalore, India. “They were just walking around that building site with their feet bare, hard, dirty and bleeding, as though it was an everyday practice for them,” reflects Sia, now 17. And it was in that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege. She went back home, looked at her tender feet and opened her wardrobe doors, seeing shoes — many of which hadn’t been worn for months or years—piled up high. She headed to her mother’s wardrobe next, literally dusting off cobwebs from some shoes. Then she rushed to give them all away to the same children she saw at the building site. Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomised by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.” The idea, which started as a dinner conversation with her parents, quickly grew. After she spread the word with posters and social media, enquiries from people who wanted to help came flooding in. Now in its fifth year, the organisation runs distribution drives in which Sole Warriors collects used footwear, refurbishes (翻新) it and donates the finished products to people in need. That need, says Sia, is endless. In a world where the poorest half of the population owns just two per cent of the wealth, an estimated 300 million people can’t afford footwear. Of the nearly 24 billion shoes made every year, shockingly more than 90 per cent end up in landfills. In its first distribution drive, Sole Warriors collected and gave out 700 pairs of shoes. Today that number stands at around 28,000 across four countries, including the United States, China and Liberia, thanks to the hard work of a core team of about 80 volunteers. But the organisation’s growth wasn’t without its challenges. When it came to looking for collaborators, such as a company that would do the refurbishments free of charge, Sia faced one obstacle after another before finding a partner in India’s Pressto Cobbler. In recognition of her impact, in 2021 Sia was given the Diana Award, one of the most prestigious (声誉高的) honours a young person can receive for social action or humanitarian work. But her work isn’t done. “Our goal has always been to touch a million feet,” she says. 1．__________ inspired Sia to donate shoes to the children at the building site. A．Her privilege to live in an upscale community B．Her parents’ and community volunteers’ help C．The sight of children without wearing shoes D．The piles of shoes in her parent’wardrobes 2．The underlined word “epitomized” in para.4 can be replaced with _________. A．symbolized B．nicknamed C．sustained D．founded 3．What can be inferred about Sia’s charitable cause? A．Sia was awarded Diana Award for her cause at 20. B．Sia’s project recycles 90% of used shoes in landfills. C．Sia conquered many challenges posed by Pressto Cobbler. D．Sia is ambitious to expand her project by donating more shoes. 4．Which of the following is probably the best title of the text? A．Miseries at Indian Building Site B．Walking in Someone else’s Shoes C．Favourite for the Diana Award D．Mission Achieved by Perseverance (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) Just the Ticket Shetara Sims had weathered some tough years. In 2012, her eldest daughter was murdered during an argument in Kansas City, Missouri. Last year, the single mother lost her job in the recession (经济衰退). She had only $7 in her pocket as she headed into the grocery store one day last July with her 12-year-old daughter, Rakiya Edmondson. And then Lady Luck finally cut Sims some slack. She and her daughter found a dollar bill in the parking lot. Maybe this was their day, they told each other. So they bought a lottery ticket (彩票) --and won $100. But before they could spend their unexpected gain, Rakiya had an idea. The news in Kansas City that week had been filled with stories about a police officer, Tyler Moss, who had been shot in the head in the line of duty. He was in critical condition. Rakiya and her mother had never forgotten how kind the police had been after their own family member was killed. “The detectives were really there for us,” Sims says. “They came to see my kids. They were fathers, therapists. They were everything.” Rakiya wanted to give their lottery winning to Officer Moss’s family. Her mom readily agreed. On July 10, Sims called the police and made an anonymous (匿名的) donation. Moved by her generous expression of thanks, the officers did what they do best --they tracked Sims down. When she explained the family’s motivation, the officers could hardly believe it. “With her current financial hardship, we encouraged her to keep the money,” the department later explained. “She refused, saying the officer’s family needed it and police needed to know they were supported.” By then, that feeling of support was mutual. The police set up a GoFundMe page for Sims, whom they called “The Woman with the Heart of Gold.” Their goal was $10,000. As of January 11, they had raised $165,405. Even better: Officer Moss, who had a 1 percent chance of survival, is out of the hospital and recovering. 1．Which of the following is NOT one of the hardships Shetara Sims went through? A．Having to bring up children all by herself. B．Losing a lot of money buying lottery tickets. C．Losing her job during the economic decline. D．Her eldest daughter being killed in an argument. 2．The underlined phrase “cut Sims some slack” is closest in meaning to _________. A．gave Sims a break B．criticized Sims sharply C．ignored Sims completely D．conducted a test on Sims 3．Why was Sims called “The Woman with the Heart of Gold”? A．She supported Moss’s family with the money raised on GoFundMe. B．She wrote an anonymous letter to express her gratitude to Officer Moss. C．She donated all the lottery winning despite her own financial hardships. D．She forgave the murderer and encouraged Rakiya to embrace a new life. 4．Which of the following statement is TRUE? A．The police tracked Sims down secretly and returned the money to her. B．The police launched a fundraising campaign for Sims among policeman. C．Officer Moss got injured when arresting the man who killed Sims' daughter. D．Officer Moss’s survival was truly a miracle, given his slim chances. (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) To the Editors: I am surprised to read that Dr. Strojnik (“Direct Detection of Exoplanets,” September-October2023) states that we have not yet and cannot directly image exoplanets (外部行星). This is incorrect. NASA/IPAC has a list at exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html. One example is an image of 51 Eridani b. The planet is 2.6 times as massive as Jupiter and has the same radius (半径). Gerard Kriss Space Telescope Science Institute Dr. Gerard: I am pleased that my article brought a response. The phrase “planet detection” arouses in people’s imaginations beautiful images of planets that are creative artistic representations of novel worlds. But a blur of brightness is not an image. Exoplanet researchers routinely call videos such as the one below of 51 Eridani b “direct images” because the planet’s light has been separated from that of its star. “Directly imaged” is the standard language of exoplanet astronomy. But to an optical (光学的) scientist such as myself, there is a strong distinction between direct detection (the planet’s light separated from the light of its star) and direct imaging (a proven picture of the exoplanet). From an optical researcher’s perspective, a single bright spot simply is not an image. Indeed, even the word “direct” in direct detection is debatable from an optical researcher’s point of view. The detection of the light of the exoplanet requires significant processing, adding multiple images and removing starlight based on theoretical models of the source signal. But the interpretation of a bright spot as a planet is only possible upon visual inspection and optimistic thinking. As an optical scientist, I cannot look at a single spot and call it an image of exoplanets. A trajectory (轨迹), or a series of bright points, is not an image of a planet, although it very likely represents something that nowadays is described as an exoplanet. Marija Strojnik 1．________ is the main disagreement between Marija Strojnik and Gerard Kriss. A．The definition of a planet B．The importance of detecting exoplanets C．The artistic representation of exoplanets D．The use of the term “direct imaging” 2．How does Dr. Strojnik feel about the interpretation of a bright spot as an exoplanet? A．She supports it, as it is a common practice in exoplanet astronomy. B．She approves of it, although it does not provide a clear picture of the exoplanet. C．She believes it is only possible through visual observation and positive assumption. D．She considers the interpretation to be debatable, as it requires significant processing. 3．Where can you find these two letters? A．In the textbook. B．In a local newspaper. C．In a published essay. D．In a science journal. (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) As midnight approaches in Svalbard, a young polar bear climbs onto an iceberg (冰山) and carves himself a temporary bed before falling asleep. This peaceful moment, capturing the essence of Earth’s delicacy, was taken by Nima Sarikhani, who won Wildlife Photographer of the Year People’s Choice Award, which is decided by public vote. Sarikhani, from the UK, spent three days searching Norway’s Svalbard islands in the hope of catching sight of these symbolic Arctic (北极的) animals. He was finally rewarded with the sight of both an older and younger male shortly after his ship changed course. Sarikhani seized the chance to take a photo of the younger bear sleeping on the iceberg — a scene that not only awakens the bond between an animal and its habitat, but also the need to act on global challenges like climate change and habitat loss. These days, the sight of a lone polar bear on melting ice is a familiar symbol of the impact of climate change. But that is for a good reason: global warming is having a particularly rapid effect on the Arctic, which is heating up at a rate three times as high as that of the average around the world. Among those hardest hit are these bears, which are increasingly threatened by the reduction in sea ice cover that they rely on to hunt and raise young. Though his photo is intended to arouse emotion in those who see it, Sarikhani is optimistic that with the right actions, it isn’t too late for polar bears. The image will be displayed in an exhibition at the Natural History Museum, London, along with the competition’s four runners-up, until 30 June. 1．Sarikhani’s journey in Svalbard can be described as ______. A．purposeful B．leisurely C．profit-driven D．research-led 2．It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A．polar bears are likely to die out B．the warming of the Arctic just begins C．sea ice cover is vital for polar bears’ survival D．polar bears are adapting well to climate change 3．According to the last paragraph, what’s Sarikhani’s hope for the impact of his photo? A．To arouse people’s sadness for the scene. B．To motivate people to protect polar bears. C．To attract more visitors to the Arctic. D．To boost the popularity of the exhibition. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Svalbard’s quietness: Polar bears’ comfortable zone B．Arctic adventure: Search for a dramatic landscape C．Bearing witness: Polar bears’ shelter on melting ice D．Ice and isolation: A faraway natural wonder (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) When would you say “old age” begins? It’s possible that the closer you think you are to that threshold (起始点), the later you’ll put it, but people’s general perceptions of old age have been changing over time. New research finds that nowadays, we think of old age starting later than we used to — but that trend may not continue forever. Scientists from Germany, the USA, and Luxembourg analyzed data from over 14,000 individuals participating in a decades-long study called the German Ageing Survey. These participants, born between 1911 and 1974, covering several generations, provided up to eight responses over a 25-year span, when they were aged between 40 and 100. One of the main questions, and the subject of the new paper, was “At what age would you describe someone as old?” When they were asked this question at the age of 65, people born in 1911 said that old age begins, on average, at the age of 71. When the question was repeated to people born in 1956 once they also hit 65 years old, they instead put the threshold three years later, at 74. In a statement, first author Markus Wettstein gave some suggestions as to why this might be: “Life expectancy has increased, which might contribute to a later perceived onset (开始) of old age. Also, some aspects of health have improved over time, so that people of a certain age who were regarded as old in the past may no longer be considered old nowadays.” The same trend was observed at the individual level too. On average, as each participant aged by four or five years themselves, their estimate for the onset of old age increased by a year. Women put the threshold for old age about two years later than men on average. There were some other factors that were found to impact someone’s individual estimate too — for example, people in poorer health, who were lonelier, or who “felt” older generally believed old age begins earlier. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite — perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said. What’s evident is that this postponement trend won’t last forever. In fact, it’s already slowing down. The study has some limitations, in that participants were all from one country. The researchers say future studies should seek to address this, as well as examining whether the trend towards postponing the perception of the onset of old age is continuing to decelerate. 1．What is the main finding of the new research mentioned in the article? A．People’s perceptions of old age have remained constant over time. B．Improvements in certain health aspects help increase life expectancy. C．The threshold for considering someone as “old” has been shifting earlier. D．Nowadays people tend to think of old age as starting later than in the past. 2．Which of the following is TRUE about the research? A．The 14,000 participants were from Germany, the US, and Luxembourg. B．The participants provided at most eight responses during the 25-year period. C．Future studies will explore factors affecting the estimated onset of old age. D．Some participants cover several generations but are from the same family. 3．Which of the following is NOT included in the postponement trend? A．Women set the starting point of old age around two years later than men. B．One’s closeness to this threshold could delay their perception of old age. C．People’s perception of a later onset of old age justifies delaying retirement. D．Individuals once labeled as old at a certain age may not be considered so now. 4．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Poorer people generally see old age starting earlier than the wealthier. B．Postponing the onset of old age reflects a growing respect for the elderly. C．People may delay the onset of old age because of their negative views of it. D．Whether the postponement trend is slowing down needs further observation. (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Cook’s last tour Until recently Captain James Cook was not a particularly controversial figure. But in January a statue of the 18th-century British explorer was pushed over in Melbourne and the words “The colony will fall” painted on the base. In Hawaii a monument in Cook’s memory has been covered with red paint and the message “You are on native land.” Cook has joined Edward Colston and Cecil Rhodes as a focus of anti-colonialist anger. Yet Cook was neither a slave trader nor much of an imperialist. He was, first and foremost, a brilliant navigator and mapmaker. Acting under government orders, he undertook three pioneering voyages in the Pacific between 1768 and 1779. His map-making transformed Europeans knowledge of the world’s largest ocean. An excellent new book draws on Cook’s letters and notebooks to tell the story of his third and final trip. Cook was almost 50 when he set off on HMS Resolution in July 1776. Cook had secret instructions from the government not only to claim new territory for Britain, but to search for a north west passage via the Bering Strait, a task even someone with his navigational experience found impossible. The author, Hampton Sides, focuses on Cook’s return to Australia and New Zealand — countries the explorer had first encountered almost a decade earlier — his discovery of the Society Islands and his time in Hawaii. It was there, in February 1779, that he was killed after a failed attempt to kidnap a local chief in response to the theft of a longboat. Cook was a man of his era. He believed Europe would have a civilising influence on many benighted (愚昧无知的) folk in the Pacific. He was cruel when carrying out punishments to his own crew as well as to any native people who opposed him. At the same time, Cook admired many of the people and places he encountered in the South Pacific. Unlike the Spanish, he had no interest in religious conversion. He tried hard to stop his men from spreading disease. For the most part, his land claims were aimed not at promoting a British empire but preventing grabs by its rivals, France and Spain. As the author makes clear, there is a balance to be struck between justified admiration for Cook’s seamanship and a justifiable hatred for the colonialism that followed native peoples’ first contact with Europeans. Today many Western countries are divided over how to think about such vexed legacies (棘手的后遗症). In 2020 half of Britons thought it was right that Colston’s statue was removed. Cook’s statue still stands in London, as does Rhodes’s in Oxford. The question is whether they will enjoy their high positions much longer. 1．How do the public regard Cook currently? A．He is nobler than Colston and Rhodes. B．He is not a controversial historic figure. C．They blame the fall of the colony on him. D．Some people regard Cook as a colonialist. 2．During Cook’s first voyage in the Pacific Ocean, he _________. A．landed the Society Islands and New Zealand B．commanded a warship called HMS Resolution C．searched for a route by way of the Bering Strait D．was revenged on a local chief for stealing a boat 3．Cook’s behaviour can be described as ________. A．patriotic and religious B．well-intentioned and iron-handed C．charitable and moral D．rebellious and awe-inspiring 4．Which of the following does Hampton Sides, the author of a book on Cook agree with? A．It is justifiable to remove Colston’s, Cook’s and Rhodes’s statue. B．Cook mainly aimed to expand domains by grabbing land from Spain. C．We should view Cook’s adventure and British colonialism objectively. D．The vexed legacies result from division in whether to remove the statues. (22-23高二下·上海复旦附中·期末) Brenda Thomas’s heart became a shell when her 21-year-old son died in a motorcycle accident in September 2019, only one week into his senior year of college. But she has found something that helps her to deal with her grief. She keeps “acts of kindness” cards in honor of her son. These folded pieces of paper are tucked in her purse at all times and always stored in the glove compartment of her car. Whenever she does a good deed for a stranger— which is about once a week— she passes along a card with a message written on it: “If you receive this card, then you must be a recipient of a random act of kindness.” At the top of each note is her son’s name, Trevor Paul Thomas. Trevor was an athlete who played baseball at Allegany College of Maryland and Penn State Fayette. He was a loyal friend and a force for good, with a witty sense of humor and a big smile. According to his mother, one of Trevor’s best qualities was his compassion for others, no matter how well he knew them. He regularly shoveled(铲) snow off the driveways of older neighbors, delivered hot meals to those in need, and befriended classmates who struggled to fit in. It seemed a natural fit to launch a kindness campaign in his memory. The Thomas family adopted the “acts of kindness” cards to mark what would have been Trevor’s 23 birthday. They hoped that these cards would encourage people to do a good deed as part of Trevor’s legacy. On each card, they included a mantra (箴言) that the family said best describes the way Trevor had lived his life: “Be somebody who makes everybody feel like somebody.” Recently, while dining with her daughter Whitney in a restaurant, Brenda decided to pay for the meal of a mother and two children. The recipient of Brenda’s spontaneous (发自内心的) gift was Liana Arruda. She was taking her nine-year-old son and his five-year-old sister for dinner. She felt shocked and moved after the waitress handed her the card. She used it as an opportunity to teach her children about compassion and is now brainstorming ways to pass on the goodness. “I’m waiting to find the perfect opportunity,” she said. “I want it to matter, because it mattered to me.” For the Thomas family, while there is still—and forever will be—a massive void(空虚感) in their lives without Trevor, committing to “living like him” has helped them turn their pain into purpose. “We’ll keep paying it forward in Trevor’s honor because it would make him so proud,” said Brenda. 1．Trevor Paul can be best described as________. A．ambitious, witty and optimistic B．sympathetic, humorous and warmhearted C．faithful, passionate and competitive D．compassionate, persistent and rigorous 2．According to the context, the sentence “Be somebody who makes everybody feel like somebody.”(P4) can be best illustrated by __________. A．Do as Romans do. B．Serve others to be popular. C．Influence others with what you do. D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Trevor would have graduated from university within one year but for the accident. B．Every time Brenda does a good deed for others, they’ll receive an anonymous card. C．Liana was astonished and touched because her two children gave her the gift spontaneously. D．Liana has found a perfect opportunity to pass on the goodness and teach her children about compassion. 4．What conclusion can we draw from the passage? A．Your pain can be turned into purpose to push you forward. B．Compassion means standing in others shoes. C．Void can be replaced with satisfaction by “living like him”. D．Committing to “following his way” is a good way to honor somebody. (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) The ancient Egyptians thought so little of the brain that when a king died, they removed the brain from his body and threw it away. The Egyptians assumed, like many people before and after them, that consciousness — your mind and your thoughts existed in the heart. Now we know that the mind is a product of the brain, but how exactly does this 1.5-kilo piece of matter create a mind that allows you to think about yourself, experience happiness and anger, or remember events that happened 20 minutes or 20 years ago? This isn’t a new question. Today, however, powerful new techniques for visualizing the sources of thought, emotion, behavior, and memory are transforming the way we understand the brain and the mind it creates. Have you ever stopped and thought, “What’s wrong with me today? I just don’t feel like myself”? Perhaps you were more tired or worried than usual — but somehow, you knew that something was different about you. This self-awareness - the ability to think about yourself and how you’re feeling-is an important part of being human. This part of of your mind has its origins in the prefrontal cortex — a region of your brain just behind your forehead that extends to about your ears. Before this area began to function (around age two), you didn’t understand that you were a separate individual with your own identity. As this part of your brain developed, you became more aware of yourself and your thoughts and feelings. Though humans may share certain emotions and recognize them in others, we don’t all have the same emotional response to every situation. In fact, most emotional responses are learned and stored in our memories. The smell of freshly cut grass, for example, will generate happy feelings in someone who spent enjoyable childhood summers in the countryside, but not in someone who was forced to work long hours on a farm. Once an emotional association like this is made, it is very difficult to reverse it. “Emotion is the least flexible part of the brain,” says psychologist Paul Ekman. But we can learn to control our emotions by becoming consciously aware of their underlying causes and by not reacting automatically to things in our environment. For centuries, people have studied the brain, but it is only in recent years that we have really started to learn how it works. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go before we understand our mind’s many complexities. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．How we create and control emotions. B．How the mind works. C．How human beings are distinct. D．How emotions are processed. 2．Why does the author mention the ancient Egyptians’ practice in the very beginning? A．To illustrate the importance of the heart in ancient Egyptian culture. B．To introduce the core theme of the mind-body connection and evolution. C．To provide an example of how the brain has been misunderstood throughout history. D．To contrast the ancient Egyptians’ views on the brain with the modern one. 3．Which of the following statement is NOT true? A．Self-awareness develops before the age of two. B．The prefrontal cortex affects a person’s emotions. C．The prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain. D．Self-awareness strengthens with the development of the brain. 4．What does the passage suggest about the flexibility of emotions? A．Emotions are universal and do not change over time or with individual experiences. B．Emotions are generally learned and stored in our memories, making them quite flexible. C．Emotions are influenced by our personal experiences and can vary from person to person. D．Emotions are the least flexible part of the mind, and they cannot be controlled. (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) Conventionally, being overweight is bad for health. This may not always be the case. The latest evidence comes from a study in which people classed as overweight, but not extremely fat, had a lower death rate within a certain period than people with a supposedly ideal weight. This suggests that the threshold (阈值) for classifying individuals as overweight may have been set too low. It is uncontroversial that being very heavy is bad for health, but it is unclear at what point health risks begin. Doctors usually ad vise people to lose weight if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is high, which is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. In most countries, a healthy weight is defined as a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9. Having a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is classed as overweight and 30 and above as extremely fat. Previous research made waves when it found that people whose BMI was somewhat over the “healthy” threshold of 25 may have a slightly lower death rate than slimmer individuals. But many of the studies are fairly old and were done when people were mostly slimmer, and subjects weren’t racially diverse, says Aayush Visaria, a researcher in New Jersey. To address those issues, Visaria tracked the survival of about 500,000 racially diverse US adults of known height and weight for up to 20 years. Having a BMI between 25 and 27.4 carried a 5 percent lower risk of death in this period than a BMI within the healthy category of 22.5 to 24.9. A slightly higher BMI, of 27.5 to 29.9, seemed even better, linked with a 7 percent lower risk of death. One criticism is that the apparent benefit of being overweight could be a misconception, as people who lose weight due to illness are more likely to die. However, in the new research, the pattern persisted even if people who died within two years of entering the study were ruled out from the figures. Visaria says it’s too early to conclude that having an “overweight” BMI outperforms being in the healthy category, because population studies may be prejudiced and lead to misinterpretation of the results. “We aren’t certain if this is truly interpretable,” he says. “A more appropriate message is that BMI isn’t a good indicator of death risk—other factors, like body fat distribution, also play a role.” 1．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______. A．put forward a controversial issue B．discuss reasons for a lower death rate C．reveal a finding that questions a common belief D．justify the traditional “overweight” threshold 2．According to paragraph 3 and 4, Visaria resolved the limitations of previous research by ______. A．arriving at a more specific finding B．tracking the research for another 20 years C．calming down a wave of criticism from the crowd D．adopting a large, diverse sample over an extended period 3．According to the passage, “the pattern” in paragraph 5 refers to ______. A．the misconception about the benefit of being overweight B．the increased likelihood of death for individuals losing weight due to illness C．the changing perception of BMI classification over time D．the lower risk of death for slightly heavier persons in a set time compared to slimmer ones 4．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Weight and blood pressure are two primary factors related to BMI. B．To accurately reflect someone’s health risk, a broader view is necessary. C．Visaria will continue to figure out a more scientific BMI threshold. D．Visaria is confident of the reliability of his research. (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Fact or Myth? WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH ① Sleepwalking typically occurs during the non-rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Several factors can lead to walking while sleeping, including alcohol use, stress and even brain injury. However, there is a genetic explanation for sleepwalking. Studies have shown that children with one or both sleepwalking parents are 40 to 60 per cent more likely to sleepwalk themselves. As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion. 61 LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNOREMORE ② Snoring, namely breathing noisily, is caused by airflow being restricted through the body’s airways during sleep. When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动)with every breath and can create a snoring sound. When you sleep on your side this tissue doesn’t move downwards, opening up the airways and reducing the volume of snoring. YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN ③ This common theory in question dates back to the early 1900s, when the philosopher and founder of American psychology William James suggested that we only use a small portion of our potential. In a 1907 paper titled The Energies of Men, James wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.” It’s sustained by a book How to Win Friends and Influence People, where American writer Lowell Thomas wrote that “professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average person develops only ten per cent of his potential mental ability”. 1．Which section of a magazine does this passage probably belong to? A．Educational features. B．Medical science. C．Psychology forum. D．Classified ads. 2．Which of the following pictures best illustrates SNORING SCIENCE? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following best fits into the numbered blanks ①—②—③? A．MYTH—FACT—FACT B．FACT—MYTH—FACT C．MYTH—FACT—MYTH D．FACT—MYTH—MYTH 试卷第24页，共24页 试卷第23页，共24页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题04 阅读理解（优选上海名校真题）15篇 (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) 1．Why is there a personal checklist in the advertisement? A．To help readers self-check their degree of aging. B．To teach readers how to slow the natural aging process. C．To urge readers to take their own health issues more seriously. D．To make readers aware of how much the product can help them. 2．Which of the following is NOT the safety feature of a Safe Step Tub? A．Low step-in. B．Heated seat and back. C．Grab bars. D．Anti-slip tub floor. 3．If a customer calls 1-888-380-9164 today, he can ________. A．have a $1500 discount when he buys any bathroom fittings B．get $1500 back for the walk-in tub he bought last year C．save $1500 when buying a new Safe Step Walk-In Tub D．change the Walk-In Tub for a shower room for free 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要推广安全步行浴缸，介绍了产品的优点和好处，从而吸引潜在客户的注意并激发他们的购买欲望。 1．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，在广告中，个人清单的存在主要是为了强调用户可能面临的健康问题或不便，进而通过这些问题来突出安全步入式浴缸能够为用户带来的帮助和解决方案。这种方式能够直接让读者意识到产品的重要性和实用性，从而激发他们的购买欲望。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章内容可知，选项B“Heated seat and back(加热座椅和靠背)”不是Safe Step Tub(安全步行浴缸)的安全特性。它更多地是一个舒适性或便利性的特性，而不是直接关联到浴缸的安全性能。而“Low step-in(低门槛进入)”、“Grab bars(扶手)”和“Anti-slip tub floor(防滑浴缸地板)”都是与安全直接相关的特性，旨在帮助用户更安全地使用浴缸。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章中“Call today and receive exclusive savings of $1500 off plus a free shower package! Call 18883809164 with purchase of a new Safe Step Walk-In Tub.(今天致电，您将获得1500美元的独家优惠和免费淋浴套餐！致电18883809164购买一个新的安全步入式浴缸。)”可知，如果客户今天拨打该电话号码，他可以在购买新的Safe Step Walk-In Tub时节省1500美元。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) Four Books Worth Reading Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition. At over 240 pages, his passion and knowledge leaps off every spread. From the microscopic to the splendid, the colour images create an entertaining and charming experience. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless. Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. Walther’s book is comprehensive and perfect for Atkins fans or anyone keen to learn. The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne. Pesquet took more than 245,000 images over two missions, with his book including 200 of these. It is the closest most of us will get to being on the ISS — a deeply engaging read. Looking at Trees by Sophie Howarth This absorbing book features 26 of the world’s leading photographers. From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa, Howarth asks us to value trees at a time of environmental challenge. It’s a book you will return to. 1．The four books can be classified into ______. A．art magazines B．photo books C．historical novels D．instruction books 2．Which book is a remade version of a popular book? A．Entangled Life (Illustrated). B．Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes. C．The Earth in Our Hands. D．Looking at Trees. 3．What can be learnt from the introduction of the four books? A．Looking at Trees mainly focuses on valuable trees. B．Don Pettit has joined space missions with Pesquet. C．Cyanotypes of Anna Atkins enjoy a high reputation. D．All the books introduced care about the environment. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章推荐了四本值得阅读的书。 1．推理判断题。根据Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake部分的“Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition.(继2020年的畅销书《纠缠的生命》之后，生物学家谢尔德雷克及时地推出了令人印象深刻的插图版。)”、Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther部分的“Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. (阿特金斯使用光敏铁盐溶液，并将其暴露在阳光下，创造出美丽的蓝型照片，即一种特定的深蓝色照片。)”、The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet部分的“Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne.(佩斯凯从国际空间站(ISS)拍摄的令人惊叹的照片集追随了宇航员唐·佩蒂特的太空之星的脚步。)”以及部分的“From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa,(从加利福尼亚好莱坞杜松的照片到南非中途花园的梦幻形象)”可知，四本书分别介绍了不同的图片和照片，包括生物学家的插图版、植物和动物的照片、从国际空间站拍摄的地球照片以及世界各地的树木照片。因此，这些书可以被归类为摄影书籍（photo books）。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake部分的“Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition.( 继2020年的畅销书《纠缠的生命》之后，生物学家谢尔德雷克及时地推出了令人印象深刻的插图版。)”可知，《纠缠的生命》（插图版）是畅销书的重新制作版本。故选A。 3．推理判断题。Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther部分的“Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless.(安娜·阿特金斯的优雅版画经常被复制，但很少被超越，它们是永恒的。)”可知，Anna Atkins的优雅版画经常被复制，但很少被超越，这表明她的作品享有很高的声誉。因此，可以得知Anna Atkins的Cyanotypes享有很高的声誉。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海复旦附中·期末) Hopping Around the World Hopscotch is a very old game. It usually uses a puck, such as a stone, and a pattern that players hop through. Here are different versions to play. Scotch-HoppersChildren in England and Scotland play this game with a stone or a coin. Throw the stone into Box 1. Hop over Box 1 and through the pattern. On the way back, hop into Box 1, pick up the stone, and hop out. Then, toss the puck into Box 2, and so on. If your stone enters the wrong box, start over! The first player to throw the stone into each box and hop through the whole pattern wins. Escargot Escargot is the French word for “snail.” For this game, the pattern looks like a snail. No puck is used. Players hop through the pattern on one foot. You may rest in the center on both feet. After resting, hop back through the pattern and out. If you finish the pattern without stepping on a line, write your name in a space. No other player may land in that space. At the end, the player who owns the most spaces wins. La Thunkuna Children play this game in Bolivia, a country in South America. The puck is a stone or the peel from an orange. Instead of writing a number in each square, players write each day of the week. Throw the puck into the first box. Hop over it into the second box. Next, kick the puck backwards and out of the pattern. Then, hop out. On your next turn, throw the puck into the next space, and so on. The first player to hop all the way through wins. Gat Fei Gei In this Chinese version of hopscotch, the puck is a piece of roof tile. At the top is the pig’s head. Toss the puck into the pig’s head and hop through the pattern. When you reach boxes 7 and 8, spin around and pick up the puck from behind. If you hop through the pattern without making a mistake, pick a box and write your name in it. No one else can land in that box! The player who owns the most boxes wins. 1．What are the two common things used in hopscotch? A．Coin and pin. B．Box and chair. C．Snail and space. D．Puck and pattern. 2．Which of the following shows the difference of Escargot from other hopscotches? A．It needs more space. B．It doesn’t need a puck. C．It is a snail from France. D．It isn’t a pattern but a line. 3．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．The successful winners in the hopscotch. B．The history and development of hopscotch. C．The rules of different versions of hopscotch. D．The popularity of hopscotch all over the world. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了世界各地不同版本的跳房子。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Hopscotch is a very old game. It usually uses a puck, such as a stone, and a pattern that players hop through(跳房子游戏是一种非常古老的游戏。它通常使用一个冰球，比如一块石头，以及一个让玩家跳跃的图案。)”可知，跳房子游戏中最常用的两种东西是冰球和图案。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据Scotch-Hoppers部分中的“Children in England and Scotland play this game with a stone or a coin. (英格兰和苏格兰的孩子们用石头或硬币玩这个游戏。)”，Escargot部分中的“No puck is used.(不使用冰球)”，La Thunkuna部分中的“The puck is a stone or the peel from an orange(冰球是一块石头或橙子皮)”和Gat Fei Gei部分中的“In this Chinese version of hopscotch, the puck is a piece of roof tile. (在这个中国版的跳房子游戏中，冰球是一块屋顶瓦片)”可知，Escargot 与其他跳房子的不同之处在于它不需要冰球。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是标题“Hopping Around the World(世界各地的跳房子)”和第一段“Hopscotch is a very old game. It usually uses a puck, such as a stone, and a pattern that players hop through. Here are different versions to play.(跳房子游戏是一种非常古老的游戏。它通常使用一个冰球，比如一块石头，以及一个让玩家跳跃的图案。这里有不同的版本。)”可知，文章主要介绍了世界上不同版本跳房子游戏的规则。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海七宝中学·期末) Zoe Chambers was a successful PR (Public Relations) consultant (顾问) and life was going well—she had a great job, a beautiful flat and a busy social life in London. Then one evening in June last year, she received a text message telling her she was out of work. The first two weeks were the most difficult to live through.” she said. “After everything I’d done for the company, they dismissed me by text!I was So angry and I just didn’t feel like looking for another job. I hated everything about the city and my life.” Then, Zoe received an invitation from an old school friend, Kathy, to come and stay. Kathy and her husband, Huw, had just bought a farm in north-west Wales. Zoe jumped at the chance to spend a weekend away from London, and now, ten months later, she is still on the farm. “The moment I arrived at Kathy’s farm, I loved it and I knew I wanted to stay.” said Zoe. “ Everything about my past life suddenly seemed meaningless.” Zoe has been working on the farm since October of last year and says she has no regrets. “It’s a hard life, physically very tiring. ” she says. “In London I was stressed and often mentally exhausted. But this is a good, healthy tiredness. Here, all I need to put me in a good mood is a hot bath and one of Kathy’s wonderful dinners. ” Zoe says she has never felt bored on the farm. Every day brings a new experience. Kathy has been teaching her how to ride a horse and she has learnt to drive a tractor. Since Christmas, she has been helping with the lambing-—watching a lamb being born is unbelievable, she says, “It’s one of the most moving experiences I’ve ever had. I could never go back to city life now. ” 1．When working as a PR consultant in London, Zoe thought she lived a life. A．satisfying B．tough C．meaningless D．boring 2．The most important reason why Zoe went to visit Kathy’s farm is that . A．Zoe lost her job as a PR consultant B．Kathy persuaded her to do so C．Zoe got tired of the city life D．Zoe loved Wales more than London 3．How does Zoe feel about the country life according to the passage? A．Tiresome and troublesome. B．Romantic and peaceful C．Mentally exhausting but healthy D．Physically tiring but rewarding. 4．Which of the following is closest to the main idea of the passage? A．A friend in need is a friend indeed. B．Where there is a will, there is a way. C．A misfortune may turn out a blessing. D．Kill two birds with one stone. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，记叙了佐伊是公共关系顾问，生活很满意，她为公司做完一切后，被解雇了，她很生气，以至于讨厌城市生活。她收到老同学凯西的邀请，让她到农场来散心，来到农场，她很喜欢农场，她决定在那里生活，在那里佐伊一点都不感到无聊，每天都有新的体验。 1．推理判断题。由第一段第一句话Zoe Chambers was a successful PR(Public Relations) consultant and life was going well — she had a great job, beautiful flat and a busy social life in London.可知，她过去作为咨询师的时候，工作很好，过得是一种"令人满意的、令人羡慕的"生活，所以选A。 2．细节理解题。由第一段最后一句After everything I’d done for the company, they dismissed me by text! I was so angry and I just didn’t feel like looking for another job. I hate everything about the city and my life.可以知道她去了朋友农场的最重要原因就是因为她被炒了鱿鱼，失业了，才想到去农场，故选A。 3．细节理解题，由第四段第三行But this is a good, healthy tiredness. Here, all I need to put me in a good mood is a hot bath and one of Kathy's wonderful dinners可以知道这里虽然辛苦但是很好很健康，心情愉快，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。由本文的主要意思“佐伊是公共关系顾问，生活很满意，她为公司做完一切后，被解雇了，她很生气，以至于讨厌城市生活。她收到老同学凯西的邀请，让她到农场来散心，来到农场，她很喜欢农场，她决定在那里生活，在那里佐伊一点都不感到无聊，每天都有新的体验”所以选C有时候，一个不幸可能会带来好运和幸福。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial (冰川的) activity of the Ice Age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier declined, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land. And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Marine fossils found here are 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier. The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged (锯齿状的) coastline of Maine keeps watching over nearly 2,000 islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to blooming communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands left behind by the glacier. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long. For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, has afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently, though, Bar Harbor has become a new arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds. 1．The large number of small islands along the coast of Maine is the result of ______. A．the drowning of the Maine coastline B．glacier’s forcing mountains into the sea C．the irregularity of the Maine coastline D．ocean water’s flooding the mountain range 2．What does the underlined word “charge” mean in paragraph 2? A．To ask an amount of money. B．To accuse someone publicly of doing something wrong. C．To rush in a particular direction. D．To pass electricity through something. 3．Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of paragraph 4 of the selection? A．The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves. B．Acadia National Park is one of the best national parks. C．On Mt. Desert Island, there is great tension between the residents and tourists. D．Mt. Desert Island supports an incredibly diverse animal and plant life. 4．From the passage, we learn that ________. A．the coastline of Maine is ten times longer after the Ice Age B．there are more than 2,500 islands along the Maine coastline C．Mt. Desert Island has been broken apart by a 7-mile-long water stretch D．an arts community gave way to the summer homes on Mt. Desert Island 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章先介绍美国缅因州海岸线的地质特点和形成原因，接着着重描述了其中一个最大的岛屿——Mt. Desert岛。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier declined, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.( 这种不规则性是被称为溺水海岸的结果。那时，现在是缅因州的整个地区是一座高耸在海面之上的山脉的一部分。然而，随着冰川消退，它对那些山脉施加了巨大的力量，它们沉入了海中)”和第二段“And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands.(而最靠近海岸的原山脉的最高部分则保留为岛屿)”可知，缅因州海岸线的不规则性是通过“淹没的海岸线”形成的，这是冰川活动造成的结果。冰川退却时，山脉的部分沉入海底，留下高耸的部分成为岛屿。因此，许多小岛的形成是由于海岸线被淹没的结果。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land.(随着山脉的沉没，海洋水charged了剩余陆地的最低部分)”可知，随着山脉的沉没，海洋水涌入淹没了剩余陆地的最低部分，因此划线词词义为：淹没、（水）冲向某个特定的地方，故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，特别是“But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones.(但岛上最好的部分是被称为阿卡迪亚国家公园的未受破坏的森林土地。由于该岛位于两个不同地理区域的交界处，公园支持着这两个区域的植物和动物)”可知，本段主要介绍该岛具有极其丰富的动植物多样性。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.(巴港岛几乎形成了两个明显不同的岛屿。它几乎被索姆斯海峡一分为二，这是一条非常深且非常狭窄的七英里长的水域)”可知，岛屿被一段7英里的水域隔开。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Sia Godika was 13 when she noticed the barefoot children of construction workers at a building site near her house in the upscale Koramangala district of Bangalore, India. “They were just walking around that building site with their feet bare, hard, dirty and bleeding, as though it was an everyday practice for them,” reflects Sia, now 17. And it was in that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege. She went back home, looked at her tender feet and opened her wardrobe doors, seeing shoes — many of which hadn’t been worn for months or years—piled up high. She headed to her mother’s wardrobe next, literally dusting off cobwebs from some shoes. Then she rushed to give them all away to the same children she saw at the building site. Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomised by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.” The idea, which started as a dinner conversation with her parents, quickly grew. After she spread the word with posters and social media, enquiries from people who wanted to help came flooding in. Now in its fifth year, the organisation runs distribution drives in which Sole Warriors collects used footwear, refurbishes (翻新) it and donates the finished products to people in need. That need, says Sia, is endless. In a world where the poorest half of the population owns just two per cent of the wealth, an estimated 300 million people can’t afford footwear. Of the nearly 24 billion shoes made every year, shockingly more than 90 per cent end up in landfills. In its first distribution drive, Sole Warriors collected and gave out 700 pairs of shoes. Today that number stands at around 28,000 across four countries, including the United States, China and Liberia, thanks to the hard work of a core team of about 80 volunteers. But the organisation’s growth wasn’t without its challenges. When it came to looking for collaborators, such as a company that would do the refurbishments free of charge, Sia faced one obstacle after another before finding a partner in India’s Pressto Cobbler. In recognition of her impact, in 2021 Sia was given the Diana Award, one of the most prestigious (声誉高的) honours a young person can receive for social action or humanitarian work. But her work isn’t done. “Our goal has always been to touch a million feet,” she says. 1．__________ inspired Sia to donate shoes to the children at the building site. A．Her privilege to live in an upscale community B．Her parents’ and community volunteers’ help C．The sight of children without wearing shoes D．The piles of shoes in her parent’wardrobes 2．The underlined word “epitomized” in para.4 can be replaced with _________. A．symbolized B．nicknamed C．sustained D．founded 3．What can be inferred about Sia’s charitable cause? A．Sia was awarded Diana Award for her cause at 20. B．Sia’s project recycles 90% of used shoes in landfills. C．Sia conquered many challenges posed by Pressto Cobbler. D．Sia is ambitious to expand her project by donating more shoes. 4．Which of the following is probably the best title of the text? A．Miseries at Indian Building Site B．Walking in Someone else’s Shoes C．Favourite for the Diana Award D．Mission Achieved by Perseverance 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了13岁的女孩Sia Godika看见建筑工人的孩子们没有鞋子穿后，在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下成立了慈善组织Sole Warriors，致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段““They were just walking around that building site with their feet bare, hard, dirty and bleeding, as though it was an everyday practice for them,” reflects Sia, now 17. And it was in that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege. (现年17岁的希雅回忆说:“他们光着脚在建筑工地走来走去，脚又硬又脏，还流着血，就好像这是他们每天都要做的事情。”就在那一刻，西娅意识到这与她自己的特权形成了令人不安的对比)”和第三段中“Then she rushed to give them all away to the same children she saw at the building site. (然后她赶紧把它们都送给了她在建筑工地看到的孩子们)”可知，看到孩子们没有穿鞋的情景，Sia决定将鞋子捐赠给建筑现场的孩子们。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need (那年晚些时候，在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，Sia成立了Sole Warriors慈善机构，致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子)”和下文“its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.” (它的座右铭是：“捐赠一只鞋底，拯救一个灵魂。”)”可推知，这句座右铭应该是传达了该慈善机构致力于要做的事情，即体现或象征了这件事，画线词意思应该是“体现，象征”，可被symbolized替换。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But her work isn’t done. “Our goal has always been to touch a million feet,” she says. (但她的工作还没有完成。她说：“我们的目标一直是达到100只脚。”)”可推知，Sia雄心勃勃地希望通过捐赠更多的鞋子来扩大她的慈善事业。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中“Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need (那年晚些时候，在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，希雅成立了Sole Warriors慈善机构，致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子)”可知，文章讲述了女孩Sia的善行，她在13岁时看见建筑工人的孩子们没有鞋子穿，之后在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下成立了慈善组织Sole Warriors，致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子。因此，B项“设身处地为别人着想”最适合作为文章标题，本身概括了Sia的品质，其中的Shoes也是贯穿全文的线索。故选B项。 (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) Just the Ticket Shetara Sims had weathered some tough years. In 2012, her eldest daughter was murdered during an argument in Kansas City, Missouri. Last year, the single mother lost her job in the recession (经济衰退). She had only $7 in her pocket as she headed into the grocery store one day last July with her 12-year-old daughter, Rakiya Edmondson. And then Lady Luck finally cut Sims some slack. She and her daughter found a dollar bill in the parking lot. Maybe this was their day, they told each other. So they bought a lottery ticket (彩票) --and won $100. But before they could spend their unexpected gain, Rakiya had an idea. The news in Kansas City that week had been filled with stories about a police officer, Tyler Moss, who had been shot in the head in the line of duty. He was in critical condition. Rakiya and her mother had never forgotten how kind the police had been after their own family member was killed. “The detectives were really there for us,” Sims says. “They came to see my kids. They were fathers, therapists. They were everything.” Rakiya wanted to give their lottery winning to Officer Moss’s family. Her mom readily agreed. On July 10, Sims called the police and made an anonymous (匿名的) donation. Moved by her generous expression of thanks, the officers did what they do best --they tracked Sims down. When she explained the family’s motivation, the officers could hardly believe it. “With her current financial hardship, we encouraged her to keep the money,” the department later explained. “She refused, saying the officer’s family needed it and police needed to know they were supported.” By then, that feeling of support was mutual. The police set up a GoFundMe page for Sims, whom they called “The Woman with the Heart of Gold.” Their goal was $10,000. As of January 11, they had raised $165,405. Even better: Officer Moss, who had a 1 percent chance of survival, is out of the hospital and recovering. 1．Which of the following is NOT one of the hardships Shetara Sims went through? A．Having to bring up children all by herself. B．Losing a lot of money buying lottery tickets. C．Losing her job during the economic decline. D．Her eldest daughter being killed in an argument. 2．The underlined phrase “cut Sims some slack” is closest in meaning to _________. A．gave Sims a break B．criticized Sims sharply C．ignored Sims completely D．conducted a test on Sims 3．Why was Sims called “The Woman with the Heart of Gold”? A．She supported Moss’s family with the money raised on GoFundMe. B．She wrote an anonymous letter to express her gratitude to Officer Moss. C．She donated all the lottery winning despite her own financial hardships. D．She forgave the murderer and encouraged Rakiya to embrace a new life. 4．Which of the following statement is TRUE? A．The police tracked Sims down secretly and returned the money to her. B．The police launched a fundraising campaign for Sims among policeman. C．Officer Moss got injured when arresting the man who killed Sims' daughter. D．Officer Moss’s survival was truly a miracle, given his slim chances. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位单亲妈妈Shetara Sims和女儿Rakiya在经济困难中，用意外获得的100美元彩票奖金匿名捐给受伤警官Tyler Moss家庭的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Shetara Sims had weathered some tough years. In 2012, her eldest daughter was murdered during an argument in Kansas City, Missouri. Last year, the single mother lost her job in the recession (经济衰退).(Shetara Sims经历了一些艰难的岁月。2012年，她的大女儿在密苏里州堪萨斯城的一次争吵中被谋杀。去年，这位单亲妈妈在经济衰退中失去了工作)”以及第二段“So they bought a lottery ticket (彩票) --and won $100.(于是她们买了一张彩票，中了100美元)”可知，Shetara Sims是一位单亲妈妈，不得不独自抚养孩子、在经济衰退期间失去了工作、她的大女儿在一次争吵中丧生，文章没有提及Shetara Sims买彩票亏了很多钱。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Shetara Sims had weathered some tough years. In 2012, her eldest daughter was murdered during an argument in Kansas City, Missouri. Last year, the single mother lost her job in the recession (经济衰退). She had only $7 in her pocket as she headed into the grocery store one day last July with her 12-year-old daughter, Rakiya Edmondson.(Shetara Sims经历了一些艰难的岁月。2012年，她的大女儿在密苏里州堪萨斯城的一次争吵中被谋杀。去年，这位单亲妈妈在经济衰退中失去了工作。去年7月的一天，当她和12岁的女儿Rakiya Edmondson走进杂货店时，口袋里只有7美元)”以及第二段“She and her daughter found a dollar bill in the parking lot. Maybe this was their day, they told each other. So they bought a lottery ticket --and won $100.(她和女儿在停车场发现了一张一美元的钞票。也许这是她们的一天，她们告诉对方。于是她们买了一张彩票，中了100美元)”可知，在面临许多困难时，这对母女捡到一美元，买彩票之后中了100美元，可推知幸运女神给了Shetara Sims一个喘息的机会，划线句子表示“让Shetara Sims休息一下”。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段““With her current financial hardship, we encouraged her to keep the money,” the department later explained. “She refused, saying the officer’s family needed it and police needed to know they were supported.”(“鉴于她目前的经济困难，我们鼓励她保留这笔钱，”该部门后来解释道。“她拒绝了，说警察的家人需要，警察需要知道他们得到了支持。”)”以及第四段“By then, that feeling of support was mutual. The police set up a GoFundMe page for Sims, whom they called “The Woman with the Heart of Gold.”(到那时，这种支持感是相互的。警方为Sims建立了一个GoFundMe页面，他们称她为“有黄金之心的女人”)”可知，Sims被称为“有黄金之心的女人”，这是因为Sims在自己经济困难的时候，仍然捐赠了彩票中奖的钱。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Even better: Officer Moss, who had a 1 percent chance of survival, is out of the hospital and recovering.(更好的是：有1%的生还几率的Moss警官现在已经出院，正在康复中)”可知，Moss警官的生还几率渺茫，能够生还真是一个奇迹。故选D项。 (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) To the Editors: I am surprised to read that Dr. Strojnik (“Direct Detection of Exoplanets,” September-October2023) states that we have not yet and cannot directly image exoplanets (外部行星). This is incorrect. NASA/IPAC has a list at exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html. One example is an image of 51 Eridani b. The planet is 2.6 times as massive as Jupiter and has the same radius (半径). Gerard Kriss Space Telescope Science Institute Dr. Gerard: I am pleased that my article brought a response. The phrase “planet detection” arouses in people’s imaginations beautiful images of planets that are creative artistic representations of novel worlds. But a blur of brightness is not an image. Exoplanet researchers routinely call videos such as the one below of 51 Eridani b “direct images” because the planet’s light has been separated from that of its star. “Directly imaged” is the standard language of exoplanet astronomy. But to an optical (光学的) scientist such as myself, there is a strong distinction between direct detection (the planet’s light separated from the light of its star) and direct imaging (a proven picture of the exoplanet). From an optical researcher’s perspective, a single bright spot simply is not an image. Indeed, even the word “direct” in direct detection is debatable from an optical researcher’s point of view. The detection of the light of the exoplanet requires significant processing, adding multiple images and removing starlight based on theoretical models of the source signal. But the interpretation of a bright spot as a planet is only possible upon visual inspection and optimistic thinking. As an optical scientist, I cannot look at a single spot and call it an image of exoplanets. A trajectory (轨迹), or a series of bright points, is not an image of a planet, although it very likely represents something that nowadays is described as an exoplanet. Marija Strojnik 1．________ is the main disagreement between Marija Strojnik and Gerard Kriss. A．The definition of a planet B．The importance of detecting exoplanets C．The artistic representation of exoplanets D．The use of the term “direct imaging” 2．How does Dr. Strojnik feel about the interpretation of a bright spot as an exoplanet? A．She supports it, as it is a common practice in exoplanet astronomy. B．She approves of it, although it does not provide a clear picture of the exoplanet. C．She believes it is only possible through visual observation and positive assumption. D．She considers the interpretation to be debatable, as it requires significant processing. 3．Where can you find these two letters? A．In the textbook. B．In a local newspaper. C．In a published essay. D．In a science journal. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲的是Strojnik博士对直接探测系外行星等同于直接成像的观念提出了挑战。虽然她承认将行星的光从恒星中分离出来是一项重大成就，但她认为，仅仅是一个亮点并不能构成系外行星的真实图像。从她作为光学科学家的角度来看，系外行星天文学中的“直接成像”一词可能会产生误导，因为它涉及到广泛的处理和理论建模，以区分行星的光线。Strojnik强调了直接探测和真实成像之间的区别，认为将亮点解释为行星需要主观的解释，而不是清晰的视觉证据。 1．细节理解题。根据第二方框第二段中“Exoplanet researchers routinely call videos such as the one below of 51 Eridani b “direct images” because the planet’s light has been separated from that of its star. “Directly imaged” is the standard language of exoplanet astronomy. But to an optical (光学的) scientist such as myself, there is a strong distinction between direct detection (the planet’s light separated from the light of its sta) and direct imaging (a proven picture of the exoplanet).”（系外行星研究人员通常将51 Eridani b的视频称为“直接图像”，因为这颗行星的光线已经与它的恒星分开了。“直接成像”是系外行星天文学的标准语言。但对于像我这样的光学科学家来说，直接探测（行星的光与恒星的光分离）和直接成像（）已证实的系外行星的照片）之间有很大的区别。）以及“Indeed, even the word “direct” in direct detection is debatable from an optical researcher’s point of view.”（事实上，从光学研究人员的角度来看，甚至直接探测中的“直接”这个词都是有争议的。）可知，“直接成像”一词的使用是Marija Strojnik和Gerard Kriss之间的主要分歧。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二方框第四段中“But the interpretation of a bright spot as a planet is only possible upon visual inspection and optimistic thinking. As an optical scientist, I cannot look at a single spot and call it an image of exoplanets.”（但是，只有通过肉眼观察和乐观的思考，才能将亮点解释为行星。作为一名光学科学家，我不能只看一个点就把它称为系外行星的图像。）可知，对于将一个亮点解释为系外行星，Strojnik博士认为只有通过视觉观察和积极的假设才有可能。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章大意可知，文章主要讲的是Strojnik博士对直接探测系外行星等同于直接成像的观念提出了挑战。虽然她承认将行星的光从恒星中分离出来是一项重大成就，但她认为，仅仅是一个亮点并不能构成系外行星的真实图像。从她作为光学科学家的角度来看，系外行星天文学中的“直接成像”一词可能会产生误导，因为它涉及到广泛的处理和理论建模，以区分行星的光线。Strojnik强调了直接探测和真实成像之间的区别，认为将亮点解释为行星需要主观的解释，而不是清晰的视觉证据。可知，这是一篇关于研究天文学类的文章，由此可推知，这两份信可能出现在科学杂志上。故选D项。 (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) As midnight approaches in Svalbard, a young polar bear climbs onto an iceberg (冰山) and carves himself a temporary bed before falling asleep. This peaceful moment, capturing the essence of Earth’s delicacy, was taken by Nima Sarikhani, who won Wildlife Photographer of the Year People’s Choice Award, which is decided by public vote. Sarikhani, from the UK, spent three days searching Norway’s Svalbard islands in the hope of catching sight of these symbolic Arctic (北极的) animals. He was finally rewarded with the sight of both an older and younger male shortly after his ship changed course. Sarikhani seized the chance to take a photo of the younger bear sleeping on the iceberg — a scene that not only awakens the bond between an animal and its habitat, but also the need to act on global challenges like climate change and habitat loss. These days, the sight of a lone polar bear on melting ice is a familiar symbol of the impact of climate change. But that is for a good reason: global warming is having a particularly rapid effect on the Arctic, which is heating up at a rate three times as high as that of the average around the world. Among those hardest hit are these bears, which are increasingly threatened by the reduction in sea ice cover that they rely on to hunt and raise young. Though his photo is intended to arouse emotion in those who see it, Sarikhani is optimistic that with the right actions, it isn’t too late for polar bears. The image will be displayed in an exhibition at the Natural History Museum, London, along with the competition’s four runners-up, until 30 June. 1．Sarikhani’s journey in Svalbard can be described as ______. A．purposeful B．leisurely C．profit-driven D．research-led 2．It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A．polar bears are likely to die out B．the warming of the Arctic just begins C．sea ice cover is vital for polar bears’ survival D．polar bears are adapting well to climate change 3．According to the last paragraph, what’s Sarikhani’s hope for the impact of his photo? A．To arouse people’s sadness for the scene. B．To motivate people to protect polar bears. C．To attract more visitors to the Arctic. D．To boost the popularity of the exhibition. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Svalbard’s quietness: Polar bears’ comfortable zone B．Arctic adventure: Search for a dramatic landscape C．Bearing witness: Polar bears’ shelter on melting ice D．Ice and isolation: A faraway natural wonder 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要通过一幅睡在融化的冰川上的孤独的北极熊的照片，展现出全球气候变暖对生物的影响，以此激励人们行动起来保护北极熊。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Sarikhani, from the UK, spent three days searching Norway’s Svalbard islands in the hope of catching sight of these symbolic Arctic (北极的) animals.(来自英国的Sarikhani花了三天时间搜索挪威的斯瓦尔巴群岛，希望能看到这些象征性的北极动物。) ”可知，Sarikhani的这次旅行是有目的的，A. purposeful有目的的；B. leisurely不慌不忙的；C. profit-driven利益驱使的；D. research-led以研究为导向的。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Among those hardest hit are these bears, which are increasingly threatened by the reduction in sea ice cover that they rely on to hunt and raise young.(受影响最严重的是这些北极熊，它们赖以狩猎和养育幼崽的海冰覆盖减少，对它们的威胁越来越大。) ”可知，海冰覆盖对于北极熊的生存极其重要，故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Though his photo is intended to arouse emotion in those who see it, Sarikhani is optimistic that with the right actions, it isn’t too late for polar bears.(尽管他的照片旨在唤起那些看到它的人的情感，但Sarikhani乐观地认为，只要采取正确的行动，对北极熊来说还为时不晚。) ”可知，Sarikhani的照片旨在激励人行动起来保护北极熊，故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要通过一幅睡在融化的冰川上的孤独的北极熊的照片，展现出全球气候变暖对生物的影响，以此激励人们行动起来保护北极熊，C项“Bearing witness: Polar bears’ shelter on melting ice(见证：融化的冰川上的北极熊的住所)”符合题意，故选C项。 (23-24高二下·上海杨浦区·期末) When would you say “old age” begins? It’s possible that the closer you think you are to that threshold (起始点), the later you’ll put it, but people’s general perceptions of old age have been changing over time. New research finds that nowadays, we think of old age starting later than we used to — but that trend may not continue forever. Scientists from Germany, the USA, and Luxembourg analyzed data from over 14,000 individuals participating in a decades-long study called the German Ageing Survey. These participants, born between 1911 and 1974, covering several generations, provided up to eight responses over a 25-year span, when they were aged between 40 and 100. One of the main questions, and the subject of the new paper, was “At what age would you describe someone as old?” When they were asked this question at the age of 65, people born in 1911 said that old age begins, on average, at the age of 71. When the question was repeated to people born in 1956 once they also hit 65 years old, they instead put the threshold three years later, at 74. In a statement, first author Markus Wettstein gave some suggestions as to why this might be: “Life expectancy has increased, which might contribute to a later perceived onset (开始) of old age. Also, some aspects of health have improved over time, so that people of a certain age who were regarded as old in the past may no longer be considered old nowadays.” The same trend was observed at the individual level too. On average, as each participant aged by four or five years themselves, their estimate for the onset of old age increased by a year. Women put the threshold for old age about two years later than men on average. There were some other factors that were found to impact someone’s individual estimate too — for example, people in poorer health, who were lonelier, or who “felt” older generally believed old age begins earlier. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite — perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said. What’s evident is that this postponement trend won’t last forever. In fact, it’s already slowing down. The study has some limitations, in that participants were all from one country. The researchers say future studies should seek to address this, as well as examining whether the trend towards postponing the perception of the onset of old age is continuing to decelerate. 1．What is the main finding of the new research mentioned in the article? A．People’s perceptions of old age have remained constant over time. B．Improvements in certain health aspects help increase life expectancy. C．The threshold for considering someone as “old” has been shifting earlier. D．Nowadays people tend to think of old age as starting later than in the past. 2．Which of the following is TRUE about the research? A．The 14,000 participants were from Germany, the US, and Luxembourg. B．The participants provided at most eight responses during the 25-year period. C．Future studies will explore factors affecting the estimated onset of old age. D．Some participants cover several generations but are from the same family. 3．Which of the following is NOT included in the postponement trend? A．Women set the starting point of old age around two years later than men. B．One’s closeness to this threshold could delay their perception of old age. C．People’s perception of a later onset of old age justifies delaying retirement. D．Individuals once labeled as old at a certain age may not be considered so now. 4．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Poorer people generally see old age starting earlier than the wealthier. B．Postponing the onset of old age reflects a growing respect for the elderly. C．People may delay the onset of old age because of their negative views of it. D．Whether the postponement trend is slowing down needs further observation. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文的体裁是说明文。文章基于一项关于人们对老年年龄认知变化的科学研究，分析了数据，探讨了影响人们将某一年龄视为“老年”起点的因素，并讨论了这一趋势的社会和心理动因以及其未来走向。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“New research finds that nowadays, we think of old age starting later than we used to — but that trend may not continue forever.(新的研究发现，现在我们认为老年开始的时间比以前晚了，但这种趋势可能不会永远持续下去。)”可知，人们现在倾向于认为老年期开始得比过去晚。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These participants, born between 1911 and 1974, covering several generations, provided up to eight responses over a 25-year span, when they were aged between 40 and 100. (这些参与者出生于1911年至1974年之间，跨越几代人，在40岁至100岁的25年时间里提供了多达8次回答。)”可知，参与者在25年间最多提供了8次回答。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第四段中的“Women put the threshold for old age about two years later than men on average.(女性的老年门槛平均比男性晚两年左右。)”可知，女性比男性晚两年左右开始步入老年，故选项A被提及了。根据文章第一段“When would you say “old age” begins? It’s possible that the closer you think you are to that threshold (起始点), the later you’ll put it, but people’s general perceptions of old age have been changing over time.(你认为“老年”从什么时候开始？有可能你越认为自己接近这个起始点，你就会越晚提出，但人们对老年的普遍看法一直在随着时间的推移而改变。)”可知，当个人接近他们认为的老年期起点时，他们可能会将这个起点推后，故选项B被提及了。根据文章第五段中的“Also, some aspects of health have improved over time, so that people of a certain age who were regarded as old in the past may no longer be considered old nowadays(此外，随着时间的推移，健康的某些方面也有所改善，因此，过去被认为是老年人的某一年龄的人，现在可能不再被认为是老年人了。”)”可知，曾经在某个年龄被贴上老年人标签的人，现在可能就不这么认为了，故选项D被提及了。选项C“People’s perception of a later onset of old age justifies delaying retirement.(人们对老年期开始较晚的认识证明了延迟退休是合理的)”并未在文中提及。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite — perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said.(韦特斯坦说：“目前还不清楚，推迟衰老的趋势在多大程度上反映了人们对老年人和老龄化有更多看法的趋势，或者恰恰相反——也许人们认为老年是一种不受欢迎的状态，所以推迟了老年的到来。”)”可知，由于对老年的负面看法，人们可能会推迟认为老年期开始的时间。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Cook’s last tour Until recently Captain James Cook was not a particularly controversial figure. But in January a statue of the 18th-century British explorer was pushed over in Melbourne and the words “The colony will fall” painted on the base. In Hawaii a monument in Cook’s memory has been covered with red paint and the message “You are on native land.” Cook has joined Edward Colston and Cecil Rhodes as a focus of anti-colonialist anger. Yet Cook was neither a slave trader nor much of an imperialist. He was, first and foremost, a brilliant navigator and mapmaker. Acting under government orders, he undertook three pioneering voyages in the Pacific between 1768 and 1779. His map-making transformed Europeans knowledge of the world’s largest ocean. An excellent new book draws on Cook’s letters and notebooks to tell the story of his third and final trip. Cook was almost 50 when he set off on HMS Resolution in July 1776. Cook had secret instructions from the government not only to claim new territory for Britain, but to search for a north west passage via the Bering Strait, a task even someone with his navigational experience found impossible. The author, Hampton Sides, focuses on Cook’s return to Australia and New Zealand — countries the explorer had first encountered almost a decade earlier — his discovery of the Society Islands and his time in Hawaii. It was there, in February 1779, that he was killed after a failed attempt to kidnap a local chief in response to the theft of a longboat. Cook was a man of his era. He believed Europe would have a civilising influence on many benighted (愚昧无知的) folk in the Pacific. He was cruel when carrying out punishments to his own crew as well as to any native people who opposed him. At the same time, Cook admired many of the people and places he encountered in the South Pacific. Unlike the Spanish, he had no interest in religious conversion. He tried hard to stop his men from spreading disease. For the most part, his land claims were aimed not at promoting a British empire but preventing grabs by its rivals, France and Spain. As the author makes clear, there is a balance to be struck between justified admiration for Cook’s seamanship and a justifiable hatred for the colonialism that followed native peoples’ first contact with Europeans. Today many Western countries are divided over how to think about such vexed legacies (棘手的后遗症). In 2020 half of Britons thought it was right that Colston’s statue was removed. Cook’s statue still stands in London, as does Rhodes’s in Oxford. The question is whether they will enjoy their high positions much longer. 1．How do the public regard Cook currently? A．He is nobler than Colston and Rhodes. B．He is not a controversial historic figure. C．They blame the fall of the colony on him. D．Some people regard Cook as a colonialist. 2．During Cook’s first voyage in the Pacific Ocean, he _________. A．landed the Society Islands and New Zealand B．commanded a warship called HMS Resolution C．searched for a route by way of the Bering Strait D．was revenged on a local chief for stealing a boat 3．Cook’s behaviour can be described as ________. A．patriotic and religious B．well-intentioned and iron-handed C．charitable and moral D．rebellious and awe-inspiring 4．Which of the following does Hampton Sides, the author of a book on Cook agree with? A．It is justifiable to remove Colston’s, Cook’s and Rhodes’s statue. B．Cook mainly aimed to expand domains by grabbing land from Spain. C．We should view Cook’s adventure and British colonialism objectively. D．The vexed legacies result from division in whether to remove the statues. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章概述了詹姆斯·库克船长的历史形象和现代争议。库克是一位杰出的航海家和制图师，但因殖民主义背景而受到现代反殖民情绪的冲击。文章通过库克的信件和作家的分析，展示了他的复杂性：既是探险家也是殖民者。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But in January a statue of the 18th-century British explorer was pushed over in Melbourne and the words “The colony will fall” painted on the base. In Hawaii a monument in Cook’s memory has been covered with red paint and the message “You are on native land.” Cook has joined Edward Colston and Cecil Rhodes as a focus of anti-colonialist anger. (但今年1月，这位18世纪英国探险家的雕像在墨尔本被推倒，底座上写着“殖民地将沦陷”的字样。在夏威夷，一座纪念Cook的纪念碑被涂上了红漆，上面写着“你在原住民土地上”。Cook与Edward Colston和Cecil Rhodes一样，成为反殖民主义愤怒的焦点)”可知，目前有些人认为Cook是殖民主义者。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The author, Hampton Sides, focuses on Cook’s return to Australia and New Zealand—countries the explorer had first encountered almost a decade earlier—his discovery of the Society Islands and his time in Hawaii. (作者Hampton Sides将重点放在库克回到澳大利亚和新西兰——这位探险家在近10年前第一次遇到这两个国家——他发现了社会群岛，并在夏威夷度过了一段时间)”可知，Cook在太平洋的第一次航行中，登陆了社会群岛和新西兰。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“He was cruel when carrying out punishments to his own crew as well as to any native people who opposed him. (他在惩罚自己的船员和任何反对他的土著人时都很残忍)”可知，Cook有残忍的一面；根据第六段中“Unlike the Spanish, he had no interest in religious conversion. He tried hard to stop his men from spreading disease. (与西班牙人不同，他对宗教皈依不感兴趣。他竭力阻止部下传播疾病)”可知，他在航海中也有善意的一面，阻止部下传播疾病。因此，他的行为可以用善意和铁腕来形容。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As the author makes clear, there is a balance to be struck between justified admiration for Cook’s seamanship and a justifiable hatred for the colonialism that followed native peoples’ first contact with Europeans. (正如作者明确指出的那样，在对Cook航海技术的合理钦佩和对原住民与欧洲人第一次接触后出现的殖民主义的合理仇恨之间，需要找到一个平衡)”可推知，该书的作者认为我们应该客观地看待Cook的冒险和英国殖民主义。故选C项。 (22-23高二下·上海复旦附中·期末) Brenda Thomas’s heart became a shell when her 21-year-old son died in a motorcycle accident in September 2019, only one week into his senior year of college. But she has found something that helps her to deal with her grief. She keeps “acts of kindness” cards in honor of her son. These folded pieces of paper are tucked in her purse at all times and always stored in the glove compartment of her car. Whenever she does a good deed for a stranger— which is about once a week— she passes along a card with a message written on it: “If you receive this card, then you must be a recipient of a random act of kindness.” At the top of each note is her son’s name, Trevor Paul Thomas. Trevor was an athlete who played baseball at Allegany College of Maryland and Penn State Fayette. He was a loyal friend and a force for good, with a witty sense of humor and a big smile. According to his mother, one of Trevor’s best qualities was his compassion for others, no matter how well he knew them. He regularly shoveled(铲) snow off the driveways of older neighbors, delivered hot meals to those in need, and befriended classmates who struggled to fit in. It seemed a natural fit to launch a kindness campaign in his memory. The Thomas family adopted the “acts of kindness” cards to mark what would have been Trevor’s 23 birthday. They hoped that these cards would encourage people to do a good deed as part of Trevor’s legacy. On each card, they included a mantra (箴言) that the family said best describes the way Trevor had lived his life: “Be somebody who makes everybody feel like somebody.” Recently, while dining with her daughter Whitney in a restaurant, Brenda decided to pay for the meal of a mother and two children. The recipient of Brenda’s spontaneous (发自内心的) gift was Liana Arruda. She was taking her nine-year-old son and his five-year-old sister for dinner. She felt shocked and moved after the waitress handed her the card. She used it as an opportunity to teach her children about compassion and is now brainstorming ways to pass on the goodness. “I’m waiting to find the perfect opportunity,” she said. “I want it to matter, because it mattered to me.” For the Thomas family, while there is still—and forever will be—a massive void(空虚感) in their lives without Trevor, committing to “living like him” has helped them turn their pain into purpose. “We’ll keep paying it forward in Trevor’s honor because it would make him so proud,” said Brenda. 1．Trevor Paul can be best described as________. A．ambitious, witty and optimistic B．sympathetic, humorous and warmhearted C．faithful, passionate and competitive D．compassionate, persistent and rigorous 2．According to the context, the sentence “Be somebody who makes everybody feel like somebody.”(P4) can be best illustrated by __________. A．Do as Romans do. B．Serve others to be popular. C．Influence others with what you do. D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Trevor would have graduated from university within one year but for the accident. B．Every time Brenda does a good deed for others, they’ll receive an anonymous card. C．Liana was astonished and touched because her two children gave her the gift spontaneously. D．Liana has found a perfect opportunity to pass on the goodness and teach her children about compassion. 4．What conclusion can we draw from the passage? A．Your pain can be turned into purpose to push you forward. B．Compassion means standing in others shoes. C．Void can be replaced with satisfaction by “living like him”. D．Committing to “following his way” is a good way to honor somebody. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是记叙文。讲述了布伦达在儿子去世后，化悲痛为善意，帮助他人并分发“善意”卡，来纪念儿子，把儿子助人为乐的精神传下去，生动诠释了痛苦可以转化为推动你前进的毅力的道理。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段的“He was a loyal friend and a force for good, with a witty sense of humor and a big smile. According to his mother, one of Trevor’s best qualities was his compassion for others, no matter how well he knew them. He regularly shoveled(铲) snow off the driveways of older neighbors, delivered hot meals to those in need, and befriended classmates who struggled to fit in. It seemed a natural fit to launch a kindness campaign in his memory.( 他是一位忠实的朋友，是一股向善的力量，有着诙谐的幽默感和灿烂的笑容。据他的母亲说，特雷弗最好的品质之一就是同情别人，不管他有多了解他们。他经常铲掉老邻居车道上的雪，给有需要的人送热饭，并帮助那些努力适应环境的同学。发起一场纪念他的慈善活动似乎是顺理成章的事)”可知，Trevor Paul是有同情心的，幽默的，并且心地善良。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据前文“The Thomas family adopted the “acts of kindness” cards to mark what would have been Trevor’s 23 birthday. They hoped that these cards would encourage people to do a good deed as part of Trevor’s legacy. On each card, they included a mantra (箴言) that the family said best describes the way Trevor had lived his life(托马斯一家采用了“善举”卡片来纪念特雷弗23岁的生日。他们希望这些卡片能鼓励人们做一件好事，作为特雷弗遗产的一部分。每张卡片上都写着一句箴言，家人说这句话最能描述特雷弗的生活方式:)”和上一段的“He regularly shoveled (铲) snow off the driveways of older neighbors, delivered hot meals to those in need, and befriended classmates who struggled to fit in. (他经常铲掉老邻居车道上的雪，给有需要的人送热饭，并帮助那些努力适应环境的同学)”可知，特雷弗是乐于助人的，这是他的生活方式，他的家人用善意卡片的方式纪念他，“Be somebody who makes everybody feel like somebody.(做一个让每个人都觉得自己很重要的人)”这句箴言阐述了他的生活方式，乐于助人，因此“用你的所作所为影响他人”能够最好的诠释这句话。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Brenda Thomas’s heart became a shell when her 21-year-old son died in a motorcycle accident in September 2019, only one week into his senior year of college. (2019年9月，布伦达·托马斯21岁的儿子在一场摩托车事故中丧生，当时他才上大学四年级一周，她的心都碎了)”可知，要不是那次事故，布伦达·托马斯的儿子，特雷弗不到一年就大学毕业了。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Brenda Thomas’s heart became a shell when her 21-year-old son died in a motorcycle accident in September 2019, only one week into his senior year of college. But she has found something that helps her to deal with her grief.( 2019年9月，布伦达·托马斯21岁的儿子在一场摩托车事故中丧生，当时他才上大学四年级一周，她的心都碎了。但她已经找到了一些帮助她处理悲伤的东西)”以及下文内容可知，本文讲述了布伦达在儿子去世后，化悲痛为善意，帮助他人并分发“善意”卡，来纪念儿子，把儿子助人为乐的精神传下去，因此我们可以得出结论：你的痛苦可以转化为推动你前进的毅力。故选A。 (23-24高二下·上海宝山区·期末) The ancient Egyptians thought so little of the brain that when a king died, they removed the brain from his body and threw it away. The Egyptians assumed, like many people before and after them, that consciousness — your mind and your thoughts existed in the heart. Now we know that the mind is a product of the brain, but how exactly does this 1.5-kilo piece of matter create a mind that allows you to think about yourself, experience happiness and anger, or remember events that happened 20 minutes or 20 years ago? This isn’t a new question. Today, however, powerful new techniques for visualizing the sources of thought, emotion, behavior, and memory are transforming the way we understand the brain and the mind it creates. Have you ever stopped and thought, “What’s wrong with me today? I just don’t feel like myself”? Perhaps you were more tired or worried than usual — but somehow, you knew that something was different about you. This self-awareness - the ability to think about yourself and how you’re feeling-is an important part of being human. This part of of your mind has its origins in the prefrontal cortex — a region of your brain just behind your forehead that extends to about your ears. Before this area began to function (around age two), you didn’t understand that you were a separate individual with your own identity. As this part of your brain developed, you became more aware of yourself and your thoughts and feelings. Though humans may share certain emotions and recognize them in others, we don’t all have the same emotional response to every situation. In fact, most emotional responses are learned and stored in our memories. The smell of freshly cut grass, for example, will generate happy feelings in someone who spent enjoyable childhood summers in the countryside, but not in someone who was forced to work long hours on a farm. Once an emotional association like this is made, it is very difficult to reverse it. “Emotion is the least flexible part of the brain,” says psychologist Paul Ekman. But we can learn to control our emotions by becoming consciously aware of their underlying causes and by not reacting automatically to things in our environment. For centuries, people have studied the brain, but it is only in recent years that we have really started to learn how it works. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go before we understand our mind’s many complexities. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．How we create and control emotions. B．How the mind works. C．How human beings are distinct. D．How emotions are processed. 2．Why does the author mention the ancient Egyptians’ practice in the very beginning? A．To illustrate the importance of the heart in ancient Egyptian culture. B．To introduce the core theme of the mind-body connection and evolution. C．To provide an example of how the brain has been misunderstood throughout history. D．To contrast the ancient Egyptians’ views on the brain with the modern one. 3．Which of the following statement is NOT true? A．Self-awareness develops before the age of two. B．The prefrontal cortex affects a person’s emotions. C．The prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain. D．Self-awareness strengthens with the development of the brain. 4．What does the passage suggest about the flexibility of emotions? A．Emotions are universal and do not change over time or with individual experiences. B．Emotions are generally learned and stored in our memories, making them quite flexible. C．Emotions are influenced by our personal experiences and can vary from person to person. D．Emotions are the least flexible part of the mind, and they cannot be controlled. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了大脑如何创造意识、情绪及自我认知等心理活动的现代理解与研究进展。 1．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第二段中“Today, however, powerful new techniques for visualizing the sources of thought, emotion, behavior, and memory are transforming the way we understand the brain and the mind it creates.(然而，如今，用于可视化思维、情感、行为及记忆源头的强大新技术正在彻底改变我们对大脑及其创造的心智的理解)”和最后一段中“For centuries, people have studied the brain, but it is only in recent years that we have really started to learn how it works.(几个世纪以来，人们一直在研究大脑，但直到最近几年，我们才真正开始了解它是如何工作的)”可知，文章主要探讨了大脑如何创造意识以及我们如何控制情绪，B选项“心智是如何工作的”最能概括文章主题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Now we know that the mind is a product of the brain, but how exactly does this 1.5-kilo piece of matter create a mind that allows you to think about yourself, experience happiness and anger, or remember events that happened 20 minutes or 20 years ago?(现在我们已经知道，心智是大脑的产物，但这个重约1.5公斤的物质究竟是如何创造出一个能让你思考自我、体验快乐与愤怒，或是回忆起20分钟乃至20年前事件的心智呢？)”可知，作者在开头提到古埃及人处理大脑的方式是为了展示历史上人们对于大脑的误解，以此引出后文对大脑功能的现代理解，引入关于大脑如何创造意识的讨论。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Before this area began to function (around age two), you didn’t understand that you were a separate individual with your own identity. As this part of your brain developed, you became more aware of yourself and your thoughts and feelings.(在这一区域开始发挥作用之前(大约两岁左右)，你并不理解自己是一个拥有独立身份的个体。随着大脑这一部分的发展，你变得对自己、自己的思想和情感更加有意识)”可知，自我意识是在两岁左右开始发展的，而不是之前，A选项的说法是错误的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Though humans may share certain emotions and recognize them in others, we don’t all have the same emotional response to every situation. In fact, most emotional responses are learned and stored in our memories.(尽管人类可能共有一些情感，并能在他人身上识别它们，但我们并非对每种情境都有相同的情感反应。事实上，大多数情感反应都是习得的，并存储在我们的记忆中)”及“Once an emotional association like this is made, it is very difficult to reverse it. “Emotion is the least flexible part of the brain,” says psychologist Paul Ekman. . (一旦形成这样的情感联系，就很难逆转。“情感是大脑中最不灵活的部分，”心理学家保罗·埃克曼说)”可知，情绪反应大多源于个人经历并存储于记忆中，且一旦形成很难改变，说明情绪在个体间可能因个人经历而有所不同，且具有相对不灵活性。故选C。 (23-24高二下·上海闵行区·期末) Conventionally, being overweight is bad for health. This may not always be the case. The latest evidence comes from a study in which people classed as overweight, but not extremely fat, had a lower death rate within a certain period than people with a supposedly ideal weight. This suggests that the threshold (阈值) for classifying individuals as overweight may have been set too low. It is uncontroversial that being very heavy is bad for health, but it is unclear at what point health risks begin. Doctors usually ad vise people to lose weight if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is high, which is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. In most countries, a healthy weight is defined as a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9. Having a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is classed as overweight and 30 and above as extremely fat. Previous research made waves when it found that people whose BMI was somewhat over the “healthy” threshold of 25 may have a slightly lower death rate than slimmer individuals. But many of the studies are fairly old and were done when people were mostly slimmer, and subjects weren’t racially diverse, says Aayush Visaria, a researcher in New Jersey. To address those issues, Visaria tracked the survival of about 500,000 racially diverse US adults of known height and weight for up to 20 years. Having a BMI between 25 and 27.4 carried a 5 percent lower risk of death in this period than a BMI within the healthy category of 22.5 to 24.9. A slightly higher BMI, of 27.5 to 29.9, seemed even better, linked with a 7 percent lower risk of death. One criticism is that the apparent benefit of being overweight could be a misconception, as people who lose weight due to illness are more likely to die. However, in the new research, the pattern persisted even if people who died within two years of entering the study were ruled out from the figures. Visaria says it’s too early to conclude that having an “overweight” BMI outperforms being in the healthy category, because population studies may be prejudiced and lead to misinterpretation of the results. “We aren’t certain if this is truly interpretable,” he says. “A more appropriate message is that BMI isn’t a good indicator of death risk—other factors, like body fat distribution, also play a role.” 1．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______. A．put forward a controversial issue B．discuss reasons for a lower death rate C．reveal a finding that questions a common belief D．justify the traditional “overweight” threshold 2．According to paragraph 3 and 4, Visaria resolved the limitations of previous research by ______. A．arriving at a more specific finding B．tracking the research for another 20 years C．calming down a wave of criticism from the crowd D．adopting a large, diverse sample over an extended period 3．According to the passage, “the pattern” in paragraph 5 refers to ______. A．the misconception about the benefit of being overweight B．the increased likelihood of death for individuals losing weight due to illness C．the changing perception of BMI classification over time D．the lower risk of death for slightly heavier persons in a set time compared to slimmer ones 4．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Weight and blood pressure are two primary factors related to BMI. B．To accurately reflect someone’s health risk, a broader view is necessary. C．Visaria will continue to figure out a more scientific BMI threshold. D．Visaria is confident of the reliability of his research. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了最新研究表明，超重但不是特别胖的人在一定时期内的死亡率低于所谓理想体重的人。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及研究的发现。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Conventionally, being overweight is bad for health. This may not always be the case. The latest evidence comes from a study in which people classed as overweight, but not extremely fat, had a lower death rate within a certain period than people with a supposedly ideal weight. This suggests that the threshold (阈值) for classifying individuals as overweight may have been set too low.(一般来说，超重对健康有害。情况可能并非总是如此。最新的证据来自一项研究，该研究表明，超重但不是特别胖的人在一定时期内的死亡率低于所谓理想体重的人。这表明，将个体划分为超重的阈值可能设置得太低了)”可知，第一段的目的是揭示一个对共同信念提出质疑的发现。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But many of the studies are fairly old and were done when people were mostly slimmer, and subjects weren’t racially diverse, says Aayush Visaria, a researcher in New Jersey.(但新泽西州的研究人员Aayush Visaria说，许多研究都是相当古老的，而且是在人们大多比较苗条的时候进行的，而且研究对象的种族也不是多样化的)”和第四段中“To address those issues, Visaria tracked the survival of about 500,000 racially diverse US adults of known height and weight for up to 20 years.(为了解决这些问题，Visaria在长达20年的时间里追踪了大约50万名身高和体重已知的不同种族的美国成年人的生存状况)”可知，Visaria通过在较长时间内采用大量不同的样本，解决了以前研究的局限性。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In most countries, a healthy weight is defined as a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9. Having a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is classed as overweight and 30 and above as extremely fat.(在大多数国家，健康体重的定义是BMI在18.5到24.9之间。BMI在25到29.9之间被归类为超重，30及以上被归类为极度肥胖)”；倒数第三段“Having a BMI between 25 and 27.4 carried a 5 percent lower risk of death in this period than a BMI within the healthy category of 22.5 to 24.9. A slightly higher BMI, of 27.5 to 29.9, seemed even better, linked with a 7 percent lower risk of death.(在此期间，BMI在25至27.4之间的人的死亡风险比BMI在22.5至24.9之间的健康人群低5%。BMI稍微高一点，在27.5到29.9之间，似乎效果更好，与死亡风险降低7%有关)”以及划线词后文“persisted even if people who died within two years of entering the study were ruled out from the figures(即使在参与研究的两年内死亡的人被排除在数据之外)”可知，在新的研究中，即使在研究开始后两年内死亡的人被排除在数据之外，较重的人在一定时间内的死亡风险比较瘦的人低这种模式仍然存在。故划线词指的是“较重的人在一定时间内的死亡风险比较瘦的人低”。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Visaria says it’s too early to conclude that having an “overweight” BMI outperforms being in the healthy category, because population studies may be prejudiced and lead to misinterpretation of the results. “We aren’t certain if this is truly interpretable,” he says. “A more appropriate message is that BMI isn’t a good indicator of death risk—other factors, like body fat distribution, also play a role.”(维萨里亚说，现在下结论说体重指数“超重”的人比健康的人表现更好还为时过早，因为人口研究可能会有偏见，导致对结果的误解。“我们不确定这是否真的可以解释，”他说。“更恰当的信息是，BMI并不是死亡风险的良好指标——其他因素，如体脂分布，也起着作用。”)”可知，为了准确地反映某人的健康风险，一个更广泛的观点是必要的。故选B。 (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Fact or Myth? WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH ① Sleepwalking typically occurs during the non-rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Several factors can lead to walking while sleeping, including alcohol use, stress and even brain injury. However, there is a genetic explanation for sleepwalking. Studies have shown that children with one or both sleepwalking parents are 40 to 60 per cent more likely to sleepwalk themselves. As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion. 61 LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNOREMORE ② Snoring, namely breathing noisily, is caused by airflow being restricted through the body’s airways during sleep. When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动)with every breath and can create a snoring sound. When you sleep on your side this tissue doesn’t move downwards, opening up the airways and reducing the volume of snoring. YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN ③ This common theory in question dates back to the early 1900s, when the philosopher and founder of American psychology William James suggested that we only use a small portion of our potential. In a 1907 paper titled The Energies of Men, James wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.” It’s sustained by a book How to Win Friends and Influence People, where American writer Lowell Thomas wrote that “professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average person develops only ten per cent of his potential mental ability”. 1．Which section of a magazine does this passage probably belong to? A．Educational features. B．Medical science. C．Psychology forum. D．Classified ads. 2．Which of the following pictures best illustrates SNORING SCIENCE? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following best fits into the numbered blanks ①—②—③? A．MYTH—FACT—FACT B．FACT—MYTH—FACT C．MYTH—FACT—MYTH D．FACT—MYTH—MYTH 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍三个关于身体的传言并鉴定其真假。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一个方框中“WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH(叫醒梦游症对他们的健康有害)”；第二方框中“LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNOREMORE(仰卧会使你打鼾更多)”和第三个方框中“YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN(你只用了你大脑的10%)”可知，这些都是关于身体方面的一些知识，所以可能出现在报纸“医学”版块。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。由文章LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNOREMORE中“When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动)with every breath and can create a snoring sound. (当你仰卧时，重力会将气道周围的组织向下拉，使其变窄。当空气通过鼻子时，它会导致组织随着每次呼吸而振动，并产生打鼾的声音。)”并结合选项可知，D选项图片最好的描述了打鼾的原理。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。由第一方框“As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion.(至于叫醒梦游者的后果，没有证据表明这会伤害或伤害他，但可能会导致定向障碍和混乱。)”可知，第一个传言“WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH(叫醒梦游者对他们的健康有害)”是不真实的事（MYTH）；由第二个方框“When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动)with every breath and can create a snoring sound. (当你仰卧时，重力会将气道周围的组织向下拉，使其变窄。当空气通过鼻子时，它会导致组织随着每次呼吸而振动，并产生打鼾的声音。)”可知，第二个传言“LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNOREMORE(仰卧会使你更容易打鼾)”是事实（FACT）；第三个方框中“However, the truth is that your brain is firing on all cylinders(气缸)and not limited to just ten percent of its power.(然而，事实是，你的大脑正在全速运转，而不仅仅局限于10%的能量。)”可知，第三个传言“YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN(你只使用了大脑的十分之一)”是不真实的事（MYTH）。故选C项。 试卷第36页，共36页 试卷第35页，共36页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$