Unit 3 The world of Science 单元话题阅读理解练习-2024-2025学年高一英语必修第三册单元重难点易错题精练（外研版2019）

Unit 3 The world of Science 单元话题阅读理解练习 基础语篇巩固练 （24-25高一下·江苏常州·阶段练习）Chinese scientists have created starch (淀粉), a type of complex carbohydrate found in plants, using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity. Experts say if such technique can be scaled-up (大规模) to the level of industrialization, it may revolutionize how this key nutrient and industrial ingredient is made, since it does not require farming and processing a large quantity of starchy crops such as sweet potatoes and corn, thus saving more water, fertilizer, and arable land. It may also be used to recycle carbon dioxide into a consumable product. This will help reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change, especially if the electricity used is from renewable sources like solar and wind. In space exploration it may provide a sustainable food source for astronauts as they travel long distances in space and try to colonize other planets where growing food is impossible. Future space travelers may simply turn the carbon dioxide they breathe out into food they eat. Ma Yanhe, the director of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, says starch and other complex carbohydrates make up 60 to 80 percent of the human diet. “Our breakthrough demonstrates that creating a complex compound like starch is achievable in a lab, and there are many industries that can benefit from this technology,” he says. Plants create carbohydrates like starch through photosynthesis (光合作用), which is an extremely complex process, says Ma, adding that it will take a plant about 60 steps to turn carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into starch. Cai Tao, one of the first authors of the study, says for six years, his team has been focusing on a single project: how to make starch, but do it at a higher speed. He says their method involves first converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas into methanol (甲醇). Scientists then piece these single-carbon molecules like a puzzle into bigger and more complex molecules via enzymatic (酶的) processes. With the help of supercomputing, Chinese scientists have simplified the natural starch making process from about 60 into 11 steps and produced starch. Thellab-made starch is chemically identical to starch in nature. 1．Which is NOT a potential benefit if the technique can be used on an industrial level? A．It will have a positive influence on climate change. B．It will help produce renewable resources such as solar and wind. C．It will offer a practical food solution for astronauts. D．It will help save several sources from water to farming land. 2．Which might be the biggest difficulty in creating the lab-made starch? A．Making starch faster. B．Collecting enough raw materials. C．Repeating the photosynthesis of plants. D．Involving methanol in the making process. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Starch, an important complex carbohydrate. B．The great benefits of starch. C．Chinese scientists successfully turn carbon dioxide into starch. D．Chinese scientists make contributions to climate change. 4．In which part of a newspaper could you most probably read the text? A．Science. B．Lifestyle. C．Environment. D．Health. （24-25高一上·北京通州·期末）Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status (地位),” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous (先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy (嫉妒). Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants (参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂). After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on body language. The results suggested that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves (证明) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish (区分) different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors that are mainly hormonal.” 1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? A．Body language. B．Social status. C．Oxytocin. D．Placebo. 2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment? A．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences. B．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success. C．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. D．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way. 3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment? A．To test people’s understanding of body language. B．To know people’s different abilities to answer questions. C．To know the differences between friendship and competition. D．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. 4．The writer develops the text by . A．describing his own experiences B．explaining people s behaviors C．discussing research experiments D．distinguishing sexual differences （24-25高一上·广东·期末）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept. “Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in the second paragraph refer to? A．Birds’ light sleep style. B．The variation in sleep cycles. C．Birds’ special brain structure. D．The continuation of deep sleep. 2．What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches? A．Enabling the power of birds’ legs. B．Stretching to make talons bend and lock. C．Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement. D．Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions. 3．What can we infer from Salama’s words? A．Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation. B．Denying birds’ importance is unwise. C．Studying birds’ sleep has challenges. D．Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep? B．Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently? C．Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open? D．Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? （24-25高一下·江西南昌·阶段练习）Most have probably heard of Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden, even though his message of simplicity may sound outdated. Nowadays, smartphones flood us with text messages. Many consumers are buying the latest digital devices, from tablets and fitness trackers to commercial drones (无人机). Simple living seems to be a thing of the past. Thoreau would beg to differ. As a writer who advocated the value of simplicity almost two centuries ago, he was a contrarian (叛逆者) for his time. He lived during the height of the Industrial Age, distinguished by the rise of large factories, expanding urban developments, and powerful machines. Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden. In the book, Thoreau is basically making a philosophical statement. We are not living meaningful lives due to modern technology. We created powerful machines to make life more convenient. Unfortunately, these machines have done the opposite. In his words, “men have become the tools of their tools”. That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion. When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life. 1．Which statement would Thoreau probably agree with? A．Technology holds back our ambition. B．Technology is key to a meaningful life. C．Simplicity is outdated in modern times. D．Simplicity is possible in a tech-driven world. 2．Thoreau escaped to the woods because ________. A．he was abandoned by society B．he enjoyed adventures in the forest C．he tried to prove his independence D．he was fed up with busy industrial life 3．Why are smartphones and social media mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To discuss the effect of modernization. B．To illustrate men’s heavy reliance on tools. C．To highlight the extensive use of technology. D．To show the convenience of technological tools. 4．What does the author think of his ways of simplifying life? A．Amusing. B．Exciting. C．Satisfying. D．Challenging. （24-25高一下·江西南昌·阶段练习）Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study. The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 174 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually. At age 14, researchers interviewed the teens regarding their family relationships using a modified version of the Adult Attachment Interview, which is considered the “gold standard” of assessing one’s attachment state of mind. Jessica Stern, lead author of the study, said this motivated the teens to share descriptions and stories about their families. Researchers paid attention to not only what the teens said but also how they expressed it. After these initial interviews, researchers went back to the participants at ages 16, 17 and 18 and observed their interactions with a close friend. The researchers noted how the participants responded when their friend presented a problem and revealed it to them, assessing the participants’ extension of empathy. Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens. It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens “caught up” in their empathic behavior by age 18. This is cause for hope, Stern said, because it may indicate that those empathic skills can develop over time for adolescents who don’t have great relationships at home. Having strong friendships or a trusted teacher might make an impact on insecure teens’ empathy. More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s. The researchers are interested in seeing how the empathic abilities they examined in the teens now shape their romantic relationships and parenting behavior as adults. Being able    to pick up on other people’s emotions and see from their point of view is important “for a variety of other things that we consider success in the world,” Stern said. For parents and even teachers, Stern advises understanding the necessity of empathy and really investing in relationships with teens. Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior. 1．What do we know about the research? A．It was a long-term study. B．It revealed gender differences. C．It involved big data analysis. D．It explored problem-solving strategies. 2．What can be inferred about the less secure teens during the study? A．They showed a decline in empathy. B．They became more eager for empathy. C．They maintained consistent levels of empathy. D．They initially struggled but improved in empathy. 3．What would help adolescents develop empathy according to the last paragraph? A．Demonstrating empathy in action. B．Rewarding their progress in empathy. C．Engaging them in classroom discussions. D．Monitoring their interpersonal relationships. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The power of empathy for future success. B．Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds. C．The impact of friendship on adolescent empathy. D．Attachment theory and teens’ empathy development. （24-25高一下·河北保定·开学考试）You know that old debate about whether dogs are smarter than cats? Well, science now has a definite answer. It’s dogs. That’s the conclusion of an international group of researchers, who found that dogs have twice as many neurons (神经元) as cats. Neurons are cells that deal with information. And so, the more neurons an animal has, the better its information processing capability, these scientists say. The study was carried out by researchers from six universities in the US, Brazil, Denmark and South Africa. It’s going to be published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. The research was done in the lab of Suzana Herculano-Houzel, an associate professor of psychology and biological sciences at Vanderbilt University. Until recently, scientists interested in comparing intelligence across species were limited to using brain size as a sign. “In 2005, my lab came up with a very simple, quick and inexpensive way to count the cells in brains and brain parts,” Herculano-Houzel said. What the researchers did was take some brain matter and basically turn it into a soup. This freed up the cell nuclei (细胞核) so that the scientists could count them directly under a microscope. This is what they found when they looked at the cerebral cortex of cats and dogs. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that processes information. A cat’s cerebral cortex has 250 million neurons. A 15-pound mixed-breed (混合种) dog’s has 429 million. When they looked at a 64-pound golden retriever (猎犬), the number was even higher: 627 million neurons. “So, it’s plausible to say that dogs have about twice as many neurons as cats in their cerebral cortex,” she said. “And this means that dogs can do more thinking things than cats.” 1．What does the author imply about the old debate? A．It was surprising. B．It was meaningless. C．It was easily solved. D．It had no clear result. 2．Why did the researchers turn some brain matter into a soup? A．To wake up neurons. B．To study brain growth. C．To see neurons clearly. D．To study cortex better. 3．What affects the neuron numbers of dogs? A．Practice. B．Weights. C．Thinking. D．Lifestyles. 4．What does the underlined word mean in the last paragraph? A．reasonable. B．important. C．surprising. D．fearless. 重难语篇拔高练 （24-25高一上·广东茂名·期末）The current US traffic signal (信号) system has been in place for more than 100 years. But experts are now studying ways to connect technology-equipped vehicles (交通工具) with signal systems in order to improve safety and traffic flows. Most US traffic signals currently include three lights to direct drivers at crossroads: red, yellow and green. But it might make sense to add a fourth colour, possibly white. This colour could inform motorists when there is a large collection of self-driving vehicles in a particular area. When many self-driving vehicles are present, the additional light would signal other drivers to follow the lead of those vehicles. The North Carolina State team thought that such changes are likely years away. One reason for this is because this kind of system would require between 40 to 50 percent of all vehicles on the road to be self-driving. Waymo is a self-driving vehicle company owned by Google’s parent, Alphabet. Waymo had already started ride-sharing services that use full self-driving vehicles in Los Angeles, California and Austin, Texas. Those services do not use a fourth traffic light. However, officials and companies should think very carefully before deciding on, and moving forward with, major infrastructure (基础设施) changes. Researchers at the University of Michigan are also testing different methods. They have carried out a test programme in an area outside the city of Detroit. Their research collects data on the speed and location of General Motors (GM) vehicles in the area. The data has been used to change the timing of city traffic lights in an effort to improve traffic flows. The area near Detroit where the testing is taking place has 34 traffic signals. It was chosen because lights in the area are set to change at the same times each day. This is the case for more than half of traffic signals nationwide. These signals are not connected to cameras or sensors to watch traffic flows in real time. Danielle Deneau is the director of traffic safety in Michigan. She said results of the University of Michigan research changed the timing of green lights only by a few seconds. However, Deneau added, even that was enough to improve traffic flows. 1．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．The white signal mainly directs dangerous traffic. B．Self-driving vehicles are not yet popular in the US. C．The white signal will change the basic traffic rules. D．The signal system in the US now has four colours. 2．What’s the author’s attitude towards major infrastructure changes? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Unclear. D．Careful. 3．What is the method being tried by the University of Michigan? A．To add more signal colours. B．To change the green signal time. C．To get more traffic information. D．To connect more cameras or sensors. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Past and Future of Traffic Signal in the US B．Reasons for Changes in Self-driving Vehicles C．Researchers: Smarter Vehicles Could Greatly Change Traffic Signals D．American Traffic Signal: One of the Most Effective Management Strategies （24-25高一下·江苏连云港·阶段练习）Researchers from Japan claim to have developed a faster carbon capture system that removes carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from the air. There is about 400ppm CO2 in the air, which is 0. 04% of the total air volume. To separate such a small amount of CO2, a very powerful liquid chemical medium is needed to isolate (隔离) CO2 from the air before it is separated using high heat. Using such chemicals to generate the required energy for the Direct Air Capture (DAC) system to function creates a high cost, with most DAC systems requiring around $600 to capture one ton of CO2. Also, chemicals used to capture CO2 from the air lose their efficiency as the reaction continues for an extended period of time. Dr Seiji Yamazoe and his team from Tokyo Metropolitan University handled this challenge by developing a solid-liquid phase separation system. Rather than removing CO2 from the air as a liquid or gas, the liquid chemicals used in the medium react with the CO2 and produce insoluble crystals (不能溶解的晶体). These crystals are separated from the liquid medium and then heated to slowly release carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas can then be stored elsewhere. The researchers optimized the solid-liquid phase separation system by finding a chemical medium that is efficient in capturing and releasing CO2. They tried multiple different chemicals and measured the rate of insoluble crystal formation over 10 hours as well as the final quantity of crystals formed. One of the chemicals they tested, called isophorone diamine (IPDA), could convert (转化) almost 99% of CO2 from the air at twice the rate of other conventional chemical media used in most DAC systems. The following tests with IPDA also showed that the resulting crystals completely release carbon dioxide gas by gently being heated at 60 degrees Celsius. Not only was this temperature much lower compared to what is used in current DAC systems, but the IPDA was also fully recoverable — the IPDA could be reused immediately for another reaction. With this discovery, Yamazoe and his team hope that this system could be scaled up and used for the efficient removal of excessive CO2 from the air. 1．What does the author mainly want to show in paragraph 2? A．The amount of CO2 in the air is increasing. B．Environmental protection can be very costly. C．DAC systems fail to be economically efficient. D．The separation of CO2 from the air is time-consuming. 2．How do Dr Seiji Yamazoe and his team remove CO2 from the air? A．By changing CO2 into insoluble crystals. B．By heating the air to high temperatures. C．By making CO2 react with other gases. D．By storing CO2 in a liquid form. 3．What does the underlined word “optimized” in the fourth paragraph mean? A．Tested. B．Improved. C．Analyzed. D．Observed. 4．What did the tests with IPDA indicate? A．The IPDA was good at storing CO2. B．The new system was free of heating. C．The new system was quite energy-saving. D．The IPDA was effective in cleaning the air. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 The world of Science 单元话题阅读理解练习 基础语篇巩固练 （24-25高一下·江苏常州·阶段练习）Chinese scientists have created starch (淀粉), a type of complex carbohydrate found in plants, using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity. Experts say if such technique can be scaled-up (大规模) to the level of industrialization, it may revolutionize how this key nutrient and industrial ingredient is made, since it does not require farming and processing a large quantity of starchy crops such as sweet potatoes and corn, thus saving more water, fertilizer, and arable land. It may also be used to recycle carbon dioxide into a consumable product. This will help reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change, especially if the electricity used is from renewable sources like solar and wind. In space exploration it may provide a sustainable food source for astronauts as they travel long distances in space and try to colonize other planets where growing food is impossible. Future space travelers may simply turn the carbon dioxide they breathe out into food they eat. Ma Yanhe, the director of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, says starch and other complex carbohydrates make up 60 to 80 percent of the human diet. “Our breakthrough demonstrates that creating a complex compound like starch is achievable in a lab, and there are many industries that can benefit from this technology,” he says. Plants create carbohydrates like starch through photosynthesis (光合作用), which is an extremely complex process, says Ma, adding that it will take a plant about 60 steps to turn carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into starch. Cai Tao, one of the first authors of the study, says for six years, his team has been focusing on a single project: how to make starch, but do it at a higher speed. He says their method involves first converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas into methanol (甲醇). Scientists then piece these single-carbon molecules like a puzzle into bigger and more complex molecules via enzymatic (酶的) processes. With the help of supercomputing, Chinese scientists have simplified the natural starch making process from about 60 into 11 steps and produced starch. Thellab-made starch is chemically identical to starch in nature. 1．Which is NOT a potential benefit if the technique can be used on an industrial level? A．It will have a positive influence on climate change. B．It will help produce renewable resources such as solar and wind. C．It will offer a practical food solution for astronauts. D．It will help save several sources from water to farming land. 2．Which might be the biggest difficulty in creating the lab-made starch? A．Making starch faster. B．Collecting enough raw materials. C．Repeating the photosynthesis of plants. D．Involving methanol in the making process. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Starch, an important complex carbohydrate. B．The great benefits of starch. C．Chinese scientists successfully turn carbon dioxide into starch. D．Chinese scientists make contributions to climate change. 4．In which part of a newspaper could you most probably read the text? A．Science. B．Lifestyle. C．Environment. D．Health. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国科学家利用二氧化碳、氢气和电力制造淀粉的技术突破及其对环境、食品生产和太空探索的潜在影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Experts say if such technique can be scaled-up (大规模) to the level of industrialization, it may revolutionize how this key nutrient and industrial ingredient is made, since it does not require farming and processing a large quantity of starchy crops such as sweet potatoes and corn, thus saving more water, fertilizer, and arable land.(专家表示，如果这种技术能够大规模推广到工业化水平，它可能会彻底改变这种关键营养素和工业原料的生产方式，因为这不需要种植和加工大量的淀粉类作物，如红薯和玉米，从而节省更多的水资源、肥料和耕地)”可知，该技术在工业化水平上的潜在好处包括节约水资源、肥料和耕地，D选项正确；根据第三段中“This will help reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change, especially if the electricity used is from renewable sources like solar and wind.(这将有助于减少碳排放并对抗气候变化，特别是当所使用的电力来自太阳能和风能等可再生能源时)”可知，该技术对气候变化有积极影响，A选项正确；根据第四段中“In space exploration it may provide a sustainable food source for astronauts as they travel long distances in space and try to colonize other planets where growing food is impossible.(在太空探索中，它可能为宇航员提供一种可持续的食物来源，使他们在进行长途太空旅行及尝试殖民其他无法种植食物的星球时得到补给)”可知，该技术可以为宇航员提供实际的食物解决方案，C选项正确。而B选项“它将有助于生产可再生能源，如太阳能和风能”并不是该技术工业化水平的潜在好处，原文中第三段中提到“This will help reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change, especially if the electricity used is from renewable sources like solar and wind.(这将有助于减少碳排放并对抗气候变化，特别是当所使用的电力来自太阳能和风能等可再生能源时)”，是说如果使用的电力来自可再生能源，将有助于减少碳排放和对抗气候变化，而不是说该技术本身会生产可再生能源。因此，B选项不是该技术可能带来的潜在好处。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Cai Tao, one of the first authors of the study, says for six years, his team has been focusing on a single project: how to make starch, but do it at a higher speed.(该研究的第一作者之一蔡涛说，六年来，他的团队一直专注于一个项目：如何制造淀粉，但速度更快)”和最后一段中“With the help of supercomputing, Chinese scientists have simplified the natural starch making process from about 60 into 11 steps and produced starch.(在超级计算的帮助下，中国科学家将天然淀粉的制造过程从大约60个步骤简化为11个步骤，并生产出淀粉)”可推知，团队六年专注于提高制造淀粉的速度，将自然生产淀粉的60步简化为人工合成淀粉的11步，可推知制造实验室合成淀粉最大的困难可能是更快制造淀粉。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。文章开篇便指出“Chinese scientists have created starch (淀粉), a type of complex carbohydrate found in plants, using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity.(中国科学家利用二氧化碳、氢气和电合成了淀粉，这是一种在植物中发现的复杂碳水化合物)”，后文围绕该技术的工业化可能带来的变革、对环境的益处、在太空探索中的作用以及制造过程等方面展开论述，即文章主要描述了中国科学家成功地将二氧化碳转化为淀粉这一成就及其潜在的应用前景。故C选项“Chinese scientists successfully turn carbon dioxide into starch.(中国科学家成功地将二氧化碳转化为淀粉)”准确地概括了文章的核心内容，是文章的最佳标题。故选C。 4．推理判断题。文章主要介绍了中国科学家在制造淀粉方面的科学技术，包括制造淀粉所使用的原料、制造过程、技术的优势以及可能的应用领域等，这些内容都属于科学范畴。因此，这篇文章可能出现在报纸的“科学”部分。故选A。 （24-25高一上·北京通州·期末）Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status (地位),” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous (先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy (嫉妒). Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants (参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂). After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on body language. The results suggested that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves (证明) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish (区分) different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors that are mainly hormonal.” 1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? A．Body language. B．Social status. C．Oxytocin. D．Placebo. 2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment? A．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences. B．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success. C．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. D．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way. 3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment? A．To test people’s understanding of body language. B．To know people’s different abilities to answer questions. C．To know the differences between friendship and competition. D．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. 4．The writer develops the text by . A．describing his own experiences B．explaining people s behaviors C．discussing research experiments D．distinguishing sexual differences 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了催生素对于男性社交和女性社交的不同影响， 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素）.Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.(研究人员发现，这一切都与荷尔蒙催生素有关。虽然被称为爱情荷尔蒙，但它对两性的影响不同)”由此可知，荷尔蒙催生素导致男人和女人行为不同。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“But in a previous(先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy(嫉妒).(但在之前的一项实验中，瑞安教授发现，在诸如嫉妒等负面社会互动中，这种激素也会在我们体内释放)”由此可知，当我们对别人的成功感到不高兴时，我们的身体会产生催生素。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.(结果表明，在使用催生素治疗后，男性正确识别竞争关系的能力有所提高，但女性正确识别友谊的能力有所提高)”和最后一段“Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.(瑞安教授这样总结道：“我们的实验证明，催生素激素可以提高人们更好地区分不同社交互动的能)”由此可知，瑞安教授进行最近的实验是为了测试催生素对识别社交互动能力的影响。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段 “But in a previous(先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy(嫉妒).(但在之前的一项实验中，瑞安教授发现，在嫉妒等消极的社会交往中，这种激素也会在我们体内释放出来)”根据第五段“Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.(进一步的研究表明，男性体内的催产素提高了识别竞争关系的能力，而女性体内的催产素则提高了识别友谊的能力)”根据最后一段“Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves(证明    ) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’ s abilities to better distinguish(区分) different social interactions. (瑞恩)教授因此得出结论：“我们的实验证明，催产素可以提高人们更好地区分不同社会互动的能力”)”可知，文章主要通过讨论多个实验（Ryan之前的实验、最近的实验）来展开，因此选项C“讨论研究实验”正确。故选C项。 （24-25高一上·广东·期末）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept. “Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in the second paragraph refer to? A．Birds’ light sleep style. B．The variation in sleep cycles. C．Birds’ special brain structure. D．The continuation of deep sleep. 2．What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches? A．Enabling the power of birds’ legs. B．Stretching to make talons bend and lock. C．Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement. D．Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions. 3．What can we infer from Salama’s words? A．Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation. B．Denying birds’ importance is unwise. C．Studying birds’ sleep has challenges. D．Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep? B．Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently? C．Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open? D．Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍鸟的睡眠周期短且部分大脑清醒，还阐述其站着睡的平衡机制及欧椋鸟的特殊情况。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep.(人类深度睡眠的睡眠周期持续几分钟，但鸟类的睡眠周期不到10秒；它们会让大脑的一部分保持清醒，当一只鸟睁开一只眼睛时，你可能会注意到这一点。这将使鸟类能够在接到通知后立即逃跑，即使它们正在睡觉)”可知，我们深度睡眠会持续几分钟，但鸟类的睡眠深度仅持续10秒左右。并且，鸟类会保持一半大脑处于清醒状态。这样短暂且灵活的睡眠方式使它们即使在睡眠中也能随时逃避猎食者。由此可知，划线词This在这里指代鸟类浅的睡眠方式。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes.(因此，当一只鸟放下身体时，它的爪子会自动地、不自觉地弯曲，紧紧地抓住树枝，直到腿伸直，爪子才会放松。这种机制背后的关键是连接肌肉和骨骼的屈肌腱。屈肌腱伸展，从而使鸟的脚趾弯曲)”可知，鸟类弯下身时，它的爪子会自动且不由自主地弯曲，紧紧抓住树枝，除非腿部伸直才会放开。这一机制的关键在于鸟类的屈肌腱，它连接了肌肉和骨骼，伸展时会使得鸟类的脚趾弯曲牢牢锁住树枝以保持平衡。B选项“伸展使爪子弯曲并锁住”符合题意。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai.(“鸟类多样而独特，根据研究的物种、属或科的不同，它们表现出不同的身体、生理和行为。睡眠周期的差异也很大。虽然我们可能还不知道整个故事，但不可否认的是，鸟类每天都能做到这种平衡是非常了不起的！”拥有孟买圣泽维尔学院生命科学和生物化学学位的Salama说)”可知，Salama认为：鸟类种类繁多且独特，所以会展现出不同的身体特征、生理结构和行为。同时，它们的睡眠周期同样复杂，我们尚未了解全部情况。由此推知：研究鸟类睡眠是有挑战的。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 “One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch.(其中一个谜是鸟是如何睡觉的，尤其是当它在树枝上的时候)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要解释了鸟类在树上睡觉时不会掉下来的原因。所以“Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches?( 为什么睡觉的鸟不会从树枝上掉下来？)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 （24-25高一下·江西南昌·阶段练习）Most have probably heard of Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden, even though his message of simplicity may sound outdated. Nowadays, smartphones flood us with text messages. Many consumers are buying the latest digital devices, from tablets and fitness trackers to commercial drones (无人机). Simple living seems to be a thing of the past. Thoreau would beg to differ. As a writer who advocated the value of simplicity almost two centuries ago, he was a contrarian (叛逆者) for his time. He lived during the height of the Industrial Age, distinguished by the rise of large factories, expanding urban developments, and powerful machines. Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden. In the book, Thoreau is basically making a philosophical statement. We are not living meaningful lives due to modern technology. We created powerful machines to make life more convenient. Unfortunately, these machines have done the opposite. In his words, “men have become the tools of their tools”. That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion. When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life. 1．Which statement would Thoreau probably agree with? A．Technology holds back our ambition. B．Technology is key to a meaningful life. C．Simplicity is outdated in modern times. D．Simplicity is possible in a tech-driven world. 2．Thoreau escaped to the woods because ________. A．he was abandoned by society B．he enjoyed adventures in the forest C．he tried to prove his independence D．he was fed up with busy industrial life 3．Why are smartphones and social media mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To discuss the effect of modernization. B．To illustrate men’s heavy reliance on tools. C．To highlight the extensive use of technology. D．To show the convenience of technological tools. 4．What does the author think of his ways of simplifying life? A．Amusing. B．Exciting. C．Satisfying. D．Challenging. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过Henry David Thoreau的故事探讨了科技给生活带来了什么，说明应该适当简化生活，让生活更有意义。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段“Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden. In the book, Thoreau is basically making a philosophical statement. We are not living meaningful lives due to modern technology. We created powerful machines to make life more convenient. Unfortunately, these machines have done the opposite. In his words, “men have become the tools of their tools”.(Thoreau厌倦了这段时间不断的忙碌，他退出了城市生活，独自一人住在树林里。他只带了生活必需品，并把这次冒险写成了他的书《瓦尔登湖》。在书中，Thoreau基本上是在做一个哲学陈述。由于现代科技，我们没有过上有意义的生活。我们创造了强大的机器，使生活更方便。不幸的是，这些机器起到了相反的作用。用他的话来说，“人类已经成为工具的工具”)”可知，Thoreau提倡简单生活，认为现代技术让生活不便利，反而控制了我们。由此推知，Thoreau认为在科技驱动的世界中简单生活是可能的，并且付诸实践。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden.(Thoreau厌倦了这段时间不断的忙碌，他退出了城市生活，独自一人住在树林里。他只带了生活必需品，并把这次冒险写成了他的书《瓦尔登湖》)”可知，他厌倦了忙碌的工业生活，离开城市去了树林。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion.(也就是说，我们不是控制技术的人。技术正在控制我们。每隔几分钟，智能手机就会被短信分散我们的注意力。至少有一半的美国人一个小时要看好几次手机。与此同时，来自社交媒体的信息过载会削弱我们的注意力，加剧困惑)”可知，这一段在举例说明技术如何控制我们，比如手机不断分散注意力，信息过载。由此推知，本段提到智能手机和社交媒体是为了说明人对工具的依赖。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life.(当科技造成如此多的分心和混乱时，通过减少过度使用科技来简化生活可能是健康的。就我个人而言，我以两种方式做到这一点。首先，我在手机上使用很少的数据，并尽量减少手机上的应用程序。大多数时候，我只用手机打电话或发短信。其次，我退出了大多数社交媒体。当然，这两件事并不像梭罗躲进树林那样极端。然而，这些都是我可以朝着更有意义的生活迈出的现实的一步)”可知，作者认为他简化生活的方式是健康的，是有意义的。由此推知，作者认为他简化生活的方法令人满意。故选C。 （24-25高一下·江西南昌·阶段练习）Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study. The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 174 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually. At age 14, researchers interviewed the teens regarding their family relationships using a modified version of the Adult Attachment Interview, which is considered the “gold standard” of assessing one’s attachment state of mind. Jessica Stern, lead author of the study, said this motivated the teens to share descriptions and stories about their families. Researchers paid attention to not only what the teens said but also how they expressed it. After these initial interviews, researchers went back to the participants at ages 16, 17 and 18 and observed their interactions with a close friend. The researchers noted how the participants responded when their friend presented a problem and revealed it to them, assessing the participants’ extension of empathy. Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens. It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens “caught up” in their empathic behavior by age 18. This is cause for hope, Stern said, because it may indicate that those empathic skills can develop over time for adolescents who don’t have great relationships at home. Having strong friendships or a trusted teacher might make an impact on insecure teens’ empathy. More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s. The researchers are interested in seeing how the empathic abilities they examined in the teens now shape their romantic relationships and parenting behavior as adults. Being able    to pick up on other people’s emotions and see from their point of view is important “for a variety of other things that we consider success in the world,” Stern said. For parents and even teachers, Stern advises understanding the necessity of empathy and really investing in relationships with teens. Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior. 1．What do we know about the research? A．It was a long-term study. B．It revealed gender differences. C．It involved big data analysis. D．It explored problem-solving strategies. 2．What can be inferred about the less secure teens during the study? A．They showed a decline in empathy. B．They became more eager for empathy. C．They maintained consistent levels of empathy. D．They initially struggled but improved in empathy. 3．What would help adolescents develop empathy according to the last paragraph? A．Demonstrating empathy in action. B．Rewarding their progress in empathy. C．Engaging them in classroom discussions. D．Monitoring their interpersonal relationships. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The power of empathy for future success. B．Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds. C．The impact of friendship on adolescent empathy. D．Attachment theory and teens’ empathy development. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究表明家庭关系紧密稳固的青少年更具同理心，且部分青少年同理心可随时间发展，还强调了培养青少年同理心的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 14 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually.(这项由弗吉尼亚大学青少年研究小组进行的研究，跟踪了 14 名年龄在 14 岁至 18 岁之间的青少年，并每年追踪他们的进展情况。)”以及第四段第一句“More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s.(目前正在对这一特定的参与者群体进行更多的研究，他们现在都已步入30多岁。)”可知，这项研究从青少年时期一直持续到他们30多岁，是一项长期的研究。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens.(与家庭关系不太稳固的青少年相比，在16岁和17岁时，家庭关系更稳固的青少年对朋友表现出更高的同理心。)”以及第四句“It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens ‘caught up’ in their empathic behavior by age 2.(不过，这也不全是坏消息，因为到2岁时，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年在同理心行为方面‘赶上了’。)”可知，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年一开始在同理心方面表现不如家庭关系稳固的青少年，但到2岁时有所改善。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior.(提供同理心行为的榜样，包括以友善、尊重和支持的态度对待他人，可以帮助青少年将这种行为内化。)”可知，通过实际行动展示同理心有助于青少年发展同理心。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study.(一项新的研究表明，与家人关系亲密、稳固的青少年更有可能对同龄人表现出同理心。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了青少年的同理心与家庭关系之间的联系。所以B选项Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds(青少年的同理心与家庭纽带相关) 符合文意。故选B项。 （24-25高一下·河北保定·开学考试）You know that old debate about whether dogs are smarter than cats? Well, science now has a definite answer. It’s dogs. That’s the conclusion of an international group of researchers, who found that dogs have twice as many neurons (神经元) as cats. Neurons are cells that deal with information. And so, the more neurons an animal has, the better its information processing capability, these scientists say. The study was carried out by researchers from six universities in the US, Brazil, Denmark and South Africa. It’s going to be published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. The research was done in the lab of Suzana Herculano-Houzel, an associate professor of psychology and biological sciences at Vanderbilt University. Until recently, scientists interested in comparing intelligence across species were limited to using brain size as a sign. “In 2005, my lab came up with a very simple, quick and inexpensive way to count the cells in brains and brain parts,” Herculano-Houzel said. What the researchers did was take some brain matter and basically turn it into a soup. This freed up the cell nuclei (细胞核) so that the scientists could count them directly under a microscope. This is what they found when they looked at the cerebral cortex of cats and dogs. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that processes information. A cat’s cerebral cortex has 250 million neurons. A 15-pound mixed-breed (混合种) dog’s has 429 million. When they looked at a 64-pound golden retriever (猎犬), the number was even higher: 627 million neurons. “So, it’s plausible to say that dogs have about twice as many neurons as cats in their cerebral cortex,” she said. “And this means that dogs can do more thinking things than cats.” 1．What does the author imply about the old debate? A．It was surprising. B．It was meaningless. C．It was easily solved. D．It had no clear result. 2．Why did the researchers turn some brain matter into a soup? A．To wake up neurons. B．To study brain growth. C．To see neurons clearly. D．To study cortex better. 3．What affects the neuron numbers of dogs? A．Practice. B．Weights. C．Thinking. D．Lifestyles. 4．What does the underlined word mean in the last paragraph? A．reasonable. B．important. C．surprising. D．fearless. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究，研究表明狗比猫聪明，因为狗的神经元更多。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“You know that old debate about whether dogs are smarter than cats? Well, science now has a definite answer.(你知道那个关于狗是否比猫聪明的古老的争论吗？现在，科学有了明确的答案)”可推知，以前这个争论是没有明确答案的。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中““In 2005, my lab came up with a very simple, quick and inexpensive way to count the cells in brains and brain parts,” Herculano-Houzel said. What the researchers did was take some brain matter and basically turn it into a soup. This freed up the cell nuclei (细胞核) so that the scientists could count them directly under a microscope.(“2005年，我的实验室提出了一种非常简单、快速且经济的方法来计算大脑及大脑各部分中的细胞数量，”Herculano-Houzel说道。研究人员所做的就是取一些脑组织，将其基本转化为一种“汤”。这一过程释放了细胞核，从而使科学家能够直接在显微镜下对它们进行计数)”可知，研究人员把一些大脑物质变成“汤”是为了让细胞核分离出来，从而能在显微镜下直接数细胞核数量，也就是为了更清楚地观察神经元。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“A 15-pound mixed-breed (混合种) dog’s has 429 million.(一只15磅重的混合品种狗的脂肪有4.29亿)”和最后一段中“When they looked at a 64-pound golden retriever (猎犬), the number was even higher: 627 million neurons.(当他们观察一只64磅重的金毛猎犬时，这个数字甚至更高：6.27亿个神经元。)”可知，重量影响狗的神经元数量。故选B项。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线词句前文“A cat’s cerebral cortex has 250 million neurons. A 15-pound mixed-breed (混合种) dog’s has 429 million.(猫的大脑皮层有2.5亿个神经元，而一只15磅重的混血狗的大脑皮层则有4.29亿个神经元)”以及“When they looked at a 64-pound golden retriever (猎犬), the number was even higher: 627 million neurons.(当他们观察一只64磅重的金毛猎犬时，这个数字甚至更高：6.27亿个神经元)”，可知，狗的神经元数量大约是猫的两倍，从而推知划线词句“So, it’s plausible to say that dogs have about twice as many neurons as cats in their cerebral cortex(所以，狗的大脑皮层中的神经元大约是猫的两倍的说法是plausible)”中划线词应为“合理的”意思，与A项同义。故选A项。 重难语篇拔高练 （24-25高一上·广东茂名·期末）The current US traffic signal (信号) system has been in place for more than 100 years. But experts are now studying ways to connect technology-equipped vehicles (交通工具) with signal systems in order to improve safety and traffic flows. Most US traffic signals currently include three lights to direct drivers at crossroads: red, yellow and green. But it might make sense to add a fourth colour, possibly white. This colour could inform motorists when there is a large collection of self-driving vehicles in a particular area. When many self-driving vehicles are present, the additional light would signal other drivers to follow the lead of those vehicles. The North Carolina State team thought that such changes are likely years away. One reason for this is because this kind of system would require between 40 to 50 percent of all vehicles on the road to be self-driving. Waymo is a self-driving vehicle company owned by Google’s parent, Alphabet. Waymo had already started ride-sharing services that use full self-driving vehicles in Los Angeles, California and Austin, Texas. Those services do not use a fourth traffic light. However, officials and companies should think very carefully before deciding on, and moving forward with, major infrastructure (基础设施) changes. Researchers at the University of Michigan are also testing different methods. They have carried out a test programme in an area outside the city of Detroit. Their research collects data on the speed and location of General Motors (GM) vehicles in the area. The data has been used to change the timing of city traffic lights in an effort to improve traffic flows. The area near Detroit where the testing is taking place has 34 traffic signals. It was chosen because lights in the area are set to change at the same times each day. This is the case for more than half of traffic signals nationwide. These signals are not connected to cameras or sensors to watch traffic flows in real time. Danielle Deneau is the director of traffic safety in Michigan. She said results of the University of Michigan research changed the timing of green lights only by a few seconds. However, Deneau added, even that was enough to improve traffic flows. 1．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．The white signal mainly directs dangerous traffic. B．Self-driving vehicles are not yet popular in the US. C．The white signal will change the basic traffic rules. D．The signal system in the US now has four colours. 2．What’s the author’s attitude towards major infrastructure changes? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Unclear. D．Careful. 3．What is the method being tried by the University of Michigan? A．To add more signal colours. B．To change the green signal time. C．To get more traffic information. D．To connect more cameras or sensors. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Past and Future of Traffic Signal in the US B．Reasons for Changes in Self-driving Vehicles C．Researchers: Smarter Vehicles Could Greatly Change Traffic Signals D．American Traffic Signal: One of the Most Effective Management Strategies 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要讲述了尽管美国交通信号系统已经存在了100多年，但是专家们现在正在研究如何将配备科技的车辆与信号系统连接起来，以提高安全性和交通流量。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“When many self-driving vehicles are present, the additional light would signal other drivers to follow the lead of those vehicles. The North Carolina State team thought that such changes are likely years away. One reason for this is because this kind of system would require between 40 to 50 percent of all vehicles on the road to be self-driving.(当有很多自动驾驶汽车出现时，额外的信号灯会向其他司机发出信号，让他们跟着这些汽车走。北卡罗来纳州立大学的研究小组认为，这种变化可能还需要几年的时间。其中一个原因是，这种系统需要道路上所有车辆的40%到50%是自动驾驶的)”可知，额外的信号灯这种变化还需要几年，因为需要道路上有40%到50%的车辆是自动驾驶。由此推知，目前自动驾驶汽车在美国还没有普及。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, officials and companies should think very carefully before deciding on, and moving forward with, major infrastructure (基础设施) changes.(然而，在决定和推进重大基础设施改革之前，官员和企业应该仔细考虑)”可知，作者对于重大基础设施改革持有仔细的、谨慎的态度。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The data has been used to change the timing of city traffic lights in an effort to improve traffic flows.(这些数据已被用于改变城市交通灯的时间，以改善交通流量)”和“She said results of the University of Michigan research changed the timing of green lights only by a few seconds.(她说，密歇根大学的研究结果只改变了绿灯的时间几秒钟)”可知，改变绿信号灯的时间是密歇根大学正在尝试的方法。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But experts are now studying ways to connect technology-equipped vehicles (交通工具) with signal systems in order to improve safety and traffic flows.(但是专家们现在正在研究如何将配备科技的车辆与信号系统连接起来，以改善安全性和交通流量)”和全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了研究者们正在研究将配备科技的智能车辆与交通信号系统连接起来，从而改变交通信号，提升其安全性和交通流量。故C项“研究人员：更智能的车辆可以极大地改变交通信号”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C   （24-25高一下·江苏连云港·阶段练习）Researchers from Japan claim to have developed a faster carbon capture system that removes carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from the air. There is about 400ppm CO2 in the air, which is 0. 04% of the total air volume. To separate such a small amount of CO2, a very powerful liquid chemical medium is needed to isolate (隔离) CO2 from the air before it is separated using high heat. Using such chemicals to generate the required energy for the Direct Air Capture (DAC) system to function creates a high cost, with most DAC systems requiring around $600 to capture one ton of CO2. Also, chemicals used to capture CO2 from the air lose their efficiency as the reaction continues for an extended period of time. Dr Seiji Yamazoe and his team from Tokyo Metropolitan University handled this challenge by developing a solid-liquid phase separation system. Rather than removing CO2 from the air as a liquid or gas, the liquid chemicals used in the medium react with the CO2 and produce insoluble crystals (不能溶解的晶体). These crystals are separated from the liquid medium and then heated to slowly release carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas can then be stored elsewhere. The researchers optimized the solid-liquid phase separation system by finding a chemical medium that is efficient in capturing and releasing CO2. They tried multiple different chemicals and measured the rate of insoluble crystal formation over 10 hours as well as the final quantity of crystals formed. One of the chemicals they tested, called isophorone diamine (IPDA), could convert (转化) almost 99% of CO2 from the air at twice the rate of other conventional chemical media used in most DAC systems. The following tests with IPDA also showed that the resulting crystals completely release carbon dioxide gas by gently being heated at 60 degrees Celsius. Not only was this temperature much lower compared to what is used in current DAC systems, but the IPDA was also fully recoverable — the IPDA could be reused immediately for another reaction. With this discovery, Yamazoe and his team hope that this system could be scaled up and used for the efficient removal of excessive CO2 from the air. 1．What does the author mainly want to show in paragraph 2? A．The amount of CO2 in the air is increasing. B．Environmental protection can be very costly. C．DAC systems fail to be economically efficient. D．The separation of CO2 from the air is time-consuming. 2．How do Dr Seiji Yamazoe and his team remove CO2 from the air? A．By changing CO2 into insoluble crystals. B．By heating the air to high temperatures. C．By making CO2 react with other gases. D．By storing CO2 in a liquid form. 3．What does the underlined word “optimized” in the fourth paragraph mean? A．Tested. B．Improved. C．Analyzed. D．Observed. 4．What did the tests with IPDA indicate? A．The IPDA was good at storing CO2. B．The new system was free of heating. C．The new system was quite energy-saving. D．The IPDA was effective in cleaning the air. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了日本研究人员开发的一种更快的碳捕获系统，通过固液分离技术高效地从空气中去除二氧化碳。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Using such chemicals to generate the required energy for the Direct Air Capture (DAC) system to function creates a high cost, with most DAC systems requiring around $600 to capture one ton of CO2. Also, chemicals used to capture CO2 from the air lose their efficiency as the reaction continues for an extended period of time.(使用这些化学物质来产生直接空气捕获（DAC）系统运行所需的能量，成本很高，大多数DAC系统捕获一吨二氧化碳需要大约600美元。此外，用于从空气中捕获二氧化碳的化学物质会随着反应持续时间的延长而失去效率)”可知，DAC系统的经济效率不高。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Rather than removing CO2 from the air as a liquid or gas, the liquid chemicals used in the medium react with the CO2 and produce insoluble crystals ( 不能溶解的晶体 ).(不是以液体或气体的形式从空气中去除二氧化碳，而是在介质中使用的液体化学物质与二氧化碳反应并产生不溶性晶体)”可知，Dr Seiji Yamazoe团队通过将CO2转化为不溶性晶体来去除CO2。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段“ by finding a chemical medium that is efficient in capturing and releasing CO2(通过找到一种能够高效捕获和释放CO2的化学介质来优化固液分离系统)可知，研究人员对固液相分离系统进行了优化。“optimized”意为“改进”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“The following tests with IPDA also showed that the resulting crystals completely release carbon dioxide gas by gently being heated at 60 degrees Celsius. Not only was this temperature much lower compared to what is used in current DAC systems, but the IPDA was also fully recoverable—the IPDA could be reused immediately for another reaction.(对IPDA的后续测试还表明，通过轻轻加热到60摄氏度，生成的晶体完全释放出二氧化碳气体。不仅这个温度比当前DAC系统中使用的温度低得多，而且IPDA也是完全可回收的——IPDA可以立即重新用于另一个反应)”可知，新系统在加热温度上大幅降低，具有节能优势。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$