专题03 阅读理解之说明文一 (安徽专用)-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题03阅读理解之说明文一 （一） 【2023-2024学年安徽省天一大联考高二下学期7月期末】It’s true that negative attitudes about age and aging are part of many cultures these days. We don’t want to get old for many reasons. But many of our fears are based on cultural stereotypes (刻板印象), or prejudices. There are some things you can do to counteract (对抗) this culturally-based fear of getting older. One of the most important things is to change your mindset about aging, according to studies done by researchers at the Yale Center for Research on Aging. Studies conducted by these researchers revealed that elderly participants who experienced positive messages about aging showed an improvement in both physical functions and their self-images. Those who did not receive positive information about aging did not show improvement. Fears about aging can include fears about being hurt, anxiety about being ill, and worries about dying. But research has also shown that many older people tend to be happier than younger ones. Laura Carstensen, director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, commented that “people’s goals and reasoning change as they come to appreciate their lives and recognize that their time on Earth is limited. When people face endings they tend to shift from goals about exploration and expanding horizons to ones about enjoying relationships and focusing on meaningful activities.” In her book A Long Bright Future, Carstensen tells us that it is crucial to integrate the very real difficulties of aging with a time that is “socially rewarding, productive, and fun.” Paying attention to those positive experiences will not make the negative ones go away, but will shift the focus of your brain so that you will have greater pleasure — be happier and more content — as you age. So rather than worrying about getting old, about all of the things that you will be losing, try resetting your thoughts. Turn your attention to what is emotionally meaningful to you now. Let yourself enjoy those activities and relationships that give you pleasure or make you happy or content. The bad things in your life won’t go away, but they may take up less space in your brain. 8．What did the studies conducted by Yale researchers show? A．The problems with getting old. B．The power of positive messages. C．The importance of staying young. D．The harm of cultural stereotypes. 9．What do older people pay special attention to according to Laura Carstensen? A．Physical condition. B．Exploring new fields. C．Organizing interesting activities. D．Interpersonal relationships. 10．What’s the point of Laura Carstensen’s idea? A．Changing the focus of attention. B．Creating new possibilities. C．Gaining more knowledge. D．Forgetting the worries in reality. 11．What’s the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To make a request. B．To give a definition. C．To offer a suggestion. D．To provide an argument. （二） 【2023-2024学年安徽省安庆市等三市高二下学期7月期末】Some commonly recommended strategies for managing anger, including hitting a punching bag (拳击袋), jogging and cycling, aren’t effective at helping people cool off. That’s the key takeaway of our new review of 154 studies that looked at how activities that increase versus decrease physiological arousal affect anger and aggression. Arousal is how researchers describe how energized someone is. When you’re in a state of high physiological arousal, you’ll have increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate. Anger is a negative emotion associated with high physiological arousal. In our study, we found that activities that influence arousal levels had a deep impact on anger and aggression. By engaging in activities that decrease arousal, such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, yoga, and mindfulness, you can control, or “turn down”, your angry feelings. Crucially, our combined study of participants from multiple studies found that activities that help decrease arousal worked across diverse settings, including in the laboratory and in real-world situations, both of line and online, and in both group and individual sessions. In addition, activities that turn down arousal were effective for a wide variety of people—students and nonstudents, criminal offenders and non-offenders, those with and without disabilities. In contrast’some activities people use to manage their anger amp up (加剧) arousal and increase anger and aggression levels. Jogging, a popular stress-relief activity, actually increased anger in the studies we looked at. The repetitive nature of jogging may cause feelings of monotony and frustration, potentially increasing anger rather than alleviating it. Instead, engaging in ball sports and physical education classes decreased anger. Likewise, venting (发泄) anger increased anger and aggression. This research helps dismiss the belief that it is good to blow off steam and “let it out”. Skip screaming into your pillow or hitting a punching bag. Save your money rather than going to a room to break stuff with baseball bats. Such activities are of little use. 8．What can we know about the new review? A．It looked at how to control anger. B．It was about 154 studies on anger. C．It focused on the effects of activities on anger. D．It suggested some ways to reduce physiological arousal. 9．What does the author suggest people do when they are angry? A．Go jogging B．Do some yoga. C．Scream into a pillow. D．Hit a punching bag. 10．What does the underlined word “monotony” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Boredom. B．Fear. C．Excitement. D．Satisfaction. 11．What’s the author’s attitude towards the popular stress-relief activities? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. （三） 【2023-2024学年安徽省亳州市高二下学期7月期末】Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, and it quickly became the most popular home-entertainment device of the century. Seeking to provide a visual accompaniment to the phonograph, Edison helped Dickson, a young laboratory assistant, invent a motion-picture camera in 1888. Building upon the work of Maybridge and Marey, Dickson combined the two final essentials of motion-picture recording and viewing technology. These were a device, adapted from the escapement mechanism of a clock, to ensure the intermittent (周期的) but regular motion of the film tape through the camera and a regularly perforated (穿孔的) film tape to ensure precise synchronization (同步) between the film tape and the shutter. Dickson’s camera, the Kinetograph, initially imprinted up to 50 feet (15metres)of film at the rate of about 40 frames per second. Dickson was not the only person who had been solving the problem of recording and reproducing moving images. Inventors throughout the world had been trying for years to invent working motion-picture machines. In fact, several European inventors, including the Englishman William Friese-Greene, applied for patents on various cameras, projectors, and camera-projector combinations contemporaneously or even before Edison and his associates did. Because Edison had originally come up with motion pictures as an adjunct to his phonograph, he did not entrust the invention of a projector to accompany the Kinetograph. Rather, he had Dickson design a type of viewing device called the Kinetoscope, in which a continuous 47-foot (14-metre) film circle ran between a lamp and a shutter for individual viewing. Starting in 1894, Kinetoscopes were marketed commercially through the firm of Raff and Gammon for $250 to $300 a piece. The Edison Company established its own Kinetograph studio in West Orange, New Jersey, to supply films for the Kinetoscopes. In April of that year the first Kinetoscope cinema was opened in a storefront in New York City. The cinema charged 25cents for admission to a bank of five machines. 8．What’s the purpose of Edison helping Dickson invent a motion-picture camera? A．To support the work made by Muybridge and Marey. B．To offer viewing technology assistance to his invention. C．To make preparations for his invention of the phonograph. D．To remove the devices of old motion-picture recording. 9．What does paragraph 2 intend to tell about the Kinetograph? A．Its speed. B．Its development. C．Its limitations. D．Its operational principle. 10．What does the underlined word “adjunct” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Addition. B．Replacement. C．Example. D．Project. 11．Which can be used to describe the invention of Kinetoscopes? A．Costly. B．Complicated. C．Successful. D．Accidental. （四） 【2023-2024学年安徽省滁州市高二下学期7月期末】In a world of music streaming services, access to almost any song is just a few clicks away. Yet, the live concert lives on. People still fill sweaty basements, muddy fields and grand concert halls to hear their favorite musicians play. And now neuroscientists might know why: live music engages the brain’s emotion centres more than the recorded track. Concerts are immersive social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together. They are also dynamic—artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction. It was this last difference that led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music. A total of 160 people were recruited as volunteers and the scientists divided them into two groups randomly. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same tunes. The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain that process emotions. In the live condition pianists were instructed to try and adjust their playing in order to drive the activity in one of these regions known as the amygdala (杏仁体), an almond-shaped area deep inside the brain. The results, just published in the journal PNAS, showed that live music had far more emotional impact. Whether the music was happy or sad, listening to the pianist playing in a dynamic way led to more activity in both the amygdala and other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network. The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声音的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live. 28．What does the underlined part in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Access to music is easy thanks to music streaming services. B．Pianists can make real-time adjustment to their playing. C．People listen to and feel the music together in a concert. D．Concerts are great occasions for social connection. 29．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The design of the experiment. B．The result of the experiment. C．The required tasks of participants. D．The feedback of the participants. 30．What do we know about the amygdala? A．It instructs pianists to adjust their playing. B．It is an area of the almond-shaped brain. C．It drives various activities inside the brain. D．It is responsible for emotional processing. 31．What did the neuroscientists find? A．The mood of music affected the activity of the amygdala differently. B．Recorded music aroused more emotional reaction than live music. C．Live music got the brain concentrating more on acoustic features. D．Brain’s music processing network became active when music was live. （五） 【2023-2024学年安徽省阜阳第一中学高二下学期5月调研】The earliest discovered cave paintings date back to the Upper Paleolithic (旧石器时代晚期) period. We might expect that they would be simply made, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a high degree of skill. So do the cave paintings in southern Africa. Some of those appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as that in Europe. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters at least 30,000 years ago. The researchers identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: in obviously inhabited (有人居住的) rock shelters and cave entrances; in galleries near the inhabited areas of caves, and in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been considered as a sign that magical religious activities were performed there. The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no decoration. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that was their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely found in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in south western France is more clearly revealed by the results of a study. The data suggest that the animals in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat. For example, wild cattle and horses are found more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier meatier (多肉的) than other animals in the environment. In addition, in the paintings there are mostly animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as horns. That is, mammoths (猛犸) were drawn more often than deer. 8．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Painting in Europe is not so old as that in southern Africa. B．The cave paintings in southern Africa reflect ancient people’s super skill. C．The early Australians drew cave paintings later than the early Europeans. D．Most of the cave paintings of Spain and southern France were simply drawn. 9．Where can we find galleries in western Europe? A．Close to the inhabited areas of caves. B．In the inner reaches of caves. C．In a place too far from caves. D．At cave entrances. 10．What does the third paragraph reveal about the cave paintings? A．The subjects mainly include plants and animals. B．Human figures are usually found in cave art. C．The paintings were drawn on bare walls. D．They were carefully and well decorated. 11．Which might NOT be the reason why mammoths were often drawn in the paintings? A．They were very fast. B．They were quite large. C．They were rather tasty. D．They had natural weapons. （六） 【2023-2024学年安徽省合肥市普通高中六校联盟高二下学期期末联考】Many of us have heard of or seen My Fair Lady (1964), a classic movie starring British actress Audrey Hepburn. The film is an adaptation of Pygmalion, a comic play by the Irishman George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950). However, the musical version of My Fair Lady is even older, and has been entertaining audiences since 1956. In fact, a new Broadway version of the musical was nominated for 10 Tony awards. The story of Eliza Doolittle, a working-class flower seller from London, and the snobbish (势利的) Professor Higgins, who teaches her “proper English”, has never showed any signs of dying out since it was introduced. But why do people still line up around the block for tickets when a new production of the play is announced? The answer is simple: The musical has a wonderful story. Everyone can identify with Doolittle’s desire to live a more satisfying life; all she wants is to get rid of her accent so she can get a job in a store and not on the streets. However, it seems that people like Higgin s are always looking down on Doolittle for not being from a fancy family. Besides Doolittle’s background, the story and the songs in the music al are also what make it so popular. Audience members are moved when Eliza and her fellow flower sellers imagine what it’d be like to live as a rich person does. This is perfectly summed up in the lyric (歌词),“Wouldn’t it be lovely?” The musical also makes people think. It doesn’t make sense that one kind of accent can be considered good and another bad. Eliza and her father speak “badly” because they were born poor, while Higgins speaks “proper English” because he was born a “gentleman”. That reflects the unfairness of class divisions — a kind of unfairness that still sadly exists today. 8．The underlined word “nominated” in paragraph 2 can be replaced by _________. A．Appointed. B．Selected. C．Suggested. D．Directed. 9．Why do people like Broadway’s musical My Fair Lady? A．People can relate to Doolittle’s experiences. B．It’s considered the best adaptation of Pygmalion. C．It has won 10 Tony awards since its appearance. D．People have a good chance to learn proper English. 10．What message does My Fair Lady convey? A．People from poor families can hardly be successful. B．Women’s status has been greatly improved in the UK. C．Social class division is deeply rooted in British society. D．One’s language ability and manner are the key to success. 11．What can we know about the story of the musical? A．Higgins was described as a kindhearted man. B．Eliza was born poor but fought for a better life. C．Higgins and Eliza became friends after they first met. D．Eliza finally changed Higgins` prejudice against the poor. （七） 【2023-2024学年安徽省黄山市高二下学期7月期末】Today, open book-review pages, and you are more likely to see writers describing each other and their work with such words as “brilliant” and “insightful” rather than, as they once did, “tiresome”. An editor for BuzzFeed, a news site, even announced that its books section would not do negative book reviews at all. This was wonderful news for writers everywhere. It was not such good news for readers. The best bad reviews are scalpel (手术刀) jobs, observes the British critic Adam Mars-Jones,“ because if it’s not precise, it’s not going to work.” One of the finest was used by George Eliot on Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”. “I wish,” Eliot wrote.“ the characters would talk a little less like the heroes and heroines of police reports.” Modem reviewers rarely achieve such deadly beauty. All too often reviews are full of filler words: “darkly funny”, “deep thinking”. Many of these imply the word  “boring”, which is in effect forbidden on literary pages. The Internet is one reason for this softening. It has changed both the economics of criticism(newspapers have fewer book pages, so editors tend to fill them with the books you should read,  not the ones you should not) and the advisability of it. The Internet has also helped decrease anonymity (匿名). Once, most reviews were anonymous. Today, most reviewers are not only named but easily searchable. Whereas 30 years ago, critics were “encouraged to really have a go at people”, now people are ‘terrified of giving public criticism’’. There have been attempts to bring back sharp criticism. In 2012 an award called the “Hatchet Job of the Year”  was launched by two critics as a “mission against boredom and lazy thinking”. It ran for three years. Fleur Macdonald, one of its co-founders, thinks that “the literary scene probably needs it more than over now”, but that it struggled to get sponsorship since “bad book reviews can cause disagreements”. 8．What is the feature of book reviews nowadays? A．They are getting brilliant. B．They are very friendly to readers. C．They hardly offer sharp criticism. D．They show no respect for writers’ feelings. 9．What does the author feel at Eliot’s review of “Jane Eyre”? A．Exact and effective. B．Beautiful and talkative. C．Thoughtful and funny. D．Unfriendly and uncertain. 10．How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? A．By listing figures. B．By making comparisons. C．By providing examples. D．By making classifications. 11．What can we learn about the “Hatchet Job of the Year”? A．It inspired many critics. B．It became an instant hit. C．It met with challenges. D．It has been running for years. （八） 【2023-2024学年安徽省黄山市高二下学期7月期末】Can a machine predict the song of the summer? Can it remove forgettable flops (失败之作)? If so, such a technology could reduce music production costs and even make judges on television talent shows outdated-but after decades of “hit song science” research, predicting a successful song is still more of an art than a science. Now researchers at Claremont Graduate University say they’ve found a way to use artificial intelligence to predict the next chart-topping song. The team tracked how participants responded as they listened to music. A machine-learning model trained on the data was then able to determine whether a song was a hit or a flop with 97 percent accuracy. Traditionally, music industry experts looking to predict the next hit have relied on large databases to analyze the lyrical and acoustic (原音的) aspects of hit songs. But this method has performed only slightly better than a random coin toss (投掷). For example, Hoda Khalil, a data scientist. and her workmates have analyzed data from more than 600,000 songs and found no significant connections between various acoustic features and a tune’s commercial popularity. Rather than focusing on a song’s qualities, the Claremont team sought to explore how humans respond to music.  “Songs are designed to create an emotional experience for people, and those emotions come from the brain, ”says Paul Zak, senior author of the new study. Previous attempts to use brain scans to predict hit songs had limited success. Instead of directly measuring the brain, Zak’s team equipped 33 participants with wearable sensors that monitor changes in their heart blood flow, similar to the way traditional smartwatches and fitness trackers detect heart rate. Participants listened to 24 songs ranging from the hit “Dance Monkey” to the commercial flop “Dekario”. Their data were then fed through the commercial platform Immersion Neuroscience (沉浸式神经科学), co-founded by Zak. An AI model trained on these immersion signals predicted hit songs with high accuracy, the researchers reported. However, not everyone is convinced. “The study depends on the neurophysiological measure of immersion, but this measure needs further scientific study,” says Stefan Koelsch, a neuroscientist at the University of Bergen in Norway. 12．What is the possible result of the predicting technology? A．The big rise in music production costs. B．The dramatic decrease in hit songs. C．The declining popularity of talent shows. D．The unemployment of TV program judges. 13．What can we say about the traditional predicting method? A．It involves little analysis. B．It presents low accuracy. C．It was inspired by coin tossing. D．It was applied to composing songs. 14．How was the new study conducted? A．By inviting participants to finish questionnaires. B．By equipping participants with smartwatches. C．By scannıng participants’ brain activities. D．By tracing participants’ heart blood flow. 15．What is Stefan Koelsch’s attitude towards the research? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Favorable. D．Disapproving. （九） 【2023-2024学年安徽省六安第一中学高二下学期7月期末】The hottest table reservation is now outdoors. From Instagram-worthy settings in city parks to car boots pulling out fancy tablecloths, cushions and flatware, picnics are no longer the domain of simple sandwiches ready-made meals. They’re catered events. Picnics have caught the imagination of Generation Z, who, according to Pinterest, are now often choosing picnic over restaurants and movie nights. Today’s picnics may focus on clean living and fresh air, but the word “picnic” has far more raucous (吵闹的) beginnings. The word pique-nique first appeared in a 17th-century French poem that featured a character called Pique-Nique. Among French aristocracy, the term came to mean a dinner where everyone brought food and drink to share. With industrialization and the growth of cities in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, an escape to the country became fashionable, and the picnic moved outside. Picnics were no longer about indoor parties, but healthy living. In the 1830s, city-dwelling Americans started to copy Europeans, throwing down their picnic rugs in parks to embrace the countryside vibe. The modern picnic, laying a blanket down on the ground and toting your food in a cooler, came in the late 1950s and 1960s with car tourism. Many countries have long used a picnic to mark an occasion, such as the Japanese tradition of picnicking under flowering trees during the centuries-old cherry blossom festivals, or the Finnish herring picnic on May Day. Now, some new companies want to spread the idea of a picnic as a special event. What unites all picnics throughout the years is the element of delight and the sense that no matter what you eat, serve or do, you can never go wrong. Even if you’ve forgotten the corkscrew or the salad dressing, or it starts to rain, this only serves to increase the fun than diminish it. 12．What do Generation Z think of picnic according to paragraph 1? A．They should make sandwiches for their picnics. B．They can get picnic ideas from their imagination. C．They prefer picnics to restaurants and movie nights. D．They can swim and enjoy flowers during picnic time. 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．What picnics were about in the history. B．What people focus on today in picnics. C．Why the picnic moved outside later. D．How going on a picnic became popular. 14．Which of the following statement is wrong according to the passage? A．Pique-Nique was a character in a 17th century French poem. B．Picnics were originally indoor parties for French aristocracy. C．Europeans copied Americans and went for a picnic in the countryside. D．People in the late 1950s toted food in a cooler when going for a picnic. 15．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．Japanese people have a longer tradition of going for a picnic than Finnish people. B．Picnics can bring people joy and have no standard about what they eat and do. C．People should go on a picnic during rainy days in order to have more pleasure. D．Many companies promote the idea of going on picnics so as to make more money. （十） 【2023-2024学年安徽省马鞍山市高二下学期期末】A new study on baby birds shows that traffic noise can affect their growth and lead to lifelong harm. The finding raises new concerns about the effect of noise pollution on wildlife — and humans as well. Researchers already knew too much noise is likely to disturb birds, making it more difficult for the parents to communicate with and care for their baby birds. But it wasn’t clear whether the noise itself could directly harm young birds. Mylene Mariette, a behavioral ecologist at Deakin University, and her team set out to answer that question with birds held on campus in Melbourne, Australia. For 5 nights in a row, they played eggs either road noise or bird songs for several hours. The sounds were kept at a volume of 65 decibels （分贝）— about the same loudness as a conversation in a bar or city traffic. Other eggs were left in silence. After the eggs hatched, the baby birds received one of two treatments — road noise or bird songs — for another 9 nights. The baby birds heard the sounds in a separate room, and then were returned to their nests. Eggs exposed to traffic sounds were 19% less likely to hatch compared with those exposed to the sound of songs. It shows a clear effect of traffic noise, Mariette says. As the baby birds developed, they also showed worrying development signs. Those exposed to noise grew slower. Moreover, when those birds grew up, they had about half as many offspring （后代） as the birds exposed to songs as youngsters. Hans Slabbekoorn, an ecologist and animal behavior expert at Leiden University, notes that these concerns apply to humans as well. “The findings suggest that the acoustic （听觉的） environment of birds in cities and along highways should be better managed,” he writes, “and that the acoustic comfort in hospital environments for pregnant mothers and babies requires special attention.” Eventually, the research might help reveal how much and in what ways noise pollution should be reduced. 12．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on about the study? A．Its process. B．Its result. C．Its difficulty. D．Its purpose. 13．How are the findings explained in paragraph 4? A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing reasons. C．By making comparisons. D．By making predictions. 14．What do the findings indicate? A．Move the birds from cities to protected areas. B．Make laws to close highways and other noisy places. C．Educate people on the bad effects of noise pollution. D．Pay special attention to the hospital environment for babies. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Traffic noise helps birds communicate B．Scientists have found ways to reduce noise C．Hospital environments are greatly affected D．Traffic noise causes lifelong harm to baby birds （十一） 【2023-2024学年安徽省省十联考高二下学期7月期末】In the Roman times and throughout the Middle Ages, salt was a valuable commodity (商品), and also served as “white gold”. Soldiers in the Roman army were sometimes paid with salt instead of money. Their monthly allowance was called “salarium” (“sal” being the Latin word for salt). This Latin root can be recognized in the French word “salaire” and it eventually made it into English as the word “salary”. Language is something we take for granted. However, as the example with the word “salary” shows, languages are not static. Like biological species, languages change over time, and sometimes develop to give rise to several descendant (后代) languages. For example, French, Italian, and Spanish are among the languages that have evolved from Latin. And like species, languages can go extinct, too. Given all these similarities, linguists (语言学家) who study the evolution of languages often use tools that are similar to those used by evolutionary biologists. One such tool is the reconstruction of a species tree. Such a tree shows the evolutionary history and relationships within a given group of biological species. Using a reconstructed species tree, evolutionary biologists can often infer specific characteristics of ancestral species. Or they can match up common ancestors in the tree with actual fossils that have been found by paleontologists (古生物学家). This allows them to put real dates at various branching points in the tree. Thus, species tree reconstruction is an essential tool in studying biological evolution. A similar technique can be used to study language evolution because languages also evolve and consist of words that can be easily compared. Indeed, linguists have reconstructed entire language trees. And as with species trees, characteristics of ancient ancestral languages can be derived (衍生) from them. Of course, there also are some differences between species evolution and language evolution, each requiring unique additional methods to study them in detail. But, overall, it is fascinating to see how the basic ideas and research tools of language evolution are similar to those of biological evolution. 32．Why does the author mention the word “salary” in paragraph 1? A．To illustrate the evolution of language. B．To present the effect of Latin on languages. C．To stress the value of salt in ancient times. D．To show developments in linguistic theory. 33．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．Cultural diversity and biodiversity are linked. B．Species and languages have a lot in common. C．Human-caused mass extinction is accelerating. D．Languages influence and learn from each other. 34．What can we know about the reconstructed species tree? A．It is currently in the design stage. B．It facilitates the research of linguists. C．It can be used in a variety of ways. D．It is the first choice for biologists. 35．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Language System Evolved Over Time B．The Twin Extinctions of Species and Languages C．Salt Played a Crucial Role in Early Human History D．From Salt to Salary: Linguists Take a Page from Biology （十二） 【2023-2024学年安徽省芜湖市高二下学期期末】The Internet’s carbon footprint is as bad as air travel. While it is difficult to measure precisely, estimates place it at over two percent of global greenhouse gas emissions(排放)—the same as the air travel. Information may appear to spread around the world unseen to our eyes, but it actually passes through enormous data centers placed strategically about the globe, which store, organize and deliver everyone’s data. These centers are extremely energy intensive. In the EU, they consume close to three percent of its total energy usage and also require lots of water to prevent their computers from overheating. In the US, about a fifth of data centers draw water from already stressed water sources. A typical spam email(垃圾邮件)emits around 0.03g of CO2 emissions, though longer messages read on a laptop can go all the way up to 26g. Now multiply that by 333 billion(roughly the number of emails that get sent every day in 2022). That puts all those work emails into perspective. One study found if every British adult sent one less “thank you” email a day, it would save 16, 433 tons of carbon a year. It even predicted that the ICT industry could account for up to a fifth of the world’s energy consumption by 2025. However, there are measures that we can take to reduce our digital carbon footprint. For instance, you can unsubscribe from marketing and other spam emails and only subscribe to newsletters that you still regularly read. Have regular data checks where you delete old contact lists and other documents that no longer have any use. Keep a clean inbox and delete emails you no longer need. 12．Why does the author make a comparison in the beginning? A．To present the digital carbon footprint. B．To emphasize the importance of air travel. C．To advise people not to travel by airplane. D．To inform the disadvantages of the Internet. 13．What can we infer about data centers? A．It enjoys a wide popularity. B．It has various kinds of functions. C．It causes large energy consumption. D．It has quite a complex mode of operation. 14．What’s the purpose of mentioning the figures in Paragraph 3? A．To draw the readers’ attention. B．To illustrate a certain information. C．To highlight the change of CO2 emission. D．To stress the importance of reducing CO2 emission. 15．What’s the author’s attitude towards reducing digital carbon footprint? A．Neutral. B．Optimistic. C．Unfavorable. D．Concerned. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03阅读理解之说明文一 （一） 【2023-2024学年安徽省天一大联考高二下学期7月期末】It’s true that negative attitudes about age and aging are part of many cultures these days. We don’t want to get old for many reasons. But many of our fears are based on cultural stereotypes (刻板印象), or prejudices. There are some things you can do to counteract (对抗) this culturally-based fear of getting older. One of the most important things is to change your mindset about aging, according to studies done by researchers at the Yale Center for Research on Aging. Studies conducted by these researchers revealed that elderly participants who experienced positive messages about aging showed an improvement in both physical functions and their self-images. Those who did not receive positive information about aging did not show improvement. Fears about aging can include fears about being hurt, anxiety about being ill, and worries about dying. But research has also shown that many older people tend to be happier than younger ones. Laura Carstensen, director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, commented that “people’s goals and reasoning change as they come to appreciate their lives and recognize that their time on Earth is limited. When people face endings they tend to shift from goals about exploration and expanding horizons to ones about enjoying relationships and focusing on meaningful activities.” In her book A Long Bright Future, Carstensen tells us that it is crucial to integrate the very real difficulties of aging with a time that is “socially rewarding, productive, and fun.” Paying attention to those positive experiences will not make the negative ones go away, but will shift the focus of your brain so that you will have greater pleasure — be happier and more content — as you age. So rather than worrying about getting old, about all of the things that you will be losing, try resetting your thoughts. Turn your attention to what is emotionally meaningful to you now. Let yourself enjoy those activities and relationships that give you pleasure or make you happy or content. The bad things in your life won’t go away, but they may take up less space in your brain. 8．What did the studies conducted by Yale researchers show? A．The problems with getting old. B．The power of positive messages. C．The importance of staying young. D．The harm of cultural stereotypes. 9．What do older people pay special attention to according to Laura Carstensen? A．Physical condition. B．Exploring new fields. C．Organizing interesting activities. D．Interpersonal relationships. 10．What’s the point of Laura Carstensen’s idea? A．Changing the focus of attention. B．Creating new possibilities. C．Gaining more knowledge. D．Forgetting the worries in reality. 11．What’s the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To make a request. B．To give a definition. C．To offer a suggestion. D．To provide an argument. 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了对抗年龄恐惧的方法，强调通过积极心态和关注有意义的事物来改善老年生活质量。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Studies conducted by these researchers revealed that elderly participants who experienced positive messages about aging showed an improvement in both physical functions and their self-images.”（这些研究人员进行的研究表明，经历过有关衰老的积极信息的老年参与者在身体机能和自我形象方面都有所改善。）可知，耶鲁大学研究人员的研究结果显示了积极信息的力量。故选B项。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Laura Carstensen, director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, commented that “people’s goals and reasoning change as they come to appreciate their lives and recognize that their time on Earth is limited. When people face endings they tend to shift from goals about exploration and expanding horizons to ones about enjoying relationships and focusing on meaningful activities.””（斯坦福长寿研究中心主任Laura Carstensen评论说：‘当人们开始欣赏自己的生活，认识到自己在地球上的时间有限时，他们的目标和推理就会改变。当人们面对结局时，他们的目标往往会从探索和拓展视野转向享受人际关系和专注于有意义的活动。’）可知，Laura Carstensen认为，老年人特别关注人际关系。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Paying attention to those positive experiences will not make the negative ones go away, but will shift the focus of your brain so that you will have greater pleasure — be happier and more content — as you age.”（关注这些积极的经历不会让消极的经历消失，但会转移大脑的注意力，让你在年老时获得更多的快乐——更幸福、更满足。）可知，Laura Carstensen想法的重点是改变关注的焦点。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。在最后一段“So rather than worrying about getting old, about all of the things that you will be losing, try resetting your thoughts. Turn your attention to what is emotionally meaningful to you now. Let yourself enjoy those activities and relationships that give you pleasure or make you happy or content. The bad things in your life won’t go away, but they may take up less space in your brain.(所以，与其担心变老，担心所有你将失去的东西，不如试着重新调整你的想法。把你的注意力转移到对你有情感意义的事情上。让自己享受那些给你带来快乐或快乐或满足的活动和关系。生活中的坏事不会消失，但它们可能会减少你大脑中的空间。)”中，作者给读者提出一些建议，即转变思维方式，关注对自己有意义的事物，享受那些给自己带来快乐或满足感的活动和关系；因此，最后一段的目的是提出建议。故选C项。 （二） 【2023-2024学年安徽省安庆市等三市高二下学期7月期末】Some commonly recommended strategies for managing anger, including hitting a punching bag (拳击袋), jogging and cycling, aren’t effective at helping people cool off. That’s the key takeaway of our new review of 154 studies that looked at how activities that increase versus decrease physiological arousal affect anger and aggression. Arousal is how researchers describe how energized someone is. When you’re in a state of high physiological arousal, you’ll have increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate. Anger is a negative emotion associated with high physiological arousal. In our study, we found that activities that influence arousal levels had a deep impact on anger and aggression. By engaging in activities that decrease arousal, such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, yoga, and mindfulness, you can control, or “turn down”, your angry feelings. Crucially, our combined study of participants from multiple studies found that activities that help decrease arousal worked across diverse settings, including in the laboratory and in real-world situations, both of line and online, and in both group and individual sessions. In addition, activities that turn down arousal were effective for a wide variety of people—students and nonstudents, criminal offenders and non-offenders, those with and without disabilities. In contrast’some activities people use to manage their anger amp up (加剧) arousal and increase anger and aggression levels. Jogging, a popular stress-relief activity, actually increased anger in the studies we looked at. The repetitive nature of jogging may cause feelings of monotony and frustration, potentially increasing anger rather than alleviating it. Instead, engaging in ball sports and physical education classes decreased anger. Likewise, venting (发泄) anger increased anger and aggression. This research helps dismiss the belief that it is good to blow off steam and “let it out”. Skip screaming into your pillow or hitting a punching bag. Save your money rather than going to a room to break stuff with baseball bats. Such activities are of little use. 8．What can we know about the new review? A．It looked at how to control anger. B．It was about 154 studies on anger. C．It focused on the effects of activities on anger. D．It suggested some ways to reduce physiological arousal. 9．What does the author suggest people do when they are angry? A．Go jogging B．Do some yoga. C．Scream into a pillow. D．Hit a punching bag. 10．What does the underlined word “monotony” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Boredom. B．Fear. C．Excitement. D．Satisfaction. 11．What’s the author’s attitude towards the popular stress-relief activities? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 【答案】8．C 9．B 10．A 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究者对154项研究的新回顾表明：冷静下来而不是发泄情绪是管理愤怒的更好方法。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s the key takeaway of our new review of 154 studies that looked at how activities that increase versus decrease physiological arousal affect anger and aggression.(这是我们对154项研究的新综述的关键内容，这些研究着眼于增加和减少生理唤醒的活动如何影响愤怒和攻击性。)”可知，新汇报关注的是活动对愤怒的影响。故选C项。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“By engaging in activities that decrease arousal, such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, yoga, and mindfulness, you can control, or ‘turn down’, your angry feelings.(通过参与减少唤醒的活动，如深呼吸、肌肉放松、瑜伽和正念，你可以控制或‘降低’你的愤怒情绪。)”可知，作者建议人们在生气的时候做一些瑜伽。故选B项。 10．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Jogging, a popular stress-relief activity, actually increased anger in the studies we looked at. The repetitive nature of jogging may cause feelings of monotony and frustration, potentially increasing anger rather than alleviating it. (慢跑是一种流行的减压活动，在我们研究的研究中，它实际上会增加愤怒。慢跑的重复性可能会导致 和沮丧的感觉，可能会增加而不是缓解愤怒。)”可知，重复的事情会让人感觉单调和无聊，所以猜测monotony表“单调的，无聊的”意思。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Jogging, a popular stress-relief activity, actually increased anger in the studies we looked at. (慢跑，一种流行的减压活动，实际上在我们所研究的研究中增加了愤怒。)”以及最后一段“Such activities are of little use.(这些活动用处不大。)”可知，作者对一些流行的减压活动持否定态度。故选B项。 （三） 【2023-2024学年安徽省亳州市高二下学期7月期末】Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, and it quickly became the most popular home-entertainment device of the century. Seeking to provide a visual accompaniment to the phonograph, Edison helped Dickson, a young laboratory assistant, invent a motion-picture camera in 1888. Building upon the work of Maybridge and Marey, Dickson combined the two final essentials of motion-picture recording and viewing technology. These were a device, adapted from the escapement mechanism of a clock, to ensure the intermittent (周期的) but regular motion of the film tape through the camera and a regularly perforated (穿孔的) film tape to ensure precise synchronization (同步) between the film tape and the shutter. Dickson’s camera, the Kinetograph, initially imprinted up to 50 feet (15metres)of film at the rate of about 40 frames per second. Dickson was not the only person who had been solving the problem of recording and reproducing moving images. Inventors throughout the world had been trying for years to invent working motion-picture machines. In fact, several European inventors, including the Englishman William Friese-Greene, applied for patents on various cameras, projectors, and camera-projector combinations contemporaneously or even before Edison and his associates did. Because Edison had originally come up with motion pictures as an adjunct to his phonograph, he did not entrust the invention of a projector to accompany the Kinetograph. Rather, he had Dickson design a type of viewing device called the Kinetoscope, in which a continuous 47-foot (14-metre) film circle ran between a lamp and a shutter for individual viewing. Starting in 1894, Kinetoscopes were marketed commercially through the firm of Raff and Gammon for $250 to $300 a piece. The Edison Company established its own Kinetograph studio in West Orange, New Jersey, to supply films for the Kinetoscopes. In April of that year the first Kinetoscope cinema was opened in a storefront in New York City. The cinema charged 25cents for admission to a bank of five machines. 8．What’s the purpose of Edison helping Dickson invent a motion-picture camera? A．To support the work made by Muybridge and Marey. B．To offer viewing technology assistance to his invention. C．To make preparations for his invention of the phonograph. D．To remove the devices of old motion-picture recording. 9．What does paragraph 2 intend to tell about the Kinetograph? A．Its speed. B．Its development. C．Its limitations. D．Its operational principle. 10．What does the underlined word “adjunct” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Addition. B．Replacement. C．Example. D．Project. 11．Which can be used to describe the invention of Kinetoscopes? A．Costly. B．Complicated. C．Successful. D．Accidental. 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。全文介绍了爱迪生发明摄像机的过程，以及取得的巨大成功。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Seeking to provide a visual accompaniment to the phonograph, Edison helped Dickson, a young laboratory assistant, invent a motion-picture camera in 1888.(为了给留声机提供视觉伴奏，爱迪生在1888年帮助年轻的实验室助理迪克森发明了一台电影摄影机)”可知，爱迪生帮助Dickson发明移动电影摄像机是为了改进自己的留声机。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段的“These were a device, adapted from the escapement mechanism of a clock, to ensure the intermittent (周期的) but regular motion of the film tape through the camera and a regularly perforated (穿孔的) film tape to ensure precise synchronization (同步) between the film tape and the shutter.(这是一种从时钟的擒纵机构改编而来的装置，用于确保胶片带在相机中间歇但有规律的运动，以及一个有规律穿孔的胶片带，以确保胶片带和快门之间的精确同步)” 可推断，第二段讲述了the Kinetograph的操作原理。故选D。 10．词句理解题。根据第一段的“Seeking to provide a visual accompaniment to the phonograph, Edison helped Dickson, a young laboratory assistant, invent a motion-picture camera in 1888.(为了给留声机提供视觉伴奏，爱迪生在1888年帮助年轻的实验室助理迪克森发明了一台电影摄影机)”以及划线单词所在的句子“Because Edison had originally come up with motion pictures(因为爱迪生最初把电影摄影机)”可知，爱迪生最初对电影摄影机的构想是作为他的留声机的一个部分，为留声机提供视觉伴奏，即爱迪生最初把电影摄影机作为留声机的一个补充或附加部分，所以划线单词意为“附件，辅助”。故填A。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Starting in 1894, Kinetoscopes were marketed commercially through the firm of Raff and Gammon for $250 to $300 a piece.(从1894年开始，活动电影放映机通过Raff and Gammon公司进行商业销售，每台售价250至300美元)”以及“In April of that year the first Kinetoscope cinema was opened in a storefront in New York City. The cinema charged 25cents for admission to a bank of five machines.(同年4月，第一家活动电影放映机电影院在纽约市的一家店面开业。这家电影院五台机器的入场费为25美分)”可知，Kinetoscopes的发明带来了巨大的经济效益，因此是非常成功的。故选C。 （四） 【2023-2024学年安徽省滁州市高二下学期7月期末】In a world of music streaming services, access to almost any song is just a few clicks away. Yet, the live concert lives on. People still fill sweaty basements, muddy fields and grand concert halls to hear their favorite musicians play. And now neuroscientists might know why: live music engages the brain’s emotion centres more than the recorded track. Concerts are immersive social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together. They are also dynamic—artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction. It was this last difference that led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music. A total of 160 people were recruited as volunteers and the scientists divided them into two groups randomly. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same tunes. The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain that process emotions. In the live condition pianists were instructed to try and adjust their playing in order to drive the activity in one of these regions known as the amygdala (杏仁体), an almond-shaped area deep inside the brain. The results, just published in the journal PNAS, showed that live music had far more emotional impact. Whether the music was happy or sad, listening to the pianist playing in a dynamic way led to more activity in both the amygdala and other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network. The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声音的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live. 28．What does the underlined part in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Access to music is easy thanks to music streaming services. B．Pianists can make real-time adjustment to their playing. C．People listen to and feel the music together in a concert. D．Concerts are great occasions for social connection. 29．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The design of the experiment. B．The result of the experiment. C．The required tasks of participants. D．The feedback of the participants. 30．What do we know about the amygdala? A．It instructs pianists to adjust their playing. B．It is an area of the almond-shaped brain. C．It drives various activities inside the brain. D．It is responsible for emotional processing. 31．What did the neuroscientists find? A．The mood of music affected the activity of the amygdala differently. B．Recorded music aroused more emotional reaction than live music. C．Live music got the brain concentrating more on acoustic features. D．Brain’s music processing network became active when music was live. 【答案】28．B 29．A 30．D 31．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文 ，介绍了现场音乐比录制的音乐更能调动大脑的情感中心。 28．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Concerts are immersive social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together. They are also dynamic—artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction.(音乐会是人们一起聆听和感受音乐的沉浸式社会体验。它们也是动态的——艺术家可以根据群众的反应调整他们的演奏)”及后文“led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music(导致了苏黎世大学和奥斯陆大学的神经科学家，研究人们听音乐时的大脑反应)”可知，音乐会是动态的，演奏钢琴家可以实时调整演奏，这引发科学家研究人们听音乐时的大脑反应，因此，划线词this last difference表示前文描述的“钢琴家可以实时调整他们的演奏。”故选B。 29．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“A total of 160 people were recruited as volunteers and the scientists divided them into two groups randomly. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same tunes.(共有160人被招募为志愿者，科学家将他们随机分为两组。在“现场”实验中，参与者躺在核磁共振扫描仪中，通过耳机听音乐，而一名钢琴家被安置在房间外。钢琴家被展示参与者的实时大脑活动作为一种反馈形式。在录音条件下，参与者听预先录好的相同曲调)”可知，本段描述了实验设计的过程。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain that process emotions. In the live condition pianists were instructed to try and adjust their playing in order to drive the activity in one of these regions known as the amygdala, an almond-shaped area deep inside the brain.(科学家们对现场音乐如何影响大脑处理情绪的区域很感兴趣。在现场演奏的情况下，钢琴家被要求尝试调整他们的演奏，以驱动其中一个被称为杏仁体的区域的活动，杏仁体是大脑深处的一个杏仁状区域)”及最后一段“Whether the music was happy or sad, listening to the pianist playing in a dynamic way led to more activity in both the amygdala and other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network.(无论音乐是快乐的还是悲伤的，以一种动态的方式听钢琴家演奏会导致杏仁体和大脑情绪处理网络的其他部分更活跃)”可知，杏仁体负责处理情绪。故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live.(研究人员还发现，现场演奏时，参与者的大脑活动更密切地跟踪音乐的声学特征，如节奏和音调)”可知，研究人员发现，现场音乐让大脑更专注于声学特征。故选C。 （五） 【2023-2024学年安徽省阜阳第一中学高二下学期5月调研】The earliest discovered cave paintings date back to the Upper Paleolithic (旧石器时代晚期) period. We might expect that they would be simply made, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a high degree of skill. So do the cave paintings in southern Africa. Some of those appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as that in Europe. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters at least 30,000 years ago. The researchers identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: in obviously inhabited (有人居住的) rock shelters and cave entrances; in galleries near the inhabited areas of caves, and in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been considered as a sign that magical religious activities were performed there. The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no decoration. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that was their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely found in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in south western France is more clearly revealed by the results of a study. The data suggest that the animals in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat. For example, wild cattle and horses are found more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier meatier (多肉的) than other animals in the environment. In addition, in the paintings there are mostly animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as horns. That is, mammoths (猛犸) were drawn more often than deer. 8．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Painting in Europe is not so old as that in southern Africa. B．The cave paintings in southern Africa reflect ancient people’s super skill. C．The early Australians drew cave paintings later than the early Europeans. D．Most of the cave paintings of Spain and southern France were simply drawn. 9．Where can we find galleries in western Europe? A．Close to the inhabited areas of caves. B．In the inner reaches of caves. C．In a place too far from caves. D．At cave entrances. 10．What does the third paragraph reveal about the cave paintings? A．The subjects mainly include plants and animals. B．Human figures are usually found in cave art. C．The paintings were drawn on bare walls. D．They were carefully and well decorated. 11．Which might NOT be the reason why mammoths were often drawn in the paintings? A．They were very fast. B．They were quite large. C．They were rather tasty. D．They had natural weapons. 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．C 11．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了最早发现的洞穴绘画可以追溯到旧石器时代晚期。我们可能认为它们制作简单，但是西班牙和法国南部的洞穴壁画显示了高超技艺。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“We might expect that they would be simply made, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a high degree of skill. So do the cave paintings in southern Africa. (我们可能认为它们制作简单，但是西班牙和法国南部的洞穴壁画显示了高度的技巧。南非的岩画也是如此。)”可知，南非的洞穴壁画反映了古代人的高超技艺，故选B项。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: in obviously inhabited (有人居住的) rock shelters and cave entrances; in galleries near the inhabited areas of caves, and in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been considered as a sign that magical religious activities were performed there. (研究人员确定了西欧洞穴中绘画的三个主要位置：明显有人居住的地方岩石掩体和洞穴入口；在有人居住的洞穴附近的画廊里，以及在洞穴的内侧，这些地方很难进入，被认为是在那里进行神奇的宗教活动的标志。)”可知，在西欧，靠近有人居住的洞穴可以找到画廊，故选A项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no decoration. (这些画的主题大多是动物。这些画挂在光秃秃的墙上，没有任何装饰。)”可知，洞穴壁画是画在光秃秃的墙上的，故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“In addition, in the paintings there are mostly animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as horns. That is, mammoths (猛犸)were drawn more often than deer. (此外，画中大多是画家最害怕的动物，因为它们的大小、速度和角等自然武器。也就是猛犸象比鹿更常被画出来。)”可知，猛犸象并不是因为美味而被经常画在画中，故选C项。 （六） 【2023-2024学年安徽省合肥市普通高中六校联盟高二下学期期末联考】Many of us have heard of or seen My Fair Lady (1964), a classic movie starring British actress Audrey Hepburn. The film is an adaptation of Pygmalion, a comic play by the Irishman George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950). However, the musical version of My Fair Lady is even older, and has been entertaining audiences since 1956. In fact, a new Broadway version of the musical was nominated for 10 Tony awards. The story of Eliza Doolittle, a working-class flower seller from London, and the snobbish (势利的) Professor Higgins, who teaches her “proper English”, has never showed any signs of dying out since it was introduced. But why do people still line up around the block for tickets when a new production of the play is announced? The answer is simple: The musical has a wonderful story. Everyone can identify with Doolittle’s desire to live a more satisfying life; all she wants is to get rid of her accent so she can get a job in a store and not on the streets. However, it seems that people like Higgin s are always looking down on Doolittle for not being from a fancy family. Besides Doolittle’s background, the story and the songs in the music al are also what make it so popular. Audience members are moved when Eliza and her fellow flower sellers imagine what it’d be like to live as a rich person does. This is perfectly summed up in the lyric (歌词),“Wouldn’t it be lovely?” The musical also makes people think. It doesn’t make sense that one kind of accent can be considered good and another bad. Eliza and her father speak “badly” because they were born poor, while Higgins speaks “proper English” because he was born a “gentleman”. That reflects the unfairness of class divisions — a kind of unfairness that still sadly exists today. 8．The underlined word “nominated” in paragraph 2 can be replaced by _________. A．Appointed. B．Selected. C．Suggested. D．Directed. 9．Why do people like Broadway’s musical My Fair Lady? A．People can relate to Doolittle’s experiences. B．It’s considered the best adaptation of Pygmalion. C．It has won 10 Tony awards since its appearance. D．People have a good chance to learn proper English. 10．What message does My Fair Lady convey? A．People from poor families can hardly be successful. B．Women’s status has been greatly improved in the UK. C．Social class division is deeply rooted in British society. D．One’s language ability and manner are the key to success. 11．What can we know about the story of the musical? A．Higgins was described as a kindhearted man. B．Eliza was born poor but fought for a better life. C．Higgins and Eliza became friends after they first met. D．Eliza finally changed Higgins` prejudice against the poor. 【答案】8．C 9．A 10．C 11．B 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了广受观众喜欢的音乐剧《窈窕淑女》，分析了人们喜爱它的原因。 8．词句猜测题。根据上文“However, the musical version of My Fair Lady is even older, and has been entertaining audiences since 1956.(然而，《窈窕淑女》音乐版年龄更大，自1956年以来一直在娱乐观众)”，因此推断这部音乐剧很受观众欢迎，划线句句意“事实上，这部音乐剧的一个新百老汇版本获得了10项托尼奖的nominated。”说明这部音乐剧的成功，获得了许多奖项的提名，因此划线词词义与C项“推荐；提名”词义相近。故选C。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段“The answer is simple: The musical has a wonderful story. Everyone can identify with Doolittle’s desire to live a more satisfying life; all she wants is to get rid of her accent so she can get a job in a store and not on the streets.(答案很简单：这部音乐剧有一个精彩的故事。每个人都能认同杜立特希望过更满意的生活的愿望;她只是想改掉自己的口音，这样她就能在商店里找份工作，而不是在街上流浪)”可推断，人们喜欢百老汇音乐剧《窈窕淑女》主要因为人们可以理解杜立特的经历。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据最后一段“That reflects the unfairness of class divisions — a kind of unfairness that still sadly exists today.(这反映了阶级划分的不公平——一种至今仍然悲哀地存在的不公平)”可知，《窈窕淑女》传递了一种信息：社会阶级划分深植于英国社会。故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone can identify with Doolittle’s desire to live a more satisfying life; all she wants is to get rid of her accent so she can get a job in a store and not on the streets. (每个人都能认同杜立特希望过更满意的生活的愿望；她只是想改掉自己的口音，这样她就能在商店里找份工作，而不是在街上流浪)”以及最后一段的“Eliza and her father speak “badly” because they were born poor, while Higgins speaks “proper English” because he was born a “gentleman”.(伊丽莎和她的父亲说得“不好”，因为他们出身贫寒，而希金斯说得“得体”，因为他出身“绅士”)”可知，伊丽莎生来很穷，但却在为更好的生活而奋斗。故选B。 （七） 【2023-2024学年安徽省黄山市高二下学期7月期末】Today, open book-review pages, and you are more likely to see writers describing each other and their work with such words as “brilliant” and “insightful” rather than, as they once did, “tiresome”. An editor for BuzzFeed, a news site, even announced that its books section would not do negative book reviews at all. This was wonderful news for writers everywhere. It was not such good news for readers. The best bad reviews are scalpel (手术刀) jobs, observes the British critic Adam Mars-Jones,“ because if it’s not precise, it’s not going to work.” One of the finest was used by George Eliot on Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”. “I wish,” Eliot wrote.“ the characters would talk a little less like the heroes and heroines of police reports.” Modem reviewers rarely achieve such deadly beauty. All too often reviews are full of filler words: “darkly funny”, “deep thinking”. Many of these imply the word  “boring”, which is in effect forbidden on literary pages. The Internet is one reason for this softening. It has changed both the economics of criticism(newspapers have fewer book pages, so editors tend to fill them with the books you should read,  not the ones you should not) and the advisability of it. The Internet has also helped decrease anonymity (匿名). Once, most reviews were anonymous. Today, most reviewers are not only named but easily searchable. Whereas 30 years ago, critics were “encouraged to really have a go at people”, now people are ‘terrified of giving public criticism’’. There have been attempts to bring back sharp criticism. In 2012 an award called the “Hatchet Job of the Year”  was launched by two critics as a “mission against boredom and lazy thinking”. It ran for three years. Fleur Macdonald, one of its co-founders, thinks that “the literary scene probably needs it more than over now”, but that it struggled to get sponsorship since “bad book reviews can cause disagreements”. 8．What is the feature of book reviews nowadays? A．They are getting brilliant. B．They are very friendly to readers. C．They hardly offer sharp criticism. D．They show no respect for writers’ feelings. 9．What does the author feel at Eliot’s review of “Jane Eyre”? A．Exact and effective. B．Beautiful and talkative. C．Thoughtful and funny. D．Unfriendly and uncertain. 10．How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? A．By listing figures. B．By making comparisons. C．By providing examples. D．By making classifications. 11．What can we learn about the “Hatchet Job of the Year”? A．It inspired many critics. B．It became an instant hit. C．It met with challenges. D．It has been running for years. 【答案】8．C 9．A 10．B 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今书评很少提出尖锐的批评的现象，分析了这一现象背后的原因。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Today, open book-review pages, and you are more likely to see writers describing each other and their work with such words as “brilliant” and “insightful” rather than, as they once did, “tiresome”. An editor for BuzzFeed, a news site, even announced that its books section would not do negative book reviews at all. (如今，打开书评页面，你更有可能看到作家们用“才华横溢”和“见解深刻”这样的词来形容彼此和他们的作品，而不是像过去那样用“令人厌烦”。新闻网站BuzzFeed的一名编辑甚至宣布，它的图书版块根本不会刊登负面书评)”可知，现在书评的特点是很少提出尖锐的批评。故选C。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“One of the finest was used by George Eliot on Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”. “I wish,” Eliot wrote.“ the characters would talk a little less like the heroes and heroines of police reports.” Modem reviewers rarely achieve such deadly beauty. All too often reviews are full of filler words: “darkly funny”, “deep thinking”. Many of these imply the word  “boring”, which is in effect forbidden on literary pages.(乔治·艾略特在夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》中使用了最好的一个。“我希望，”艾略特写道。“人物的谈吐会不那么像警察报告中的男女主角。”现代评论家很少能达到如此致命的美。评论往往充满了填充词：“黑色幽默”、“深思熟虑”。其中许多都暗示了“无聊”一词，而这个词在文学页面上是被禁止的。)”可知，作者认为艾略特对《简·爱》的评价准确有效。故选A。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“The Internet is one reason for this softening. It has changed both the economics of criticism (newspapers have fewer book pages, so editors tend to fill them with the books you should read,  not the ones you should not) and the advisability of it. The Internet has also helped decrease anonymity (匿名). Once, most reviews were anonymous. Today, most reviewers are not only named but easily searchable. Whereas 30 years ago, critics were “encouraged to really have a go at people”, now people are ‘terrified of giving public criticism’’.(互联网是这种软化的原因之一。它既改变了评论的经济学（报纸的页数较少，因此编辑倾向于用你应该读的书填满它们，而不是你不应该读的书），也改变了评论的可取性。互联网也有助于减少匿名。以前，大多数评论都是匿名的。今天，大多数评论者不仅有名字，而且很容易被搜索到。30年前，批评家们“被鼓励去批评别人”，而现在，人们“害怕公开批评”)”可知，第三段通过比较以前和现在的评论展开。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Fleur Macdonald, one of its co-founders, thinks that “the literary scene probably needs it more than over now”, but that it struggled to get sponsorship since “bad book review s can cause disagreements”.(它的创始人之一Fleur Macdonald认为“文学界可能比现在更需要它”，但由于“糟糕的书评会引起分歧”，它很难获得赞助。)”可知，Hatchet Job of the Year遇到了挑战。故选C。 （八） 【2023-2024学年安徽省黄山市高二下学期7月期末】Can a machine predict the song of the summer? Can it remove forgettable flops (失败之作)? If so, such a technology could reduce music production costs and even make judges on television talent shows outdated-but after decades of “hit song science” research, predicting a successful song is still more of an art than a science. Now researchers at Claremont Graduate University say they’ve found a way to use artificial intelligence to predict the next chart-topping song. The team tracked how participants responded as they listened to music. A machine-learning model trained on the data was then able to determine whether a song was a hit or a flop with 97 percent accuracy. Traditionally, music industry experts looking to predict the next hit have relied on large databases to analyze the lyrical and acoustic (原音的) aspects of hit songs. But this method has performed only slightly better than a random coin toss (投掷). For example, Hoda Khalil, a data scientist. and her workmates have analyzed data from more than 600,000 songs and found no significant connections between various acoustic features and a tune’s commercial popularity. Rather than focusing on a song’s qualities, the Claremont team sought to explore how humans respond to music.  “Songs are designed to create an emotional experience for people, and those emotions come from the brain, ”says Paul Zak, senior author of the new study. Previous attempts to use brain scans to predict hit songs had limited success. Instead of directly measuring the brain, Zak’s team equipped 33 participants with wearable sensors that monitor changes in their heart blood flow, similar to the way traditional smartwatches and fitness trackers detect heart rate. Participants listened to 24 songs ranging from the hit “Dance Monkey” to the commercial flop “Dekario”. Their data were then fed through the commercial platform Immersion Neuroscience (沉浸式神经科学), co-founded by Zak. An AI model trained on these immersion signals predicted hit songs with high accuracy, the researchers reported. However, not everyone is convinced. “The study depends on the neurophysiological measure of immersion, but this measure needs further scientific study,” says Stefan Koelsch, a neuroscientist at the University of Bergen in Norway. 12．What is the possible result of the predicting technology? A．The big rise in music production costs. B．The dramatic decrease in hit songs. C．The declining popularity of talent shows. D．The unemployment of TV program judges. 13．What can we say about the traditional predicting method? A．It involves little analysis. B．It presents low accuracy. C．It was inspired by coin tossing. D．It was applied to composing songs. 14．How was the new study conducted? A．By inviting participants to finish questionnaires. B．By equipping participants with smartwatches. C．By scannıng participants’ brain activities. D．By tracing participants’ heart blood flow. 15．What is Stefan Koelsch’s attitude towards the research? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Favorable. D．Disapproving. 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项可以预测歌曲是否成功的技术发明了，解释了其工作原理以及人们对此的看法。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“If so, such a technology could reduce music production costs and even make judges on television talent shows outdated-but after decades of “hit song science” research, predicting a successful song is still more of an art than a science.(如果是这样的话，这样的技术可以降低音乐制作成本，甚至使电视选秀节目的评委过时——但是经过几十年的“热门歌曲科学”研究，预测一首成功的歌曲仍然是一门艺术，而不是一门科学)”可知，预测技术的可能结果是电视节目评委的失业。故选D。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段“Traditionally, music industry experts looking to predict the next hit have relied on large databases to analyze the lyrical and acoustic (原音的) aspects of hit songs. But this method has performed only slightly better than a random coin toss (投掷).(传统上，音乐行业专家希望预测下一个热门歌曲，他们依靠大型数据库来分析热门歌曲的抒情和声学方面。但这种方法只比随机抛硬币好一点点)”可知，传统的预测方法准确率低。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Instead of directly measuring the brain, Zak’s team equipped 33 participants with wearable sensors that monitor changes in their heart blood flow, similar to the way traditional smartwatches and fitness trackers detect heart rate.(Zak的团队没有直接测量大脑，而是为33名参与者配备了可穿戴传感器，以监测他们心脏血流的变化，类似于传统的智能手表和健身追踪器检测心率的方式)”可知，这项新研究通过追踪参与者的心脏血流进行。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段““The study depends on the neurophysiological measure of immersion, but this measure needs further scientific study,” says Stefan Koelsch, a neuroscientist at the University of Bergen in Norway.( 挪威卑尔根大学的神经科学家Stefan Koelsch说：“这项研究依赖于浸泡的神经生理学测量，但这种测量需要进一步的科学研究。”)”可知，Stefan Koelsch对这项研究的态度是客观的。故选A。 （九） 【2023-2024学年安徽省六安第一中学高二下学期7月期末】The hottest table reservation is now outdoors. From Instagram-worthy settings in city parks to car boots pulling out fancy tablecloths, cushions and flatware, picnics are no longer the domain of simple sandwiches ready-made meals. They’re catered events. Picnics have caught the imagination of Generation Z, who, according to Pinterest, are now often choosing picnic over restaurants and movie nights. Today’s picnics may focus on clean living and fresh air, but the word “picnic” has far more raucous (吵闹的) beginnings. The word pique-nique first appeared in a 17th-century French poem that featured a character called Pique-Nique. Among French aristocracy, the term came to mean a dinner where everyone brought food and drink to share. With industrialization and the growth of cities in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, an escape to the country became fashionable, and the picnic moved outside. Picnics were no longer about indoor parties, but healthy living. In the 1830s, city-dwelling Americans started to copy Europeans, throwing down their picnic rugs in parks to embrace the countryside vibe. The modern picnic, laying a blanket down on the ground and toting your food in a cooler, came in the late 1950s and 1960s with car tourism. Many countries have long used a picnic to mark an occasion, such as the Japanese tradition of picnicking under flowering trees during the centuries-old cherry blossom festivals, or the Finnish herring picnic on May Day. Now, some new companies want to spread the idea of a picnic as a special event. What unites all picnics throughout the years is the element of delight and the sense that no matter what you eat, serve or do, you can never go wrong. Even if you’ve forgotten the corkscrew or the salad dressing, or it starts to rain, this only serves to increase the fun than diminish it. 12．What do Generation Z think of picnic according to paragraph 1? A．They should make sandwiches for their picnics. B．They can get picnic ideas from their imagination. C．They prefer picnics to restaurants and movie nights. D．They can swim and enjoy flowers during picnic time. 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．What picnics were about in the history. B．What people focus on today in picnics. C．Why the picnic moved outside later. D．How going on a picnic became popular. 14．Which of the following statement is wrong according to the passage? A．Pique-Nique was a character in a 17th century French poem. B．Picnics were originally indoor parties for French aristocracy. C．Europeans copied Americans and went for a picnic in the countryside. D．People in the late 1950s toted food in a cooler when going for a picnic. 15．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．Japanese people have a longer tradition of going for a picnic than Finnish people. B．Picnics can bring people joy and have no standard about what they eat and do. C．People should go on a picnic during rainy days in order to have more pleasure. D．Many companies promote the idea of going on picnics so as to make more money. 【答案】12．C 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了野餐重新受到欢迎的原因以及野餐的由来。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Picnics have caught the imagination of Generation Z, who, according to Pinterest, are now often choosing picnic over restaurants and movie nights.(野餐吸引了Z世代的想象力，根据Pinterest的数据，他们现在经常选择野餐，而不是餐馆和电影之夜。)”可知，比起餐馆和电影之夜，Z世代更喜欢野餐。故选C项。 13．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Today’s picnics may focus on clean living and fresh air, but the word “picnic” has far more raucous (吵闹的) beginnings. The word pique-nique first appeared in a 17th-century French poem that featured a character called Pique-Nique. Among French aristocracy, the term came to mean a dinner where everyone brought food and drink to share. With industrialization and the growth of cities in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, an escape to the country became fashionable, and the picnic moved outside. Picnics were no longer about indoor parties, but healthy living. In the 1830s, city-dwelling Americans started to copy Europeans, throwing down their picnic rugs in parks to embrace the countryside vibe. The modern picnic, laying a blanket down on the ground and toting your food in a cooler, came in the late 1950s and 1960s with car tourism.(今天的野餐可能关注的是干净的生活和新鲜的空气，但“野餐”这个词的起源要喧闹得多。pique-nique这个词最早出现在17世纪的一首法国诗中，诗中有一个名叫pique-nique的人物。在法国贵族中，这个词的意思是每个人都带着食物和饮料分享的晚餐。随着18世纪末和19世纪初的工业化和城市的发展，逃离乡村成为一种时尚，野餐也转移到了户外。野餐不再是室内聚会，而是健康的生活方式。19世纪30年代，居住在城市的美国人开始模仿欧洲人，在公园里放下野餐毯，感受乡村氛围。现代野餐是在地上铺一条毯子，把食物放在冷藏箱里，这种野餐是在20世纪50年代末和60年代随着汽车旅游而出现的。)”可知，该段主要讲的是不同历史阶段野餐的内容。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the 1830s, city-dwelling Americans started to copy Europeans, throwing down their picnic rugs in parks to embrace the countryside vibe.(19世纪30年代，居住在城市的美国人开始模仿欧洲人，在公园里放下野餐毯，感受乡村氛围。)”可知，C项“欧洲人模仿美国人去乡村野餐”的表述有误。故选C项。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“What unites all picnics throughout the years is the element of delight and the sense that no matter what you eat, serve or do, you can never go wrong.(多年来，将所有野餐联系在一起的是快乐的元素，以及无论你吃什么、提供什么或做什么，你永远不会出错。)”可知，野餐可以给人们带来快乐，并且对他们吃什么和做什么没有标准。故选B项。 （十） 【2023-2024学年安徽省马鞍山市高二下学期期末】A new study on baby birds shows that traffic noise can affect their growth and lead to lifelong harm. The finding raises new concerns about the effect of noise pollution on wildlife — and humans as well. Researchers already knew too much noise is likely to disturb birds, making it more difficult for the parents to communicate with and care for their baby birds. But it wasn’t clear whether the noise itself could directly harm young birds. Mylene Mariette, a behavioral ecologist at Deakin University, and her team set out to answer that question with birds held on campus in Melbourne, Australia. For 5 nights in a row, they played eggs either road noise or bird songs for several hours. The sounds were kept at a volume of 65 decibels （分贝）— about the same loudness as a conversation in a bar or city traffic. Other eggs were left in silence. After the eggs hatched, the baby birds received one of two treatments — road noise or bird songs — for another 9 nights. The baby birds heard the sounds in a separate room, and then were returned to their nests. Eggs exposed to traffic sounds were 19% less likely to hatch compared with those exposed to the sound of songs. It shows a clear effect of traffic noise, Mariette says. As the baby birds developed, they also showed worrying development signs. Those exposed to noise grew slower. Moreover, when those birds grew up, they had about half as many offspring （后代） as the birds exposed to songs as youngsters. Hans Slabbekoorn, an ecologist and animal behavior expert at Leiden University, notes that these concerns apply to humans as well. “The findings suggest that the acoustic （听觉的） environment of birds in cities and along highways should be better managed,” he writes, “and that the acoustic comfort in hospital environments for pregnant mothers and babies requires special attention.” Eventually, the research might help reveal how much and in what ways noise pollution should be reduced. 12．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on about the study? A．Its process. B．Its result. C．Its difficulty. D．Its purpose. 13．How are the findings explained in paragraph 4? A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing reasons. C．By making comparisons. D．By making predictions. 14．What do the findings indicate? A．Move the birds from cities to protected areas. B．Make laws to close highways and other noisy places. C．Educate people on the bad effects of noise pollution. D．Pay special attention to the hospital environment for babies. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Traffic noise helps birds communicate B．Scientists have found ways to reduce noise C．Hospital environments are greatly affected D．Traffic noise causes lifelong harm to baby birds 【答案】12．A 13．C 14．D 15．D 【导语】这是一篇科普说明文，主要讲述了一项新的研究发现，交通噪音会影响小鸟的成长并导致终身伤害，这也引发了对噪音污染对野生动物和人类影响的新的担忧。 12．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Mylene Mariette, a behavioral ecologist at Deakin University, and her team set out to answer that question with birds held on campus in Melbourne, Australia. For 5 nights in a row, they played eggs either road noise or bird songs for several hours. The sounds were kept at a volume of 65 decibels （分贝）—about the same loudness as a conversation in a bar or city traffic. Other eggs were left in silence. After the eggs hatched, the baby birds received one of two treatments—road noise or bird songs—for another 9 nights. The baby birds heard the sounds in a separate room, and then were returned to their nests.”（迪肯大学的行为生态学家Mylene Mariette和她的团队开始用澳大利亚墨尔本校园里饲养的鸟类来回答这个问题。连续5个晚上，他们连续几个小时播放道路噪音或鸟鸣。这些声音的音量被控制在65分贝——大约与酒吧里的谈话或城市交通中的声音相同。其他的蛋被静静地留在那里。蛋孵化后，雏鸟在接下来的9个晚上接受两种处理方式中的一种——道路噪音或鸟鸣。幼鸟在一个单独的房间里听到了这些声音，然后被送回了它们的巢。）可知，第三段主要关于研究的过程。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段“Eggs exposed to traffic sounds were 19% less likely to hatch compared with those exposed to the sound of songs. It shows a clear effect of traffic noise, Mariette says. As the baby birds developed, they also showed worrying development signs. Those exposed to noise grew slower. Moreover, when those birds grew up, they had about half as many offspring （后代） as the birds exposed to songs as youngsters.”（与那些暴露在歌声中的蛋相比，暴露在交通声音中的蛋孵化的可能性要低19%。Mariette说，这显示了交通噪音的明显影响。随着幼鸟的发育，它们也表现出令人担忧的发育迹象。那些暴露在噪音中的鸟生长得更慢。此外，当这些鸟长大后，它们的后代数量大约是幼年时听过歌声的鸟的一半。）可知，第4段通过对比解释调查结果。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The findings suggest that the acoustic （听觉的） environment of birds in cities and along highways should be better managed,” he writes, “and that the acoustic comfort in hospital environments for pregnant mothers and babies requires special attention.”（研究结果表明，城市和高速公路沿线鸟类的声环境应该得到更好的管理，”他写道，“医院环境中孕妇和婴儿的声舒适需要特别注意。”）可知，要特别注意婴儿的医院环境。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study on baby birds shows that traffic noise can affect their growth and lead to lifelong harm.”（一项关于幼鸟的新研究表明，交通噪音会影响它们的生长，并导致终身伤害。）可知，主要讲述了一项新的研究发现，交通噪音会影响小鸟的成长并导致终身伤害，这也引发了对噪音污染对野生动物和人类影响的新的担忧。所以短文的标题为“交通噪音对幼鸟造成终身伤害”。故选D。 （十一） 【2023-2024学年安徽省省十联考高二下学期7月期末】In the Roman times and throughout the Middle Ages, salt was a valuable commodity (商品), and also served as “white gold”. Soldiers in the Roman army were sometimes paid with salt instead of money. Their monthly allowance was called “salarium” (“sal” being the Latin word for salt). This Latin root can be recognized in the French word “salaire” and it eventually made it into English as the word “salary”. Language is something we take for granted. However, as the example with the word “salary” shows, languages are not static. Like biological species, languages change over time, and sometimes develop to give rise to several descendant (后代) languages. For example, French, Italian, and Spanish are among the languages that have evolved from Latin. And like species, languages can go extinct, too. Given all these similarities, linguists (语言学家) who study the evolution of languages often use tools that are similar to those used by evolutionary biologists. One such tool is the reconstruction of a species tree. Such a tree shows the evolutionary history and relationships within a given group of biological species. Using a reconstructed species tree, evolutionary biologists can often infer specific characteristics of ancestral species. Or they can match up common ancestors in the tree with actual fossils that have been found by paleontologists (古生物学家). This allows them to put real dates at various branching points in the tree. Thus, species tree reconstruction is an essential tool in studying biological evolution. A similar technique can be used to study language evolution because languages also evolve and consist of words that can be easily compared. Indeed, linguists have reconstructed entire language trees. And as with species trees, characteristics of ancient ancestral languages can be derived (衍生) from them. Of course, there also are some differences between species evolution and language evolution, each requiring unique additional methods to study them in detail. But, overall, it is fascinating to see how the basic ideas and research tools of language evolution are similar to those of biological evolution. 32．Why does the author mention the word “salary” in paragraph 1? A．To illustrate the evolution of language. B．To present the effect of Latin on languages. C．To stress the value of salt in ancient times. D．To show developments in linguistic theory. 33．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．Cultural diversity and biodiversity are linked. B．Species and languages have a lot in common. C．Human-caused mass extinction is accelerating. D．Languages influence and learn from each other. 34．What can we know about the reconstructed species tree? A．It is currently in the design stage. B．It facilitates the research of linguists. C．It can be used in a variety of ways. D．It is the first choice for biologists. 35．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Language System Evolved Over Time B．The Twin Extinctions of Species and Languages C．Salt Played a Crucial Role in Early Human History D．From Salt to Salary: Linguists Take a Page from Biology 【答案】32．A 33．B 34．B 35．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了语言进化与生物进化有众多相似之处，语言学家从研究自然物种演变的“物种树”中获取灵感，创建了“语言树”。 32．推理判断题。第一段介绍了英语中的“salary”一词的由来。下文介绍了语言进化同物种进化之间的相似性，这种相似性启发语言学家创建类似于物种树的语言树，帮助推进语言研究。由此可推断，作者在第一段提及“salary”是为了说明语言在不断演变。故选A项。 33．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Like biological species, languages change over time, and sometimes develop to give rise to several descendant (后代) languages. For example, French, Italian, and Spanish are among the languages that have evolved from Latin. And like species, languages can go extinct, too.(就像生物物种一样，语言随着时间的推移而改变，有时会发展出几种后代语言。例如，法语、意大利语和西班牙语就是从拉丁语演变而来的语言之一。而且和物种一样，语言也可能灭绝)”可知，就像生物物种一样，语言会随着时间的推移而变化，有时会“物种化”，产生几种后代语言。就像物种一样，语言也会灭绝。由此可推断，物种和语言有很多相似之处。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据第三、四、五段内容可知，语言进化与生物进化有很多相似之处，因此，一些语言学家经常使用与进化生物学家使用的工具相似的工具。物种树是帮助进化生物学家研究生物进化的重要工具，同时也为语言学家提供了灵感，促进了语言学家的研究。故选B项。 35．主旨大意题。作者在第一段以英语中的“salary”一词的例子说明了语言也在进化，进而在下文介绍物种和语言有很多相似之处，物种树启示语言学家创建语言树来推动语言的研究。D项能概括本文大意。故选D项。 （十二） 【2023-2024学年安徽省芜湖市高二下学期期末】The Internet’s carbon footprint is as bad as air travel. While it is difficult to measure precisely, estimates place it at over two percent of global greenhouse gas emissions(排放)—the same as the air travel. Information may appear to spread around the world unseen to our eyes, but it actually passes through enormous data centers placed strategically about the globe, which store, organize and deliver everyone’s data. These centers are extremely energy intensive. In the EU, they consume close to three percent of its total energy usage and also require lots of water to prevent their computers from overheating. In the US, about a fifth of data centers draw water from already stressed water sources. A typical spam email(垃圾邮件)emits around 0.03g of CO2 emissions, though longer messages read on a laptop can go all the way up to 26g. Now multiply that by 333 billion(roughly the number of emails that get sent every day in 2022). That puts all those work emails into perspective. One study found if every British adult sent one less “thank you” email a day, it would save 16, 433 tons of carbon a year. It even predicted that the ICT industry could account for up to a fifth of the world’s energy consumption by 2025. However, there are measures that we can take to reduce our digital carbon footprint. For instance, you can unsubscribe from marketing and other spam emails and only subscribe to newsletters that you still regularly read. Have regular data checks where you delete old contact lists and other documents that no longer have any use. Keep a clean inbox and delete emails you no longer need. 12．Why does the author make a comparison in the beginning? A．To present the digital carbon footprint. B．To emphasize the importance of air travel. C．To advise people not to travel by airplane. D．To inform the disadvantages of the Internet. 13．What can we infer about data centers? A．It enjoys a wide popularity. B．It has various kinds of functions. C．It causes large energy consumption. D．It has quite a complex mode of operation. 14．What’s the purpose of mentioning the figures in Paragraph 3? A．To draw the readers’ attention. B．To illustrate a certain information. C．To highlight the change of CO2 emission. D．To stress the importance of reducing CO2 emission. 15．What’s the author’s attitude towards reducing digital carbon footprint? A．Neutral. B．Optimistic. C．Unfavorable. D．Concerned. 【答案】12．A 13．C 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了在数字时代，网络数据的储存、组织和传送会造成巨大的碳排放，文章建议了几种方法可以减少数字碳足迹。 12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The Internet’s carbon footprint is as bad as air travel. While it is difficult to measure precisely, estimates place it at over two percent of global greenhouse gas emissions—the same as the air travel.(互联网的碳足迹和航空旅行一样糟糕。虽然难以精确测量，但据估计，它占全球温室气体排放量的2%以上，与航空旅行相同)”可推知，作者在第一段将互联网碳足迹和航空旅行碳足迹相比是为了展示数字碳足迹。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“These centers are extremely energy intensive. In the EU, they consume close to three percent of its total energy usage and also require lots of water to prevent their computers from overheating. In the US, about a fifth of data centers draw water from already stressed water sources.(这些中心都是能源密集型的。在欧盟，电脑消耗了近3%的总能源消耗，而且还需要大量的水来防止电脑过热。在美国，大约五分之一的数据中心从已经紧张的水源中取水)”可推知，数据中心造成了大量的能源消耗。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A typical spam email(垃圾邮件)emits around 0.03g of CO2 emissions, though longer messages read on a laptop can go all the way up to 26g. Now multiply that by 333 billion(roughly the number of emails that get sent every day in 2022).(一封典型的垃圾邮件的二氧化碳排放量约为0.03克，而在笔记本电脑上阅读较长的信息的二氧化碳排放量可高达26克。现在再乘以3330亿封（大概是2022年每天发送的电子邮件数量）)”及“One study found if every British adult sent one less “thank you” email a day, it would save 16, 433 tons of carbon a year. It even predicted that the ICT industry could account for up to a fifth of the world’s energy consumption by 2025.(一项研究发现，如果每个英国成年人每天少发一封“感谢”邮件，一年就能减少16433吨碳排放。它甚至预测，到2025年，信息通信技术产业将占到世界能源消耗的五分之一)”可知，本段通过列举数字说明了网络数据能造成巨大的碳排放，因此，这一段是为了强调减少二氧化碳排放的重要性。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, there are measures that we can take to reduce our digital carbon footprint.(然而，我们可以采取一些措施来减少我们的数字碳足迹)”及下文提到的几种方法可知，作者认为数字碳足迹问题可以改善，持乐观态度。故选B。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$