专题12 考前必做阅读理解说明文突破（名师点津+精准押题）-2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典

《2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典》 专题12 考前必做阅读理解说明文突破（名师点津+精准押题）原卷版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 押题专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ [01]（2025·四川成都·三模）The past decade saw an increase in knowledge about the gut microbiota (肠道微生物群), and how it can have a positive impact on our health. I was first introduced to this area of science by Professor Gretchen Daily from Stanford University. She mentioned a research project conducted in Finland. The study set up an experiment with children in kindergartens to see what happened to their skin and gut microbiomes and their immune (免疫的) system function if they played in areas containing elements of nature. Seventy-nine children took part, all living in urban environments and spending the majority of their days at different daycare centres around Finland. They were encouraged to play in only one of the three types of yard over the 28 days of the experiment. The first was a standard outdoor play area, made up of concrete, gravel and some plastic matting. The second was nature-based: these have grass, soil and planted areas. In the experimental areas, the concrete and gravel were covered with forest floor and soil from the local forest. Before and after periods of play, the children’s skin and gut microbiota were measured, along with changes in their blood for immunoregulatory cytokine levels and Treg cell frequencies. These cells and proteins play a crucial role in preventing certain diseases; their levels in our blood are often used as an indication of how well the immune system is functioning. Remarkable results emerged. The children who played in the experimental yard showed a large increase in the diversity of microbiota on their skin and in their gut in comparison to the children playing in the urban and nature-based areas. Importantly, these were the “good” types of microbiota. The importance of this study cannot be overstated. It’s clear that even short-term exposure to nature’s microbial diversity has the potential to fundamentally change the diversity of microbiot a on our skin and in our gut. In addition, it suggests that the altered gut microbiota can regulate the function of our immune system. 1．What was the purpose of the research project? A．To analyze children’s play preferences. B．To explore the nature’s impact on health. C．To compare different daycare environments. D．To seek ways to improve children’s immunity. 2．What was the feature of the experimental yard according to the text? A．It included plastic matting only. B．It was entirely made of concrete. C．It was planted with artificial grass. D．It was covered with local forest soil. 3．What did the research show? A．Fewer kids played in urban areas. B．More kids preferred experimental yards. C．The kids’ immune system functioned the same. D．The kids’ microbiota diversity rose in experimental areas. 4．What does the study suggest about future health practices? A．Increasing physical exercise. B．Conducting long-term studies. C．Integrating nature into daily life. D．Increasing microbial diversity artificially. [02]（2025·福建福州·三模）Soratobu Medaka, a children’s book, tells the story of tiny medaka fish riding on a bird to a distant pond. It has delighted children, but now it’s revealed to be true. Researchers have long struggled to explain how fish turn up in lakes far from other bodies of water, a mystery even Charles Darwin noted in 1859, when he suggested that aquatic (水生的) hatchlings might stick to the feet of birds, though his bright idea remained a theory. In 2019, Yao Akifumi, a biology student then, wondered if Darwin might have been right and further wondered if fish-hunting birds might transport egg-bearing aquatic plants stuck to their feet. To test this, he set up two ponds one metre apart, one containing 36plants and the other without, both equipped with camera traps. After six months, some plants had switched ponds, and one camera captured a bird flying away with a plant on its foot. Next, Yao aimed to see if fish eggs could weather the journey being carried out of water. He attached tiny medaka eggs to aquatic plants and removed them for zero to 24hours—at favorable hatching conditions — before returning them. In a paper in Science of Nature, Mr. Yao reports that the medaka eggs can successfully hatch after up to 18 hours out of the water. Eggs without a plant leaf to attach to rarely survived a few hours. The big drop in survival was at 16.3 hours, when half the eggs became lifeless. Whether any egg could survive that long, given that a bird’s average flight-speed is around 39kph, is doubtful, says Mr Yao, since wind exposure during such a long journey would dry them out. Shorter journeys, however, are certainly possible. And since many other medaka-like species are found throughout Asia, the chances are high that hitchhiking (搭便车) explains how they have ended up in lakes with seemingly no connection to other water bodies. Yet again, it would seem, Darwin’s theories turn out to be correct. 1．Why does the author mention Darwin’s idea? A．To introduce an academic term. B．To provide research background. C．To question a well-known theory. D．To explore new research methods. 2．What evidence did Yao find to support his assumption? A．Birds flying between ponds. B．Fish eggs surviving on plants. C．A plant growing in both ponds. D．A bird carrying a plant on its foot. 3．What may increase medaka eggs’ survival? A．Birds’ flying route. B．Wind exposure. C．Supporting leaves. D．Longer journeys. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Children’s book inspires research. B．Origin of fish has been uncovered. C．Fish’s hitch riding has been proven. D．Eggs and plants have a close relation. [03]（2025·四川成都·三模）A few weeks ago I bought two orchids (兰花) for my windowsill. After giving them the dose of water they clearly missed in the shop, I started reflecting on how closely plant care and philosophy are connected. The two, I realized, share more than meets the eye. You care for plants, and enjoy the life that develops thanks to your care, but the process is never finished. It continues until the plant completes its life cycle and then starts all over again. Philosophy works in the same way: new ideas, insights and perspectives are constantly emerging from the care taken with existing ideas. So just as plants grow and bloom, philosophical thinking is an ongoing process of becoming which never really reaches an end point. But it is precisely this constant thinking that keeps us on our toes, stimulates our creativity, and challenges us to leave the beaten track. Philosophical thinking, like caring for plants, also requires patience. While we think, little seems to be happening. The thinker seems to lose himself in reasoning, an idea, a concept. . . In this he resembles the gardener who also plays a largely passive role between sowing and harvesting. In other words, the gardener has to follow the rhythms of nature. He can do little but wait, observe — and perhaps attend to his own thoughts. This waiting, this slowness, this patience we must exercise, are part of philosophy, just as they’re part of gardening. Furthermore, both gardening and philosophy are far from useful in the traditional understanding of the word. Philosophical thinking rarely produces immediate, concrete results. The same goes for taking care of plants: there’s little economic benefits in watering house plants. But isn’t true happiness to be found precisely in the seemingly useless? When I see the spray of water from my watering can, my mind escapes the world of immediate rewards for a moment. So even watering plants raises more questions than you might think. But isn’t questioning precisely the essence of both philosophy, and of life itself? 1．Which best describes the similarity between gardening and philosophical thinking? A．Continuous. B．Unpredictable. C．Inspiring. D．Creative. 2．According to paragraph 3, how are gardeners and thinkers alike? A．They need to follow the natural pace. B．They must work quickly and efficiently. C．They both need to experience loneliness. D．They should set goals before taking action. 3．What does the underlined phrase “the word” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Philosophy. B．Useful. C．Happiness. D．Patient. 4．What’s the main purpose of the text? A．To encourage a simpler way of living. B．To explain the basic ideas of philosophy. C．To explore how philosophy improves daily life. D．To illustrate the link between gardening and philosophy. [04]（24-25高三下·吉林·期中）People have been wondering why elephants do not develop cancer even though they have lifespans that are similar to humans, living for around 50 to 70 years. Now scientists believe they know why. A team at the University of Chicago has found that elephants carry a substantial number of genes that stop tumors developing. To be precise, they found 20 copies of an anti-tumor gene called TP53 in elephants. Most other species, including humans, only carry one copy. According to the research, the extra copies of the gene improve the animal’s sensitivity to DNA damage, which lets the cells quickly kill themselves when damaged before they can go on to form deadly tumors. “An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution (进化) of large body sizes in many animals,” the study author Dr. Vincent Lynch told The Guardian. If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous, large creatures with a long lifespan like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and rats. But across species, the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass. This phenomenon was found by Oxford University scientist Richard Peto in the 1970s and later named “Peto’s paradox”. Biologists believe it results from larger animals using protection that many smaller animals do not use. In the elephant’s case, the making of TP53 is nature’s way of keeping this species alive. The study also found that when the same genes were brought to life in rats, they had the same cancer resistance as elephants. This means researchers could use the discovery to develop new treatments that can help stop cancer spreading or even developing in the first place. “Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer,” said Joshua Schiffman, a biologist at the School of Medicine, the University of Utah. “It’s up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people.” 1．Why are elephants unlikely to develop cancer? A．They have a rather large body size. B．Their genes suffer no DNA damage. C．Certain genes in their body kill existing tumors. D．They carry many genes to prevent tumors developing. 2．According to the passage, what has been a risk in the evolution of large animals? A．Deadly tumors. B．The huge body mass. C．Cells killing themselves. D．Sensitivity to DNA damage. 3．What does the underlined part “This phenomenon” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to? A．Larger animals have protection from TP53. B．The risk of cancer is not related to body sizes. C．Larger animals suffer the same risk of cancer as smaller ones. D．The huger animals are, the bigger risk of cancer they will have. 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．Depending on nature is surely enough to fight against cancer. B．The TP53 genes have proved useful in stopping cancer in people. C．Humans are expected to prevent cancer with the making of TP53. D．The extra copies of elephants’ genes are used to cure cancer patients. [05]（2025·陕西咸阳·三模）According to a landmark study published in the journal Science, total butterfly abundance in the U. S. has declined by 22 percent across all species between 2000 and 2020. “This is a wake-up call. People should be seeing this number and being very, very concerned, not just about butterflies, but about the state of insects in general,” says Eliza Grames, a conservation biologist at Binghamton University in New York and coauthor of the study. Initially, Grames says she expected to see declines for many species, but that once all the data was expanded to cover the entire nation, she also expected to see enough increases to wash out the bad news. Unfortunately, that was not the case. “It’s kind of an overwhelming amount of loss and decline,” she says. For fear that you think the widespread declines only involve a handful of little-known species that were already close to extinction, the scientists found that 13 times as many butterfly species were in decline compared to those that were increasing. More than 100 species saw drops greater than 50 percent over the twenty-year time period. This includes 22 species that have declined more than 90 percent, including some of the commonest and most-loved species. Scientists say the butterfly losses can result from many factors, including habitat loss, climate change, and pesticide use. While climate change or agricultural pesticide use require big society shifts, there are some things each of us can do to help butterflies. “Because insects have short generation spans, even modest changes to the environment — such as planting native flowers or creating habitat — can have a huge impact on the population,” says Grames. “If you’re improving habitat for elephants, let’s say, you’re going to be waiting decades before you see results of that,” she says. “If you improve habitats for butterflies that can have one to three generations per year, you’re going to see a pretty immediate increase in population.” “I think that’s one of the most optimistic things,” says Grames. Butterflies “do have the ability to bounce back, if we put the effort into conservation actions.” 1．In Paragraph 1, the author presents ________. A．a popular belief B．a worrying warning C．a common-held view D．a theoretical assumption 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 about the research? A．The most-loved species are extinct. B．Even common species are in trouble. C．Most butterfly species are on the rise. D．The study mainly focuses on rare species. 3．What does the author want to explain by mentioning elephants? A．To illustrate the difficulty of elephant conservation. B．To emphasize the importance of habitat improvement. C．To highlight the rapid recovery potential of butterflies. D．To show the similarity between elephants and butterflies. 4．What does Grames think of the future of butterflies? A．Eventful. B．Uncertain. C．Promising. D．Insignificant. [06]（2025·四川德阳·三模）For nearly a century, migratory flyways have been central to bird conservation, helping to protect habitats and monitor species. However, migratory freshwater fish, which also undertake vast journeys, have been largely overlooked. Unlike birds, fish migrations occur underwater, making them invisible and harder to study. Since 1970, migratory freshwater fish populations have declined by over 80% due to habitat destruction, overfishing, and pollution. To address this, researchers are mapping global swimways — migration routes for freshwater fish — to guide conservation efforts. “Fish are the most affected migratory species globally,” says Twan Stoffers, a fish ecologist. Dams are the biggest obstacle, blocking breeding and feeding habitats. While dam construction has slowed in the U. S. and Europe, it has surged in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Mekong River system, home to over 1,000 fish species and millions of livelihoods. The Mekong giant catfish, for example, faces extinction due to dam barriers, though recent conservation efforts offer hope. Globally, only one-third of major rivers remain free-flowing, mostly in remote regions like the Amazon. In Europe, rivers are so fragmented that identifying historical swimways is nearly impossible. However, restoration efforts, such as dam removals on the Klamath River in the U. S., have shown success, allowing salmon to return to breeding areas after a century. The Global Swimways Initiative, launched in 2023, aims to map migration routes for all 2,400 migratory freshwater fish species. Instead of costly tracking methods, researchers are analyzing existing data from sources like Fish Base and the IUCN Red List. “I’ m shocked at how many species we still know little about,” Stoffers notes, highlighting the need for better tracking technology. Rivers are complex systems, connecting to floodplains and changing seasonally. “Fish move between habitats under specific conditions,” says Zeb Hogan, a fish biologist. The Amazon Basin illustrates this complexity, with its flooded forests and wetlands serving as critical habitats. Many rivers span multiple countries, requiring international cooperation to protect migration routes. Just as flyways transformed bird conservation, swimways could transform river management. “Mapping these underwater highways is essential for the survival of freshwater fish and the ecosystems they support,” Hogan emphasizes. By addressing fish migration with the same attention given to birds, we can better protect these vital species and the communities that depend on them. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The threat of dams in fish protection. B．The impact of pollution on freshwater. C．The significance of building more dams. D．The efforts made to restore the ecosystem. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in the 3rd paragraph probably mean? A．polluted B．protected C．divided D．restored 3．Which of the following helps the Global Swimways Initiative map migration routes? A．Satellite tracking technology. B．Available information. C．Complexity of migration routes. D．The Amazon Basin. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Seasonal changes greatly benefit fish migration. B．Fish migrations are easier to track than bird migrations. C．Mapping swimways boosts river conservation cooperation. D．The Amazon Basin’s success inspires global fish conservation. [07]（2025·甘肃白银·二模）Attachment theory is a psychological theory that describes the ways in which infants and children form close relationships with their caregivers. The theory was developed by British psychologist John Bowlby in the 1950s and 1960s. According to attachment theory, infants are born with a biological need for attachment. This need is driven by the fact that infants are completely dependent on their caregivers for survival. The quality of the attachment relationship that an infant forms with their caregiver has a profound impact on their emotional development. Bowlby identified four main types of attachment: secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized. Securely attached infants feel safe and secure in their relationships with their caregivers. They are able to explore their environment and learn new things, knowing that their caregiver is there to provide them with support and comfort when they need it. Anxious-avoidant infants avoid close contact with their caregivers. They may seem aloof or indifferent to their caregivers’ attention. Anxious-ambivalent infants are clingy (过于依赖别人的) and demanding of their caregivers’ attention. They may become upset when their caregivers leave them, and they may have difficulty calming down when they are reunited. Disorganized infants exhibit a range of contradictory behaviors when they are with their caregiver. They may seem confused or disoriented, and they may have difficulty forming a secure attachment. The quality of an infant’s attachment relationship is influenced by a number of factors, including the caregiver’s responsiveness to the infant’s needs, the caregiver’s emotional availability, and the caregiver’s own attachment style. Secure attachment is associated with a number of positive outcomes for infants and children, including better emotional regulation, social skills, and academic achievement. In contrast, insecure attachment is associated with a number of negative outcomes, including difficulty forming close relationships, anxiety, and depression. Attachment theory has been influential in the field of psychology and has been used to inform a variety of interventions for children and adults with attachment problems. Attachment-based interventions can help people to develop more secure attachment styles, which can lead to improved emotional regulation, social skills, and relationships. 1．What does the second paragraph mention about attachment in infants? A．It develops over time. B．It is biologically driven. C．It begins in adulthood. D．It is based on cultural factors. 2．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To introduce the origins of attachment theory. B．To describe types of attachment styles in infants. C．To explain how caregivers form attachment. D．To examine the benefits of secure attachment. 3．What can be learned from paragraph 4? A．Secure attachment leads to positive outcomes. B．Caregivers’ attachment styles are unimportant. C．Attachment has no effect on children’s future. D．Insecure attachment benefits emotional development. 4．What would the author likely discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Criticism of Bowlby’s work. B．New types of attachment styles discovered. C．The effect of culture on attachment theory. D．More detailed interventions based on attachment theory. [08]（2025·湖北十堰·三模）A new study has revealed the alarming extent glaciers have shrunk (缩小) over the past 40 years in a global warming hot spot for the first time, and the biggest retreat (退缩) has occurred in recent years. The research, led by the University of Bristol, shows the vast majority of glaciers across Svalbard in the Arctic have been significantly shrinking. Findings revealed an area loss of more than 800 km² at the glacier boundaries in this Norwegian group of islands since 1985.The study also found that more than half of the glaciers go through seasonal cycles in glacier calving (崩解) when large blocks of ice break away due to higher ocean and air temperatures. Co-author Jonathan Bamber, Professor of Glaciology at the University of Bristol, said, “Glacier calving is a poorly modelled and understood process that plays a crucial role in the health of a glacier. Our study provides valuable insights into what controls calving and how it responds to climate forcing in an area at the frontline of global warming.” Lead author Dr Li, Senior Research Associate at the University’s Glaciology Centre, said, “The scale of glacier retreats over the past few decades is astonishing, almost covering the entire Svalbard. This highlights the weakness of glaciers to climate change, especially in Svalbard, a region experiencing rapid warming up to seven times faster than the global average.” Using a novel AI model, the research team analysed millions of satellite images capturing the end positions of glaciers across the entire Svalbard. The findings provide an unprecedented level of detail into the scale and nature of glacier loss in this region. The biggest peak in glacier retreats was detected in 2016, when the calving rates were double the average between 2010 and 2015, in response to extreme warming events. “This was likely caused by a large-scale weather pattern called atmospheric blocking that can influence atmospheric pressures,” said Dr Li. “With the increasing frequency of atmospheric blocking and ongoing regional warming, future retreats of glaciers are expected to accelerate, resulting in greater glacier mass loss. This would change the ocean circulation and marine life environments in the Arctic.” 1．What is the author’s intention of writing paragraph 1? A．To discuss the retreat of the glacier. B．To present the author’s opinion. C．To explain the effect of hot spots. D．To introduce the study’s main findings. 2．What is scientists’ current understanding of glacier calving? A．Precise. B．Extensive. C．Limited. D．Comprehensive. 3．What does Dr Li’s statement imply about the glaciers? A．They will calve at a top speed. B．They may experience faster retreats. C．They will remain a fixed rate of retreats. D．They may decrease because of little snow. 4．What is the text? A．A research paper on glacier calving mechanics. B．A news report on glacier retreat in Svalbard. C．A summary of a climate change conference. D．An article about the history of glaciology. [09]（2025·江苏常州·二模）A biography of Caminada written by Angela Buckley reveals a series of striking similarities between him and the fictional character, in terms of their unusual methods and character. The son of an Italian father and Irish mother, Caminada was based in Manchester, but was involved in cases which took him across the country. Most of his career was spent with Manchester City Police Force although he later operated, like Holmes, as a “consulting detective”. He became well-known in the mid-1880s, shortly before Sherlock Holmes made his first appearance in A Study in Scarlet and parallels soon emerged between the two. As the fictional character relied on a network of underworld contacts the Baker Street Irregulars — so Caminada was known for his extensive web of informers, whom he would often meet in the back seat of a church. These characters helped him build up an encyclopedic knowledge of the criminal fraternity (兄弟会), among whom he would often move in disguise another method in common with Holmes. His skill with disguises was so renowned that on one occasion his own chief police officer was unable to recognize him. Mrs. Buckley identifies Caminada’s “Moriaty” figure as Bob Horridge, a violent, intelligent career criminal, with whom he had a 20-year fight, which began when Caminada arrested him for stealing a watch, landing him with a sentence of seven years’ penal servitude because of his previous crimes. This harsh sentence for a relatively small crime angered Horridge so much that he swore revenge (报复) on the detective. His good luck finally ended after he shot two police officers. Caminada tracked him to Liverpool where the detective, disguised once more, eventually arrested him. Caminada’s “Irene Adler” was Alicia Ormonde, an apparently well-educated woman with a noble background and expensive tastes, who was actually an experienced criminal wanted for frauds and thefts. Caminada tracked her down and arrested her, but in an echo of Holmes’ fascination with Adler the detective apparently became attracted by her. The case took place in 1890, a year before Adler appeared in A Scandal in Bohemia. Other individuals have previously been put forward as the basis for Holmes. However, Mrs. Buckley, whose book is called The Real Sherlock Holmes, believes that Caminada was used to give Holmes a better grounding in actual casework among the criminal fraternity inspiring his detecting styles and some of the puzzling cases he encountered. 1．What do we know about Caminada from the passage? A．He was the only basis for Holmes B．He had a mixed knowledge of crimes. C．He died after the last Holmes book was set D．He had a whole life career as a “consulting detective”. 2．Which of the following CANNOT prove that Caminada was the basis for Holmes? A．Caminada became a national figure shortly before Holmes’ first appearance. B．Caminada was known for his extensive web of informers in the Baker Street. C．Caminada had a Moriaty-like enemy for a long period of time. D．Caminada often changed his appearances to look into cases 3．What can we infer from paragraph 6 and 7? A．Caminada arrested the two criminals in disguise. B．Caminada tracked both of the two criminals for years C．Caminada fell in love with Alicia Ormonde in the case D．Both Horridge and Ormonde took revenge on Caminada. 4．What is the most suitable title of the passage? A．Clues to a real Holmes B．Caminada and his legend C．Wisdom of a detective D．Detecting styles of Sherlock Holmes [10]（2025·河北石家庄·二模）Diets come and diets go. One of the most popular today is “intermittent fasting” in which, as the name suggests, the idea is to limit one's food intake to certain time windows. One popular variant, the “5-2 diet”, requires people to eat either very small amounts, or nothing at all, on two days a week, but places no restrictions on the other five. As a weight-loss strategy, intermittent fasting has several things going for it. One is that it is uncomplicated. There is no need to weigh the ingredients of every meal, as some diets demand, nor to change what you eat completely. Limiting the restrictions to a couple of days a week, or several hours a day also requires less willpower, which might make it easier to stick with. Working out whether that actually translates into greater weight loss than other diets is difficult. Most studies find limited data and mixed results. The general conclusion, says dietitian Nichola Ludlam-Raine, is that intermittent fasting seems to work roughly as well for weight loss as traditional calorie-counting does. Intermittent fasting may offer other health benefits. Animal studies suggest that fasting can extend lifetime by up to 40%, slow aging, and improve metabolic (新陈代谢) health. Whether similar effects occur in humans is uncertain. While there may be potential benefits, human trials are not workable. “When we say calorie restriction, we mean nearly starving the animals, ” notes Adam Collins, a nutrition researcher at the University of Surrey. That leaves scientists reliant, for now, on smallish, short-lived studies. Dr Collins's team, for instance, has published a randomised-control trial suggesting that intermittent fasting improves the metabolism of fats more than ordinary dieting does. A review paper published in April 2024 looked at 23 other studies and concluded that intermittent fasting was slightly better than ordinary dieting for overweight people when it came to improving levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and insulin (胰岛素). There are also risks. A study in mice published in Nature in October 2024 found that severe fasting had downsides, including muscle mass loss and, possibly, weakened immune systems. Moderation, too, should be taken in moderation. 1．What is a feature of the“5-2 diet” in intermittent fasting? A．It needs continuous calorie-counting. B．It restricts food intake for five days monthly. C．It demands strict food weighing on weekends. D．It allows normal eating on most days of the week. 2．Why is intermittent fasting gaining popularity? A．It combines with regular exercise. B．It needs little willpower. C．It requires no complex meal plans. D．It promises rapid weight loss. 3．What is the purpose of writing paragraph 5? A．To present scientific evidence. B．To provide identical assumptions. C．To add background information. D．To compare contradictory studies. 4．What is the author's attitude towards intermittent fasting? A．Critical. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. [11]（2025·山东济宁·二模）At first glance, the scientist Charles Darwin and the poet Emily Dickinson would seem to have little in common. In Natural Magic, literary scholar Renee Bergland seeks to convince the reader otherwise, interweaving the lives, work, and history of these two towering figures of the 19th century. In doing so, Bergland shows definitively that they shared deep sensibilities about the natural world. They were both keen observers in their own home gardens. For both, the “magic” of nature could be found in the physical and material rather than the supernatural. They found nature to be a place enchanted by its own mysteries, joys, and sorrows. Taking the form of a joint biography (传记), Natural Magic alternates between Darwin and Dickinson over the course of 16 chapters, progressing simultaneously (同时地) in time. While Bergland offers comprehensive descriptions, building on the extensive work of other biographers and scholars, the book’s own magic shines in the conversation created between its subjects’ bodies of work. When viewed as part of a historical dialogue, Darwin and Dickinson amplify (阐发) each other’s work, revealing the science in her poetry and the poetry in his science. Natural Magic further situates both writers in the history of science as it developed from “natural philosophy” into specialized disciplines throughout the 19th century. Bergland lays extensive groundwork for the social and cultural forces that shaped each thinker in a time when the sciences and arts were more closely connected. Bergland herself displays moments of beauty in her writing, particularly in her vivid descriptions of the wonder of scientific discoveries in the 19th century. “Changing angles of sunlight, the unchanging stars, and... the bright colors of the great auroras lightened up the vastness of planetary space,” she writes, for example. Ultimately, the book offers readers a historical and biographical look into the magic offered by the natural world as reflected in the works of two major 19th-century thinkers. Bergland concludes that in a time of climate crisis, we must recover this kind of dialogue across the sciences and the arts, emphasizing our shared sense of wonder in nature. 1．What does Bergland aim to demonstrate about Darwin and Dickinson? A．Their inborn talents. B．Their great achievements. C．Their literary background. D．Their unseen commonalities. 2．What can be learned concerning Natural Magic? A．It creates dialogues between works. B．It is a co-authored masterpiece. C．It contradicts other scholars’ views. D．It focuses on natural philosophy. 3．Which best describes Bergland’s language in describing the wonder of scientific discoveries? A．Straightforward. B．Academic. C．Humorous. D．Poetic. 4．Which of the following might Bergland agree with? A．History should never be forgotten. B．Nature should be treated with awe. C．Wonder is the beginning of wisdom. D．The dawn of science came too late. [12]（2025·福建泉州·三模）In Baltimore, Our Kids Read, a nonprofit offers three free books to every child who walks into its bookstore. And unlike the library, the books are never expected back. Kids “check out” at the front of the store, but instead of handing over cash, all they have to do is sign up for the nonprofit’s Reading Buddy program, which matches young readers with adults who read with them once or twice a week in 45-minute online meetings to promote literacy (写能力). “Every child should have someone reading to them at night.” said Jahmal Lake, executive director of Our Kids Read. Lake established Our Kids Read in 2021. But he quickly realized that he needed to do more than just distribute donated books. “1 think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make, is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something.” Lake said. “But if that community is not equipped to make good use of those resources. you might as well have given them a brick.” On the bookshelves and across tables, there are books like “Black Boy Joy” and “Eyes That Kiss in the Corners”, picture books in English and Spanish, poetry collections, and even graphic novels. The range of options plays into Lakes’ vision of turning non-readers into bookworms by directing kids to books on subjects they already love. Research shows kids are more likely to finish and love books they pick out themselves. To promote the Reading Buddy program, Our Kids Read goes into elementary schools. Lake also plans to set up several little free libraries to encourage reading. The Baltimore Community Foundation has given Our Kids Read over $25,000. Vice President of Community Impact Crystal Harden-Lindsey said Our Kids Read is vital to promoting literacy, the foundation for academic success, economic mobility and civic engagement. 1．What is a feature of Our Kids Read bookstore? A．It offers free books to adults and kids. B．It holds reading competitions weekly. C．It engages kids in reading books to adults. D．It requires kids to register for a program. 2．What does Lake think of merely donating books? A．Insufficient. B．Meaningful. C．Motivating. D．Unnecessary. 3．Why does the bookstore offer diverse books? A．To expand kids’ reading range. B．To develop students’ love for books. C．To broaden kids’ visions on book selection. D．To encourage kids’ interest in school subjects. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Bookstore offers kids free books to promote business. B．Charity partners with schools to teach students reading. C．Nonprofit boosts child literacy through multiple measures. D．Program enhances family bond by shared reading activities. [13]（2025·河北石家庄·二模）Honeybees pollinate (授粉) a third of what people eat and drink, but colonies (群体) are on the decline because of various factors. Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science (SCS) and the University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside) have created a system to help beekeepers monitor and analyze the health of their beehives (蜂巢) and take corrective actions to prevent colony collapse — when a majority of the worker bees abandon the colony and its queen. Beehives use thermoregulation (温度调节) to ensure the hive temperature stays between 33and 36 degrees Celsius. For example, bees might cluster to create a protective barrier when it’s cold or fan their wings when it’s hot. But when beehives experience external stressors, such as pesticides or unexpected weather events, they lose the ability to regulate the hive temperature. That’s when beekeepers need to intervene to save the hive. Currently, beekeepers manage hive health using their judgment and past practices to address problems, which can lead to oversights. The Electronic Bee-Veterinarian (EBV) uses low-cost heat sensors and predictive forecasting to assist beekeepers in managing hive temperature and overall honeybee health. Researchers used two sensors, one placed on the outside of the hive and one inside, to detect real-time temperatures in the bee colonies. This data was then fed into a model that calculates the hive health factor. Christos Faloutsos, the Fredkin University Professor of SCS's Computer Science, said researchers looked to heat-transfer physics when developing the EBV’s beehive health forecasting model. “If the health factor is close to one, the bees are healthy and thermoregulating. If it is much lower than one, it means the beehive isn’t healthy and might need an intervention. Once we have this health factor computed every day, we can do standard forecasting and the beekeeper can take further action. ” Understandability was a key aspect of this project, Faloutsos said. Researchers wanted everything to be simplified into one number, the hive health factor, so any beekeeper who adopted the technology could easily interpret the forecasting result. Such technology could maximize honey production for beekeepers and help them prevent potential future challenges, such as stress from bee diseases. 1．What does the underlined word “cluster” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fly away in groups. B．Move around freely. C．Gather closely together. D．Spread out extensively. 2．What is a problem with traditional hive management? A．Beekeepers lack expertise. B．It depends on experience. C．Technology is too complicated. D．It focuses on honey production. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．When the EBV can work best. B．How the EBV predicts hive health. C．What is the most important part in the EBV. D．How the EBV controls the hive temperature. 4．What can be inferred about the EBV from the text? A．It will profit beekeepers much. B．It is understandable but unaffordable. C．It will replace beekeepers’ judgment. D．It helps improve the quality of honey. [14]（2025·福建福州·三模）Large language models (LLMs) seem better at making people feel seen and heard than humans. This phenomenon, called “LLMpathy”, is both surprising and controversial. Some argue that computers can’t truly empathize (共情) for lack of emotion. Others are alarmed by how readily people are trading human connection for digital ones. But beyond these concerns, chatbots might offer something more practical. If they are beating us at empathy, shouldn’t we try to learn what they are doing, right? Researchers initially wondered if AI advantage lay in its unlimited attention. But that doesn’t seem to explain it. A 2024 research in Harvard Business School revealed that people’s expressing of empathy, despite increased commitments, still fell short compared to those by ChatGPT. Chatbots’ success may come from avoiding all-too-human mistakes. Chatbots’ responses stood out mainly because they focused on acknowledging feelings, unlike humans who often shared a seemingly related experience to offer solutions, unintentionally damaging the hope of being truly heard. Chatbots avoid these pitfalls. They focus entirely on the speaker. More than humans, chatbots paraphrase, acknowledge and justify how people might feel. When people adopt similar strategies, their connections strengthen. It bears noting that the AI advantage in empathetic conversations has limits. Its “paraphrase, acknowledge, follow up” may feel warm the first time, but dull the second. Most research tests people’s interactions with Chatbots just once, so AI’s edge might fade in longer, repetitive chats. Chatbots might be helpful, but they still can’t feel or truly care. The demand for AI therapists (理疗师) may be growing, but many people still prefer human support. Anyone who has repeated “agent” at a customer-service robot knows the feeling of desperately wanting a real person on the line. Some of the shortcomings of human connection are also, in fact, features. But the fact that we often must earn human empathy, and that it comes from limited beings who devote themselves to being there for us, is part of its beauty. 1．Why does AI often outperform humans at showing empathy? A．It has unlimited patience. B．It shares related experience. C．It focuses on people’s feeings. D．It prioritizes solving problems. 2．What does the underlined word “pitfalls” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Responses. B．Shortcomings. C．Experiences. D．Feelings. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Human care is irreplaceable. B．In-person chats have limits. C．Service lines benefit human. D．Emotion is enhanced by AI. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Chatbots: The New Emotional Support B．The Double-Edged Sword of Chatbots C．The Rising Demand for AI Therapists D．Learn to Be a Listener like Chatbots [15]（2025·甘肃白银·二模）The natural world teems with animals that move in groups, from flocks of birds to packs of wolves to schools of fish. But ants, like humans, are special: animals that routinely travel in congested (拥挤的), two-way traffic. When ants find food sources, many species will lay down a chemical trail for other ants from their colony to follow. These trails can fill up quickly and involve hundreds of ants per minute. To see how ants avoid congestion, scientists studied them as they moved across a bridge to gather food and return it to the nest. To control ant density (密度), the scientists varied the width of the bridge among 5 millimeters, 10 millimeters and 20 millimeters and the number of ants from 400 to 25,600. Co-author Sebastien Motsch, an associate professor in Arizona State University’s School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, specializing in studying how individuals interact and self-organize without a central authority to direct them, said the ants changed their speed and behavior to avoid congestion when getting into the densest traffic. “Surprisingly, it appeared that no traffic jam occurred. They always managed to keep flowing somehow.” Unlike human drivers jockeying for position on the road, ant “commuters” cooperate to accomplish a mutually beneficial goal, so optimizing their ability to forage (觅食) while avoiding congestion is more a survival skill than convenience or altruism. Understanding how ants manage to keep on trucking through the worst jams could have widespread applications beyond traffic engineering, such as in fields involving dense flows of agents, particles or packets of information. Ants in general appear to share beneficial reinforcement mechanisms that help them adapt to situations involving masses of bodies. Carpenter ants spread out to avoid trampling each other when trying to escape through a narrow door. Fire ants know how to stay out of each other’s way during construction projects. Garden ants excel at avoiding bottlenecks. Motsch and his colleagues next hope to discover the mechanisms behind the ants’ self-regulation. But doing so could require tracking each ant’s behavior individually. “This kind of tracking is possible,” Motsch said, “but in an environment where it’s so crowded, it’s really challenging.” 1．How did scientists study ants’ traffic behavior? A．By referring to the computer modeling in the lab. B．By observing how ants communicate with each other. C．By comparing the behavior of different species of ants. D．By varying the number of ants and the width of a bridge. 2．What does the underlined word “jockeying” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Waiting. B．Fighting. C．Searching. D．Applying. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly show? A．Ants’ behavior in natural habitats. B．The impact of traffic jams on wildlife. C．Applications of ants’ traffic management. D．Differences between ants and human traffic. 4．What is a key factor in ants’ avoiding traffic jams? A．Their tiny size. B．Their competitive nature. C．Their reliance on a central authority. D．Their cooperation to achieve a common goal. [16]（2025·河北张家口·二模）Lizzi Wolf’s Meager Mercies is a deeply moving and painful novel, based on the true story of an eight-year-old boy who underwent nine months of prison alone. It’s an exploration of recovery ability facing unimaginable hurt and a criticism of a justice system that fails to protect its most defenseless. The story centers on a child whose innocence is taken away by the unforgiving reality of his situation. Wolf does a remarkable job of presenting a boy’s perspective (视角), picturing his confusion, fear, and longing. His internal world is as vivid as his physical reality, which makes the novel so affecting. Wolf never overstates his difficulty, nor does she reduce the depth of his suffering. Instead, she strikes a delicate balance, allowing the boy’s voice to speak for itself. The title, Meager Mercies, is suitable and of deep significance. During the boy’s cruel prison, small moments of kindness — a smile from a guard, a comforting memory, a rare sound of life outside his cell — become lifelines. These moments are presented with delicate tenderness, providing a sharp contrast. They remind us of the great power of even the smallest acts of humanity in the face of cruelty. They also serve to highlight the systemic failure that has placed a child in such a desperate situation in the first place. A unique feature of the novel is the inclusion of illustrations, reflecting the raw emotions of a child’s viewpoint. These illustrations make the story even more heart-breaking as they remind readers of the boy’s innocence and age, emphasizing the sadness of his story. The pictures allow us to step even closer into his experience, making the injustice of his suffering all the more heartfelt. Wolf’s work is both reserved and emotional, perfectly reflecting the cruelty of the boy’s prison. She uses language economically, mirroring the dullness and emptiness of his existence, but her words carry huge emotional weight. The illustrations work together with the writing, making this a truly multi-layered story that rings long after the final page. 1．What is the main purpose of Lizzi Wolf’s novel? A．To tell an adventurous story of a boy’s survival. B．To analyze the psychological theories of recovery. C．To promote social awareness through illustrations. D．To criticize the justice system for failing weak groups. 2．How does Wolf describe the boy’s experience in the novel? A．By focusing on physical hardships. B．By balancing his voice with realities. C．By avoiding descriptions of his emotions. D．By overstating his efforts to make a living. 3．Why is the title “Meager Mercies” meaningful? A．It praises the artistic value of the book. B．It shows the legal system’s attempt to play fair. C．It contrasts small kindness with systemic cruelty. D．It emphasizes the boy’s great willpower during isolation. 4．What role do the illustrations play in the novel? A．They criticize the justice system directly. B．They simplify the complex plot for readers. C．They provide historical context for the story. D．They show the boy’s innocence and perspective. [17]（2025·福建泉州·三模）Early solar expansion often came at agriculture's expense. Farmers and ranchers watched as fields once used for grazing (放牧) were fenced off, their livelihoods threatened by the growth of renewable energy. By the 2010s, conflicts peaked: in Texas alone, over 200,000 acres of grassland were changed into solar farms, reducing grazing capacity by nearly 40%, generating debates over “clean energy vs cattle.” Then came a transformative idea: agrivoltaics. Pioneered in the 2020s, this approach reimagined solar farms not as competitors to agriculture, but as partners. The concept combines solar energy production with sustainable land use. JR Howard, a Texas rancher who first offered his sheep to solar operators in 2021, later founded Texas Solar Sheep — a booming business tending over 8,000 sheep across multiple solar sites, employing dozens of workers in rural communities where jobs were rare. His story reflects a broader restoration, as agricultural traditions find new purpose in the renewable energy era. The benefits extend beyond economics. Each grazing sheep represents one less gallon of gasoline used by mowers (割草机), a part of habitat preserved for ground-nesting birds, and a living proof of sustainable land management. Researchers note another unexpected advantage — the solar panels provide shade that improves animal welfare, creating microclimates where sheep grow healthily even in Texas' heat. This marriage of agriculture and energy now covers over 60 projects nationwide. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports a 22% rise in lamb production in solar-grazing regions since 2020, alongside a 35% reduction in land maintenance costs for energy companies. However, important questions remain. Scientists like Nuria Gomez-Casanovas from Texas A&M stress that the long-term effects on soil health and food production need more study. Will these double-use lands maintain fertility (肥沃)? Will this model be effective in different climates and agricultural systems? Nonetheless, agrivoltaics shows a promising model of coexistence. Each solar panel generates energy and serves as shelter for farm animals during heatwaves. Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and. farm animals grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both. 1．What initially caused conflicts between solar farms and farmers? A．The abandonment of farmland. B．Pollution from solar panel production. C．The high cost of gas-powered mowers. D．The occupation of grazing land by solar panels. 2．What does solar grazing bring to farmers? A．New income opportunities. B．Increased lamb prices. C．Higher land maintenance costs. D．Free solar energy access. 3．What can be inferred about agrivoltaics' environmental impact? A．It relies on fuel-driven equipment. B．It balances energy and ecology. C．It harms soil quality by overgrazing. D．It increases competition for resources. 4．Which title best summarizes the passage? A．The Rise of Solar Energy in Texas B．Challenges in Grazing Industry C．Agrivoltaics: Where Sheep and Solar Panels Meet D．Agrivoltaics: How Tech Innovation Connects Farms [18]（2025·河北·二模）The claim that 93% of communication is nonverbal is a common misconception (错误认识). This statistic actually comes from a misinterpretation of Albert Mehrabian’s research in 1967. His studies focused on how people interpret conflicting signals, such as when words, tone, and facial expressions don’t match. He found that in such cases, people tend to rely more on tone (38%) and facial expressions (55%) than on the actual words (7%). However, this applies only to communication about feelings and attitudes, not to all forms of communication. Mehrabian never intended for these percentages to be applied broadly. He has repeatedly clarified that words matter significantly in most contexts. The oversimplification of his research has led to the widespread misconception that nonverbal cues dominate all communication. This misconception can be misleading because it devalues the importance of words and oversimplifies the complexity of human interaction. Focusing too much on body language while neglecting the power of words can be problematic. For example, in written communication or phone calls, where nonverbal cues are absent, words are the primary means of conveying meaning. Nonverbal cues are powerful, but their importance depends on the situation. A raised eyebrow can mean skepticism, or confusion depending on the context. Language and body language work together. When they are in harmony, the message becomes clearer and more compelling. Conversely, when there is a mismatch between what is said and how it is expressed, puzzlement can arise Authenticity (真实性) is crucial in communication. People can sense when body language feels forced or inauthentic. Genuine engagement helps people react to each other well and makes communication effective. It is also important not to overinterpret nonverbal signals. For example, crossed arms might indicate discomfort, but they could just as easily mean the person is cold. In conclusion, while nonverbal communication is undeniably important, it’s not about memorizing percentages or rigid rules. It’s about developing awareness of yourself, others, and the situation. Whether nonverbal cues account for 40%, 60%, or 90% of communication, they deserve attention. The real power lies in how you apply them to connect authentically with others. 1．What can we know about the 93% nonverbal communication claim? A．It’s based on accurate statistics. B．It’s widely considered to be a mistake. C．It correctly reflects Mehrabian’s research. D．It misinterprets Mehrabian’s research findings. 2．What will happen if there is a conflict between language and body language? A．The speakers will convey their ideas well. B．The messages will be clearer than ever. C．The confusion among the speakers will arise D．The listeners will understand each other better. 3．How does authenticity function in communication? A．It leads to good interaction. B．It over-interprets word signals. C．It causes false communication. D．It makes forced gestures effective. 4．Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A．The misinterpretation of statistics in research B．The importance of nonverbal cues in communication C．Trying to understand different rules of communication D．Breaking down nonverbal communication misconceptions 试卷第16页，共17页 试卷第17页，共17页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 《2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典》 专题12 考前必做阅读理解说明文突破（名师点津+精准押题）解析版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 押题专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ [01]（2025·四川成都·三模）The past decade saw an increase in knowledge about the gut microbiota (肠道微生物群), and how it can have a positive impact on our health. I was first introduced to this area of science by Professor Gretchen Daily from Stanford University. She mentioned a research project conducted in Finland. The study set up an experiment with children in kindergartens to see what happened to their skin and gut microbiomes and their immune (免疫的) system function if they played in areas containing elements of nature. Seventy-nine children took part, all living in urban environments and spending the majority of their days at different daycare centres around Finland. They were encouraged to play in only one of the three types of yard over the 28 days of the experiment. The first was a standard outdoor play area, made up of concrete, gravel and some plastic matting. The second was nature-based: these have grass, soil and planted areas. In the experimental areas, the concrete and gravel were covered with forest floor and soil from the local forest. Before and after periods of play, the children’s skin and gut microbiota were measured, along with changes in their blood for immunoregulatory cytokine levels and Treg cell frequencies. These cells and proteins play a crucial role in preventing certain diseases; their levels in our blood are often used as an indication of how well the immune system is functioning. Remarkable results emerged. The children who played in the experimental yard showed a large increase in the diversity of microbiota on their skin and in their gut in comparison to the children playing in the urban and nature-based areas. Importantly, these were the “good” types of microbiota. The importance of this study cannot be overstated. It’s clear that even short-term exposure to nature’s microbial diversity has the potential to fundamentally change the diversity of microbiot a on our skin and in our gut. In addition, it suggests that the altered gut microbiota can regulate the function of our immune system. 1．What was the purpose of the research project? A．To analyze children’s play preferences. B．To explore the nature’s impact on health. C．To compare different daycare environments. D．To seek ways to improve children’s immunity. 2．What was the feature of the experimental yard according to the text? A．It included plastic matting only. B．It was entirely made of concrete. C．It was planted with artificial grass. D．It was covered with local forest soil. 3．What did the research show? A．Fewer kids played in urban areas. B．More kids preferred experimental yards. C．The kids’ immune system functioned the same. D．The kids’ microbiota diversity rose in experimental areas. 4．What does the study suggest about future health practices? A．Increasing physical exercise. B．Conducting long-term studies. C．Integrating nature into daily life. D．Increasing microbial diversity artificially. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述芬兰的研究发现接触自然有益肠道微生物群。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The study set up an experiment with children in kindergartens to see what happened to their skin and gut microbiomes and their immune (免疫的) system function if they played in areas containing elements of nature.(这项研究在幼儿园的孩子中进行了一项实验，以观察如果他们在含有自然元素的地方玩耍，他们的皮肤和肠道微生物群以及他们的免疫系统功能会发生什么变化)”可推知，研究项目的目的是探索自然对健康的影响。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In the experimental areas, the concrete and gravel were covered with forest floor and soil from the local forest.(在实验区域，混凝土和砾石被当地森林的林地表层和土壤所覆盖)”可知，实验场地的特点是被当地森林土壤覆盖。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The children who played in the experimental yard showed a large increase in the diversity of microbiota on their skin and in their gut in comparison to the children playing in the urban and nature-based areas.(与在城市和自然区域玩耍的孩子相比，在实验场地玩耍的孩子皮肤和肠道微生物群的多样性大幅增加)”可知，研究表明孩子们在实验区域的微生物群多样性增加了。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“It’s clear that even short-term exposure to nature’s microbial diversity has the potential to fundamentally change the diversity of microbiota on our skin and in our gut. In addition, it suggests that the altered gut microbiota can regulate the function of our immune system.(很明显，即使是短期接触自然的微生物多样性，也有可能从根本上改变我们皮肤和肠道中微生物群的多样性。此外，它还表明，改变后的肠道微生物群可以调节我们免疫系统的功能)”可推知，该研究表明未来的健康实践应该将自然融入日常生活。故选C。 [02]（2025·福建福州·三模）Soratobu Medaka, a children’s book, tells the story of tiny medaka fish riding on a bird to a distant pond. It has delighted children, but now it’s revealed to be true. Researchers have long struggled to explain how fish turn up in lakes far from other bodies of water, a mystery even Charles Darwin noted in 1859, when he suggested that aquatic (水生的) hatchlings might stick to the feet of birds, though his bright idea remained a theory. In 2019, Yao Akifumi, a biology student then, wondered if Darwin might have been right and further wondered if fish-hunting birds might transport egg-bearing aquatic plants stuck to their feet. To test this, he set up two ponds one metre apart, one containing 36plants and the other without, both equipped with camera traps. After six months, some plants had switched ponds, and one camera captured a bird flying away with a plant on its foot. Next, Yao aimed to see if fish eggs could weather the journey being carried out of water. He attached tiny medaka eggs to aquatic plants and removed them for zero to 24hours—at favorable hatching conditions — before returning them. In a paper in Science of Nature, Mr. Yao reports that the medaka eggs can successfully hatch after up to 18 hours out of the water. Eggs without a plant leaf to attach to rarely survived a few hours. The big drop in survival was at 16.3 hours, when half the eggs became lifeless. Whether any egg could survive that long, given that a bird’s average flight-speed is around 39kph, is doubtful, says Mr Yao, since wind exposure during such a long journey would dry them out. Shorter journeys, however, are certainly possible. And since many other medaka-like species are found throughout Asia, the chances are high that hitchhiking (搭便车) explains how they have ended up in lakes with seemingly no connection to other water bodies. Yet again, it would seem, Darwin’s theories turn out to be correct. 1．Why does the author mention Darwin’s idea? A．To introduce an academic term. B．To provide research background. C．To question a well-known theory. D．To explore new research methods. 2．What evidence did Yao find to support his assumption? A．Birds flying between ponds. B．Fish eggs surviving on plants. C．A plant growing in both ponds. D．A bird carrying a plant on its foot. 3．What may increase medaka eggs’ survival? A．Birds’ flying route. B．Wind exposure. C．Supporting leaves. D．Longer journeys. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Children’s book inspires research. B．Origin of fish has been uncovered. C．Fish’s hitch riding has been proven. D．Eggs and plants have a close relation. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过讲述一个儿童故事背后的科学发现，介绍了研究人员如何通过实验验证达尔文关于鱼类可能通过鸟类传播的理论。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Researchers have long struggled to explain how fish turn up in lakes far from other bodies of water, a mystery even Charles Darwin noted in 1859, when he suggested that aquatic (水生的) hatchlings might stick to the feet of birds, though his bright idea remained a theory.(长期以来，研究人员一直在努力解释鱼类是如何出现在远离其他水体的湖泊中的，甚至查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）在1859年也注意到了这个谜，当时他提出水生幼体可能粘在鸟类的脚上，尽管他的聪明想法仍然是一个理论)”以及第三段“In 2019, Yao Akifumi, a biology student then, wondered if Darwin might have been right and further wondered if fish-hunting birds might transport egg-bearing aquatic plants stuck to their feet.(2019年，当时的一名生物学学生Yao Akifumi想知道达尔文是否正确，并进一步想知道捕食鱼类的鸟类是否会将产卵的水生植物粘在脚上)”可知，作者到达尔文的观点是为了提供研究背景。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“After six months, some plants had switched ponds, and one camera captured a bird flying away with a plant on its foot.(六个月后，一些植物换了池塘，一台摄像机捕捉到一只鸟脚上踩着一棵植物飞走了)”可知，Yao发现了一只脚上衔着植物的鸟来支持他的假设。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In a paper in Science of Nature, Mr. Yao reports that the medaka eggs can successfully hatch after up to 18 hours out of the water. Eggs without a plant leaf to attach to rarely survived a few hours. The big drop in survival was at 16.3 hours, when half the eggs became lifeless.(在发表于《自然科学》期刊的一篇论文中，Mr. Yao报告称，medaka的卵在脱离水体长达18小时后仍能成功孵化。而未附着在植物叶片上的鱼卵，通常仅能存活数小时。尤为关键的是，在脱离水体16.3小时这一时间节点上，鱼卵的存活率出现大幅下降——此时，半数鱼卵已失去生命迹象)”可知，可附着得叶子提高medaka卵的存活率。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Shorter journeys, however, are certainly possible. And since many other medaka-like species are found throughout Asia, the chances are high that hitchhiking (搭便车) explains how they have ended up in lakes with seemingly no connection to other water bodies. Yet again, it would seem, Darwin’s theories turn out to be correct.(然而，更短的旅程当然是可能的。而且，由于在亚洲各地发现了许多其他类似medaka的物种，搭便车很有可能解释了它们最终如何进入看似与其他水体没有联系的湖泊。达尔文的理论似乎又一次被证明是正确的)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了鱼类搭便车传播的现象已被证实。故选C项。 [03]（2025·四川成都·三模）A few weeks ago I bought two orchids (兰花) for my windowsill. After giving them the dose of water they clearly missed in the shop, I started reflecting on how closely plant care and philosophy are connected. The two, I realized, share more than meets the eye. You care for plants, and enjoy the life that develops thanks to your care, but the process is never finished. It continues until the plant completes its life cycle and then starts all over again. Philosophy works in the same way: new ideas, insights and perspectives are constantly emerging from the care taken with existing ideas. So just as plants grow and bloom, philosophical thinking is an ongoing process of becoming which never really reaches an end point. But it is precisely this constant thinking that keeps us on our toes, stimulates our creativity, and challenges us to leave the beaten track. Philosophical thinking, like caring for plants, also requires patience. While we think, little seems to be happening. The thinker seems to lose himself in reasoning, an idea, a concept. . . In this he resembles the gardener who also plays a largely passive role between sowing and harvesting. In other words, the gardener has to follow the rhythms of nature. He can do little but wait, observe — and perhaps attend to his own thoughts. This waiting, this slowness, this patience we must exercise, are part of philosophy, just as they’re part of gardening. Furthermore, both gardening and philosophy are far from useful in the traditional understanding of the word. Philosophical thinking rarely produces immediate, concrete results. The same goes for taking care of plants: there’s little economic benefits in watering house plants. But isn’t true happiness to be found precisely in the seemingly useless? When I see the spray of water from my watering can, my mind escapes the world of immediate rewards for a moment. So even watering plants raises more questions than you might think. But isn’t questioning precisely the essence of both philosophy, and of life itself? 1．Which best describes the similarity between gardening and philosophical thinking? A．Continuous. B．Unpredictable. C．Inspiring. D．Creative. 2．According to paragraph 3, how are gardeners and thinkers alike? A．They need to follow the natural pace. B．They must work quickly and efficiently. C．They both need to experience loneliness. D．They should set goals before taking action. 3．What does the underlined phrase “the word” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Philosophy. B．Useful. C．Happiness. D．Patient. 4．What’s the main purpose of the text? A．To encourage a simpler way of living. B．To explain the basic ideas of philosophy. C．To explore how philosophy improves daily life. D．To illustrate the link between gardening and philosophy. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者由买兰花联想到植物养护与哲学的联系，指出二者都具持续性，都需耐心，且在传统意义上都不 “有用”。同时，照顾植物和哲学思考虽看似无用，却可能带来真正的幸福，而质疑是哲学和生活的本质。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“So just as plants grow and bloom, philosophical thinking is an ongoing process of becoming which never really reaches an end point.(所以，就像植物生长和开花一样，哲学思考是一个不断发展的过程，永远不会真正到达终点)”可知，园艺和哲学思考之间的相似性是它们都是连续的过程。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Philosophical thinking, like caring for plants, also requires patience. While we think, little seems to be happening. The thinker seems to lose himself in reasoning, an idea, a concept... In this he resembles the gardener who also plays a largely passive role between sowing and harvesting. In other words, the gardener has to follow the rhythms of nature. He can do little but wait, observe — and perhaps attend to his own thoughts. This waiting, this slowness, this patience we must exercise, are part of philosophy, just as they’re part of gardening.(哲学思考就像照料植物一样，也需要耐心。当我们思考的时候，似乎没有什么事情发生。思考者似乎迷失在推理、一个想法、一个概念中……在这一点上，他就像一个园丁，在播种和收获之间也扮演着一个被动的角色。换句话说，园丁必须遵循自然的节奏。他能做的不多，只能等待、观察——或许还能专心思考。这种等待，这种缓慢，这种我们必须锻炼的耐心，是哲学的一部分，正如它们是园艺的一部分)”可知，园丁和思想家相似在于都需要遵循自然的节奏。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“Furthermore, both gardening and philosophy are far from useful in the traditional understanding of the word. (此外，园艺和哲学在对这个词的传统理解中都远远不是“有用的”)”可知，在“useful”这个词的传统意义上，园艺和哲学都不被认为是有用的。故划线词指的是“有用的”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So even watering plants raises more questions than you might think. But isn’t questioning precisely the essence of both philosophy, and of life itself? (因此，即使是给植物浇水也会引发比你想象的更多的问题。但质疑不正是哲学和生活本身的本质吗？)”结合作者由买兰花联想到植物养护与哲学的联系，指出二者都具持续性，都需耐心，且在传统意义上都不 “有用”。同时，照顾植物和哲学思考虽看似无用，却可能带来真正的幸福，而质疑是哲学和生活的本质。可知，文章的主要目的是说明园艺和哲学之间的联系。故选D。 [04]（24-25高三下·吉林·期中）People have been wondering why elephants do not develop cancer even though they have lifespans that are similar to humans, living for around 50 to 70 years. Now scientists believe they know why. A team at the University of Chicago has found that elephants carry a substantial number of genes that stop tumors developing. To be precise, they found 20 copies of an anti-tumor gene called TP53 in elephants. Most other species, including humans, only carry one copy. According to the research, the extra copies of the gene improve the animal’s sensitivity to DNA damage, which lets the cells quickly kill themselves when damaged before they can go on to form deadly tumors. “An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution (进化) of large body sizes in many animals,” the study author Dr. Vincent Lynch told The Guardian. If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous, large creatures with a long lifespan like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and rats. But across species, the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass. This phenomenon was found by Oxford University scientist Richard Peto in the 1970s and later named “Peto’s paradox”. Biologists believe it results from larger animals using protection that many smaller animals do not use. In the elephant’s case, the making of TP53 is nature’s way of keeping this species alive. The study also found that when the same genes were brought to life in rats, they had the same cancer resistance as elephants. This means researchers could use the discovery to develop new treatments that can help stop cancer spreading or even developing in the first place. “Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer,” said Joshua Schiffman, a biologist at the School of Medicine, the University of Utah. “It’s up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people.” 1．Why are elephants unlikely to develop cancer? A．They have a rather large body size. B．Their genes suffer no DNA damage. C．Certain genes in their body kill existing tumors. D．They carry many genes to prevent tumors developing. 2．According to the passage, what has been a risk in the evolution of large animals? A．Deadly tumors. B．The huge body mass. C．Cells killing themselves. D．Sensitivity to DNA damage. 3．What does the underlined part “This phenomenon” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to? A．Larger animals have protection from TP53. B．The risk of cancer is not related to body sizes. C．Larger animals suffer the same risk of cancer as smaller ones. D．The huger animals are, the bigger risk of cancer they will have. 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．Depending on nature is surely enough to fight against cancer. B．The TP53 genes have proved useful in stopping cancer in people. C．Humans are expected to prevent cancer with the making of TP53. D．The extra copies of elephants’ genes are used to cure cancer patients. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章研究揭示大象不易患癌的原因——携带多个TP53基因，有望据此研发人类癌症防治新策略。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“A team at the University of Chicago has found that elephants carry a substantial number of genes that stop tumors developing. To be precise, they found 20 copies of an anti-tumor gene called TP53 in elephants. Most other species, including humans, only carry one copy.(芝加哥大学的一个研究小组发现，大象携带大量阻止肿瘤生长的基因。确切地说，他们在大象体内发现了20个名为TP53的抗肿瘤基因拷贝。大多数其他物种，包括人类，只携带一个拷贝。)”可知，大象不太可能患癌症是因为它们携带许多防止肿瘤发展的基因。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的““An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution (进化) of large body sizes in many animals,” the study author Dr. Vincent Lynch told The Guardian. (该研究的作者文森特·林奇博士告诉《卫报》：“患癌症风险的增加阻碍了许多动物向大体型进化。’”)”可知，在大型动物的进化过程中，致命的肿瘤是一个风险。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous, large creatures with a long lifespan like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and rats. But across species, the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass.(如果每个活细胞都有同样的癌变机会，那么像鲸鱼和大象这样寿命长的大型生物患癌症的风险应该比人类和老鼠更高。但在不同物种中，患癌症的风险与体型大小没有关联。)”可知，患癌症的风险与体型大小没有关联，划线短语“This phenomenon”为特指上文中的内容，所以划线短语指代的是“患癌症的风险与体型大小没有关联”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer,” said Joshua Schiffman, a biologist at the School of Medicine, the University of Utah. “It’s up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people.(“大自然已经找到了预防癌症的方法，”犹他大学医学院的生物学家约书亚·施夫曼（Joshua Schiffman）说。“我们该去了解不同动物是如何应对这个问题的，从而利用这些策略来预防人类的癌症。”)”以及前文提到大象体内TP53基因的作用可知，人类有望通过对TP53基因的研究来预防癌症。故选C项。 [05]（2025·陕西咸阳·三模）According to a landmark study published in the journal Science, total butterfly abundance in the U. S. has declined by 22 percent across all species between 2000 and 2020. “This is a wake-up call. People should be seeing this number and being very, very concerned, not just about butterflies, but about the state of insects in general,” says Eliza Grames, a conservation biologist at Binghamton University in New York and coauthor of the study. Initially, Grames says she expected to see declines for many species, but that once all the data was expanded to cover the entire nation, she also expected to see enough increases to wash out the bad news. Unfortunately, that was not the case. “It’s kind of an overwhelming amount of loss and decline,” she says. For fear that you think the widespread declines only involve a handful of little-known species that were already close to extinction, the scientists found that 13 times as many butterfly species were in decline compared to those that were increasing. More than 100 species saw drops greater than 50 percent over the twenty-year time period. This includes 22 species that have declined more than 90 percent, including some of the commonest and most-loved species. Scientists say the butterfly losses can result from many factors, including habitat loss, climate change, and pesticide use. While climate change or agricultural pesticide use require big society shifts, there are some things each of us can do to help butterflies. “Because insects have short generation spans, even modest changes to the environment — such as planting native flowers or creating habitat — can have a huge impact on the population,” says Grames. “If you’re improving habitat for elephants, let’s say, you’re going to be waiting decades before you see results of that,” she says. “If you improve habitats for butterflies that can have one to three generations per year, you’re going to see a pretty immediate increase in population.” “I think that’s one of the most optimistic things,” says Grames. Butterflies “do have the ability to bounce back, if we put the effort into conservation actions.” 1．In Paragraph 1, the author presents ________. A．a popular belief B．a worrying warning C．a common-held view D．a theoretical assumption 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 about the research? A．The most-loved species are extinct. B．Even common species are in trouble. C．Most butterfly species are on the rise. D．The study mainly focuses on rare species. 3．What does the author want to explain by mentioning elephants? A．To illustrate the difficulty of elephant conservation. B．To emphasize the importance of habitat improvement. C．To highlight the rapid recovery potential of butterflies. D．To show the similarity between elephants and butterflies. 4．What does Grames think of the future of butterflies? A．Eventful. B．Uncertain. C．Promising. D．Insignificant. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项发表于《科学》杂志的具有里程碑意义的研究，研究显示2000年至2020年间美国所有蝴蝶物种的总体数量下降了22%，分析了蝴蝶数量下降的原因，并指出人们可以通过改善蝴蝶栖息地等助力其种群恢复，蝴蝶数量仍有回升希望。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段 “According to a landmark study published in the journal Science, total butterfly abundance in the U. S. has declined by 22 percent across all species between 2000 and 2020. “This is a wake-up call. People should be seeing this number and being very, very concerned, not just about butterflies, but about the state of insects in general,” says Eliza Grames, a conservation biologist at Binghamton University in New York and coauthor of the study. (根据发表在《科学》杂志上的一项具有里程碑意义的研究，在2000年至2020年间，美国所有蝴蝶物种的总体数量减少了22%。纽约宾厄姆顿大学的保护生物学家、该研究的合著者伊莉莎・格雷姆斯（Eliza Grames）表示：“这是一个警钟。人们看到这个数字时应该感到非常非常担忧，不仅是为蝴蝶担忧，也应该为整个昆虫界的状况感到担忧。”)”可知，作者在第一段呈现了一个令人担忧的警告。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段后两句“More than 100 species saw drops greater than 50 percent over the twenty-year time period. This includes 22 species that have declined more than 90 percent, including some of the commonest and most-loved species. (在这20年里，超过100个物种的数量下降幅度超过了50%。其中包括22个数量下降超过90%的物种，这其中就有一些最常见、最受喜爱的物种。)”可推知，即使是常见的蝴蝶物种也面临着困境。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Because insects have short generation spans, even modest changes to the environment — such as planting native flowers or creating habitat — can have a huge impact on the population,” says Grames. “If you’re improving habitat for elephants, let’s say, you’re going to be waiting decades before you see results of that,” she says. “If you improve habitats for butterflies that can have one to three generations per year, you’re going to see a pretty immediate increase in population.” (“因为昆虫的世代周期很短，所以即使是对环境进行适度的改变 —— 比如种植本土花卉或创造栖息地 —— 也会对其种群数量产生巨大影响，”格雷姆斯说。“比如说，如果你在改善大象的栖息地，那你要等上几十年才能看到成效，”她说。“如果你改善蝴蝶的栖息地，蝴蝶每年可以繁殖一到三代，你很快就会看到其数量显著增加。”)”可知，作者提到大象是为了通过对比，突出蝴蝶具有快速恢复种群数量的潜力。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““I think that’s one of the most optimistic things,” says Grames. Butterflies “do have the ability to bounce back, if we put the effort into conservation actions.” (“我认为这是最乐观的事情之一，”格雷姆斯说。如果我们努力采取保护行动，蝴蝶“确实有能力恢复数量。”)”可知，格雷姆斯认为蝴蝶的未来是有希望的。故选C项。 [06]（2025·四川德阳·三模）For nearly a century, migratory flyways have been central to bird conservation, helping to protect habitats and monitor species. However, migratory freshwater fish, which also undertake vast journeys, have been largely overlooked. Unlike birds, fish migrations occur underwater, making them invisible and harder to study. Since 1970, migratory freshwater fish populations have declined by over 80% due to habitat destruction, overfishing, and pollution. To address this, researchers are mapping global swimways — migration routes for freshwater fish — to guide conservation efforts. “Fish are the most affected migratory species globally,” says Twan Stoffers, a fish ecologist. Dams are the biggest obstacle, blocking breeding and feeding habitats. While dam construction has slowed in the U. S. and Europe, it has surged in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Mekong River system, home to over 1,000 fish species and millions of livelihoods. The Mekong giant catfish, for example, faces extinction due to dam barriers, though recent conservation efforts offer hope. Globally, only one-third of major rivers remain free-flowing, mostly in remote regions like the Amazon. In Europe, rivers are so fragmented that identifying historical swimways is nearly impossible. However, restoration efforts, such as dam removals on the Klamath River in the U. S., have shown success, allowing salmon to return to breeding areas after a century. The Global Swimways Initiative, launched in 2023, aims to map migration routes for all 2,400 migratory freshwater fish species. Instead of costly tracking methods, researchers are analyzing existing data from sources like Fish Base and the IUCN Red List. “I’ m shocked at how many species we still know little about,” Stoffers notes, highlighting the need for better tracking technology. Rivers are complex systems, connecting to floodplains and changing seasonally. “Fish move between habitats under specific conditions,” says Zeb Hogan, a fish biologist. The Amazon Basin illustrates this complexity, with its flooded forests and wetlands serving as critical habitats. Many rivers span multiple countries, requiring international cooperation to protect migration routes. Just as flyways transformed bird conservation, swimways could transform river management. “Mapping these underwater highways is essential for the survival of freshwater fish and the ecosystems they support,” Hogan emphasizes. By addressing fish migration with the same attention given to birds, we can better protect these vital species and the communities that depend on them. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The threat of dams in fish protection. B．The impact of pollution on freshwater. C．The significance of building more dams. D．The efforts made to restore the ecosystem. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in the 3rd paragraph probably mean? A．polluted B．protected C．divided D．restored 3．Which of the following helps the Global Swimways Initiative map migration routes? A．Satellite tracking technology. B．Available information. C．Complexity of migration routes. D．The Amazon Basin. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Seasonal changes greatly benefit fish migration. B．Fish migrations are easier to track than bird migrations. C．Mapping swimways boosts river conservation cooperation. D．The Amazon Basin’s success inspires global fish conservation. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述研究人员正在绘制全球洄游路线图——淡水鱼的迁徙路线——以指导鱼类保护工作。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Dams are the biggest obstacle, blocking breeding and feeding habitats. While dam construction has slowed in the U. S. and Europe, it has surged in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Mekong River system, home to over 1,000 fish species and millions of livelihoods. The Mekong giant catfish, for example, faces extinction due to dam barriers, though recent conservation efforts offer hope.(大坝是最大的障碍，阻碍了繁殖和觅食的栖息地。虽然美国和欧洲的大坝建设已经放缓，但东南亚的大坝建设却在激增，尤其是在湄公河流域，这里有1000多种鱼类和数百万人的生计。例如，湄公河巨型鲶鱼由于大坝的屏障而面临灭绝，尽管最近的保护工作带来了希望)”可知，第二段主要是关于大坝对鱼类保护的威胁，故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“that identifying historical swimways is nearly impossible(以至于几乎不可能确定历史上的泳道)”可知，此处指河道很分散，几乎不可能确定历史上的泳道，fragmented意为“分散的”，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The Global Swimways Initiative, launched in 2023, aims to map migration routes for all 2,400 migratory freshwater fish species. Instead of costly tracking methods, researchers are analyzing existing data from sources like Fish Base and the IUCN Red List.(‘全球洄游路线计划’于2023年启动，旨在绘制所有2400种洄游淡水鱼的迁徙路线。研究人员没有使用昂贵的追踪方法，而是分析来自Fish Base和IUCN红色名录等来源的现有数据)”可知，“全球洄游路线计划”使用来自Fish Base和IUCN红色名录等来源的现有数据绘制洄游路线，故可接触到的信息对绘制洄游路线有帮助，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Many rivers span multiple countries, requiring international cooperation to protect migration routes.(许多河流跨越多个国家，需要国际合作来保护移民路线)”和最后一段中“Mapping these underwater highways is essential for the survival of freshwater fish and the ecosystems they support(绘制这些水下高速公路对淡水鱼和它们所支持的生态系统的生存至关重要)”可知，绘制洄游路线图促进河流保护合作，故选C。 [07]（2025·甘肃白银·二模）Attachment theory is a psychological theory that describes the ways in which infants and children form close relationships with their caregivers. The theory was developed by British psychologist John Bowlby in the 1950s and 1960s. According to attachment theory, infants are born with a biological need for attachment. This need is driven by the fact that infants are completely dependent on their caregivers for survival. The quality of the attachment relationship that an infant forms with their caregiver has a profound impact on their emotional development. Bowlby identified four main types of attachment: secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized. Securely attached infants feel safe and secure in their relationships with their caregivers. They are able to explore their environment and learn new things, knowing that their caregiver is there to provide them with support and comfort when they need it. Anxious-avoidant infants avoid close contact with their caregivers. They may seem aloof or indifferent to their caregivers’ attention. Anxious-ambivalent infants are clingy (过于依赖别人的) and demanding of their caregivers’ attention. They may become upset when their caregivers leave them, and they may have difficulty calming down when they are reunited. Disorganized infants exhibit a range of contradictory behaviors when they are with their caregiver. They may seem confused or disoriented, and they may have difficulty forming a secure attachment. The quality of an infant’s attachment relationship is influenced by a number of factors, including the caregiver’s responsiveness to the infant’s needs, the caregiver’s emotional availability, and the caregiver’s own attachment style. Secure attachment is associated with a number of positive outcomes for infants and children, including better emotional regulation, social skills, and academic achievement. In contrast, insecure attachment is associated with a number of negative outcomes, including difficulty forming close relationships, anxiety, and depression. Attachment theory has been influential in the field of psychology and has been used to inform a variety of interventions for children and adults with attachment problems. Attachment-based interventions can help people to develop more secure attachment styles, which can lead to improved emotional regulation, social skills, and relationships. 1．What does the second paragraph mention about attachment in infants? A．It develops over time. B．It is biologically driven. C．It begins in adulthood. D．It is based on cultural factors. 2．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To introduce the origins of attachment theory. B．To describe types of attachment styles in infants. C．To explain how caregivers form attachment. D．To examine the benefits of secure attachment. 3．What can be learned from paragraph 4? A．Secure attachment leads to positive outcomes. B．Caregivers’ attachment styles are unimportant. C．Attachment has no effect on children’s future. D．Insecure attachment benefits emotional development. 4．What would the author likely discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Criticism of Bowlby’s work. B．New types of attachment styles discovered. C．The effect of culture on attachment theory. D．More detailed interventions based on attachment theory. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了依恋理论解释了婴儿与照护者的关系对情感发展的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to attachment theory, infants are born with a biological need for attachment. This need is driven by the fact that infants are completely dependent on their caregivers for survival. The quality of the attachment relationship that an infant forms with their caregiver has a profound impact on their emotional development.(根据依恋理论，婴儿天生就有依恋的生理需要。这种需求是由于婴儿完全依赖照顾者生存这一事实所驱动的。婴儿与照顾者形成的依恋关系的质量对他们的情感发展有着深远的影响)”可知，婴儿的依恋是生理驱动的。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Bowlby identified four main types of attachment: secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized. Securely attached infants feel safe and secure in their relationships with their caregivers. They are able to explore their environment and learn new things, knowing that their caregiver is there to provide them with support and comfort when they need it. Anxious-avoidant infants avoid close contact with their caregivers. They may seem aloof or indifferent to their caregivers’ attention. Anxious-ambivalent infants are clingy (过于依赖别人的) and demanding of their caregivers’ attention. They may become upset when their caregivers leave them, and they may have difficulty calming down when they are reunited. Disorganized infants exhibit a range of contradictory behaviors when they are with their caregiver. They may seem confused or disoriented, and they may have difficulty forming a secure attachment.(鲍尔比确定了四种主要的依恋类型：安全型、焦虑-回避型、焦虑-矛盾型和无组织型。安全型依恋婴儿在与照顾者的关系中感到安全。他们能够探索自己的环境，学习新事物，知道他们的照顾者在他们需要的时候会给他们提供支持和安慰。焦虑回避型婴儿避免与其照顾者密切接触。他们可能对照顾者的关注显得冷漠或漠不关心。焦虑矛盾的婴儿很粘人，要求照顾者的注意。当照顾者离开他们时，他们可能会变得心烦意乱，当他们团聚时，他们可能很难平静下来。无组织的婴儿和他们的照顾者在一起时会表现出一系列矛盾的行为。他们可能看起来困惑或迷失方向，他们可能难以形成安全的依恋)”可知，该段主要描述了四种依恋类型：安全型、回避型、焦虑型和混乱型。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Secure attachment is associated with a number of positive outcomes for infants and children, including better emotional regulation, social skills, and academic achievement.(安全依恋与婴儿和儿童的许多积极结果有关，包括更好的情绪调节、社交技能和学业成就)”可知，安全的依恋会带来积极的结果。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Attachment theory has been influential in the field of psychology and has been used to inform a variety of interventions for children and adults with attachment problems. Attachment-based interventions can help people to develop more secure attachment styles, which can lead to improved emotional regulation, social skills, and relationships.(依恋理论在心理学领域具有重要的影响，并已被用于为患有依恋问题的儿童和成人提供各种干预措施。基于依恋的干预可以帮助人们发展更安全的依恋风格，从而改善情绪调节、社交技能和人际关系)”可知，文章下一段可能会进一步讨论基于依恋理论的详细干预方法。故选D。 [08]（2025·湖北十堰·三模）A new study has revealed the alarming extent glaciers have shrunk (缩小) over the past 40 years in a global warming hot spot for the first time, and the biggest retreat (退缩) has occurred in recent years. The research, led by the University of Bristol, shows the vast majority of glaciers across Svalbard in the Arctic have been significantly shrinking. Findings revealed an area loss of more than 800 km² at the glacier boundaries in this Norwegian group of islands since 1985.The study also found that more than half of the glaciers go through seasonal cycles in glacier calving (崩解) when large blocks of ice break away due to higher ocean and air temperatures. Co-author Jonathan Bamber, Professor of Glaciology at the University of Bristol, said, “Glacier calving is a poorly modelled and understood process that plays a crucial role in the health of a glacier. Our study provides valuable insights into what controls calving and how it responds to climate forcing in an area at the frontline of global warming.” Lead author Dr Li, Senior Research Associate at the University’s Glaciology Centre, said, “The scale of glacier retreats over the past few decades is astonishing, almost covering the entire Svalbard. This highlights the weakness of glaciers to climate change, especially in Svalbard, a region experiencing rapid warming up to seven times faster than the global average.” Using a novel AI model, the research team analysed millions of satellite images capturing the end positions of glaciers across the entire Svalbard. The findings provide an unprecedented level of detail into the scale and nature of glacier loss in this region. The biggest peak in glacier retreats was detected in 2016, when the calving rates were double the average between 2010 and 2015, in response to extreme warming events. “This was likely caused by a large-scale weather pattern called atmospheric blocking that can influence atmospheric pressures,” said Dr Li. “With the increasing frequency of atmospheric blocking and ongoing regional warming, future retreats of glaciers are expected to accelerate, resulting in greater glacier mass loss. This would change the ocean circulation and marine life environments in the Arctic.” 1．What is the author’s intention of writing paragraph 1? A．To discuss the retreat of the glacier. B．To present the author’s opinion. C．To explain the effect of hot spots. D．To introduce the study’s main findings. 2．What is scientists’ current understanding of glacier calving? A．Precise. B．Extensive. C．Limited. D．Comprehensive. 3．What does Dr Li’s statement imply about the glaciers? A．They will calve at a top speed. B．They may experience faster retreats. C．They will remain a fixed rate of retreats. D．They may decrease because of little snow. 4．What is the text? A．A research paper on glacier calving mechanics. B．A news report on glacier retreat in Svalbard. C．A summary of a climate change conference. D．An article about the history of glaciology. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新研究揭示斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川在过去40年显著退缩，近年退缩加剧，未来或加速，影响深远。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study has revealed the alarming extent glaciers have shrunk (缩小) over the past 40 years in a global warming hot spot for the first time, and the biggest retreat (退缩) has occurred in recent years. (一项新的研究首次揭示了在全球变暖热点地区，过去40年里冰川缩小的惊人程度，并且近年来出现了最大规模的退缩。)”可知，第一段主要介绍了这项研究的主要发现，即冰川在过去40年缩小的程度以及近年来退缩最为严重。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Glacier calving is a poorly modelled and understood process that plays a crucial role in the health of a glacier. (冰川崩解是一个模型构建不完善且理解不足的过程，但它在冰川的健康状况中起着关键作用。)”可知，科学家们目前对冰川崩解的理解是有限的。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With the increasing frequency of atmospheric blocking and ongoing regional warming, future retreats of glaciers are expected to accelerate, resulting in greater glacier mass loss. (随着大气阻塞频率的增加和该地区持续的变暖，预计未来冰川的退缩将会加速，导致更大的冰川质量损失。)”可知，李博士的话暗示了冰川可能会经历更快的退缩。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了一项由布里斯托大学领导的研究，揭示了北极地区斯瓦尔巴群岛的冰川在过去40年里的退缩情况，包括退缩的程度、冰川崩解的情况以及未来的趋势等。所以B选项A news report on glacier retreat in Svalbard. (一篇关于斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川退缩的新闻报道)符合文章内容。故选B。 [09]（2025·江苏常州·二模）A biography of Caminada written by Angela Buckley reveals a series of striking similarities between him and the fictional character, in terms of their unusual methods and character. The son of an Italian father and Irish mother, Caminada was based in Manchester, but was involved in cases which took him across the country. Most of his career was spent with Manchester City Police Force although he later operated, like Holmes, as a “consulting detective”. He became well-known in the mid-1880s, shortly before Sherlock Holmes made his first appearance in A Study in Scarlet and parallels soon emerged between the two. As the fictional character relied on a network of underworld contacts the Baker Street Irregulars — so Caminada was known for his extensive web of informers, whom he would often meet in the back seat of a church. These characters helped him build up an encyclopedic knowledge of the criminal fraternity (兄弟会), among whom he would often move in disguise another method in common with Holmes. His skill with disguises was so renowned that on one occasion his own chief police officer was unable to recognize him. Mrs. Buckley identifies Caminada’s “Moriaty” figure as Bob Horridge, a violent, intelligent career criminal, with whom he had a 20-year fight, which began when Caminada arrested him for stealing a watch, landing him with a sentence of seven years’ penal servitude because of his previous crimes. This harsh sentence for a relatively small crime angered Horridge so much that he swore revenge (报复) on the detective. His good luck finally ended after he shot two police officers. Caminada tracked him to Liverpool where the detective, disguised once more, eventually arrested him. Caminada’s “Irene Adler” was Alicia Ormonde, an apparently well-educated woman with a noble background and expensive tastes, who was actually an experienced criminal wanted for frauds and thefts. Caminada tracked her down and arrested her, but in an echo of Holmes’ fascination with Adler the detective apparently became attracted by her. The case took place in 1890, a year before Adler appeared in A Scandal in Bohemia. Other individuals have previously been put forward as the basis for Holmes. However, Mrs. Buckley, whose book is called The Real Sherlock Holmes, believes that Caminada was used to give Holmes a better grounding in actual casework among the criminal fraternity inspiring his detecting styles and some of the puzzling cases he encountered. 1．What do we know about Caminada from the passage? A．He was the only basis for Holmes B．He had a mixed knowledge of crimes. C．He died after the last Holmes book was set D．He had a whole life career as a “consulting detective”. 2．Which of the following CANNOT prove that Caminada was the basis for Holmes? A．Caminada became a national figure shortly before Holmes’ first appearance. B．Caminada was known for his extensive web of informers in the Baker Street. C．Caminada had a Moriaty-like enemy for a long period of time. D．Caminada often changed his appearances to look into cases 3．What can we infer from paragraph 6 and 7? A．Caminada arrested the two criminals in disguise. B．Caminada tracked both of the two criminals for years C．Caminada fell in love with Alicia Ormonde in the case D．Both Horridge and Ormonde took revenge on Caminada. 4．What is the most suitable title of the passage? A．Clues to a real Holmes B．Caminada and his legend C．Wisdom of a detective D．Detecting styles of Sherlock Holmes 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个和福尔摩斯十分相似的人——安吉拉·巴克利，卡米纳达给福尔摩斯提供了一个更好的基础，帮助他在犯罪团伙中处理实际案件，启发了他的侦查风格和他遇到的一些令人费解的案件。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“These characters helped him build up an encyclopedic knowledge of the criminal fraternity (兄弟会), among whom he would often move in disguise another method in common with Holmes. (这些角色帮助他建立了对犯罪团伙的百科全书式的了解，他经常在犯罪团伙中乔装打扮，这是他和福尔摩斯的另一个共同点。)”可知，卡米纳达对犯罪的了解好坏参半。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“As the fictional character relied on a network of underworld contacts the Baker Street Irregulars — so Caminada was known for his extensive web of informers, whom he would often meet in the back seat of a church. (由于这个虚构的角色依赖于贝克街非正规军的地下关系网，所以卡米纳达以他广泛的线人网络而闻名，他经常在教堂的后座上见到这些线人。)”可知，B选项“卡米纳达以他在贝克街广泛的线人网络而闻名”不能证明卡米纳达是福尔摩斯的原型。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Caminada tracked her down and arrested her, but in an echo of Holmes’ fascination with Adler the detective apparently became attracted by her .(卡米纳达追踪并逮捕了她，但正如福尔摩斯对阿德勒的迷恋一样，这位侦探显然也被她吸引了。)”可知，卡米纳达爱上了Alicia Ormonde。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Most of his career was spent with Manchester City Police Force although he later operated, like Holmes, as a “consulting detective”. He became well-known in the mid-1880s, shortly before Sherlock Holmes made his first appearance in A Study in Scarlet and parallels soon emerged between the two. (他的大部分职业生涯都是在曼彻斯特市警察局度过的，尽管他后来像福尔摩斯一样担任“咨询侦探”。他在19世纪80年代中期成名，就在夏洛克·福尔摩斯首次出现在《血字的研究》之前不久，两人之间很快出现了相似之处。)”结合文章主要介绍了一个和福尔摩斯十分相似的人——安吉拉·巴克利，卡米纳达给福尔摩斯提供了一个更好的基础，帮助他在犯罪团伙中处理实际案件，启发了他的侦查风格和他遇到的一些令人费解的案件。可知，A选项“真实福尔摩斯的线索”最符合文章标题。故选A。 [10]（2025·河北石家庄·二模）Diets come and diets go. One of the most popular today is “intermittent fasting” in which, as the name suggests, the idea is to limit one's food intake to certain time windows. One popular variant, the “5-2 diet”, requires people to eat either very small amounts, or nothing at all, on two days a week, but places no restrictions on the other five. As a weight-loss strategy, intermittent fasting has several things going for it. One is that it is uncomplicated. There is no need to weigh the ingredients of every meal, as some diets demand, nor to change what you eat completely. Limiting the restrictions to a couple of days a week, or several hours a day also requires less willpower, which might make it easier to stick with. Working out whether that actually translates into greater weight loss than other diets is difficult. Most studies find limited data and mixed results. The general conclusion, says dietitian Nichola Ludlam-Raine, is that intermittent fasting seems to work roughly as well for weight loss as traditional calorie-counting does. Intermittent fasting may offer other health benefits. Animal studies suggest that fasting can extend lifetime by up to 40%, slow aging, and improve metabolic (新陈代谢) health. Whether similar effects occur in humans is uncertain. While there may be potential benefits, human trials are not workable. “When we say calorie restriction, we mean nearly starving the animals, ” notes Adam Collins, a nutrition researcher at the University of Surrey. That leaves scientists reliant, for now, on smallish, short-lived studies. Dr Collins's team, for instance, has published a randomised-control trial suggesting that intermittent fasting improves the metabolism of fats more than ordinary dieting does. A review paper published in April 2024 looked at 23 other studies and concluded that intermittent fasting was slightly better than ordinary dieting for overweight people when it came to improving levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and insulin (胰岛素). There are also risks. A study in mice published in Nature in October 2024 found that severe fasting had downsides, including muscle mass loss and, possibly, weakened immune systems. Moderation, too, should be taken in moderation. 1．What is a feature of the“5-2 diet” in intermittent fasting? A．It needs continuous calorie-counting. B．It restricts food intake for five days monthly. C．It demands strict food weighing on weekends. D．It allows normal eating on most days of the week. 2．Why is intermittent fasting gaining popularity? A．It combines with regular exercise. B．It needs little willpower. C．It requires no complex meal plans. D．It promises rapid weight loss. 3．What is the purpose of writing paragraph 5? A．To present scientific evidence. B．To provide identical assumptions. C．To add background information. D．To compare contradictory studies. 4．What is the author's attitude towards intermittent fasting? A．Critical. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了当下流行的间歇性禁食减肥法，包括其具体方式、优点、在减肥效果及其他健康益处方面的研究情况以及存在的风险。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“One popular variant, the “5-2 diet”, requires people to eat either very small amounts, or nothing at all, on two days a week, but places no restrictions on the other five. (一种流行的变体“5-2饮食法”，要求人们在一周中的两天里吃很少的量，或者根本不吃，但在另外五天里没有任何限制。)”可知，“5-2饮食法”允许在一周的大部分日子（五天）正常饮食。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段前两句“As a weight-loss strategy, intermittent fasting has several things going for it. One is that it is uncomplicated. There is no need to weigh the ingredients of every meal, as some diets demand, nor to change what you eat completely. (作为一种减肥策略，间歇性禁食有几个优点。其中一个是它不复杂。不需要像一些饮食法要求的那样称量每餐的食材，也不需要完全改变你吃的东西。)”可知，间歇性禁食受欢迎是因为它不需要复杂的饮食计划。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Dr Collins's team, for instance, has published a randomised-control trial suggesting that intermittent fasting improves the metabolism of fats more than ordinary dieting does. A review paper published in April 2024 looked at 23 other studies and concluded that intermittent fasting was slightly better than ordinary dieting for overweight people when it came to improving levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and insulin (胰岛素). (例如，柯林斯博士的团队发表了一项随机对照试验，表明间歇性禁食比普通节食更能改善脂肪的新陈代谢。2024年4月发表的一篇综述论文研究了另外23项研究，得出结论：在改善超重人群的胆固醇和胰岛素水平方面，间歇性禁食略优于普通节食。)”可知，第五段通过列举柯林斯博士团队的试验以及综述论文的研究结果，目的是提供科学证据，说明间歇性禁食在改善新陈代谢以及胆固醇和胰岛素水平方面的情况。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“Working out whether that actually translates into greater weight loss than other diets is difficult. Most studies find limited data and mixed results. (要弄清楚间歇性禁食是否真的比其他饮食法更能减肥是很困难的。大多数研究发现数据有限，结果也不一致。)”、第四段第二句和第三句“Whether similar effects occur in humans is uncertain. While there may be potential benefits, human trials are not workable. (类似的效果是否会在人类身上出现还不确定。虽然可能有潜在的好处，但人体试验并不可行。)”以及最后一段“There are also risks. A study in mice published in Nature in October 2024 found that severe fasting had downsides, including muscle mass loss and, possibly, weakened immune systems. Moderation, too, should be taken in moderation. (也存在风险。2024年10月发表在《自然》杂志上的一项针对老鼠的研究发现，严重禁食有缺点，包括肌肉量减少，以及可能的免疫系统减弱。适度也应该适度把握。)”可知，作者既提到了间歇性禁食可能的好处，也指出了其在研究上的不确定性以及存在的风险，所以作者对间歇性禁食的态度是谨慎的。故选C项。 [11]（2025·山东济宁·二模）At first glance, the scientist Charles Darwin and the poet Emily Dickinson would seem to have little in common. In Natural Magic, literary scholar Renee Bergland seeks to convince the reader otherwise, interweaving the lives, work, and history of these two towering figures of the 19th century. In doing so, Bergland shows definitively that they shared deep sensibilities about the natural world. They were both keen observers in their own home gardens. For both, the “magic” of nature could be found in the physical and material rather than the supernatural. They found nature to be a place enchanted by its own mysteries, joys, and sorrows. Taking the form of a joint biography (传记), Natural Magic alternates between Darwin and Dickinson over the course of 16 chapters, progressing simultaneously (同时地) in time. While Bergland offers comprehensive descriptions, building on the extensive work of other biographers and scholars, the book’s own magic shines in the conversation created between its subjects’ bodies of work. When viewed as part of a historical dialogue, Darwin and Dickinson amplify (阐发) each other’s work, revealing the science in her poetry and the poetry in his science. Natural Magic further situates both writers in the history of science as it developed from “natural philosophy” into specialized disciplines throughout the 19th century. Bergland lays extensive groundwork for the social and cultural forces that shaped each thinker in a time when the sciences and arts were more closely connected. Bergland herself displays moments of beauty in her writing, particularly in her vivid descriptions of the wonder of scientific discoveries in the 19th century. “Changing angles of sunlight, the unchanging stars, and... the bright colors of the great auroras lightened up the vastness of planetary space,” she writes, for example. Ultimately, the book offers readers a historical and biographical look into the magic offered by the natural world as reflected in the works of two major 19th-century thinkers. Bergland concludes that in a time of climate crisis, we must recover this kind of dialogue across the sciences and the arts, emphasizing our shared sense of wonder in nature. 1．What does Bergland aim to demonstrate about Darwin and Dickinson? A．Their inborn talents. B．Their great achievements. C．Their literary background. D．Their unseen commonalities. 2．What can be learned concerning Natural Magic? A．It creates dialogues between works. B．It is a co-authored masterpiece. C．It contradicts other scholars’ views. D．It focuses on natural philosophy. 3．Which best describes Bergland’s language in describing the wonder of scientific discoveries? A．Straightforward. B．Academic. C．Humorous. D．Poetic. 4．Which of the following might Bergland agree with? A．History should never be forgotten. B．Nature should be treated with awe. C．Wonder is the beginning of wisdom. D．The dawn of science came too late. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了文学学者蕾妮·伯格兰通过《自然魔法》一书来介绍科学家查尔斯·达尔文和诗人艾米莉·狄金森的共性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“At first glance, the scientist Charles Darwin and the poet Emily Dickinson would seem to have little in common. In Natural Magic, literary scholar Renee Bergland seeks to convince the reader otherwise, interweaving the lives, work, and history of these two towering figures of the 19th century. In doing so, Bergland shows definitively that they shared deep sensibilities about the natural world. They were both keen observers in their own home gardens. For both, the “magic” of nature could be found in the physical and material rather than the supernatural. They found nature to be a place enchanted by its own mysteries, joys, and sorrows.(乍一看，科学家查尔斯·达尔文和诗人艾米莉·狄金森似乎没有什么共同点。在《自然魔法》一书中，文学学者蕾妮·伯格兰试图说服读者，她将这两位19世纪杰出人物的生活、作品和历史交织在一起。在这样做的过程中，伯格兰明确地表明，他们对自然世界有着深刻的感情。他们都是自家花园里敏锐的观察者。对于两者来说，自然的“魔力”可以在物理和物质中找到，而不是超自然的。他们发现大自然是一个被自己的神秘、欢乐和悲伤迷住的地方)”可知，伯格兰想要证明达尔文和狄金森看不见的共性。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“While Bergland offers comprehensive descriptions, building on the extensive work of other biographers and scholars, the book’s own magic shines in the conversation created between its subjects’ bodies of work.(虽然伯格兰在其他传记作家和学者的大量著作的基础上提供了全面的描述，但这本书的魅力在于其主题之间的对话)”可知，《自然魔法》创造了作品之间的对话。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bergland herself displays moments of beauty in her writing, particularly in her vivid descriptions of the wonder of scientific discoveries in the 19th century. “Changing angles of sunlight, the unchanging stars, and... the bright colors of the great auroras lightened up the vastness of planetary space,” she writes, for example.(伯格兰本人也在她的作品中展现了美丽的瞬间，尤其是在她对19世纪科学发现奇迹的生动描述中。“不断变化的阳光角度，不变的星星，还有……大极光的明亮色彩照亮了广阔的行星空间，”她写道)”可知，Bergland的语言是富有诗意的。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Bergland concludes that in a time of climate crisis, we must recover this kind of dialogue across the sciences and the arts, emphasizing our shared sense of wonder in nature.(伯格兰总结说，在气候危机时期，我们必须恢复科学和艺术之间的这种对话，强调我们对自然的共同惊奇感)”可知，Bergland认为应该敬畏大自然。故选B。 [12]（2025·福建泉州·三模）In Baltimore, Our Kids Read, a nonprofit offers three free books to every child who walks into its bookstore. And unlike the library, the books are never expected back. Kids “check out” at the front of the store, but instead of handing over cash, all they have to do is sign up for the nonprofit’s Reading Buddy program, which matches young readers with adults who read with them once or twice a week in 45-minute online meetings to promote literacy (写能力). “Every child should have someone reading to them at night.” said Jahmal Lake, executive director of Our Kids Read. Lake established Our Kids Read in 2021. But he quickly realized that he needed to do more than just distribute donated books. “1 think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make, is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something.” Lake said. “But if that community is not equipped to make good use of those resources. you might as well have given them a brick.” On the bookshelves and across tables, there are books like “Black Boy Joy” and “Eyes That Kiss in the Corners”, picture books in English and Spanish, poetry collections, and even graphic novels. The range of options plays into Lakes’ vision of turning non-readers into bookworms by directing kids to books on subjects they already love. Research shows kids are more likely to finish and love books they pick out themselves. To promote the Reading Buddy program, Our Kids Read goes into elementary schools. Lake also plans to set up several little free libraries to encourage reading. The Baltimore Community Foundation has given Our Kids Read over $25,000. Vice President of Community Impact Crystal Harden-Lindsey said Our Kids Read is vital to promoting literacy, the foundation for academic success, economic mobility and civic engagement. 1．What is a feature of Our Kids Read bookstore? A．It offers free books to adults and kids. B．It holds reading competitions weekly. C．It engages kids in reading books to adults. D．It requires kids to register for a program. 2．What does Lake think of merely donating books? A．Insufficient. B．Meaningful. C．Motivating. D．Unnecessary. 3．Why does the bookstore offer diverse books? A．To expand kids’ reading range. B．To develop students’ love for books. C．To broaden kids’ visions on book selection. D．To encourage kids’ interest in school subjects. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Bookstore offers kids free books to promote business. B．Charity partners with schools to teach students reading. C．Nonprofit boosts child literacy through multiple measures. D．Program enhances family bond by shared reading activities. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了巴尔的摩社区的非盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In Baltimore, Our Kids Read, a nonprofit offers three free books to every child who walks into its bookstore. And unlike the library, the books are never expected back. Kids “check out” at the front of the store, but instead of handing over cash, all they have to do is sign up for the nonprofit’s Reading Buddy program, which matches young readers with adults who read with them once or twice a week in 45-minute online meetings to promote literacy (读写能力).(在巴尔的摩，非营利组织Our Kids Read为每位走进书店的孩子免费提供三本书。与图书馆不同的是，这些书永远不会被归还。孩子们在商店前面‘结账’，但他们不需要交钱，他们所要做的就是报名参加这个非营利组织的‘阅读伙伴’项目，该项目将年轻读者与成年人配对，每周在网上开会一到两次，每次45分钟，以促进读写能力。)”可知，Our Kids Read书店的特色是孩子们报名这个项目就能免费得到三本书。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段““1 think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make, is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something.” Lake said. “But if that community is not equipped to make good use of those resources. you might as well have given them a brick.”(‘我认为很多非营利组织犯的错误是，他们认为他们可以为他们想要服务的社区提供一卡车的资源，并且他们正在做一些事情。’Lake说。‘但如果这个社区没有充分利用这些资源的能力。你还不如给他们一块砖头呢。’)”可知，Lake认为仅仅捐赠书籍是不够的，社区还需要具备利用这些资源的能力。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The range of options plays into Lake’s vision of turning non-readers into bookworms by direction kids to books on subjects they already love. Research shows kids are more likely to finish and love books they pick out themselves. (选择的范围符合Lake的愿景，即通过引导孩子们阅读他们已经喜欢的主题的书籍，将不读书的人变成书虫。研究表明，孩子们更有可能读完并喜欢他们自己挑选的书。)”可知，这家书店提供各种各样的书是为了培养学生对书籍的热爱。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“To promote the Reading Buddy program, Our Kids Read goes into elementary schools. Lake also plans to set up several little free libraries to encourage reading. The Baltimore Community Foundation has given Our Kids Read over $25,000.(为了推广“阅读伙伴”计划，Our Kids Read进入了小学。Lake还计划建立几个小型免费图书馆来鼓励阅读。巴尔的摩社区基金会已经为我们的孩子们提供了超过25,000美元的资金。)”及文章其他段落内容可知本文主要介绍了非盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力，所以C项“Nonprofit boosts child literacy through multiple measures.(非营利组织通过多种措施提高儿童识字能力)”最能概括文章主要内容。故选C项。 [13]（2025·河北石家庄·二模）Honeybees pollinate (授粉) a third of what people eat and drink, but colonies (群体) are on the decline because of various factors. Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science (SCS) and the University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside) have created a system to help beekeepers monitor and analyze the health of their beehives (蜂巢) and take corrective actions to prevent colony collapse — when a majority of the worker bees abandon the colony and its queen. Beehives use thermoregulation (温度调节) to ensure the hive temperature stays between 33and 36 degrees Celsius. For example, bees might cluster to create a protective barrier when it’s cold or fan their wings when it’s hot. But when beehives experience external stressors, such as pesticides or unexpected weather events, they lose the ability to regulate the hive temperature. That’s when beekeepers need to intervene to save the hive. Currently, beekeepers manage hive health using their judgment and past practices to address problems, which can lead to oversights. The Electronic Bee-Veterinarian (EBV) uses low-cost heat sensors and predictive forecasting to assist beekeepers in managing hive temperature and overall honeybee health. Researchers used two sensors, one placed on the outside of the hive and one inside, to detect real-time temperatures in the bee colonies. This data was then fed into a model that calculates the hive health factor. Christos Faloutsos, the Fredkin University Professor of SCS's Computer Science, said researchers looked to heat-transfer physics when developing the EBV’s beehive health forecasting model. “If the health factor is close to one, the bees are healthy and thermoregulating. If it is much lower than one, it means the beehive isn’t healthy and might need an intervention. Once we have this health factor computed every day, we can do standard forecasting and the beekeeper can take further action. ” Understandability was a key aspect of this project, Faloutsos said. Researchers wanted everything to be simplified into one number, the hive health factor, so any beekeeper who adopted the technology could easily interpret the forecasting result. Such technology could maximize honey production for beekeepers and help them prevent potential future challenges, such as stress from bee diseases. 1．What does the underlined word “cluster” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fly away in groups. B．Move around freely. C．Gather closely together. D．Spread out extensively. 2．What is a problem with traditional hive management? A．Beekeepers lack expertise. B．It depends on experience. C．Technology is too complicated. D．It focuses on honey production. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．When the EBV can work best. B．How the EBV predicts hive health. C．What is the most important part in the EBV. D．How the EBV controls the hive temperature. 4．What can be inferred about the EBV from the text? A．It will profit beekeepers much. B．It is understandable but unaffordable. C．It will replace beekeepers’ judgment. D．It helps improve the quality of honey. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院和加州大学河滨分校的研究人员创建了一个系统——电子蜜蜂兽医（EBV），以帮助养蜂人监测和分析蜂巢的健康状况，并采取纠正措施来防止蜂群崩溃，这一系统有望为养蜂人带来显著的经济效益。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“Beehives use thermoregulation（温度调节）to ensure the hive temperature stays between 33 and 36 degrees Celsius. For example, bees might cluster to create a protective barrier when it's cold or fan their wings when it’s hot.(蜂巢利用温度调节来确保蜂巢温度保持在33至36摄氏度之间。例如，当天气寒冷时，蜜蜂可能会cluster以形成保护屏障；当天气炎热时，它们则会扇动翅膀。)”可知，蜂巢会利用温度调节来保持适宜的温度，当天气寒冷时，蜜蜂需要采取措施来保持蜂巢的温度，结合常识及选项可推测，蜜蜂可能会聚集在一起形成保护屏障，以减少热量散失，保持蜂巢温暖，所以“cluster”在此处意为“聚集在一起”。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Currently, beekeepers manage hive health using their judgment and past practices to address problems, which can lead to oversights.(目前，养蜂人依靠自己的判断和过去的做法来管理蜂巢健康，这可能会导致疏忽。)”可知，传统的蜂巢管理方式依赖于养蜂人的个人判断和过去的经验，这种方式可能会导致疏忽，即传统蜂巢管理的问题在于它依赖于经验。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段首句“The Electronic Bee-Veterinarian（EBV）uses low-cost heat sensors and predictive forecasting to assist beekeepers in managing hive temperature and overall honeybee health.(电子蜜蜂兽医（EBV）利用低成本的热传感器和预测性预报来帮助养蜂人管理蜂巢温度和蜜蜂的整体健康状况。)”及本段内容可知，第三段主要介绍了EBV如何通过使用低成本的热传感器和预测性预报来帮助养蜂人管理蜂巢温度和监测蜜蜂健康，即EBV是如何预测蜂巢健康的。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Such technology could maximize honey production for beekeepers and help them prevent potential future challenges, such as stress from bee diseases.(这项技术可以为养蜂人最大限度地提高蜂蜜产量，并帮助他们预防未来可能面临的挑战，如蜜蜂疾病带来的压力。)”可知，EBV技术有望为养蜂人带来显著的经济效益，即它将为养蜂人带来很多好处。故选A项。 [14]（2025·福建福州·三模）Large language models (LLMs) seem better at making people feel seen and heard than humans. This phenomenon, called “LLMpathy”, is both surprising and controversial. Some argue that computers can’t truly empathize (共情) for lack of emotion. Others are alarmed by how readily people are trading human connection for digital ones. But beyond these concerns, chatbots might offer something more practical. If they are beating us at empathy, shouldn’t we try to learn what they are doing, right? Researchers initially wondered if AI advantage lay in its unlimited attention. But that doesn’t seem to explain it. A 2024 research in Harvard Business School revealed that people’s expressing of empathy, despite increased commitments, still fell short compared to those by ChatGPT. Chatbots’ success may come from avoiding all-too-human mistakes. Chatbots’ responses stood out mainly because they focused on acknowledging feelings, unlike humans who often shared a seemingly related experience to offer solutions, unintentionally damaging the hope of being truly heard. Chatbots avoid these pitfalls. They focus entirely on the speaker. More than humans, chatbots paraphrase, acknowledge and justify how people might feel. When people adopt similar strategies, their connections strengthen. It bears noting that the AI advantage in empathetic conversations has limits. Its “paraphrase, acknowledge, follow up” may feel warm the first time, but dull the second. Most research tests people’s interactions with Chatbots just once, so AI’s edge might fade in longer, repetitive chats. Chatbots might be helpful, but they still can’t feel or truly care. The demand for AI therapists (理疗师) may be growing, but many people still prefer human support. Anyone who has repeated “agent” at a customer-service robot knows the feeling of desperately wanting a real person on the line. Some of the shortcomings of human connection are also, in fact, features. But the fact that we often must earn human empathy, and that it comes from limited beings who devote themselves to being there for us, is part of its beauty. 1．Why does AI often outperform humans at showing empathy? A．It has unlimited patience. B．It shares related experience. C．It focuses on people’s feeings. D．It prioritizes solving problems. 2．What does the underlined word “pitfalls” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Responses. B．Shortcomings. C．Experiences. D．Feelings. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Human care is irreplaceable. B．In-person chats have limits. C．Service lines benefit human. D．Emotion is enhanced by AI. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Chatbots: The New Emotional Support B．The Double-Edged Sword of Chatbots C．The Rising Demand for AI Therapists D．Learn to Be a Listener like Chatbots 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是议论文。文章围绕大型语言模型（LLMs）在共情能力上似乎优于人类这一现象展开讨论，提出了“LLMpathy”这一概念，并分析了这一现象背后的原因、争议以及其实际意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Chatbots’ responses stood out mainly because they focused on acknowledging feelings, unlike humans who often shared a seemingly related experience to offer solutions, unintentionally damaging the hope of being truly heard.(聊天机器人的回答之所以引人注目，主要是因为它们专注于承认感受，而不像人类经常分享看似相关的经历来提供解决方案，这无意中破坏了人们真正倾听的希望)”以及第四段“They focus entirely on the speaker. More than humans, chatbots paraphrase, acknowledge and justify how people might feel.(他们的注意力完全集中在说话人身上。与人类相比，聊天机器人更多地诠释、承认和证明人们的感受)”可知，因为人工智能关注的是人们的感受，所以在表现同理心方面往往胜过人类。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据前文“Chatbots’ responses stood out mainly because they focused on acknowledging feelings, unlike humans who often shared a seemingly related experience to offer solutions, unintentionally damaging the hope of being truly heard.(聊天机器人的回答之所以引人注目，主要是因为它们专注于承认感受，而不像人类经常分享看似相关的经历来提供解决方案，这无意中破坏了人们真正倾听的希望)”可知，聊天机器人它们专注于承认感受，而不像人类经常分享看似相关的经历来提供解决方案，这破坏了人们真正倾听的希望，所以是聊天机器人避免了这些缺点，推知pitfalls应是“缺点”之意，和B项意思相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Chatbots might be helpful, but they still can’t feel or truly care. The demand for AI therapists (理疗师) may be growing, but many people still prefer human support. Anyone who has repeated “agent” at a customer-service robot knows the feeling of desperately wanting a real person on the line. Some of the shortcomings of human connection are also, in fact, features. But the fact that we often must earn human empathy, and that it comes from limited beings who devote themselves to being there for us, is part of its beauty.(聊天机器人可能会有所帮助，但它们仍然无法感受到或真正关心。对人工智能治疗师的需求可能正在增长，但许多人仍然更喜欢人类的支持。任何对客服机器人重复说过“代理”的人都知道那种迫切需要真人接听电话的感觉。事实上，人际关系的一些缺点也是特征。但事实是，我们经常必须赢得人类的同情，而这种同情来自于那些致力于为我们服务的有限的人，这正是它的美丽之处)”可知，从本段我们能了解到人类的关怀是不可替代的。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Large language models (LLMs) seem better at making people feel seen and heard than humans. This phenomenon, called “LLMpathy”, is both surprising and controversial. Some argue that computers can’t truly empathize (共情) for lack of emotion. Others are alarmed by how readily people are trading human connection for digital ones. But beyond these concerns, chatbots might offer something more practical. If they are beating us at empathy, shouldn’t we try to learn what they are doing, right?(大型语言模型（LLMs）似乎比人类更善于让人感觉被看到和被听到。这种现象被称为“LLMpathy”，既令人惊讶，也备受争议。一些人认为，由于缺乏情感，计算机无法真正地移情。另一些人则对人们如何轻易地将人际关系换成数字关系感到震惊。但除了这些担忧之外，聊天机器人可能会提供一些更实用的东西。如果他们在移情方面胜过我们，我们难道不应该试着学习他们在做什么吗？)”可知，本文主要讲述了大型语言模型（LLMs）在共情能力上似乎优于人类，应该学习他们，所以D项“学会像聊天机器人一样倾听”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 [15]（2025·甘肃白银·二模）The natural world teems with animals that move in groups, from flocks of birds to packs of wolves to schools of fish. But ants, like humans, are special: animals that routinely travel in congested (拥挤的), two-way traffic. When ants find food sources, many species will lay down a chemical trail for other ants from their colony to follow. These trails can fill up quickly and involve hundreds of ants per minute. To see how ants avoid congestion, scientists studied them as they moved across a bridge to gather food and return it to the nest. To control ant density (密度), the scientists varied the width of the bridge among 5 millimeters, 10 millimeters and 20 millimeters and the number of ants from 400 to 25,600. Co-author Sebastien Motsch, an associate professor in Arizona State University’s School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, specializing in studying how individuals interact and self-organize without a central authority to direct them, said the ants changed their speed and behavior to avoid congestion when getting into the densest traffic. “Surprisingly, it appeared that no traffic jam occurred. They always managed to keep flowing somehow.” Unlike human drivers jockeying for position on the road, ant “commuters” cooperate to accomplish a mutually beneficial goal, so optimizing their ability to forage (觅食) while avoiding congestion is more a survival skill than convenience or altruism. Understanding how ants manage to keep on trucking through the worst jams could have widespread applications beyond traffic engineering, such as in fields involving dense flows of agents, particles or packets of information. Ants in general appear to share beneficial reinforcement mechanisms that help them adapt to situations involving masses of bodies. Carpenter ants spread out to avoid trampling each other when trying to escape through a narrow door. Fire ants know how to stay out of each other’s way during construction projects. Garden ants excel at avoiding bottlenecks. Motsch and his colleagues next hope to discover the mechanisms behind the ants’ self-regulation. But doing so could require tracking each ant’s behavior individually. “This kind of tracking is possible,” Motsch said, “but in an environment where it’s so crowded, it’s really challenging.” 1．How did scientists study ants’ traffic behavior? A．By referring to the computer modeling in the lab. B．By observing how ants communicate with each other. C．By comparing the behavior of different species of ants. D．By varying the number of ants and the width of a bridge. 2．What does the underlined word “jockeying” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Waiting. B．Fighting. C．Searching. D．Applying. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly show? A．Ants’ behavior in natural habitats. B．The impact of traffic jams on wildlife. C．Applications of ants’ traffic management. D．Differences between ants and human traffic. 4．What is a key factor in ants’ avoiding traffic jams? A．Their tiny size. B．Their competitive nature. C．Their reliance on a central authority. D．Their cooperation to achieve a common goal. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家如何研究蚂蚁在密集交通中的流动机制，并探讨其对人类交通工程及其他领域的启示。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“To see how ants avoid congestion, scientists studied them as they moved across a bridge to gather food and return it to the nest. To control ant density (密度), the scientists varied the width of the bridge among 5 millimeters, 10 millimeters and 20 millimeters and the number of ants from 400 to 25,600.(为了了解蚂蚁如何避免拥堵，科学家们研究了它们在穿过一座桥去收集食物并返回巢穴时的行为。为了控制蚂蚁的密度，科学家们改变了桥的宽度，分别设置为5毫米、10毫米和20毫米，同时调整了蚂蚁的数量，从400只到25,600只不等)”可知，科学家通过改变桥的宽度以及蚂蚁的数量来研究蚂蚁的交通行为，故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文的内容“ant “commuters” cooperate to accomplish a mutually beneficial goal, so optimizing their ability to forage (觅食) while avoiding congestion is more a survival skill than convenience or altruism.(蚂蚁“通勤者”通过合作来实现一个对双方都有益的目标，因此优化觅食能力并避免拥堵更多是一种生存技能，而非仅仅为了方便或利他)”可知，后文提到蚂蚁“通勤者”合作完成一个互利的目标，此处将人类司机在道路上为位置而做的事情与蚂蚁的行为进行对比，故此处划线词“jockeying”在这里的意思应该是“争夺、竞争”，与B项“Fighting(斗争，争夺)”意思相近，人类司机在道路上抢夺位置，为位置而斗争，故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“Understanding how ants manage to keep on trucking through the worst jams could have widespread applications beyond traffic engineering, such as in fields involving dense flows of agents, particles or packets of information.(了解蚂蚁如何在最糟糕的拥堵中保持通行，除了交通工程领域外，还可能有广泛的应用，比如在涉及密集流动的代理、粒子或信息包的领域)”可知，本段主要讲述了理解蚂蚁如何在最拥堵的情况下保持通行在其他涉及密集流动的领域也有广泛的应用，因此本段介绍了蚂蚁的交通管理在其他领域的运用，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Unlike human drivers jockeying for position on the road, ant “commuters” cooperate to accomplish a mutually beneficial goal, so optimizing their ability to forage(觅食) while avoiding congestion is more a survival skill than convenience or altruism.(与人类司机在路上争夺位置不同，蚂蚁“通勤者”通过合作来实现一个对双方都有益的目标，因此优化觅食能力并避免拥堵更多是一种生存技能，而非仅仅为了方便或利他)”可推知，蚂蚁避免交通堵塞的关键因素是它们通过合作来实现一个对双方都有益的目标，故选D。 [16]（2025·河北张家口·二模）Lizzi Wolf’s Meager Mercies is a deeply moving and painful novel, based on the true story of an eight-year-old boy who underwent nine months of prison alone. It’s an exploration of recovery ability facing unimaginable hurt and a criticism of a justice system that fails to protect its most defenseless. The story centers on a child whose innocence is taken away by the unforgiving reality of his situation. Wolf does a remarkable job of presenting a boy’s perspective (视角), picturing his confusion, fear, and longing. His internal world is as vivid as his physical reality, which makes the novel so affecting. Wolf never overstates his difficulty, nor does she reduce the depth of his suffering. Instead, she strikes a delicate balance, allowing the boy’s voice to speak for itself. The title, Meager Mercies, is suitable and of deep significance. During the boy’s cruel prison, small moments of kindness — a smile from a guard, a comforting memory, a rare sound of life outside his cell — become lifelines. These moments are presented with delicate tenderness, providing a sharp contrast. They remind us of the great power of even the smallest acts of humanity in the face of cruelty. They also serve to highlight the systemic failure that has placed a child in such a desperate situation in the first place. A unique feature of the novel is the inclusion of illustrations, reflecting the raw emotions of a child’s viewpoint. These illustrations make the story even more heart-breaking as they remind readers of the boy’s innocence and age, emphasizing the sadness of his story. The pictures allow us to step even closer into his experience, making the injustice of his suffering all the more heartfelt. Wolf’s work is both reserved and emotional, perfectly reflecting the cruelty of the boy’s prison. She uses language economically, mirroring the dullness and emptiness of his existence, but her words carry huge emotional weight. The illustrations work together with the writing, making this a truly multi-layered story that rings long after the final page. 1．What is the main purpose of Lizzi Wolf’s novel? A．To tell an adventurous story of a boy’s survival. B．To analyze the psychological theories of recovery. C．To promote social awareness through illustrations. D．To criticize the justice system for failing weak groups. 2．How does Wolf describe the boy’s experience in the novel? A．By focusing on physical hardships. B．By balancing his voice with realities. C．By avoiding descriptions of his emotions. D．By overstating his efforts to make a living. 3．Why is the title “Meager Mercies” meaningful? A．It praises the artistic value of the book. B．It shows the legal system’s attempt to play fair. C．It contrasts small kindness with systemic cruelty. D．It emphasizes the boy’s great willpower during isolation. 4．What role do the illustrations play in the novel? A．They criticize the justice system directly. B．They simplify the complex plot for readers. C．They provide historical context for the story. D．They show the boy’s innocence and perspective. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Lizzi Wolf的小说Meager Mercies，它基于一个八岁男孩独自在监狱中度过九个月的真实故事，探讨了面对难以想象的伤害时的恢复能力，并批评了未能保护最无助者的司法系统。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s an exploration of recovery ability facing unimaginable hurt and a criticism of a justice system that fails to protect its most defenseless.(这是对在面临难以想象的伤害时的恢复能力的一种探索，同时也是对未能保护最无助群体的司法系统的一种批判)”可知，小说的主要目的是批评未能保护弱势群体的司法系统。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Wolf does a remarkable job of presenting a boy’s perspective (视角), picturing his confusion, fear, and longing. His internal world is as vivid as his physical reality, which makes the novel so affecting. Wolf never overstates his difficulty, nor does she reduce the depth of his suffering. Instead, she strikes a delicate balance, allowing the boy’s voice to speak for itself.(Wolf出色地展现了一个男孩的视角，描绘出他的困惑、恐惧与渴望。他的内心世界和他所处的现实世界一样生动鲜活，这使得这部小说极具感染力。沃尔夫既没有夸大他所面临的困难，也没有淡化他所遭受痛苦的程度。相反，她巧妙地把握了平衡，让这个男孩的心声能够自然地流露出来)”可推知，Wolf通过平衡男孩的声音和现实来描述他的经历。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“During the boy’s cruel prison, small moments of kindness — a smile from a guard, a comforting memory, a rare sound of life outside his cell — become lifelines. These moments are presented with delicate tenderness, providing a sharp contrast. They remind us of the great power of even the smallest acts of humanity in the face of cruelty. They also serve to highlight the systemic failure that has placed a child in such a desperate situation in the first place.(在男孩残酷的牢狱生活中，一些小小的善意时刻——狱警的一个微笑、一段安慰的记忆、牢房外难得的生命之声——都成了他的生命线。这些时刻被以细腻的温柔呈现出来，形成了鲜明的对比。它们提醒我们，即使是最微小的人性行为，在面对残酷时也具有巨大的力量。它们也突出了最初将一个孩子置于如此绝望境地的系统性失败)”可知，标题“Meager Mercies”的意义在于将微小的善意与系统的残酷形成对比。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“A unique feature of the novel is the inclusion of illustrations, reflecting the raw emotions of a child’s viewpoint. These illustrations make the story even more heart-breaking as they remind readers of the boy’s innocence and age, emphasizing the sadness of his story.(这部小说的一个独特之处在于它包含了插图，这些插图反映了一个孩子视角的原始情感。这些插图让故事更加令人心碎，因为它们提醒读者男孩的纯真和年龄，强调了他故事的悲伤)”可知，插图在小说中展示了男孩的纯真和视角。故选D。 [17]（2025·福建泉州·三模）Early solar expansion often came at agriculture's expense. Farmers and ranchers watched as fields once used for grazing (放牧) were fenced off, their livelihoods threatened by the growth of renewable energy. By the 2010s, conflicts peaked: in Texas alone, over 200,000 acres of grassland were changed into solar farms, reducing grazing capacity by nearly 40%, generating debates over “clean energy vs cattle.” Then came a transformative idea: agrivoltaics. Pioneered in the 2020s, this approach reimagined solar farms not as competitors to agriculture, but as partners. The concept combines solar energy production with sustainable land use. JR Howard, a Texas rancher who first offered his sheep to solar operators in 2021, later founded Texas Solar Sheep — a booming business tending over 8,000 sheep across multiple solar sites, employing dozens of workers in rural communities where jobs were rare. His story reflects a broader restoration, as agricultural traditions find new purpose in the renewable energy era. The benefits extend beyond economics. Each grazing sheep represents one less gallon of gasoline used by mowers (割草机), a part of habitat preserved for ground-nesting birds, and a living proof of sustainable land management. Researchers note another unexpected advantage — the solar panels provide shade that improves animal welfare, creating microclimates where sheep grow healthily even in Texas' heat. This marriage of agriculture and energy now covers over 60 projects nationwide. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports a 22% rise in lamb production in solar-grazing regions since 2020, alongside a 35% reduction in land maintenance costs for energy companies. However, important questions remain. Scientists like Nuria Gomez-Casanovas from Texas A&M stress that the long-term effects on soil health and food production need more study. Will these double-use lands maintain fertility (肥沃)? Will this model be effective in different climates and agricultural systems? Nonetheless, agrivoltaics shows a promising model of coexistence. Each solar panel generates energy and serves as shelter for farm animals during heatwaves. Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and. farm animals grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both. 1．What initially caused conflicts between solar farms and farmers? A．The abandonment of farmland. B．Pollution from solar panel production. C．The high cost of gas-powered mowers. D．The occupation of grazing land by solar panels. 2．What does solar grazing bring to farmers? A．New income opportunities. B．Increased lamb prices. C．Higher land maintenance costs. D．Free solar energy access. 3．What can be inferred about agrivoltaics' environmental impact? A．It relies on fuel-driven equipment. B．It balances energy and ecology. C．It harms soil quality by overgrazing. D．It increases competition for resources. 4．Which title best summarizes the passage? A．The Rise of Solar Energy in Texas B．Challenges in Grazing Industry C．Agrivoltaics: Where Sheep and Solar Panels Meet D．Agrivoltaics: How Tech Innovation Connects Farms 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农业光伏（agrivoltaics）这一创新模式如何将太阳能发电与农业放牧结合，解决土地资源竞争问题，并带来经济和生态双重效益。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Farmers and ranchers watched as fields once used for grazing (放牧) were fenced off, their livelihoods threatened by the growth of renewable energy. By the 2010s, conflicts peaked: in Texas alone, over 200,000 acres of grassland were changed into solar farms, reducing grazing capacity by nearly 40%, generating debates over “clean energy vs cattle.”(农民和牧场主看着曾经用于放牧的土地被围起来，他们的生计受到可再生能源发展的威胁。到 2010 年代，冲突达到顶峰：仅在得克萨斯州，就有超过20万英亩的草地变成了太阳能农场，放牧能力下降了近 40%，引发了关于 “清洁能源与养牛业” 的争论)” 可知，最初太阳能农场和农民之间的冲突是由太阳能板占用放牧土地引起的。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“JR Howard, a Texas rancher who first offered his sheep to solar operators in 2021, later founded Texas Solar Sheep — a booming business tending over 8,000 sheep across multiple solar sites, employing dozens of workers in rural communities where jobs were rare. His story reflects a broader restoration, as agricultural traditions find new purpose in the renewable energy era. (JR・霍华德是得克萨斯州的一位牧场主，他在 2021 年首次将自己的羊提供给太阳能运营商，后来创立了“得克萨斯太阳能羊”公司 —— 这是一家蓬勃发展的企业，在多个太阳能场地饲养着 8000 多只羊，在就业机会稀缺的农村社区雇佣了几十名工人。他的故事反映了一种更广泛的复苏，因为农业传统在可再生能源时代找到了新的用途)”可推知，太阳能放牧为农民带来了新的收入机会。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The benefits extend beyond economics. Each grazing sheep represents one less gallon of gasoline used by mowers (割草机), a part of habitat preserved for ground-nesting birds, and a living proof of sustainable land management. Researchers note another unexpected advantage — the solar panels provide shade that improves animal welfare, creating microclimates where sheep grow healthily even in Texas' heat.(好处不仅限于经济方面。每只放牧的羊意味着割草机少用一加仑汽油，为地面筑巢的鸟类保留了一部分栖息地，也是可持续土地管理的生动证明。研究人员还注意到另一个意想不到的好处 —— 太阳能电池板提供了阴凉，改善了动物的福利，创造了微气候，即使在得克萨斯州的高温下，羊也能健康成长)”以及最后一段 “Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and farm animals grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both.(羊粪改善土壤，增强草原健康。随着太阳能场地和农场动物共同茁壮成长，农业光伏证明了进步不一定会抹去传统 —— 它可以兼顾两者)”可推知，农业光伏模式平衡了能源与生态。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Then came a transformative idea: agrivoltaics. Pioneered in the 2020s, this approach reimagined solar farms not as competitors to agriculture, but as partners. The concept combines solar energy production with sustainable land use.(然后出现了一个变革性的想法：农光互补。这种方法在 21 世纪 20 年代开创，它将太阳能农场重新想象为农业的合作伙伴，而不是竞争对手。该概念将太阳能生产与可持续土地利用相结合)”以及最后一段“Each solar panel generates energy and serves as shelter for farm animals during heatwaves. Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and farm animals grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both.(每块太阳能电池板都能发电，并在热浪期间为农场动物提供庇护。羊粪改善土壤，增强草地健康。随着太阳能场和农场动物共同良好生长，农业光伏证明了进步不一定要抹去传统 —— 它可以兼顾两者)”可知，文章重点介绍了农业光伏模式下，太阳能板与农业（以羊为例）相互结合、相互促进的情况。由此可知，C. Agrivoltaics: Where Sheep and Solar Panels Meet(农业光伏：羊与太阳能板相遇之处)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。 [18]（2025·河北·二模）The claim that 93% of communication is nonverbal is a common misconception (错误认识). This statistic actually comes from a misinterpretation of Albert Mehrabian’s research in 1967. His studies focused on how people interpret conflicting signals, such as when words, tone, and facial expressions don’t match. He found that in such cases, people tend to rely more on tone (38%) and facial expressions (55%) than on the actual words (7%). However, this applies only to communication about feelings and attitudes, not to all forms of communication. Mehrabian never intended for these percentages to be applied broadly. He has repeatedly clarified that words matter significantly in most contexts. The oversimplification of his research has led to the widespread misconception that nonverbal cues dominate all communication. This misconception can be misleading because it devalues the importance of words and oversimplifies the complexity of human interaction. Focusing too much on body language while neglecting the power of words can be problematic. For example, in written communication or phone calls, where nonverbal cues are absent, words are the primary means of conveying meaning. Nonverbal cues are powerful, but their importance depends on the situation. A raised eyebrow can mean skepticism, or confusion depending on the context. Language and body language work together. When they are in harmony, the message becomes clearer and more compelling. Conversely, when there is a mismatch between what is said and how it is expressed, puzzlement can arise Authenticity (真实性) is crucial in communication. People can sense when body language feels forced or inauthentic. Genuine engagement helps people react to each other well and makes communication effective. It is also important not to overinterpret nonverbal signals. For example, crossed arms might indicate discomfort, but they could just as easily mean the person is cold. In conclusion, while nonverbal communication is undeniably important, it’s not about memorizing percentages or rigid rules. It’s about developing awareness of yourself, others, and the situation. Whether nonverbal cues account for 40%, 60%, or 90% of communication, they deserve attention. The real power lies in how you apply them to connect authentically with others. 1．What can we know about the 93% nonverbal communication claim? A．It’s based on accurate statistics. B．It’s widely considered to be a mistake. C．It correctly reflects Mehrabian’s research. D．It misinterprets Mehrabian’s research findings. 2．What will happen if there is a conflict between language and body language? A．The speakers will convey their ideas well. B．The messages will be clearer than ever. C．The confusion among the speakers will arise D．The listeners will understand each other better. 3．How does authenticity function in communication? A．It leads to good interaction. B．It over-interprets word signals. C．It causes false communication. D．It makes forced gestures effective. 4．Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A．The misinterpretation of statistics in research B．The importance of nonverbal cues in communication C．Trying to understand different rules of communication D．Breaking down nonverbal communication misconceptions 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了关于非语言沟通占比93%的常见误解，并解释了这一统计数据的来源和局限性。文章强调了语言和非语言沟通的相互作用以及真实性在沟通中的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The claim that 93% of communication is nonverbal is a common misconception (错误认识). This statistic actually comes from a misinterpretation of Albert Mehrabian’s research in 1967. (93%的沟通是非语言的这一说法是一种常见的误解。这一统计数据实际上是对Albert Mehrabian在1967年的研究的误解)”可知，这一说法误解了Mehrabian的研究结果，故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Conversely, when there is a mismatch between what is said and how it is expressed, puzzlement can arise. (相反，当所说的内容和表达方式不匹配时，就会产生困惑)”可知，如果语言和肢体语言之间存在冲突，就会产生困惑，故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Authenticity (真实性) is crucial in communication. People can sense when body language feels forced or inauthentic. Genuine engagement helps people react to each other well and makes communication effective. (真实性在沟通中至关重要。人们可以感受到肢体语言是否显得做作或不真实。真诚的参与有助于人们良好地相互反应，使沟通有效)”可知，真实性可以促进良好的互动，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, while nonverbal communication is undeniably important, it’s not about memorizing percentages or rigid rules. It’s about developing awareness of yourself, others, and the situation. (总之，虽然非语言沟通无疑是重要的，但这并不是关于记住百分比或僵化的规则。这是关于发展对自己、他人和情境的意识)”及全文可知，文章主要探讨了关于非语言沟通占比93%的误解，解释了这一统计数据的来源和局限性，并强调了语言和非语言沟通的相互作用以及真实性在沟通中的重要性。因此，文章的最佳标题是D项“打破非语言沟通的误解”。故选D项。 试卷第28页，共29页 试卷第27页，共29页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$