专题08 考前必做阅读理解难点突破3（名师点津+精准押题）-2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典

《2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典》 专题08 考前必做阅读理解难点突破3（名师点津+精准押题）原卷版 考前必做目录 数据推算题3篇 P2 【名师点津】 P2 【精准押题】 P2 猜测词义题3篇 P5 【名师点津】 P5 【精准押题】 P6 记叙文选标题3篇 P9 【名师点津】 P9 【精准押题】 P10 说明文选标题3篇 P13 【名师点津】 P13 【精准押题】 P14 细节理解题3篇 P18 【名师点津】 P18 【精准押题】 P18 心理效应题4篇 P21 【名师点津】 P21 【精准押题】 P21 数据计算题3篇 【名师点津】 一、解题小妙招 数字计算细节理解题一般会涉及时间、 年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。 数字计算细节理解题的话题有: 广告类; 故事类; 普知识类; 史地自然类;文化教育类。设问方式以when, in which year, how many/much等疑问词开头引出问题。 1.原文定位：依据题干关键词，然后寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。 2.理清关系：数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。 3．特别关注：decade十年fortnight两周double两倍score二十dozen十二off减价discount折扣。 二、零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【精准押题】 （2025·江西上饶·二模）Escape the hustle and bustle for a cozy countryside Christmas. THE MALTINGS WEYBOURNE, NORFOLK For a magical Christmas, head to The Maltings on North Norfolk’s idyllic coast. On Christmas Eve, guests are greeted with mulled wine, followed by a special three-course dinner. Christmas Day starts in style with a champagne breakfast, followed by lunch complete with crackers. Boxing Day dining includes brunch and dinner. Explore local festivities nearby, such as Holkham Hall and Norfolk Lights Express. Christmas Stay package rates start from £1000 for two guests sharing a room. themaltingsweybourne.com MARIAN RESORT &SPA, DYSERTH Once surrounded by the natural beauty of north Wales, you can leave the festive planning to Marian. Settle down for festive food and take in panoramic vistas at the VIEW restaurant. If you want to discuss your list with Santa one-on-one, book a visit for breakfast or an afternoon tea. To ring in the New Year, the resort’s gala will have live entertainment and a cocktail bar until late. Prices start from £189 for two people sharing a classic lodge per night. marianresortandspa.com CHAMPNEY’S EASTWELL MANOR In the heart of the garden of England, enjoy afternoon tea by the fire or Christmas lunch in the Gardenia. After Midnight Mass, guests will be welcomed back for delicious mulled wine and mince pies. Spa stays include a pre-and post-Christmas treatment with the most skilled therapists. Prices start from £80 per person. Enjoy a saving of 15% when you book with advance purchase terms. champneys.com 1．Where can you talk with Santa privately? A．The Maltings Weybourne. B．Marian Resort & Spa. C．Champney’s Eastwell Manor. D．Holkham Hall. 2．How much does a couple pay at least for one night for Christmas? A．£68. B．£80. C．£136. D．£160. 3．What do the three places have in common? A．They all have a spa service for guests. B．They are all located in the same region. C．They all provide a chance to explore local train rides. D．They all offer special Christmas dining experiences. （2025·广东深圳·二模）New Scientist is the world’s most popular weekly science and technology publication. Our website, app and print editions cover international news from a scientific standpoint. Highlights: News & Features Daily online updates and weekly magazine top picks bring you the latest scientific news, covering everything from artificial intelligence to breakthroughs in health and quantum (量子) physics. Written by researchers and expert journalists, feature articles separate fact from fiction and turn discoveries into easy-to-understand knowledge — no science background needed. Culture This section explores the intersection of science and culture, featuring reviews of books, events, and exhibitions. It highlights the impact of science on society and the arts. Views We present readers’ letters, opinions, and articles by editors, offering in-depth analysis and diverse viewpoints on science, culture, and social issues. This section encourages critical thinking and discussion. Subscriber-only Benefits: ·Exclusive (专享的) access to articles with great content ·Priority to paid tours to sites of scientific importance worldwide ·Four free virtual events each year, including lectures and masterclasses on science topics ·Newsletters with the latest news and insights, sent directly to your email or digital devices Best offer Digital accessAPP+ Website Subscription Unlimited access to newscientist. Com Unrestricted access to the app Trial: $10 for 10 weeks Then $49.99 every 3 months Then $99 annually Print and digital accessAPP+ Website Subscription Unlimited access to newscientist. com Unrestricted access to the app Print edition delivered directly to your door each week Trial: $20 for 10 weeks Then $64.99 every 3 months Then $199 annually 4．What can you find in New Scientist? A．Latest science fiction. B．Beginner-friendly science articles. C．Academic writing guide. D．In-depth scientific research papers. 5．What is an advantage of being a subscriber? A．Staying informed of updates. B．Taking discounted science tours. C．Getting free reading devices. D．Attending lectures in universities. 6．How much is the annual subscription for print and digital access after the 10-week trial? A．$99. B．$109. C．$199. D．$240. （2025·河南·模拟预测）Maldives Alila Kothaifaru Maldives Set on whale shaped Kothaifaru Island, it has a beauty that appeals to fans of minimalist design. Guests can swim, sail or paddle board (冲浪) around looking out for sharks. Kothaifaru is also one of the few places in the Maldives where you can see glowing blue sea life, especially from August to November. ROOMS: From $755 per day Milaidhoo Maldives Milaidhoo is a relaxed island in the Baa Atoll with beaches. The resort (度假村)’s oversized villas (别墅), on the beach or over the water, are set around a house reef within swimming distance of the shore. Take a walk on the shore and then enjoy a Champagne and a romantic dinner by candlelight. ROOMS: From $1,409 per day Gililankanfushi This resort was once seen as unusual for its focus on nature, but now it’s known for its eco-friendly practices. All 45 villas are over the water, keeping the beach untouched. Some villas are in the sea and can only be reached by boat. The food comes from the resort’s organic gardens or local fishers, and there’s an overwater spa and excellent service. ROOMS: From $1,450 per day Anantara Vel Maldives Resort It’s an ideal balance if you want to stay active and healthy while you’re away but also fancy drinks and DJ sets. The adults-only resort offers various free daily activities, including yoga and sound healing. The four restaurants have been updated, and the spa now offers wellness programs that include nutrition, treatments, and exercises. ROOMS: From $675 per day 7．Which place is best for shark watchers? A．Alila Kothaifaru Maldives. B．Milaidhoo Maldives. C．Gililankanfushi. D．Anantara Vel Maldives Resort. 8．What activity can guests enjoy at Milaidhoo Maldives? A．Swimming with sharks. B．Having a candlelight dinner. C．Exploring organic gardens. D．Attending DJ sets. 9．How much should an adult pay for a two-day health service stay at least? A．$521. B．$675. C．$1,350. D．$1,450. 猜测词义题3篇 【名师点津】 猜词词义小策略 在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。 解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行: 1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句; 2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺; 3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。 猜词词义思维导图 猜词词义小技巧 1.利用释义法猜词 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 2.利用构词法猜词 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。 3.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 4.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 5.利用语境法解题 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 6.利用同义关系解题 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。 7.利用生活常识解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 代词如何猜测？ 在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到: 1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。 2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。 3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。 零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【精准押题】 （2025·河北张家口·二模）It hasn’t been this hot on Earth since before the last Ice Age. These heat waves, which seem to continue rather than being short-lived, pose a serious threat to human lives. Globally, above 356,000 people lose their lives to extreme heat each year. To safeguard lives, we need immediate relief, and trees can play a crucial role, according to experts. Functioning as nature’s air conditioner, a single tree has the capacity to reduce temperature by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit. This seemingly small decrease can have a great impact on human well-being. For instance, when the temperature reaches 95 degrees Fahrenheit with 100% humidity (湿度) , the human body’s natural cooling mechanism fails, and the core temperature rises, putting lives at risk. Even in drier conditions, there is a limit to how much heat humans can bear. In cities, large amounts of roads and buildings absorb heat, creating urban heat islands. Trees can balance this by shading the ground and lowering surface temperatures. Moreover, extreme heat gives rise to other health risks. Too high temperatures degrade air quality, increasing ground-level ozone and particulate pollution. Exposure to those conditions can worsen chronic heart and respiratory health issues, with more communities of low-income neighborhoods being affected. However, trees can help mitigate these negative impacts. Research has shown that children in areas with more trees have a lower infection of childhood asthma (哮喘). The world is warming at an alarming pace. But this situation is not beyond our control. Growing forests in both urban and rural settings help establish a living barrier, designed to keep us safe. It lifts not only the burden of the heat but the burden of worry for the future. Hope is woven (编织) in the roots of trees, By planting and caring for them, we can breathe cleaner air. We can support healthier homes and save lives in every corner of the planet. We can help ensure the World’s Hottest Day doesn’t get another follow-up chapter. And it starts with a tree. 1．How do trees serve as air conditioner? A．By generating strong winds. B．By improving the air quality. C．By stopping the loss of earth water. D．By blocking off the heat from the sun. 2．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Notice. C．Increase. D．Create. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the global warming? A．Pessimistic. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．The Rising Threat of Extreme Heat. B．The Urgency of Forest Protection. C．The Power of Trees in Fighting Heat. D．The Impact of Heat on Human Health. （2025·四川绵阳·三模）When you’re feeling unhappy, do you reach for something to eat to lift your mood? You’re not alone; emotional eating is all too common. It’s estimated that 75 percent of overeating is triggered by emotions. If you’re looking for food for comfort, which foods do you choose? Instead of celery (芹菜) or cucumber, sweet treats like ice cream or salty snacks like chips always do the trick. A new study suggests that, however, the foods we eat to feel better may have the opposite effect. Researchers at Harvard and Women’s Hospital in Boston were interested in the effects on mood of ultra-processed (超加工的) foods such as sweet and spicy snacks as well as processed meats, drinks, and other energy-dense items. The researchers gave a recognized food frequency questionnaire every four years to 31,000 women aged 42 to 62. The women who reported high ultra-processed food consumption had a greater BMI, higher rates of drinking, and more diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. The researchers also noted an increased risk of depression associated with ultra-processed food consumption. Over the 14 years of the study, they found 4,840 cases of depression. A causal link between depression and the consumption of ultra-processed food isn’t known, but researchers hazard a speculation that artificial sweeteners affect the communication between cells in the brain and nervous system, which may be involved with depression. However, it’s still under debate. What are the practical implications of using ultra-processed foods to lift your mood? You could switch to healthier snacks (e. g., nuts, carrots). The sounds of chewing the snack might replace the sweet taste of the ultra-processed food. Or, instead of eating, you could find an enjoyable activity to improve your frame of mind. For instance, you could listen to upbeat music or watch a comedy video. But the best alternative is to get active. Walking, jogging, yoga, or strength training is an effective treatment for depression. It’s easier to reach for an ultra-processed snack when you’re feeling down, but that might leave you feeling worse. Instead, get up and do something physical; you’ll feel much better! 5．What type of food do people usually eat for comfort? A．Celery and cucumber. B．Ice cream and chips. C．Nuts and carrots. D．Whole grains. 6．What do the underlined words “hazard a speculation” mean in Paragraph 5? A．Rule out a possibility. B．Confirm an opinion. C．Make an assumption. D．Object to an idea. 7．How many alternatives to emotional eating are suggested in the passage? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．The link between food and mood. B．The harm of ultra-processed food. C．The importance of physical exercise. D．The advice on improving your mood. （2025·河北·二模）The chemically combined Bisphenol A, or BPA, was found in a variety of widely used products, such as plastic of water bottles and eyewear. But it is also a chemical known to disturb the body’s hormones (激素). Previous studies have already suggested that BPA exposure could negatively affect human health, including the gut microbiome (肠道微生物群). However, studies have not looked at the connections between those who are overweight and those who are not. Researchers in Spain recently studied a group of children, half boys and half girls, aiming to evaluate how BPA affects gut microbiome in relation to childhood overweight and whether certain bacteria could serve as biological markers for BPA exposure. BPA-cultured samples from 106 children aged 5 to 10 were analyzed, revealing that BPA exposure led to specific changes of gut microbiome. Certain bacterial species, such as Clostridium and Romboutsia, showed resistance to BPA and were positively associated with microbiome richness. However, other species were inversely correlated with gut diversity, potentially leading to overweight. “We found that the gut microbiome responds differently to BPA exposure depending on the body-mass index (BMI) of the individual,” said microbiologist Margarita Aguilera, lead author of the study. In addition, children with normal weight exhibited a more enriched and connected gut microbiome network compared to those with overweight, suggesting greater resilience (恢复力) to the ill effects of BPA．This finding highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between BPA, overweight, and gut microbiome for informing interventions and policies aimed at reducing childhood overweight risk. In future work, Aguilera said, the researchers plan to similarly investigate how exposure to other combined chemicals may influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Her group’s primary goal, however, is to explain the mechanisms behind an invisible but widespread threat. “We want to raise awareness about the health risks associated with micro-plastics that enter our bodies, and those that spread in the environment,” Aguilera said in a statement. “It’s crucial for individuals to be mindful of these concerns.” 9．Why did the Spanish researchers conduct this study? A．To identify more hormones related to children’s overweight. B．To confirm certain bacteria as indicators of causing overweight. C．To discover the potential risks of BPA exposure as many as possible. D．To explore BPA’s impact on gut microbiome concerning childhood overweight. 10．What does the underlined word “inversely” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Randomly. B．Respectively. C．Oppositely. D．Apparently. 11．What can we learn from the study? A．The increase of gut bacteria will add the risk of overweight. B．The finding emphasizes the link between the body’s hormones. C．The overweight kids have a more diverse network of gut bacteria. D．Normal-weight kids can effectively resist bad effects of BPA． 12．Which aspect of the research does Aguilera talk about in the last paragraph? A．Its application. B．Its significance. C．Its limitation. D．Its background. 记叙文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 记叙文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 记叙文选标题三大方法 1. 主题句法 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。 2. 关键词法 全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的关键词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3. 逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，逐一排除，缩小范围，接近的即为正确选项。 记叙文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【精准押题】 （2025·广东汕头·二模）There are decisions we take on instinct, without even realising we are taking them. Two years ago, I left Germany to do volunteering work. I had a couple of disappointing experiences and a boring job in front of me. It was time to go. I found an interesting contact in a small village in Portugal. In exchange for room and board, I would be working with animals in a residence that hosted families with disabled people. And there I went, with just a backpack I was ready to jump into a new adventure. There, I cared for the pets living next to the residents, cleaning their yard, preparing food and caring for them. Within a month I was in charge of all the other volunteers and the organization of the daily work. After 5 months, I left again and moved to Catalonia, in Spain, to live with an Irish family. They offered a roof and food on the passage of their house for abandoned animals I helped care for. During both experiences, I had the chance to discover beautiful little towns and lovely villages. In Portugal, I walked on the coastline and explored those little towns on the top of the dry hills. In Spain I visited Barcelona multiple times, discovering little by little all its corners. Sometimes, my volunteering experience was complicated. I didn’t speak any Portuguese and only a bit of Spanish. But life out there was simple. It was so different from what I used to call “home” before! Going back to previous habits took me time. If you’re wondering if an international volunteering year gap is worth it, despite the uncertain future and the social pressure, I say: go for it. Believe me, in various ways, you will be sure to return transformed, perhaps even improved to a superior version of your former self. With a bit of luck, you may also discover a new career path. 1．Why did the author choose to leave Germany to do volunteering work? A．To make a change. B．To gain living skills. C．To broaden his horizon. D．To add working experience. 2．What did the author mainly do during his trip? A．Running an organization. B．Attending to animals. C．Taking care of the disabled. D．Preparing food for volunteers. 3．Which of the following can best describe the author’s trip? A．Simple. B．Romantic. C．Adventurous. D．Rewarding. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Instinct, a key step for new career B．Backpacking, a jump to a new adventure C．Gap year, an escape from the reality D．Volunteering, a journey of self-discovery （2025·新疆喀什·一模）My job is to train rats to find landmines (地雷) so the dangers can be cleared to save lives. I work for a Belgian non-governmental organization called Apopo that operates from Morogoro, in my home country of Tanzania. The rats I train are used in mine-clearing programs around the world, including in Angola, Azerbaijan and Cambodia. The animals we use are a species of African giant rat called Cricetomys ansorgei (非洲巨鼠). They are born in sub-Saharan Africa and are the size of a small cat, which makes them easy to catch. They also live longer than other rats, which is helpful for the program, because it takes between nine months and a year to train one fully. My colleagues and I use a method called clicker training: we teach the rats to relate a click with a food reward, and then use clicks to gradually reward behaviour. Rats are naturally curious, so they will explore, and their great sense of smell means they can find buried landmines. To teach the rats what to look for, we place small amounts of TNT explosives in some tea eggs and mix them with some filled with other things. We reward the rats for touching these, then move on to reward them only when they touch a tea egg filled with explosives, rather than ones filled with other things, such as hair, flowers and so on. The rats need to perform perfectly at each stage of training before they move to the next stage. In the final stage, we use real landmines in a training field. As trainers, we build a connection with the rats we train. Some are slow learners; others know the process very quickly. Most of the rats make it through, eventually. I work with our resident scientist to continually follow and improve our training program, because the rats are so clever that they can be smarter than trainers! 5．Why did the author choose to use Cricetomys ansorgei? A．They’re easy to get. B．They can be seen commonly. C．They’re quickly trained. D．They live for up to a year. 6．What’s the key to the training? A．Making the rats get used to the click. B．Increasing the difficulty gradually. C．Exercising rats’ sense of smell. D．Linking behavior and rewards. 7．What can be learn from the training process? A．Rats can find out all the explosives accurately. B．The training won’t stay the same. C．Real landmines aren’t used in training. D．Most rats are quick learners. 8．Which is the best title for the text? A．How I Train Rats to Find Explosives? B．Why Giant Rats Can Be Useful? C．How Rats Contribute to Saving Life? D．Why We Use Clicker to Train Rats? （2025·河北保定·一模）During my years of working with Alzheimer’s patients, the most difficult aspect was observing the isolation (孤独) it caused. Vera was definitely isolated. My attempts to engage her in the social activities of the care facility, were only greeted with a blank, lonely stare from her. She had no immediate family left and had never married. Her records provided scarcely any indication of her background. In a case like Vera’ s, if I, as an activity director, had been able to discover a little of her story, it might have made her present a bit more bearable. But there was nothing, no guiding clue. Days passed, however, Vera remained withdrawn (沉默寡言) and uncommunicative and, sadly, mostly ignored by the other residents and even some of the staff. The holiday season came with some residents having family members visit. Vera was one of several individuals who had a professional care manager, a wonderful lady named Melodie, who hosted an annual holiday dinner for the residents without family members. Vera had always attended these dinners, but Melodie told me that she remained silent and withdrawn. One year, I was drafted to help get Vera ready for Melodie’s dinner. She was short-staffed that day and I was asked to do her make-up. With little make-up experience but art school knowledge, I bravely agreed to try. After applying make ups, styling hair and adding earrings, Vera was amazing, like an old Hollywood star. Isa, one of the nurses on hand, ran to get a mirror for Vera to see. And presented with her beautiful self, the miracle (奇迹) I had waited for happened before all our eyes. Vera was beyond delighted. She smiled and laughed. Her face lit up. At the dinner, Vera became the focus. Still lonely but changed, she grew popular and led a group. That one glance in the mirror unlocked a cheerful spirit. Sometimes, a person needs to take a look in life’s mirror to perceive their own beauty. Maybe Vera saw in that mirror the person she had been many years ago. On that day, I realized that with a bit of make-up and a little change, a kind of miracle can occur. 9．How did Vera react to the author’s previous attempts? A．Positively. B．Doubtfully. C．Emotionlessly. D．Enthusiastically. 10．What can be inferred about Vera’s past life from paragraph 2? A．It was little known. B．It was eventful. C．It was colorful. D．It was ordinary. 11．Why was the author invited to help out at an annual holiday dinner? A．She was expert at make-up. B．She filled the manpower gap. C．She had a close relationship with Vera. D．She was specifically chosen by Melodie. 12．What’s the best title for the text? A．A Holiday Dinner Story B．The Make-up Miracle C．Vera’s Lonely Life D．A Dinner’s Magic 说明文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 2. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【精准押题】 （2025·河北·二模）The stories we engage with can shape our world. However, the publishing industry has long been criticized for its lack of diversity. Despite recent improvements, many people, like Colin Kaepernick, grew up with little or no literature. Kaepernick, a former National Football League (NFL) player, rarely read as a child because he couldn’t relate to the narratives in the books available. Over the years, self-realization and awareness, combined with his activism, inspired Kaepernick to address the lack of diversity. In 2023, he released a graphic novel entitled Change the Game. He explained in an interview that the objective of this project was to provide younger audiences with characters and stories that they could relate to, and also give them the resources, which he lacked growing up, to navigate their realities. And subsequently in 2024, Colin launched Lumi, an AI-based platform that provides creators with tools to independently produce, publish, distribute, and market their stories, both digitally and physically. “Lumi addresses an unnecessary dependency on gatekeepers that slows creators down,” says Kaepernick. The platform was born out of the barriers he encountered while trying to publish his own works through Ra Vision Media. “One specific challenge creators face is the manufacturing and distribution of their stories,” he explains. “We have built digital and physical publishing directly into our platform to simplify the process of manufacturing and distribution for creators and remove this organizational burden.” Lumi’s use of AI has brought discussions about technology’s role in the creative process. While some fear that AI tools might overshadow human creativity, Kaepernick sees AI as an enabler rather than a replacement for human creativity. “We believe creators are at the center of all creations, and AI will be a tool that creators can use to enhance their current creative processes,” he explains. Looking ahead, Lumi aims to be a bridge between traditional creatives and AI-driven content creation, developing an environment where both can boom. Through Lumi, Kaepernick is expanding the creative space to include a wider range of voices. “Lumi will allow a new wave of diverse and innovative stories to come to life,” Kaepernick says. 1．Why did Colin Kaepernick publish Change the Game? A．To criticize the quality of storytelling. B．To meet young readers’ need in storytelling. C．To support his physical education initiatives. D．To challenge traditional publishing companies. 2．What inspired Colin Kaepernick to launch the platform of Lumi? A．His desire to become a writer. B．His enthusiasm for AI technology. C．His struggle with literary creation. D．His personal publishing experience. 3．What do we know about Lumi? A．It focuses primarily on digital storytelling. B．It is intended to minimize reading difficulties. C．It leads to the decline of traditional publishing. D．It enables creators to work freely and independently. 4．What can be the suitable title for the text? A．How Kaepernick Makes Efforts to Diversify Storytelling B．How Kaepernick Takes Advantage of AI to Write Books C．Why Kaepernick Appreciates Authentic Storytelling Style D．Why Kaepernick Shifts His Career from Sports to Literature （2025·广东·二模）The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success. The influence of these skills accrues throughout a child’s education, with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path. The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills. One striking finding is the growing role of genetics in shaping non-cognitive skills and their impact on academic achievement. Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16. By the end of required schooling, genetic influence on non-cognitive skills was as strong as that on cognitive skills in predicting academic success. Besides, by comparing children from the same family, researchers could separate the impact of shared family environment from genetic factors. “We found that how children were raised in the family played a significant role, although the increasing influence of non-cognitive genetics on academic achievement was still evident,” said Dr. Alleg, a co-researcher in the study. The findings have far-reaching implications for education. The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development. Dr. Malan said, “By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and effective learning environment for students.” The study also highlights the need for further research into the complex interaction between genes, environment and education. By understanding these factors, educators and policymakers can develop more effective strategies to support students’ overall development and achieve better educational outcomes. 5．What does the underlined word “accrues” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Mounts. B．Remains. C．Varies. D．Surfaces. 6．Why was the special method used in the study? A．To predict students’ academic achievement. B．To measure the role of environment in learning. C．To evaluate the genetic impact on non-cognitive skills. D．To assess the academic influence of cognitive abilities. 7．What are the researchers most likely to recommend? A．Advanced math courses. B．AI programming workshops. C．Writing training programs. D．Community service projects. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Promoting Effective Learning B．The Overlooked Benefits of Genes C．Unlocking Academic Potential D．The Hidden Key to Academic Success （24-25高三下·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nearly a year ago, NASA announced that a rock spotted on Mars by its Perseverance rover contained some of the best signs yet that ancient microbial (微生物的) life may have once existed on the Red Planet. The rock provides clear evidence for water, organic matter, and chemical reactions that could provide an energy source, Laurie Leshin, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which operates Perseverance, posted on the social media platform X. “This is the kind of discovery you hope for — where mind-bending observations make your heart beat just a little faster,” she added. Catch your breath, everyone. There are a lot of maybes that won’t be resolved anytime soon, if ever. And there’s a long history of Martian rocks getting some of the life on our planet a little too excited. Perhaps the most famous Martian rock is Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite (陨石) discovered in Antarctica. In a 1996 Science paper, researchers suggested it held nannofossils (纳米化石) of bacteria. The news spread far and wide and even led to a congratulatory speech by then-President Bill Clinton. The debate continues, but most researchers today believe the fossil like features arose without life. Similar news has followed rocks found by earlier Mars rovers, including Curiosity, which, with its onboard chemical lab, has detected all sorts of organic molecules during its long trip in  Gale crater. Perseverance lacks such an onboard lab. Its job is to drill rocks and put them in capsules that could eventually be returned to Earth for detailed study. Compared with  Curiosity’s, its instruments are more limited. Still, they provided enough information to be excited about the Cheyava Falls rock it just drilled. Running through the rock are white veins of calcium sulfate — minerals that spark out of water. Scans by a rover  instrument also indicate the rock contains organic compounds. Such carbon-bearing molecules are essential building blocks of life, but they can also be formed by nonbiological processes. Of most scientific significance were mineral “leopard spots” in the rock, millimeter-size whitish spots ringed by black material, which seem to contain iron and phosphate (磷酸盐). On Earth, such spotting can form when organic molecules react with hematite, or rusted iron. These reactions, in turn, can fuel microbial life. Although there is no doubt about the scientific value of the new discovery, the immediate announcement about the rock by JPL has raised some eyebrows. 9．What do we know about NASA’s discovery by its Perseverance on Mars? A．A rock spotted contains ancient microbial life. B．Concrete evidence of organic substances is found. C．Observations demonstrated are not exciting. D．Chemical reactions can provide a new energy source. 10．What was the significance of the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite? A．It unlocked the first rock to show signs of life on Mars. B．It revealed the likely existence of nannofossils of bacteria. C．It led to the finding of the existence of living bacteria. D．It confirmed the first meteorite discovered on Mars. 11．Why is the Cheyava Falls rock vital to scientists? A．It contains high amounts of minerals. B．It indicates organic compounds. C．It fuels microbial life. D．It carries mineral “leopard spots”. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．NASA found possible signs of life on Mars B．A heart-beating discovery attracted public attention C．NASA sent another rover to explore Mars D．A debate-heated discovery clarified ancient life 细节理解题3篇 【名师点津】 “细节理解题”的最优处理方法： 第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。 第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。 第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。 【精准押题】 （2025·浙江台州·二模）The famous marshmallow test, where children are asked to choose one marshmallow now or two later, may reveal more than willpower. Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. This skill strengthens the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and reasoning. Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life. Over time, it will definitely build up mental resilience. Resisting immediate rewards stimulates “cool” controlling strategies in the prefrontal cortex, while giving in to temptation involves emotional decision-making areas. Regular practice of these “cool” strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. This regular practice will potentially delay cognitive decline. It’s not just about willpower, but the ability to plan for the future, which is essential to make healthier lifestyle choices that benefit brain health. These skills can be developed at any age. While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice. Strategies like setting specific goals enhance these abilities. Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. Physical activity matters in this relationship. Research shows that higher physical activity is linked to better cognitive function, especially in older adults. Delaying gratification helps maintain regular exercise habits, creating a positive feedback circle that supports brain health. The more we practice delayed gratification, the more we strengthen our brain’s ability of self-control and protect against future cognitive decline. To develop these skills, start with small delays and gradually increase the waiting period. Set achievable goals and practice mindfulness to manage emotional urges. It’s never too late to start building cognitive resilience, and the small choices we make today can have a lasting impact on our mental health in the long term. 1．How does the author illustrate delayed gratification in paragraph 1? A．By defining concepts. B．By giving descriptions. C．By making comparisons. D．By conducting surveys. 2．What’s the function of practicing “cool” controlling strategies regularly? A．Enhancing cognitive reserve. B．Arousing emotional awareness. C．Developing temptation resistance. D．Boosting willpower performance. 3．How can adults improve their problem-solving skills? A．By building physical fitness gradually. B．By exercising self-control consistently. C．By making feedback circles immediately. D．By establishing major objectives successfully. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Delayed gratification benefits brain health. B．Physical activity increases muscle strength. C．Waiting period influences cognitive function. D．Positive mindfulness manages emotional drive. （2025·广东汕头·二模）Many companies have advertised a feature that enables users to employ AI as a recipe generator assistant. In one demonstration, a user asks the virtual assistant for a meal plan with ingredients (食材) they have, and the AI returns a list of recipes using those ingredients. In fact, the employment of AI in the brainstorming stage is also gaining increasing popularity. While that seems convenient, most of the press about the relationship between AI and cooking has been negative so far. For years, chefs on popular video platforms have staged cook-offs between “real” and AI recipes, with the “real” chefs often winning. In 2022, Tasty, an online platform, compared a chocolate cake recipe generated by an AI tool with one developed by a professional cook. While the AI recipe baked up fine, the cook’s recipe won in a blind taste test. The tasters preferred the cook’s cake for its not-too-sweet and juicer flavor compared to the AI cake. Sarah and Kaitlin Leung are sisters who run a famous food blog. Their recipes go through a long process. They brainstorm ideas, do research, and experiment a lot before testing each recipe up to 40 times. “We know that our readers are trusting us, so we try to make sure our recipe not only works but is also easy to follow,” Sarah says. “The stories that surround these recipes and the connections that we make with people through these recipes are priceless — it’s so deeply human. By comparison, the machine doesn’t eat and the machine can’t taste.” “It’s not all negative for me.” A software engineer Olson believes AI has a place in the recipe development process. He adds, “but I don’t think the technology is there to the point where you can have an entirely AI-generated blog, although that would be a cool concept. Maybe someone should try it and see how it goes.” 5．What can AI do in developing a recipe? A．Planning the budget. B．Shortening cooking time. C．Coming up with ideas. D．Demonstrating cooking methods. 6．What can we know about the competition launched by Tasty? A．The AI tool was developed by a cook. B．The result agrees with those of prior years. C．The cook’s cake tasted sweeter and juicier. D．The comparison was based on the appearance. 7．How does the sisters ensure the quality of their recipes on their food blog? A．By doing multiple trials. B．By learning the recipes from AI. C．By using priceless ingredients. D．By following standard procedures. 8．What is Olson’s attitude towards entirely AI-generated blogs? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Reserved. D．Critical. （2025·广东惠州·一模）It’s the number we all want to know: the magic number on the scale (秤) that would make us look great and keep us healthy. Often, we set goals based on feelings or consult charts and formulas (公式) to calculate that number. Unfortunately, none of these methods on its own can offer a number that’s healthy and possible to attain and maintain. So how can we determine our “best” weight? It’s more complicated and simpler than we think. Formulas for determining a healthy weight range can easily be found online. For decades, we’ve been told that Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard. To calculate BMI, we plug in our height and weight, and then a formula generates a number that falls on a scale from underweight to healthy to overweight to obese, based on an estimated percentage of body fat. Simple, right? Too simple. And so the latest thinking is that we need to consider more than this number. One problem with BMI is that the chart lists the same healthy or unhealthy weight range for men and women, and for older and younger adults. More recently, some doctors have begun using the BRI, or body roundness index, which focuses on waist circumference (周长) instead of weight. The thinking behind this chart is that where we pile up fat can be even more important than how much we weigh. Extra fat surrounds the-abdominal (腹部) organs, leading to a higher risk of heart disease and other conditions. Again, though, there are caveats. Different health conditions can affect abdominal size. “I wouldn’t use this chart to supply a number of what someone should weigh,” says Dr. Jay. "How are they feeling, how are they doing? What’s their blood pressure, blood sugar? How well are they sleeping? All these need to be considered." So What’s Our Ideal Weight? Confused? It’s hard not to be. The best weight is one we can comfortably maintain by eating as healthy as possible and exercising. Dr. Freedhoff says, “Whatever weight the Body settles at and maintains when we live this way is the best weight for us.” 9．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To give a definition of “best” weight. B．To illustrate the anxiety of body image. C．To introduce methods of weight calculation. D．To expose misleading ideal weight determination. 10．How is BRI different from BMI? A．BRI considers health risks. B．BRI provides separate ranges. C．BRI uses a simpler calculation. D．BRI involves weight and height. 11．What does the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Warnings. B．Insights. C．Requirements. D．Accidents. 12．What does Dr. Freedhoff suggest? A．Shifting eating habits. B．Laying trust on the BRI. C．Following sustainable routines. D．Applying charts and formulas. 心理效应题3篇 【名师点津】 “心理效应题”的最优处理方法： 第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。 第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。 第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。 第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。 【精准押题】 （24-25高三上·广东·阶段练习）博弈论的囚徒困境悖论 The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. The reason for this unexpected outcome can be traced to the principles of game theory, particularly the prisoner’s dilemma paradox (悖论). Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. This action would create fairness in competition, ensuring that no individual company gains an edge by advertising. However, the dilemma arises when considering the potential actions of competitors. If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors. This creates a situation where each company faces the urge to advertise, fearing that their competitors may do the same and leave them at a disadvantage. In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. This strategic decision reflects the uncertainty and strategic considerations that shape business decisions, even in the face of regulations aimed at public health goals. This application of game theory provides valuable insight into the complexities of influencing human behavior through policy interventions. While well-intended efforts such as advertising bans may seem straightforward in theory, the realities of strategic decision-making and competitive dynamics often lead to unforeseen outcomes. As such, understanding the complexities of game theory can provide valuable insight for policymakers seeking to design more effective interventions and address complex societal challenges. 1．What is a direct result of the ban in the 1970s? A．Cut in tax income. B．Reduction in health risks. C．Rise in tobacco sales. D．Cooperation of companies. 2．How can all competitors benefit in the prisoner’s dilemma? A．They fully trust each other and follow the regulations. B．They act independently and pursue their own interests. C．They increase their market share at the expense of others. D．They ignore competition and focus on their own strategies. 3．Why do most tobacco companies finally choose to advertise? A．To avoid intense competition. B．To gain a competitive advantage. C．To shape better business images. D．To achieve public health goals. 4．What can be the most suitable title for the passage? A．A Good Intention Fails B．A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke C．A Ban Boosts Public Health D．A Dilemma Concerns Cigarette Campaign （2024·河南·模拟预测）行星社会教育学理论 An overall transformation is needed for the planet to adapt people’s pursuit of well-being. A new study by an international team of researchers explores a Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy as a driver of a transformative process based on a learning society. The Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy is a way of learning applicable to all societal sectors. According to it, people, societies and the world are an interlinked, systemic body. Such a worldview can make life meaningful, increase people’s experiences of belonging and inclusion, expand the scope of care, and help people identify their opportunities to influence. In a time marked by crises, learning to be one with the world is increasingly essential. In many ways, our everyday lives are linked with all other life on Earth. According to Professor Arto O. Salonen of the University of Eastern Finland, the study’s lead author, the most important reason behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is people’s being separated from their surrounding reality. He says, “As we try for a comprehensive sustainability transition (转变), we need increasingly powerful and more systemic interpretations of reality. ” The current strategy for a sustainable future emphasizes economic and technological progress，but that is not enough. Learning is needed, too. A learning society relies on changes in its citizens’ values, beliefs and worldviews. “How we become aware of our everyday connection to other people and nature at the level of our emotions, body and mind stands at the core of the sustainability transition,” says Erkka Laininen, a co-author of the study. Having an experience of belonging to and being part of the world strengthens people’s sense of meaningfulness and their agency needed in building a sustainable future. The transformative power of a learning society can be a key factor in the green transformation going into all society, in which citizens’ consumer behaviour and ways of living, moving and producing food and energy are organized in new ways. Conceptions of work and the economy can be reformed, too. A sustainable future is not about life becoming more miserable—it’s about life becoming richer and more meaningful as hope for the future grows stronger. 5．Why is Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy mentioned? A．To stress learning to be one with the world. B．To suggest reforming citizens’ ways of living. C．To describe how the theory is being improved. D．To tell if a sustainable future is significant. 6．What is the main reason for increasing global crises according to Professor Salonen? A．The planet is reaching its limits. B．Humans break away from the reality. C．Old ideas of well-being are being questioned. D．Progress in economy and technology is unbalanced. 7．What can we conclude from the text? A．A sustainable future is based on a learning society. B．Humans, societies and the world were connected more. C．Ending the present strategy for future is needed. D．Global crises have resulted in wrong worldviews. 8．How does the author support the theme of the text? A．By introducing a theory. B．By making a comparison. C．By using researchers’ arguments. D．By providing study processes. （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）shallowing hypothesis浅层假说 Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 9．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. 10．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand. C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media. 11．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. 12．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. （2023·全国·高考真题）“群体智慧”效应 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 13．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. 14．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent 15．What did the follow-up study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members. C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates. 16．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 《2025新高考英语考前十天冲刺宝典》 专题08 考前必做阅读理解难点突破3（名师点津+精准押题）解析版 考前必做目录 数据推算题3篇 P2 【名师点津】 P2 【精准押题】 P2 猜测词义题3篇 P6 【名师点津】 P6 【精准押题】 P6 记叙文选标题3篇 P13 【名师点津】 P13 【精准押题】 P14 说明文选标题3篇 P18 【名师点津】 P18 【精准押题】 P19 细节理解题3篇 P25 【名师点津】 P25 【精准押题】 P25 心理效应题4篇 P30 【名师点津】 P30 【精准押题】 P30 数据计算题3篇 【名师点津】 一、解题小妙招 数字计算细节理解题一般会涉及时间、 年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。 数字计算细节理解题的话题有: 广告类; 故事类; 普知识类; 史地自然类;文化教育类。设问方式以when, in which year, how many/much等疑问词开头引出问题。 1.原文定位：依据题干关键词，然后寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。 2.理清关系：数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。 3．特别关注：decade十年fortnight两周double两倍score二十dozen十二off减价discount折扣。 二、零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【精准押题】 （2025·江西上饶·二模）Escape the hustle and bustle for a cozy countryside Christmas. THE MALTINGS WEYBOURNE, NORFOLK For a magical Christmas, head to The Maltings on North Norfolk’s idyllic coast. On Christmas Eve, guests are greeted with mulled wine, followed by a special three-course dinner. Christmas Day starts in style with a champagne breakfast, followed by lunch complete with crackers. Boxing Day dining includes brunch and dinner. Explore local festivities nearby, such as Holkham Hall and Norfolk Lights Express. Christmas Stay package rates start from £1000 for two guests sharing a room. themaltingsweybourne.com MARIAN RESORT &SPA, DYSERTH Once surrounded by the natural beauty of north Wales, you can leave the festive planning to Marian. Settle down for festive food and take in panoramic vistas at the VIEW restaurant. If you want to discuss your list with Santa one-on-one, book a visit for breakfast or an afternoon tea. To ring in the New Year, the resort’s gala will have live entertainment and a cocktail bar until late. Prices start from £189 for two people sharing a classic lodge per night. marianresortandspa.com CHAMPNEY’S EASTWELL MANOR In the heart of the garden of England, enjoy afternoon tea by the fire or Christmas lunch in the Gardenia. After Midnight Mass, guests will be welcomed back for delicious mulled wine and mince pies. Spa stays include a pre-and post-Christmas treatment with the most skilled therapists. Prices start from £80 per person. Enjoy a saving of 15% when you book with advance purchase terms. champneys.com 1．Where can you talk with Santa privately? A．The Maltings Weybourne. B．Marian Resort & Spa. C．Champney’s Eastwell Manor. D．Holkham Hall. 2．How much does a couple pay at least for one night for Christmas? A．£68. B．£80. C．£136. D．£160. 3．What do the three places have in common? A．They all have a spa service for guests. B．They are all located in the same region. C．They all provide a chance to explore local train rides. D．They all offer special Christmas dining experiences. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了三个乡村度假地在圣诞节期间的特色活动、价格等，助人们享受乡村圣诞。 1．细节理解题。根据文中对“MARIAN RESORT &SPA, DYSERTH”的描述“If you want to discuss your list with Santa one-on - one, book a visit for breakfast or an afternoon tea. (如果你想和圣诞老人一对一地讨论你的清单，那就预约一次早餐或下午茶。)”可知，在玛丽安水疗度假酒店有机会与圣诞老人私下交谈。故选B。 2．细节理解题。文中提到“CHAMPNEY’S EASTWELL MANOR”的价格是“Prices start from £80 per person. Enjoy a saving of 15% when you book with advance purchase terms. (价格从每人80英镑起。如果您提前预订，可享受15%的折扣。)”可知，一对夫妇两人原价是(80×2=£160)，优惠后的价格为(160×(1-15%)=160×0.85=£136)。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“THE MALTINGS WEYBOURNE, NORFOLK”中的“On Christmas Eve, guests are greeted with mulled wine, followed by a special three-course dinner. Christmas Day starts in style with a champagne breakfast, followed by lunch complete with crackers. Boxing Day dining includes brunch and dinner. (在平安夜，客人们以热红酒迎接，然后是一顿特别的三道菜晚餐。圣诞节以香槟早餐开始，然后是午餐和饼干。节礼日晚餐包括早午餐和晚餐。)”、“MARIAN RESORT&SPA,DYSERTH” 中的“Settle down for festive food and take in panoramic vistas at the VIEW restaurant.(在VIEW餐厅享受节日美食，欣赏全景。)、“CHAMPNEY’S EASTWELL MANOR”中的“In the heart of the garden of England, enjoy afternoon tea by the fire or Christmas lunch in the Gardenia. After Midnight Mass, guests will be welcomed back for delicious mulled wine and mince pies. (在英格兰花园的中心，在壁炉旁享用下午茶或在栀子花享用圣诞午餐。午夜弥撒后，欢迎客人回来享用美味的热葡萄酒和百果馅饼。)”可知，这三个地方都提供了特别的圣诞用餐体验。故选D。 （2025·广东深圳·二模）New Scientist is the world’s most popular weekly science and technology publication. Our website, app and print editions cover international news from a scientific standpoint. Highlights: News & Features Daily online updates and weekly magazine top picks bring you the latest scientific news, covering everything from artificial intelligence to breakthroughs in health and quantum (量子) physics. Written by researchers and expert journalists, feature articles separate fact from fiction and turn discoveries into easy-to-understand knowledge — no science background needed. Culture This section explores the intersection of science and culture, featuring reviews of books, events, and exhibitions. It highlights the impact of science on society and the arts. Views We present readers’ letters, opinions, and articles by editors, offering in-depth analysis and diverse viewpoints on science, culture, and social issues. This section encourages critical thinking and discussion. Subscriber-only Benefits: ·Exclusive (专享的) access to articles with great content ·Priority to paid tours to sites of scientific importance worldwide ·Four free virtual events each year, including lectures and masterclasses on science topics ·Newsletters with the latest news and insights, sent directly to your email or digital devices Best offer Digital accessAPP+ Website Subscription Unlimited access to newscientist. Com Unrestricted access to the app Trial: $10 for 10 weeks Then $49.99 every 3 months Then $99 annually Print and digital accessAPP+ Website Subscription Unlimited access to newscientist. com Unrestricted access to the app Print edition delivered directly to your door each week Trial: $20 for 10 weeks Then $64.99 every 3 months Then $199 annually 4．What can you find in New Scientist? A．Latest science fiction. B．Beginner-friendly science articles. C．Academic writing guide. D．In-depth scientific research papers. 5．What is an advantage of being a subscriber? A．Staying informed of updates. B．Taking discounted science tours. C．Getting free reading devices. D．Attending lectures in universities. 6．How much is the annual subscription for print and digital access after the 10-week trial? A．$99. B．$109. C．$199. D．$240. 【答案】4．B 5．A 6．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了《新科学家》这一科学技术刊物，包括其涵盖内容、特色板块、订阅者专享福利以及订阅价格等信息。 4．细节理解题。根据News& Features部分中“Written by researchers and expert journalists, feature articles separate fact from fiction and turn discoveries into easy-to-understand knowledge — no science background needed.(由研究人员和专家记者撰写的专题文章将事实与虚构区分开来，并将发现转化为易于理解的知识——不需要科学背景)”可知，《新科学家》有零基础友好的、通俗易懂的科学文章，故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据Subscriber-only Benefits部分中“Newsletters with the latest news and insights, sent directly to your email or digital devices(时事通讯与最新的新闻和见解，直接发送到您的电子邮件或数字设备)”可知，订阅者可以及时了解最新消息，故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据Print and digital access部分“$199 annually(每年199美元)”可知，10周试用后，每年订阅印刷版和数字版访问权限的价格是$199，故选C。 （2025·河南·模拟预测）Maldives Alila Kothaifaru Maldives Set on whale shaped Kothaifaru Island, it has a beauty that appeals to fans of minimalist design. Guests can swim, sail or paddle board (冲浪) around looking out for sharks. Kothaifaru is also one of the few places in the Maldives where you can see glowing blue sea life, especially from August to November. ROOMS: From $755 per day Milaidhoo Maldives Milaidhoo is a relaxed island in the Baa Atoll with beaches. The resort (度假村)’s oversized villas (别墅), on the beach or over the water, are set around a house reef within swimming distance of the shore. Take a walk on the shore and then enjoy a Champagne and a romantic dinner by candlelight. ROOMS: From $1,409 per day Gililankanfushi This resort was once seen as unusual for its focus on nature, but now it’s known for its eco-friendly practices. All 45 villas are over the water, keeping the beach untouched. Some villas are in the sea and can only be reached by boat. The food comes from the resort’s organic gardens or local fishers, and there’s an overwater spa and excellent service. ROOMS: From $1,450 per day Anantara Vel Maldives Resort It’s an ideal balance if you want to stay active and healthy while you’re away but also fancy drinks and DJ sets. The adults-only resort offers various free daily activities, including yoga and sound healing. The four restaurants have been updated, and the spa now offers wellness programs that include nutrition, treatments, and exercises. ROOMS: From $675 per day 7．Which place is best for shark watchers? A．Alila Kothaifaru Maldives. B．Milaidhoo Maldives. C．Gililankanfushi. D．Anantara Vel Maldives Resort. 8．What activity can guests enjoy at Milaidhoo Maldives? A．Swimming with sharks. B．Having a candlelight dinner. C．Exploring organic gardens. D．Attending DJ sets. 9．How much should an adult pay for a two-day health service stay at least? A．$521. B．$675. C．$1,350. D．$1,450. 【答案】7．A 8．B 9．C 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了马尔代夫四个度假圣地。 7．细节理解题。根据Alila Kothaifaru Maldives部分中“Guests can swim, sail or paddle board (冲浪) around looking out for sharks.(客人们可以游泳、驾帆船或划桨，四处寻找鲨鱼)”可知，Alila Kothaifaru Maldives最适合鲨鱼观看者。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据Milaidhoo Maldives部分中“Take a walk on the shore and then enjoy a Champagne and a romantic dinner by candlelight.(在岸边散步，然后在烛光下享用香槟和浪漫的晚餐)”可知，客人在Milaidhoo Maldives可以享用烛光晚餐。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据Anantara Vel Maldives Resort部分中“It’s an ideal balance if you want to stay active and healthy(如果你想在外出时保持活力和健康，这是一个理想的平衡)”以及“ROOMS: From $675 per day(客房：每天675美元起)”可知，一个成年人两天的健康服务至少要支付675×2=1350美元。故选C。 猜测词义题3篇 【名师点津】 猜词词义小策略 在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。 解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行: 1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句; 2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺; 3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。 猜词词义思维导图 猜词词义小技巧 1.利用释义法猜词 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 2.利用构词法猜词 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。 3.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 4.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 5.利用语境法解题 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 6.利用同义关系解题 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。 7.利用生活常识解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 代词如何猜测？ 在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到: 1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。 2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。 3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。 零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【精准押题】 （2025·河北张家口·二模）It hasn’t been this hot on Earth since before the last Ice Age. These heat waves, which seem to continue rather than being short-lived, pose a serious threat to human lives. Globally, above 356,000 people lose their lives to extreme heat each year. To safeguard lives, we need immediate relief, and trees can play a crucial role, according to experts. Functioning as nature’s air conditioner, a single tree has the capacity to reduce temperature by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit. This seemingly small decrease can have a great impact on human well-being. For instance, when the temperature reaches 95 degrees Fahrenheit with 100% humidity (湿度) , the human body’s natural cooling mechanism fails, and the core temperature rises, putting lives at risk. Even in drier conditions, there is a limit to how much heat humans can bear. In cities, large amounts of roads and buildings absorb heat, creating urban heat islands. Trees can balance this by shading the ground and lowering surface temperatures. Moreover, extreme heat gives rise to other health risks. Too high temperatures degrade air quality, increasing ground-level ozone and particulate pollution. Exposure to those conditions can worsen chronic heart and respiratory health issues, with more communities of low-income neighborhoods being affected. However, trees can help mitigate these negative impacts. Research has shown that children in areas with more trees have a lower infection of childhood asthma (哮喘). The world is warming at an alarming pace. But this situation is not beyond our control. Growing forests in both urban and rural settings help establish a living barrier, designed to keep us safe. It lifts not only the burden of the heat but the burden of worry for the future. Hope is woven (编织) in the roots of trees, By planting and caring for them, we can breathe cleaner air. We can support healthier homes and save lives in every corner of the planet. We can help ensure the World’s Hottest Day doesn’t get another follow-up chapter. And it starts with a tree. 1．How do trees serve as air conditioner? A．By generating strong winds. B．By improving the air quality. C．By stopping the loss of earth water. D．By blocking off the heat from the sun. 2．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Notice. C．Increase. D．Create. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the global warming? A．Pessimistic. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．The Rising Threat of Extreme Heat. B．The Urgency of Forest Protection. C．The Power of Trees in Fighting Heat. D．The Impact of Heat on Human Health. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了极端高温对人类生命的威胁以及树木在应对高温中发挥的关键作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Functioning as nature’s air conditioner, a single tree has the capacity to reduce temperature by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit. This seemingly small decrease can have a great impact on human well-being…In cities, large amounts of roads and buildings absorb heat, creating urban heat islands. Trees can balance this by shading the ground and lowering surface temperatures. (作为大自然的空调，一棵树就能将温度降低多达10华氏度。这种看似微小的下降会对人类的福祉产生巨大影响……在城市中，大量的道路和建筑物吸收热量，形成了城市热岛。树木可以通过遮蔽地面和降低地表温度来平衡这一点。)”可知，树木通过遮蔽地面来阻挡太阳的热量，从而降低温度，充当空调。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文“Moreover, extreme heat gives rise to other health risks. Too high temperatures degrade air quality, increasing ground-level ozone and particulate pollution. Exposure to those conditions can worsen chronic heart and respiratory health issues, with more communities of low-income neighborhoods being affected. (此外，极端高温还会带来其他健康风险。过高的温度会降低空气质量，增加地面臭氧和颗粒物污染。暴露在这些条件下会加重慢性心脏和呼吸系统健康问题，更多的低收入社区受到影响。)”可知，这里描述的是极端高温带来的负面影响，所以下文提到的树木的作用应该是减少这些负面影响，所以“mitigate”的意思是“减少”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The world is warming at an alarming pace. But this situation is not beyond our control. Growing forests in both urban and rural settings help establish a living barrier, designed to keep us safe. It lifts not only the burden of the heat but the burden of worry for the future. Hope is woven in the roots of trees. By planting and caring for them, we can breathe cleaner air. We can support healthier homes and save lives in every corner of the planet. We can help ensure the World’s Hottest Day doesn’t get another follow-up chapter. And it starts with a tree. (世界正以惊人的速度变暖。但这种情况并非无法控制。在城市和农村地区种植森林有助于建立一个保护我们安全的生命屏障。它不仅减轻了高温的负担，也减轻了对未来的担忧。希望编织在树的根里。通过种植和照顾它们，我们可以呼吸更清新的空气。我们可以支持更健康的家庭，拯救地球上的每一个角落的生命。我们可以帮助确保“世界最热日”不会出现后续章节。这一切都始于一棵树。)”可知，作者认为通过种植树木可以应对全球变暖，所以作者对全球变暖的态度是乐观的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“To safeguard lives, we need immediate relief, and trees can play a crucial role, according to experts. (为了保护生命，我们需要立即采取缓解措施，而树木可以发挥至关重要的作用。)”和下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了树木在抗击高温方面的重要作用，由此可知，选项C“树木在抗击高温方面的力量”适合作为本文的标题。故选C。 （2025·四川绵阳·三模）When you’re feeling unhappy, do you reach for something to eat to lift your mood? You’re not alone; emotional eating is all too common. It’s estimated that 75 percent of overeating is triggered by emotions. If you’re looking for food for comfort, which foods do you choose? Instead of celery (芹菜) or cucumber, sweet treats like ice cream or salty snacks like chips always do the trick. A new study suggests that, however, the foods we eat to feel better may have the opposite effect. Researchers at Harvard and Women’s Hospital in Boston were interested in the effects on mood of ultra-processed (超加工的) foods such as sweet and spicy snacks as well as processed meats, drinks, and other energy-dense items. The researchers gave a recognized food frequency questionnaire every four years to 31,000 women aged 42 to 62. The women who reported high ultra-processed food consumption had a greater BMI, higher rates of drinking, and more diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. The researchers also noted an increased risk of depression associated with ultra-processed food consumption. Over the 14 years of the study, they found 4,840 cases of depression. A causal link between depression and the consumption of ultra-processed food isn’t known, but researchers hazard a speculation that artificial sweeteners affect the communication between cells in the brain and nervous system, which may be involved with depression. However, it’s still under debate. What are the practical implications of using ultra-processed foods to lift your mood? You could switch to healthier snacks (e. g., nuts, carrots). The sounds of chewing the snack might replace the sweet taste of the ultra-processed food. Or, instead of eating, you could find an enjoyable activity to improve your frame of mind. For instance, you could listen to upbeat music or watch a comedy video. But the best alternative is to get active. Walking, jogging, yoga, or strength training is an effective treatment for depression. It’s easier to reach for an ultra-processed snack when you’re feeling down, but that might leave you feeling worse. Instead, get up and do something physical; you’ll feel much better! 5．What type of food do people usually eat for comfort? A．Celery and cucumber. B．Ice cream and chips. C．Nuts and carrots. D．Whole grains. 6．What do the underlined words “hazard a speculation” mean in Paragraph 5? A．Rule out a possibility. B．Confirm an opinion. C．Make an assumption. D．Object to an idea. 7．How many alternatives to emotional eating are suggested in the passage? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．The link between food and mood. B．The harm of ultra-processed food. C．The importance of physical exercise. D．The advice on improving your mood. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．B 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了情绪性进食现象，特别是超加工食品对情绪的影响，并通过一项研究来阐述超加工食品消费与抑郁症风险之间的关联。文章还提供了一些替代情绪性进食的健康建议。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“If you’re looking for food for comfort, which foods do you choose? Instead of celery (芹菜) or cucumber, sweet treats like ice cream or salty snacks like chips always do the trick.(如果你在寻找能带来安慰的食物，你会选择哪些呢？你不会选芹菜或黄瓜，而是像冰淇淋这样的甜食，或者像薯片这样的咸味零食，这些往往很管用。)”可知，当人们为了寻求安慰而选择食物时，通常不会选择芹菜或黄瓜，而是会选择像冰淇淋这样的甜食或像薯片这样的咸味零食。故选B。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在上下文“A causal link between depression and the consumption of ultra-processed food isn’t known, but researchers hazard a speculation that artificial sweeteners affect the communication between cells in the brain and nervous system, which may be involved with depression. However, it’s still under debate.(目前尚不清楚抑郁症与超加工食品的摄入之间是否存在因果关系，但研究人员……，人工甜味剂会影响大脑和神经系统中细胞之间的通讯，这可能与抑郁症有关。不过，这一点仍存在争议。)”可知，抑郁症与超加工食品的摄入之间的因果关系尚不明确。并指出人工甜味剂会影响大脑和神经系统中细胞之间的通讯，而这可能与抑郁症有关，并且这种说法仍在争论中。由此可以推断出，研究人员是在进行一种推测。选项C“Make an assumption(做出一种假设)”符合研究人员在因果关系不明确的情况下，对人工甜味剂影响的推测。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“What are the practical implications of using ultra-processed foods to lift your mood? You could switch to healthier snacks (e. g., nuts, carrots). The sounds of chewing the snack might replace the sweet taste of the ultra-processed food. Or, instead of eating, you could find an enjoyable activity to improve your frame of mind. For instance, you could listen to upbeat music or watch a comedy video. But the best alternative is to get active. Walking, jogging, yoga, or strength training is an effective treatment for depression.(用超加工食品来改善心情会有哪些实际影响呢？你可以改吃更健康的零食（比如坚果、胡萝卜）。咀嚼这些零食的声音可能会取代超加工食品的甜味。或者，你可以找一项能让自己开心的活动来改善心情，而不是选择吃东西。例如，你可以听欢快的音乐或看喜剧视频。但最好的选择是动起来。散步、慢跑、瑜伽或力量训练都是治疗抑郁症的有效方法。)”可知，文章中一共提出了三种替代情绪化进食的方法：改吃更健康的零食；找一项令人愉快的活动来改善心情；进行运动。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇指出情绪化进食很常见，人们会为了改善心情而选择特定食物，接着通过研究表明超加工食品虽常被用来改善心情，但可能产生相反效果，如增加抑郁风险等，还探讨了抑郁症与超加工食品摄入之间可能的联系，最后提出了替代情绪化进食的方法来改善心情。整体围绕食物（特别是超加工食品）与情绪之间的关系展开论述。选项A“The link between food and mood.(食物与情绪之间的联系)”准确地概括了文章的核心内容，文章从情绪化进食、超加工食品对情绪的影响以及改善情绪的食物选择等方面阐述了食物和情绪的关系。故选A。 （2025·河北·二模）The chemically combined Bisphenol A, or BPA, was found in a variety of widely used products, such as plastic of water bottles and eyewear. But it is also a chemical known to disturb the body’s hormones (激素). Previous studies have already suggested that BPA exposure could negatively affect human health, including the gut microbiome (肠道微生物群). However, studies have not looked at the connections between those who are overweight and those who are not. Researchers in Spain recently studied a group of children, half boys and half girls, aiming to evaluate how BPA affects gut microbiome in relation to childhood overweight and whether certain bacteria could serve as biological markers for BPA exposure. BPA-cultured samples from 106 children aged 5 to 10 were analyzed, revealing that BPA exposure led to specific changes of gut microbiome. Certain bacterial species, such as Clostridium and Romboutsia, showed resistance to BPA and were positively associated with microbiome richness. However, other species were inversely correlated with gut diversity, potentially leading to overweight. “We found that the gut microbiome responds differently to BPA exposure depending on the body-mass index (BMI) of the individual,” said microbiologist Margarita Aguilera, lead author of the study. In addition, children with normal weight exhibited a more enriched and connected gut microbiome network compared to those with overweight, suggesting greater resilience (恢复力) to the ill effects of BPA．This finding highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between BPA, overweight, and gut microbiome for informing interventions and policies aimed at reducing childhood overweight risk. In future work, Aguilera said, the researchers plan to similarly investigate how exposure to other combined chemicals may influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Her group’s primary goal, however, is to explain the mechanisms behind an invisible but widespread threat. “We want to raise awareness about the health risks associated with micro-plastics that enter our bodies, and those that spread in the environment,” Aguilera said in a statement. “It’s crucial for individuals to be mindful of these concerns.” 9．Why did the Spanish researchers conduct this study? A．To identify more hormones related to children’s overweight. B．To confirm certain bacteria as indicators of causing overweight. C．To discover the potential risks of BPA exposure as many as possible. D．To explore BPA’s impact on gut microbiome concerning childhood overweight. 10．What does the underlined word “inversely” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Randomly. B．Respectively. C．Oppositely. D．Apparently. 11．What can we learn from the study? A．The increase of gut bacteria will add the risk of overweight. B．The finding emphasizes the link between the body’s hormones. C．The overweight kids have a more diverse network of gut bacteria. D．Normal-weight kids can effectively resist bad effects of BPA． 12．Which aspect of the research does Aguilera talk about in the last paragraph? A．Its application. B．Its significance. C．Its limitation. D．Its background. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．D 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了西班牙研究人员对双酚A(BPA)如何影响儿童肠道微生物群与超重之间的关系进行研究的相关情况及研究发现。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers in Spain recently studied a group of children, half boys and half girls, aiming to evaluate how BPA affects gut microbiome in relation to childhood overweight and whether certain bacteria could serve as biological markers for BPA exposure.(西班牙的研究人员最近对一组儿童进行了研究，其中一半是男孩，一半是女孩，旨在评估双酚A如何影响与儿童超重相关的肠道微生物群，以及某些细菌是否可以作为双酚A暴露的生物标志物)”可知，西班牙研究人员进行这项研究是为了探索双酚A对与儿童超重相关的肠道微生物群的影响。故选D项。 10．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Certain bacterial species, such as Clostridium and Romboutsia, showed resistance to BPA and were positively associated with microbiome richness. However, other species were inversely correlated with gut diversity, potentially leading to overweight.(某些细菌种类，如梭菌和罗姆布茨菌，对双酚A有抵抗力，并且与微生物群的丰富度呈正相关。然而，其他物种与肠道多样性inversely相关，可能导致超重)”可知，前面提到某些细菌与微生物群丰富度呈正相关，后面用“However”转折，说明其他物种与肠道多样性的关系和前面情况相反，所以“inversely”意思是“相反地”，与C项“Oppositely”同义。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In addition, children with normal weight exhibited a more enriched and connected gut microbiome network compared to those with overweight, suggesting greater resilience (恢复力) to the ill effects of BPA.(此外，与超重儿童相比，正常体重的儿童表现出更丰富、联系更紧密的肠道微生物群网络，这表明他们对双酚A的不良影响有更强的恢复力)”可知，正常体重的孩子能有效抵抗双酚A的不良影响。故选D项。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Her group’s primary goal, however, is to explain the mechanisms behind an invisible but widespread threat. ‘We want to raise awareness about the health risks associated with micro plastics that enter our bodies, and those that spread in the environment,’ Aguilera said in a statement. ‘It’s crucial for individuals to be mindful of these concerns.’(然而，她的团队的主要目标是解释这一无形但广泛存在的威胁背后的机制。阿吉莱拉在一份声明中说：‘我们希望提高人们对进入我们身体的微塑料以及在环境中传播的微塑料相关健康风险的认识。个人关注这些问题至关重要。’)”可知，阿吉莱拉谈到了研究的意义在于提高人们对微塑料健康风险的认识。故选B项。 记叙文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 记叙文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 记叙文选标题三大方法 1. 主题句法 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。 2. 关键词法 全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的关键词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3. 逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，逐一排除，缩小范围，接近的即为正确选项。 记叙文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【精准押题】 （2025·广东汕头·二模）There are decisions we take on instinct, without even realising we are taking them. Two years ago, I left Germany to do volunteering work. I had a couple of disappointing experiences and a boring job in front of me. It was time to go. I found an interesting contact in a small village in Portugal. In exchange for room and board, I would be working with animals in a residence that hosted families with disabled people. And there I went, with just a backpack I was ready to jump into a new adventure. There, I cared for the pets living next to the residents, cleaning their yard, preparing food and caring for them. Within a month I was in charge of all the other volunteers and the organization of the daily work. After 5 months, I left again and moved to Catalonia, in Spain, to live with an Irish family. They offered a roof and food on the passage of their house for abandoned animals I helped care for. During both experiences, I had the chance to discover beautiful little towns and lovely villages. In Portugal, I walked on the coastline and explored those little towns on the top of the dry hills. In Spain I visited Barcelona multiple times, discovering little by little all its corners. Sometimes, my volunteering experience was complicated. I didn’t speak any Portuguese and only a bit of Spanish. But life out there was simple. It was so different from what I used to call “home” before! Going back to previous habits took me time. If you’re wondering if an international volunteering year gap is worth it, despite the uncertain future and the social pressure, I say: go for it. Believe me, in various ways, you will be sure to return transformed, perhaps even improved to a superior version of your former self. With a bit of luck, you may also discover a new career path. 1．Why did the author choose to leave Germany to do volunteering work? A．To make a change. B．To gain living skills. C．To broaden his horizon. D．To add working experience. 2．What did the author mainly do during his trip? A．Running an organization. B．Attending to animals. C．Taking care of the disabled. D．Preparing food for volunteers. 3．Which of the following can best describe the author’s trip? A．Simple. B．Romantic. C．Adventurous. D．Rewarding. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Instinct, a key step for new career B．Backpacking, a jump to a new adventure C．Gap year, an escape from the reality D．Volunteering, a journey of self-discovery 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者离开德国去葡萄牙和西班牙做志愿者的经历。作者在不同的地方照顾动物、探索当地的城镇和村庄，虽然遇到了语言障碍等问题，但这段经历让作者体验到了简单的生活，也使作者发生了改变，作者认为国际志愿者间隔年是值得的，它是一段自我发现的旅程。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Two years ago, I left Germany to do volunteering work. I had a couple of disappointing experiences and a boring job in front of me. It was time to go.(两年前，我离开德国去做志愿者工作。我有几次令人失望的经历，还有一份无聊的工作摆在我面前。是时候离开了)”可知，作者选择离开德国去做志愿者工作是为了做出改变。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In exchange for room and board, I would be working with animals in a residence that hosted families with disabled people.(作为食宿的交换，我将在一个为残疾人家属提供住宿的住所里照顾动物)”以及第三段 “They offered a roof and food on the passage of their house for abandoned animals I helped care for.(他们在自家房子的过道上为我帮忙照顾的弃养动物提供了住所和食物)”可知，作者在旅行期间主要做的是照顾动物。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“During both experiences, I had the chance to discover beautiful little towns and lovely villages.(在这两段经历中，我有机会发现了美丽的小镇和可爱的村庄)”以及最后一段 “Believe me, in various ways, you will be sure to return transformed, perhaps even improved to a superior version of your former self. With a bit of luck, you may also discover a new career path.(相信我，从各种方面来说，你回来时一定会有所改变，甚至可能会变成比以前更好的自己。运气好的话，你也许还能发现一条新的职业道路)”可知，作者的这次旅行是有回报的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了作者离开德国去葡萄牙和西班牙做志愿者的经历。作者在不同的地方照顾动物、探索当地的城镇和村庄，虽然遇到了语言障碍等问题，但这段经历让作者体验到了简单的生活，也使作者发生了改变，作者认为国际志愿者间隔年是值得的，它是一段自我发现的旅程。结合最后一段“If you’re wondering if an international volunteering year gap is worth it, despite the uncertain future and the social pressure, I say: go for it. Believe me, in various ways, you will be sure to return transformed, perhaps even improved to a superior version of your former self. With a bit of luck, you may also discover a new career path.(如果你想知道在未来不确定和社会压力的情况下，国际志愿者的空档年是否值得，我说：去做吧。相信我，在很多方面，你肯定会改变，甚至可能会变成比以前更好的自己。运气好的话，你可能还会发现一条新的职业道路)”可知，D项“志愿服务，一段自我发现的旅程”最适合作为文章标题。故选D。 （2025·新疆喀什·一模）My job is to train rats to find landmines (地雷) so the dangers can be cleared to save lives. I work for a Belgian non-governmental organization called Apopo that operates from Morogoro, in my home country of Tanzania. The rats I train are used in mine-clearing programs around the world, including in Angola, Azerbaijan and Cambodia. The animals we use are a species of African giant rat called Cricetomys ansorgei (非洲巨鼠). They are born in sub-Saharan Africa and are the size of a small cat, which makes them easy to catch. They also live longer than other rats, which is helpful for the program, because it takes between nine months and a year to train one fully. My colleagues and I use a method called clicker training: we teach the rats to relate a click with a food reward, and then use clicks to gradually reward behaviour. Rats are naturally curious, so they will explore, and their great sense of smell means they can find buried landmines. To teach the rats what to look for, we place small amounts of TNT explosives in some tea eggs and mix them with some filled with other things. We reward the rats for touching these, then move on to reward them only when they touch a tea egg filled with explosives, rather than ones filled with other things, such as hair, flowers and so on. The rats need to perform perfectly at each stage of training before they move to the next stage. In the final stage, we use real landmines in a training field. As trainers, we build a connection with the rats we train. Some are slow learners; others know the process very quickly. Most of the rats make it through, eventually. I work with our resident scientist to continually follow and improve our training program, because the rats are so clever that they can be smarter than trainers! 5．Why did the author choose to use Cricetomys ansorgei? A．They’re easy to get. B．They can be seen commonly. C．They’re quickly trained. D．They live for up to a year. 6．What’s the key to the training? A．Making the rats get used to the click. B．Increasing the difficulty gradually. C．Exercising rats’ sense of smell. D．Linking behavior and rewards. 7．What can be learn from the training process? A．Rats can find out all the explosives accurately. B．The training won’t stay the same. C．Real landmines aren’t used in training. D．Most rats are quick learners. 8．Which is the best title for the text? A．How I Train Rats to Find Explosives? B．Why Giant Rats Can Be Useful? C．How Rats Contribute to Saving Life? D．Why We Use Clicker to Train Rats? 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己在一个非政府组织训练老鼠寻找爆炸物以帮助扫雷项目的故事。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They are born in sub-Saharan Africa and are the size of a small cat, which makes them easy to catch.(它们出生在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，体型像一只小猫，很容易被捕捉到。)”可知，这种鼠类体型接近猫，很容易被捕获，即它们很容易获得。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“My colleagues and I use a method called clicker training: we teach the rats to relate a click with a food reward, and then use clicks to gradually reward behaviour. (我和我的同事们使用了一种叫做“点击训练”的方法：我们教老鼠把咔嗒声和食物奖励联系起来，然后用咔嗒声来逐渐奖励行为。)”可以推断，训练的关键是把行为和奖励联系起来。故选D 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I work with our resident scientist to continually follow and improve our training program, because the rats are so clever that they can be smarter than trainers!(我和我们的常驻科学家一起工作，不断跟踪和改进我们的训练计划，因为老鼠非常聪明，它们可以比训练师更聪明！)”可知，作者和同事仍在不断跟踪和改进训练计划，可以推断训练不是一成不变的。故选 B。 8．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“My job is to train rats to find landmines (地雷) so the dangers can be cleared to save lives.(我的工作是训练老鼠找到地雷，这样危险就能被清除，拯救生命。)”可知，文章主要介绍了作者训练老鼠寻找爆炸物的方法和过程，A选项“我如何训练老鼠寻找爆炸物”适合用作文章标题。故选A。 （2025·河北保定·一模）During my years of working with Alzheimer’s patients, the most difficult aspect was observing the isolation (孤独) it caused. Vera was definitely isolated. My attempts to engage her in the social activities of the care facility, were only greeted with a blank, lonely stare from her. She had no immediate family left and had never married. Her records provided scarcely any indication of her background. In a case like Vera’ s, if I, as an activity director, had been able to discover a little of her story, it might have made her present a bit more bearable. But there was nothing, no guiding clue. Days passed, however, Vera remained withdrawn (沉默寡言) and uncommunicative and, sadly, mostly ignored by the other residents and even some of the staff. The holiday season came with some residents having family members visit. Vera was one of several individuals who had a professional care manager, a wonderful lady named Melodie, who hosted an annual holiday dinner for the residents without family members. Vera had always attended these dinners, but Melodie told me that she remained silent and withdrawn. One year, I was drafted to help get Vera ready for Melodie’s dinner. She was short-staffed that day and I was asked to do her make-up. With little make-up experience but art school knowledge, I bravely agreed to try. After applying make ups, styling hair and adding earrings, Vera was amazing, like an old Hollywood star. Isa, one of the nurses on hand, ran to get a mirror for Vera to see. And presented with her beautiful self, the miracle (奇迹) I had waited for happened before all our eyes. Vera was beyond delighted. She smiled and laughed. Her face lit up. At the dinner, Vera became the focus. Still lonely but changed, she grew popular and led a group. That one glance in the mirror unlocked a cheerful spirit. Sometimes, a person needs to take a look in life’s mirror to perceive their own beauty. Maybe Vera saw in that mirror the person she had been many years ago. On that day, I realized that with a bit of make-up and a little change, a kind of miracle can occur. 9．How did Vera react to the author’s previous attempts? A．Positively. B．Doubtfully. C．Emotionlessly. D．Enthusiastically. 10．What can be inferred about Vera’s past life from paragraph 2? A．It was little known. B．It was eventful. C．It was colorful. D．It was ordinary. 11．Why was the author invited to help out at an annual holiday dinner? A．She was expert at make-up. B．She filled the manpower gap. C．She had a close relationship with Vera. D．She was specifically chosen by Melodie. 12．What’s the best title for the text? A．A Holiday Dinner Story B．The Make-up Miracle C．Vera’s Lonely Life D．A Dinner’s Magic 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．B 12．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者照顾患阿尔茨海默症的Vera，在帮她化妆参加晚宴后，Vera从孤僻变得开朗，展现化妆带来的奇迹。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“My attempts to engage her in the social activities of the care facility, were only greeted with a blank, lonely stare from her.(我试图让她参与护理机构的社交活动，却只迎来她茫然、孤独的凝视。)”可知，Vera对作者之前的尝试毫无情感反应。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“She had no immediate family left and had never married. Her records provided scarcely any indication of her background. In a case like Vera’ s, if I, as an activity director, had been able to discover a little of her story, it might have made her present a bit more bearable. But there was nothing, no guiding clue.(她没有直系亲属了，也从未结过婚。她的记录几乎没有提供任何关于她背景的信息。像 Vera 这样的情况，如果我作为活动主管能够发现一点她的故事，也许会让她现在的处境更容易忍受一些。但什么都没有，没有任何指引性的线索。)”可知，关于Vera过去的生活几乎不为人知。故选A项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“One year, I was drafted to help get Vera ready for Melodie’s dinner. She was short-staffed that day and I was asked to do her make-up.(有一年，我被征召来帮助 Vera 为 Melodie 的晚宴做准备。那天人手不足，我被要求给她化妆。)”可知，作者被邀请帮忙是因为填补了人力缺口。故选B项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了作者为孤独沉默的Vera化妆后，Vera发生了巨大的变化，从沉默寡言变得开朗、受欢迎，就像发生了奇迹一样。再根据最后一段“On that day, I realized that with a bit of make-up and a little change, a kind of miracle can occur.(在那一天，我意识到，只要一点化妆和一点改变，一种奇迹就可能发生。)”可知，B选项The Make-up Miracle(化妆的奇迹)最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 说明文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 2. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【精准押题】 （2025·河北·二模）The stories we engage with can shape our world. However, the publishing industry has long been criticized for its lack of diversity. Despite recent improvements, many people, like Colin Kaepernick, grew up with little or no literature. Kaepernick, a former National Football League (NFL) player, rarely read as a child because he couldn’t relate to the narratives in the books available. Over the years, self-realization and awareness, combined with his activism, inspired Kaepernick to address the lack of diversity. In 2023, he released a graphic novel entitled Change the Game. He explained in an interview that the objective of this project was to provide younger audiences with characters and stories that they could relate to, and also give them the resources, which he lacked growing up, to navigate their realities. And subsequently in 2024, Colin launched Lumi, an AI-based platform that provides creators with tools to independently produce, publish, distribute, and market their stories, both digitally and physically. “Lumi addresses an unnecessary dependency on gatekeepers that slows creators down,” says Kaepernick. The platform was born out of the barriers he encountered while trying to publish his own works through Ra Vision Media. “One specific challenge creators face is the manufacturing and distribution of their stories,” he explains. “We have built digital and physical publishing directly into our platform to simplify the process of manufacturing and distribution for creators and remove this organizational burden.” Lumi’s use of AI has brought discussions about technology’s role in the creative process. While some fear that AI tools might overshadow human creativity, Kaepernick sees AI as an enabler rather than a replacement for human creativity. “We believe creators are at the center of all creations, and AI will be a tool that creators can use to enhance their current creative processes,” he explains. Looking ahead, Lumi aims to be a bridge between traditional creatives and AI-driven content creation, developing an environment where both can boom. Through Lumi, Kaepernick is expanding the creative space to include a wider range of voices. “Lumi will allow a new wave of diverse and innovative stories to come to life,” Kaepernick says. 1．Why did Colin Kaepernick publish Change the Game? A．To criticize the quality of storytelling. B．To meet young readers’ need in storytelling. C．To support his physical education initiatives. D．To challenge traditional publishing companies. 2．What inspired Colin Kaepernick to launch the platform of Lumi? A．His desire to become a writer. B．His enthusiasm for AI technology. C．His struggle with literary creation. D．His personal publishing experience. 3．What do we know about Lumi? A．It focuses primarily on digital storytelling. B．It is intended to minimize reading difficulties. C．It leads to the decline of traditional publishing. D．It enables creators to work freely and independently. 4．What can be the suitable title for the text? A．How Kaepernick Makes Efforts to Diversify Storytelling B．How Kaepernick Takes Advantage of AI to Write Books C．Why Kaepernick Appreciates Authentic Storytelling Style D．Why Kaepernick Shifts His Career from Sports to Literature 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科林·卡佩尼克为使故事讲述多元化所做的努力，包括出版漫画小说和推出AI平台Lumi。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“He explained in an interview that the objective of this project was to provide younger audiences with characters and stories that they could relate to, and also give them the resources, which he lacked growing up, to navigate their realities.(他在一次采访中解释说，这个项目的目标是为年轻读者提供他们能够产生共鸣的角色和故事，同时也为他们提供他成长过程中所缺乏的资源，以帮助他们应对现实)”可知，科林·卡佩尼克出版《改变游戏》是为了满足年轻读者在讲故事方面的需求。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The platform was born out of the barriers he encountered while trying to publish his own works through Ra Vision Media.(该平台诞生于他试图通过Ra Vision Media出版自己的作品时遇到的障碍)”可知，科林·卡佩尼克推出Lumi平台的灵感来自于他个人的出版经历。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“And subsequently in 2024, Colin launched Lumi, an AI-based platform that provides creators with tools to independently produce, publish, distribute, and market their stories, both digitally and physically.(随后在2024年，科林推出了Lumi，这是一个基于人工智能的平台，为创作者提供工具，让他们能够独立地以数字和实体形式制作、出版、发行和营销自己的故事)”可推知，Lumi使创作者能够自由独立地工作。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The stories we engage with can shape our world. However, the publishing industry has long been criticized for its lack of diversity.(我们接触到的故事可以塑造我们的世界。然而，出版业长期以来一直因其缺乏多样性而受到批评)”以及后文对科林·卡佩尼克为使故事讲述多元化所做的努力的描述，可知，文章主要讲述了Colin Kaepernick 因为自身经历意识到出版业缺乏多样性，他通过出版《Change the Game》，推出Lumi平台等方式，努力让故事讲述更加多样化，扩大创作空间，让更多不同的声音得以展现。所以A 选项“Kaepernick如何努力使故事讲述多样化”适合作本文的标题。故选A。 （2025·广东·二模）The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success. The influence of these skills accrues throughout a child’s education, with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path. The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills. One striking finding is the growing role of genetics in shaping non-cognitive skills and their impact on academic achievement. Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16. By the end of required schooling, genetic influence on non-cognitive skills was as strong as that on cognitive skills in predicting academic success. Besides, by comparing children from the same family, researchers could separate the impact of shared family environment from genetic factors. “We found that how children were raised in the family played a significant role, although the increasing influence of non-cognitive genetics on academic achievement was still evident,” said Dr. Alleg, a co-researcher in the study. The findings have far-reaching implications for education. The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development. Dr. Malan said, “By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and effective learning environment for students.” The study also highlights the need for further research into the complex interaction between genes, environment and education. By understanding these factors, educators and policymakers can develop more effective strategies to support students’ overall development and achieve better educational outcomes. 5．What does the underlined word “accrues” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Mounts. B．Remains. C．Varies. D．Surfaces. 6．Why was the special method used in the study? A．To predict students’ academic achievement. B．To measure the role of environment in learning. C．To evaluate the genetic impact on non-cognitive skills. D．To assess the academic influence of cognitive abilities. 7．What are the researchers most likely to recommend? A．Advanced math courses. B．AI programming workshops. C．Writing training programs. D．Community service projects. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Promoting Effective Learning B．The Overlooked Benefits of Genes C．Unlocking Academic Potential D．The Hidden Key to Academic Success 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究表明非认知技能对学业成就影响重大且受基因影响。 5．词句猜测题。根据划线单词后面的“with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path(基因因素在塑造这条发展路径中起着重要作用)” 以及第二段“The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills.(该研究对英格兰和威尔士地区年龄在 7 岁至 16 岁之间的 10,000 多名儿童进行了追踪调查，并采用双胞胎研究和 DNA 分析方法来探究非认知技能对学业成果的影响，以及基因和环境等影响这些技能的因素)”可知，从7岁到16岁非认知技能中基因影响对学业成就的预测性几乎翻倍，可推知，随着孩子教育过程的推进，非认知技能的影响在不断累积这。所以accrues意思是“累积、增加”。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16.(研究人员研发出一种名为“多基因评分”的特殊方法，用以衡量这些技能，并发现与非认知技能相关的基因效应对学业成就的预测性日益增强，在7岁至16岁这一年龄段期间，其预测作用几乎翻倍)”可知，研究中使用这种特殊方法是为了评估基因对非认知技能的影响。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development.(这项研究表明，学校应该制定计划来支持学生的情感和社会发展)”可推知，研究人员最有可能推荐社区服务项目，因为社区服务项目可以帮助学生发展情感和社会能力。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success.(长久以来，人们一直认为智力是推动学业成就的首要因素，而最近发表在《人类行为》上的一项研究对此提出了质疑。这项研究由伦敦大学的马兰博士牵头，并由一群国际专家共同开展，研究结果表明，在决定学业成功与否方面，动机、自我调节能力以及学术兴趣等非认知技能的重要性丝毫不亚于智力)”可知，文章开篇指出传统认为智力是学业成就主要驱动力的观点受到挑战，接着阐述研究表明非认知技能对学业成就同样重要且受基因影响，还讨论了研究对教育的启示等，所以文章最佳标题是D项“学业成功的隐藏关键”，强调了非认知技能这个过去被忽视但对学业成功很重要的因素。故选D。 （24-25高三下·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nearly a year ago, NASA announced that a rock spotted on Mars by its Perseverance rover contained some of the best signs yet that ancient microbial (微生物的) life may have once existed on the Red Planet. The rock provides clear evidence for water, organic matter, and chemical reactions that could provide an energy source, Laurie Leshin, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which operates Perseverance, posted on the social media platform X. “This is the kind of discovery you hope for — where mind-bending observations make your heart beat just a little faster,” she added. Catch your breath, everyone. There are a lot of maybes that won’t be resolved anytime soon, if ever. And there’s a long history of Martian rocks getting some of the life on our planet a little too excited. Perhaps the most famous Martian rock is Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite (陨石) discovered in Antarctica. In a 1996 Science paper, researchers suggested it held nannofossils (纳米化石) of bacteria. The news spread far and wide and even led to a congratulatory speech by then-President Bill Clinton. The debate continues, but most researchers today believe the fossil like features arose without life. Similar news has followed rocks found by earlier Mars rovers, including Curiosity, which, with its onboard chemical lab, has detected all sorts of organic molecules during its long trip in  Gale crater. Perseverance lacks such an onboard lab. Its job is to drill rocks and put them in capsules that could eventually be returned to Earth for detailed study. Compared with  Curiosity’s, its instruments are more limited. Still, they provided enough information to be excited about the Cheyava Falls rock it just drilled. Running through the rock are white veins of calcium sulfate — minerals that spark out of water. Scans by a rover  instrument also indicate the rock contains organic compounds. Such carbon-bearing molecules are essential building blocks of life, but they can also be formed by nonbiological processes. Of most scientific significance were mineral “leopard spots” in the rock, millimeter-size whitish spots ringed by black material, which seem to contain iron and phosphate (磷酸盐). On Earth, such spotting can form when organic molecules react with hematite, or rusted iron. These reactions, in turn, can fuel microbial life. Although there is no doubt about the scientific value of the new discovery, the immediate announcement about the rock by JPL has raised some eyebrows. 9．What do we know about NASA’s discovery by its Perseverance on Mars? A．A rock spotted contains ancient microbial life. B．Concrete evidence of organic substances is found. C．Observations demonstrated are not exciting. D．Chemical reactions can provide a new energy source. 10．What was the significance of the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite? A．It unlocked the first rock to show signs of life on Mars. B．It revealed the likely existence of nannofossils of bacteria. C．It led to the finding of the existence of living bacteria. D．It confirmed the first meteorite discovered on Mars. 11．Why is the Cheyava Falls rock vital to scientists? A．It contains high amounts of minerals. B．It indicates organic compounds. C．It fuels microbial life. D．It carries mineral “leopard spots”. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．NASA found possible signs of life on Mars B．A heart-beating discovery attracted public attention C．NASA sent another rover to explore Mars D．A debate-heated discovery clarified ancient life 【答案】9．B 10．B 11．D 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 NASA“毅力号”在火星发现可能存在生命迹象的岩石，同时也介绍了这块岩石的特点以及这一发现的意义。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Nearly a year ago, NASA announced that a rock spotted on Mars by its Perseverance rover contained some of the best signs yet that ancient microbial (微生物的) life may have once existed on the Red Planet. The rock provides clear evidence for water, organic matter, and chemical reactions that could provide an energy source, Laurie Leshin, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which operates Perseverance, posted on the social media platform X.(大约一年前，美国宇航局宣布，其毅力号火星车在火星上发现的一块岩石包含一些迄今为止最好的迹象，表明这颗红色星球上可能曾经存在过古老的微生物生命。运营毅力号的喷气推进实验室主任劳里·莱辛在社交媒体平台X上发帖，这块岩石为水、有机物和化学反应提供了明确的证据，这些反应可以提供能源)”可知，NASA的“毅力号”在火星上的发现提供了有机物存在的具体证据。故选B。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Perhaps the most famous Martian rock is Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite (陨石) discovered in Antarctica. In a 1996 Science paper, researchers suggested it held nannofossils (纳米化石) of bacteria.(也许最著名的火星岩石是在南极洲发现的一块名为“艾伦山84001”的陨石。在1996年的一篇《科学》杂志论文中，研究人员认为它含有细菌的纳米化石)”可知，艾伦山84001陨石的意义在于它揭示了火星上可能存在细菌的纳米化石。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Of most scientific significance were mineral “leopard spots” in the rock, millimeter-size whitish spots ringed by black material, which seem to contain iron and phosphate (磷酸盐).(这块岩石中最具科学意义的是矿物“豹纹斑点”，即由黑色物质环绕的、大小为毫米级的白色斑点，这些斑点似乎含有铁和磷酸盐)”可知，Cheyava Falls岩石对科学家来说至关重要的原因是它带有矿物的“豹纹斑点”。故选D。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Nearly a year ago, NASA announced that a rock spotted on Mars by its Perseverance rover contained some of the best signs yet that ancient microbial life may have once existed on the Red Planet.(近一年前，美国宇航局宣布，其“毅力号”火星车在火星上发现的一块岩石包含了一些迄今为止最好的迹象，表明这颗红色星球上可能曾经存在过古老的微生物生命)”结合文章内容可知，主要说明了NASA的“毅力号”在火星上发现了一块岩石，这块岩石提供了水、有机物以及可能提供能源的化学反应的明确证据，介绍了这块岩石的特点以及这一发现的意义。可知，A选项“NASA在火星上发现了可能的生命迹象”最符合文章标题。故选A。 细节理解题3篇 【名师点津】 “细节理解题”的最优处理方法： 第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。 第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。 第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。 【精准押题】 （2025·浙江台州·二模）The famous marshmallow test, where children are asked to choose one marshmallow now or two later, may reveal more than willpower. Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. This skill strengthens the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and reasoning. Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life. Over time, it will definitely build up mental resilience. Resisting immediate rewards stimulates “cool” controlling strategies in the prefrontal cortex, while giving in to temptation involves emotional decision-making areas. Regular practice of these “cool” strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. This regular practice will potentially delay cognitive decline. It’s not just about willpower, but the ability to plan for the future, which is essential to make healthier lifestyle choices that benefit brain health. These skills can be developed at any age. While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice. Strategies like setting specific goals enhance these abilities. Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. Physical activity matters in this relationship. Research shows that higher physical activity is linked to better cognitive function, especially in older adults. Delaying gratification helps maintain regular exercise habits, creating a positive feedback circle that supports brain health. The more we practice delayed gratification, the more we strengthen our brain’s ability of self-control and protect against future cognitive decline. To develop these skills, start with small delays and gradually increase the waiting period. Set achievable goals and practice mindfulness to manage emotional urges. It’s never too late to start building cognitive resilience, and the small choices we make today can have a lasting impact on our mental health in the long term. 1．How does the author illustrate delayed gratification in paragraph 1? A．By defining concepts. B．By giving descriptions. C．By making comparisons. D．By conducting surveys. 2．What’s the function of practicing “cool” controlling strategies regularly? A．Enhancing cognitive reserve. B．Arousing emotional awareness. C．Developing temptation resistance. D．Boosting willpower performance. 3．How can adults improve their problem-solving skills? A．By building physical fitness gradually. B．By exercising self-control consistently. C．By making feedback circles immediately. D．By establishing major objectives successfully. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Delayed gratification benefits brain health. B．Physical activity increases muscle strength. C．Waiting period influences cognitive function. D．Positive mindfulness manages emotional drive. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了延迟满足的能力对大脑健康有益。同时文章给出了培养延迟满足技能的建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. (最近的研究表明，延迟满足的能力可能有助于防止认知衰退。)”以及后文“Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life.(就像定期的体育锻炼有助于保持肌肉力量一样，定期练习延迟满足可能有助于维持一生的认知功能。)”可知，作者通过将定期练习延迟满足与定期体育锻炼进行类比，说明了延迟满足的作用因此第一段是通过作比较的方式来说明延迟满足。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Regular practice of these ‘cool’ strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. (定期练习这些“冷静”策略有助于认知储备，这凸显了精神刺激的重要性。)”可知，定期练习“冷静”控制策略的功能是增强认知储备。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice.(虽然儿童早期为延迟满足奠定了基础，但成年人可以通过持续练习来加强自控力。)”以及“Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. (研究表明，那些经常练习自控力的人在年老时往往能保持更好的认知功能，表现出更强的解决问题的能力。)”可知，成年人可以通过持续练习自控力来提高他们解决问题的能力。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. (最近的研究表明，延迟满足的能力可能有助于防止认知衰退。)”及后文内容可知，文章主要说明了延迟满足的能力对大脑健康有益，不仅有助于维持认知功能，还能增强大脑的自控能力，保护大脑免受未来认知衰退的影响。A选项“Delayed gratification benefits brain health.(延迟满足有益于大脑健康。)”概括文章主要内容。故选A项。 （2025·广东汕头·二模）Many companies have advertised a feature that enables users to employ AI as a recipe generator assistant. In one demonstration, a user asks the virtual assistant for a meal plan with ingredients (食材) they have, and the AI returns a list of recipes using those ingredients. In fact, the employment of AI in the brainstorming stage is also gaining increasing popularity. While that seems convenient, most of the press about the relationship between AI and cooking has been negative so far. For years, chefs on popular video platforms have staged cook-offs between “real” and AI recipes, with the “real” chefs often winning. In 2022, Tasty, an online platform, compared a chocolate cake recipe generated by an AI tool with one developed by a professional cook. While the AI recipe baked up fine, the cook’s recipe won in a blind taste test. The tasters preferred the cook’s cake for its not-too-sweet and juicer flavor compared to the AI cake. Sarah and Kaitlin Leung are sisters who run a famous food blog. Their recipes go through a long process. They brainstorm ideas, do research, and experiment a lot before testing each recipe up to 40 times. “We know that our readers are trusting us, so we try to make sure our recipe not only works but is also easy to follow,” Sarah says. “The stories that surround these recipes and the connections that we make with people through these recipes are priceless — it’s so deeply human. By comparison, the machine doesn’t eat and the machine can’t taste.” “It’s not all negative for me.” A software engineer Olson believes AI has a place in the recipe development process. He adds, “but I don’t think the technology is there to the point where you can have an entirely AI-generated blog, although that would be a cool concept. Maybe someone should try it and see how it goes.” 5．What can AI do in developing a recipe? A．Planning the budget. B．Shortening cooking time. C．Coming up with ideas. D．Demonstrating cooking methods. 6．What can we know about the competition launched by Tasty? A．The AI tool was developed by a cook. B．The result agrees with those of prior years. C．The cook’s cake tasted sweeter and juicier. D．The comparison was based on the appearance. 7．How does the sisters ensure the quality of their recipes on their food blog? A．By doing multiple trials. B．By learning the recipes from AI. C．By using priceless ingredients. D．By following standard procedures. 8．What is Olson’s attitude towards entirely AI-generated blogs? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Reserved. D．Critical. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人工智能（AI）在食谱开发领域的应用情况，包括其优势、局限性以及人们对其不同的看法。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“In one demonstration, a user asks the virtual assistant for a meal plan with ingredients (食材) they have, and the AI returns a list of recipes using those ingredients. (在一次演示中，用户向虚拟助手提出请求，希望根据自己所拥有的食材制定一份餐食计划，随后人工智能便返回了一份利用这些食材制作的食谱清单。)”可知，人工智能在开发食谱方面能提出一些想法，故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段“For years, chefs on popular video platforms have staged cook-offs between “real” and AI recipes, with the “real” chefs often winning. In 2022, Tasty, an online platform, compared a chocolate cake recipe generated by an AI tool with one developed by a professional cook. While the AI recipe baked up fine, the cook’s recipe won in a blind taste test. (多年来，热门视频平台上的厨师们在“真正的”和人工智能的食谱之间进行烹饪比赛，“真正的”厨师经常获胜。2022年，在线平台Tasty将人工智能工具生成的巧克力蛋糕食谱与专业厨师制作的食谱进行了比较。虽然人工智能的食谱烤得很好，但厨师的食谱在盲品测试中胜出。)”可知，Tasty发起的比赛的结果与前几年的结果一致。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“They brainstorm ideas, do research, and experiment a lot before testing each recipe up to 40 times. (她们集思广益，做研究，做很多实验，然后把每个食谱测试40次。)”可知，这对姐妹通过多次试验在她们的美食博客上保证食谱的质量。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He adds, “but I don’t think the technology is there to the point where you can have an entirely AI-generated blog, although that would be a cool concept. Maybe someone should try it and see how it goes.” (他补充道：“但我不认为现在的技术可以让你拥有一个完全由人工智能生成的博客，尽管这将是一个很酷的概念。也许有人应该试试，看看效果如何。”)”可知，Olson对完全由人工智能生成的博客的态度是有所保留的，故选C。 （2025·广东惠州·一模）It’s the number we all want to know: the magic number on the scale (秤) that would make us look great and keep us healthy. Often, we set goals based on feelings or consult charts and formulas (公式) to calculate that number. Unfortunately, none of these methods on its own can offer a number that’s healthy and possible to attain and maintain. So how can we determine our “best” weight? It’s more complicated and simpler than we think. Formulas for determining a healthy weight range can easily be found online. For decades, we’ve been told that Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard. To calculate BMI, we plug in our height and weight, and then a formula generates a number that falls on a scale from underweight to healthy to overweight to obese, based on an estimated percentage of body fat. Simple, right? Too simple. And so the latest thinking is that we need to consider more than this number. One problem with BMI is that the chart lists the same healthy or unhealthy weight range for men and women, and for older and younger adults. More recently, some doctors have begun using the BRI, or body roundness index, which focuses on waist circumference (周长) instead of weight. The thinking behind this chart is that where we pile up fat can be even more important than how much we weigh. Extra fat surrounds the-abdominal (腹部) organs, leading to a higher risk of heart disease and other conditions. Again, though, there are caveats. Different health conditions can affect abdominal size. “I wouldn’t use this chart to supply a number of what someone should weigh,” says Dr. Jay. "How are they feeling, how are they doing? What’s their blood pressure, blood sugar? How well are they sleeping? All these need to be considered." So What’s Our Ideal Weight? Confused? It’s hard not to be. The best weight is one we can comfortably maintain by eating as healthy as possible and exercising. Dr. Freedhoff says, “Whatever weight the Body settles at and maintains when we live this way is the best weight for us.” 9．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To give a definition of “best” weight. B．To illustrate the anxiety of body image. C．To introduce methods of weight calculation. D．To expose misleading ideal weight determination. 10．How is BRI different from BMI? A．BRI considers health risks. B．BRI provides separate ranges. C．BRI uses a simpler calculation. D．BRI involves weight and height. 11．What does the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Warnings. B．Insights. C．Requirements. D．Accidents. 12．What does Dr. Freedhoff suggest? A．Shifting eating habits. B．Laying trust on the BRI. C．Following sustainable routines. D．Applying charts and formulas. 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了如何确定“最佳”体重，指出传统方法有局限并给出建议。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Often, we set goals based on feelings or consult charts and formulas (公式) to calculate that number. Unfortunately, none of these methods on its own can offer a number that’s healthy and possible to attain and maintain. (通常，我们根据感觉设定目标，或者参考图表和公式来计算那个数字。不幸的是，这些方法中没有一种能够单独提供一个健康的、可以达到并维持的数字。)”可知，第1段的作用是指出我们常用的确定理想体重的方法存在误导性。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To calculate BMI, we plug in our height and weight, and then a formula generates a number that falls on a scale from underweight to healthy to overweight to obese, based on an estimated percentage of body fat. (为了计算身体质量指数，我们输入身高和体重，然后一个公式会根据估计的体脂百分比生成一个数字，这个数字落在从体重不足到健康到超重再到肥胖的范围内。)”以及第四段中“More recently, some doctors have begun using the BRI, or body roundness index, which focuses on waist circumference (周长) instead of weight. The thinking behind this chart is that where we pile up fat can be even more important than how much we weigh. Extra fat surrounds the abdominal (腹部) organs, leading to a higher risk of heart disease and other conditions. (最近，一些医生开始使用身体圆度指数（BRI），它关注的是腰围而不是体重。这个图表背后的理念是，我们堆积脂肪的位置甚至比我们的体重更重要。多余的脂肪围绕着腹部器官，导致患心脏病和其他疾病的风险更高。)”可知，BRI与BMI不同在于BRI考虑了健康风险。故选A。 11．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Again, though, there are caveats. Different health conditions can affect abdominal size. (不过，这里也有一些caveats。不同的健康状况会影响腹部大小。)”可知，这里是说BRI这种方法也存在一些需要注意的地方，caveats意思应该是“警告，提醒注意的地方”，与Warnings意思相符。故选A。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The best weight is one we can comfortably maintain by eating as healthy as possible and exercising. Dr. Freedhoff says, “Whatever weight the Body settles at and maintains when we live this way is the best weight for us.” (理想的体重是我们通过尽可能健康地饮食和锻炼，能够舒适维持的体重。弗里德霍夫医生说：“当我们以这种方式生活时，身体稳定并保持的任何体重对我们来说都是最佳体重。”)”可知，这里“这种方式”指的是前面提到的“通过尽可能健康的饮食和锻炼”，也就是遵循可持续的生活方式。故选 C。 心理效应题3篇 【名师点津】 “心理效应题”的最优处理方法： 第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。 第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。 第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。 第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。 【精准押题】 （24-25高三上·广东·阶段练习）博弈论的囚徒困境悖论 The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. The reason for this unexpected outcome can be traced to the principles of game theory, particularly the prisoner’s dilemma paradox (悖论). Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. This action would create fairness in competition, ensuring that no individual company gains an edge by advertising. However, the dilemma arises when considering the potential actions of competitors. If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors. This creates a situation where each company faces the urge to advertise, fearing that their competitors may do the same and leave them at a disadvantage. In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. This strategic decision reflects the uncertainty and strategic considerations that shape business decisions, even in the face of regulations aimed at public health goals. This application of game theory provides valuable insight into the complexities of influencing human behavior through policy interventions. While well-intended efforts such as advertising bans may seem straightforward in theory, the realities of strategic decision-making and competitive dynamics often lead to unforeseen outcomes. As such, understanding the complexities of game theory can provide valuable insight for policymakers seeking to design more effective interventions and address complex societal challenges. 1．What is a direct result of the ban in the 1970s? A．Cut in tax income. B．Reduction in health risks. C．Rise in tobacco sales. D．Cooperation of companies. 2．How can all competitors benefit in the prisoner’s dilemma? A．They fully trust each other and follow the regulations. B．They act independently and pursue their own interests. C．They increase their market share at the expense of others. D．They ignore competition and focus on their own strategies. 3．Why do most tobacco companies finally choose to advertise? A．To avoid intense competition. B．To gain a competitive advantage. C．To shape better business images. D．To achieve public health goals. 4．What can be the most suitable title for the passage? A．A Good Intention Fails B．A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke C．A Ban Boosts Public Health D．A Dilemma Concerns Cigarette Campaign 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了20世纪70年代初美国禁止香烟广告的案例，指出禁令意外导致烟草销量增加。文章用博弈论的囚徒困境悖论解释原因，反映了政策干预的复杂性，提示政策制定者需深入理解博弈论。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. (尽管政府的意图是劝阻吸烟，减少相关的健康风险，但禁令导致了一个意想不到的结果：主要烟草公司的卷烟销量增加)”可知，20世纪70年代禁令的直接后果是烟草销售增加。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. (正如在囚徒困境中，合作会给双方带来最好的结果一样，如果烟草公司都不做广告，它们将共同受益。)”可知，在囚徒困境中，如果竞争对手相互信任并遵守规则，则对所有竞争对手都有利。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors..(如果一家烟草公司决定无视禁令并为其产品做广告，那么与不做广告的竞争对手相比，它将获得显著的市场份额并增加销售额)”可知，大多数烟草公司最终选择做广告是为了获得竞争优势。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. ( 20世纪70年代初，美国对香烟广告的禁令是公共卫生运动及其意外后果领域的一个引人入胜的研究案例。尽管政府的意图是劝阻吸烟，减少相关的健康风险，但禁令导致了一个意想不到的结果：主要烟草公司的卷烟销量增加。)”和第四段中“In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. (最后，大多数烟草公司决定谨慎行事，不顾禁令，投资广告，以避免在竞争格局中落后。)”以及通读全文可知，文章讲述了20世纪70年代禁令的直接后果是部分烟草公司销售增加，最终大多数烟草公司陷入“囚徒困境”，决定不顾禁令，投资广告，以避免在竞争格局中落后。香烟广告的禁令最后化为云烟。故B选项“A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke (禁令化作云烟)”是文章最佳标题。故选B。 （2024·河南·模拟预测）行星社会教育学理论 An overall transformation is needed for the planet to adapt people’s pursuit of well-being. A new study by an international team of researchers explores a Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy as a driver of a transformative process based on a learning society. The Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy is a way of learning applicable to all societal sectors. According to it, people, societies and the world are an interlinked, systemic body. Such a worldview can make life meaningful, increase people’s experiences of belonging and inclusion, expand the scope of care, and help people identify their opportunities to influence. In a time marked by crises, learning to be one with the world is increasingly essential. In many ways, our everyday lives are linked with all other life on Earth. According to Professor Arto O. Salonen of the University of Eastern Finland, the study’s lead author, the most important reason behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is people’s being separated from their surrounding reality. He says, “As we try for a comprehensive sustainability transition (转变), we need increasingly powerful and more systemic interpretations of reality. ” The current strategy for a sustainable future emphasizes economic and technological progress，but that is not enough. Learning is needed, too. A learning society relies on changes in its citizens’ values, beliefs and worldviews. “How we become aware of our everyday connection to other people and nature at the level of our emotions, body and mind stands at the core of the sustainability transition,” says Erkka Laininen, a co-author of the study. Having an experience of belonging to and being part of the world strengthens people’s sense of meaningfulness and their agency needed in building a sustainable future. The transformative power of a learning society can be a key factor in the green transformation going into all society, in which citizens’ consumer behaviour and ways of living, moving and producing food and energy are organized in new ways. Conceptions of work and the economy can be reformed, too. A sustainable future is not about life becoming more miserable—it’s about life becoming richer and more meaningful as hope for the future grows stronger. 5．Why is Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy mentioned? A．To stress learning to be one with the world. B．To suggest reforming citizens’ ways of living. C．To describe how the theory is being improved. D．To tell if a sustainable future is significant. 6．What is the main reason for increasing global crises according to Professor Salonen? A．The planet is reaching its limits. B．Humans break away from the reality. C．Old ideas of well-being are being questioned. D．Progress in economy and technology is unbalanced. 7．What can we conclude from the text? A．A sustainable future is based on a learning society. B．Humans, societies and the world were connected more. C．Ending the present strategy for future is needed. D．Global crises have resulted in wrong worldviews. 8．How does the author support the theme of the text? A．By introducing a theory. B．By making a comparison. C．By using researchers’ arguments. D．By providing study processes. 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了在一个充满全球危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要，而可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。 5．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy is a way of learning applicable to all societal sectors. According to it, people, societies and the world are an interlinked, systemic body. Such a worldview can make life meaningful, increase people’s experiences of belonging and inclusion, expand the scope of care, and help people identify their opportunities to influence.(行星社会教育学理论是一种适用于所有社会部门的学习方式。根据该理论，人、社会和世界是一个相互关联的系统性整体。这样的世界观可以让生活更有意义，增加人们的归属感和包容感，扩大关怀的范围，并帮助人们发现自身的影响力机会。)”和文章第三段“In a time marked by crises, learning to be one with the world is increasingly essential.(在一个充满危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要。)”可推知，文章提及行星社会教育学理论的目的是强调学会与世界融为一体。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“the most important reason behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is people’s being separated from their surrounding reality(行星危机升级背后最重要的原因是人们与周围现实的脱节)”可知，Professor Salonen认为全球危机不断上升背后的主要原因是人们脱离周围现实。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据全文，尤其是后四段可知，我们处在一个充满全球危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要，而可持续发展的未来需要人类不断学习，即可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“According to Professor Arto O. Salonen of the University of Eastern Finland, the study’s lead author, the most important reason behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is people’s being separated from their surrounding reality.( 该研究的主要作者、东芬兰大学的阿尔托·O·萨洛宁教授表示，地球危机升级背后最重要的原因是人们与周围的现实环境分离。)”、第四段“He says, “As we try for a comprehensive sustainability transition (转变), we need increasingly powerful and more systemic interpretations of reality. ”(他说:“当我们尝试全面的可持续转型时，我们需要对现实进行越来越有力和更系统的解释。”)”和第五段““How we become aware of our everyday connection to other people and nature at the level of our emotions, body and mind stands at the core of the sustainability transition,” says Erkka Laininen, a co-author of the study.(该研究的合著者Erkka Laininen说:“我们如何在情感、身体和思想的层面上意识到我们与他人和自然的日常联系，这是可持续转型的核心。”)”可推知，作者主要通过引述研究者的相关论述来说明主题，即可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。故选C。 （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）shallowing hypothesis浅层假说 Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 9．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. 10．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand. C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media. 11．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. 12．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 9．词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 （2023·全国·高考真题）“群体智慧”效应 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 13．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. 14．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent 15．What did the follow-up study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members. C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates. 16．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 【答案】13．B 14．D 15．C 16．D 导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 13．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$