2024-2025学年初升高英语衔接教材 导学案

目录 第1讲——十大词类••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1 第2讲——动词•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••14 第3讲——五大基础句型•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••24 第4讲——八大句子成分•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••33 第5讲——句型成分分析•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••42 第6讲——谓语动词（时态）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••49 第7讲——谓语动词（语态）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••54 第8讲——谓语动词（主谓一致）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••61 第9讲——连接词•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••70 第10讲——状语从句•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••76 第11讲——名词性从句••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••88 第12讲——定语从句•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••97 第13讲——非谓语动词（一）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••103 第14讲——非谓语动词（二）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••111 第15讲——非谓语动词（三）•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••114 第16讲——强调句•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••119 第17讲——语法填空做题思路和技巧••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••122 第18讲——杂志报刊介绍••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••126 第1讲——十大词类 一、词性简介 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们。 缩写字母 原词 词性 作用 n. noun 名词 表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念。 v. verb 动词 表示动作或状态。 adj. adjective 形容词 修饰名词和代词。 adv. adverb 副词 修饰动词，形容词，副词和句子。 pron. pronoun 代词 代替名词、名词短语或句子。 num. numeral 数词 表示数量或顺序。 prep. preposition 介词 表示后面的名词、代词与句子中其它词之间关系的词。 art. article 冠词 放在名词前，帮助说明名词的词。 conj. conjunction 连词 连接单词与单词，短语与短语以及句子与句子。 int. interjection 感叹词 表示说话时喜悦、惊讶等情感的词。 二、翻译练习 1. like (1) 在这个大家庭之中，Mary就像一个母亲一样。 (2) Mary喜欢在跑步的时候听音乐。 2. spring (1) 我最喜欢的季节就是春天。 (2) 你应该尝试一下山脚下的温泉。 (3) 突然，一头狮子从笼子里面跳了出来。 3. well (1) 这辆车的速度远远地高于100km/h。 (2) Tim在这次考试中表现地很好。 (3) 在我家门前过去有一口水井。 (4) 眼泪从他的眼睛里面涌出来。 4. close (1) 一个人应该在离开房间的时候关上门。 (2) 这个医院离我们的学校很近。 (3) 这个会议马上就要结束了。 5. sign (1) 在月球上没有生命的迹象。 (2) 你需要让你的母亲在这本书上签名。 6. last (1) 这场音乐会持续了3个小时。 (2) 你上个周末在哪里？ 7. present (1) 在目前世界上还没有这种车。 (2) 她出席了昨天的派对。 (3) 你需要以一种不同的方式展示自己。 8. form (1) 贝多芬以音乐的形式表达了他对大自然的热爱。 (2) 他们成立了一个公司来提供这种服务。 9. light (1) 光传播速度比声音更快。 (2) 现代的照相机比以前要轻很多。 (3) 她点燃了一支蜡烛然后开始阅读。 10. matter (1) 没关系。 (2) 怎么了？ 三、语法填空练习 (1) The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society (address) the opening ceremony. (2) Scientists believe that a memory is made up of bits and pieces of information (store) all over the brain. (3) A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. (4) Li Ziqi’s videos， (feature) her cooking and creating DIY products，greatly attract people living in big cities. (5) In the South-West you will find plenty of attractive and often (desert) beaches. 4、 阅读理解练习 As doctors performed surgery on Dagmar Turner’s brain, the sound of a violin filled the operating room. The music came from the patient on the operating table. In a video from the surgery, the violinist was moving her bow (琴弓) up and down as surgeons behind a plastic sheet worked to remove her brain tumor (肿瘤). The King’s College Hospital surgeons woke her up in the middle of the operation in order to ensure they did not damage parts of the brain necessary for playing the violin and keep her hand’s functions intact. Turner, 53, learned that she had a slow-growing tumor. Later doctors found that it had become more aggressive and the violinist decided to have surgery to remove it. Turner recalled doctors telling her, “Your tumor is on the right-hand side, so it will not affect your right hand, it will affect your left hand.” Staring down at her left hand, she said, “This is my most important part. My job these days is playing the violin, which is my passion.” What does the underlined word “intact” mean in the first paragraph? A. strong B. sound C. talented D. influential 可数名词单数变复数规则 1. 一般情况下，直接加-s。 如：achievements。 2. 以s、x、sh、ch结尾，加-es。 如：buses, boxes, brushes, watches。 注意：以th结尾的名词不用加es。例如month——months。 3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es。 如：ladies, libraries。 注意：以“元音字母+y”结尾，直接加s，如：boy - boys ，day - days。 4. 以“f或fe”结尾。 （1） 变fe或f为v，再加es knife——knives life——lives shelf——shelves wife——wives leaf——leaves thief——thieves wolf——wolves （2） 直接加s belief——beliefs cliff——cliffs reef——reefs proof——proofs roof——roofs 5. 以o结尾的名词，有些加s，有些加es，有些都可以。 （1）一般加es的。 tomato——tomatoes hero——heroes Negro——Negroes veto——vetoes （2） 一般加s的。 piano——pianos kilo——kilos photo——photos bamboo——bamboos radio——radios studio——studios zoo——zoos （3） 少数加s和es都可以 volcano（火山）、motto（座右铭） 6. 其它不规则变化 man- woman- mouse- child- foot- tooth- 注意：不是所有的man都会变成men，例如：German——Germans 不是所有的oo都会变成ee，例如root——roots. 【音标1——基础知识】 1. 音标介绍 音标包括音标符号、音素和重读符号。音素共有48个，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。 2. 48个音素的书写 单元音 /ʌ/ /ɔ/ /ə/ /i/ /u/ /e/ /æ/ /a:/ /ɔ:/ /ə:/ /i:/ /u:/ 双元音 /ai/ /ei/ /ɔi/ /əu/ /au/ /eə/ /iə/ /uə/ 爆破音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/ 摩擦音 /f/ /s/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /h/ /r/ /v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/ 破擦音 /tr/ /tʃ/ /ts/ /dr/ /dʒ/ /dz/ 鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ 舌侧音 /l/ 半元音 /w/ /j/ 3. 拼读练习（辅元辅） 1 /p/ 1 /ʌ/ 1 /p/ 2 /t/ 2 /a:/ 2 /t/ 3 /k/ 3 /ɔ/ 3 /k/ 4 /b/ 4 /ɔ:/ 4 /b/ 5 /d/ 5 /ə/ 5 /d/ 6 /g/ 6 /ə:/ 6 /g/ 7 /f/ 7 /i/ 7 /f/ 8 /s/ 8 /i:/ 8 /s/ 9 /θ/ 9 /u/ 9 /θ/ 10 /ʃ/ 10 /u:/ 10 /ʃ/ 11 /h/ 11 /e/ 11 /v/ 12 /v/ 12 /æ/ 12 /z/ 13 /z/ 13 /eə/ 13 /ð/ 14 /ð/ 14 /iə/ 14 /ʒ/ 15 /ʒ/ 15 /uə/ 15 /tʃ/ 16 /r/ 16 /ai/ 16 /ts/ 17 /tr/ 17 /ei/ 17 /dʒ/ 18 /tʃ/ 18 /ɔi/ 18 /m/ 19 /ts/ 19 /əu/ 19 /n/ 20 /dr/ 20 /au/ 20 /l/ 21 /dʒ/ 21 /dz/ 22 /m/ 22 /ŋ/ 23 /n/ 24 /l/ 25 /w/ 26 /j/ 高考题的来源介绍 阅读理解B 新高考I卷的语篇主要来源仍是主流媒体。其中阅读理解B篇原文来自《国家地理》杂志，发表于2016年3月。 阅读理解C 来自一个帮助老年人的公益网站，该机构倡导用母鸡帮助老年人解决孤独问题。 阅读理解D 原文选自《New Science》杂志，发表于2019年3月。 七选五 这篇文章节选自国内媒体《China Daily》，发表于2018年7月。 语法填空 这篇文章选自新晋SCI期刊《Global ecology and conservation》，创刊于荷兰，致力于发表生态与保护科学相关的论文。中国学者特别喜欢给他们投稿，这篇文章也是我们同胞写的，发表于2020年。 阅读理解——应用文 （2022全国乙卷） A Henry Raeburn (1756-1823) The Exhibition This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years. Lecture Series Scottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free. An Introduction to Raeburn Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00 DUNCAN THOMSON Raeburn’s English Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10 JUDY EGERTON Characters and Characterisation in Raeburn’s Portraits Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10 NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON Raeburn and Artist’s Training in the 18th Century Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10 MARTIN POSTLE Exhibition Times Monday— Saturday 10.00 — 17.45 Sunday 12.00 — 17.45 Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission. Closed: 24 — 26 December and 1 January. Admission £4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free. Schools and Colleges A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers. 21. What is the right time for attending Raeburn’s English Contemporaries? A. Sun. 26 Oct. B. Thurs. 30 Oct. C. Thurs. 6 Nov. D. Thurs.13 Nov. 22. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission? A. £4. B. £8. C. £12. D. £16. 23. How can full-time students get group discounts? A. They should go on Sunday mornings. B. They should come from art schools. C. They must be led by teachers. D. They must have ID cards with them. （2022全国甲卷） A Theatres and Entertainment St David’s Hall St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall, St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and classical music. The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk The Glee Club Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike. It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here. If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here. Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF10 5BZ www.glee.co.uk/cardiff Sherman Cymru Sherman Cymru’s theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February 2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity (机会) to do creative things. Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre, dance, family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world. Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF24 4YE www.shermancymru.co.uk New Theatre The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children’s shows for more than 100 years. Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK’s touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre. Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city. Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3LN www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk 21. Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted? A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club. C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David’s Hall. 22. What can people do at the Glee Club? A. Watch musicals. B. Enjoy comedies. C. See family shows. D. Do creative things. 23. Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff’s oldest surviving theatre? A. www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B. www.shermancymru.co.uk C. www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D. www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk （2022新高考一卷） A Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature Grading Scale 90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E. Essays (60%) Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%. Group Assignments (30%) Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system. Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%) Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded. Late Work An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted. 21. Where is this text probably taken from? A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article. 22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five. 23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date? A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade. C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it. （2022新高考二卷） A Children’s Discovery Museum General Information about Group Play Pricing Group Play $7/person Scholarships We offer scholarships to low-income schools and youth organizations, subject to availability. Participation in a post-visit survey is required. Scholarships are for Group Play admission fees and/or transportation. Transportation invoices (发票) must be received within 60 days of your visit to guarantee the scholarship. Group Size We require one chaperone (监护人) per ten children. Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult. Group Play is for groups of 10 or more with a limit of 35 people. For groups of 35 or more, please call to discuss options. Hours The Museum is open daily from 9:30 am to 4:30 pm. Group Play may be scheduled during any day or time the Museum is open. Registration Policy Registration must be made at least two weeks in advance. Register online or fill out a Group Play Registration Form with multiple date and start time options. Once the registration form is received and processed, we will send a confirmation email within two business days. Guidelines ●Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times. ●Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum. ●Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits. ●Use your indoor voice when at the Museum. 1. What does a group need to do if they are offered a scholarship? A. Prepay the admission fees. B. Use the Museum’s transportation. C. Take a survey after the visit. D. Schedule their visit on weekdays. 2. How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum? A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four. 3. What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum? A. Using the computer. B. Talking with each other. C. Touching the exhibits. D. Exploring the place alone. 第2讲——动词 1. 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词，一般分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi)。 重点：在记忆实义动词时，一定要同时记住该动词是否及物。判断一个动词是否为及物动词，就看它后面是否能够直接加一个名词、代词、动名词或者其它有名词作用的部分充当宾语。 (1) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如： The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. (2) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： The man ran away. (run是不及物动词，意为“跑”) He runs a big company. ( run是及物动词，意为“经营”) (3) 英语中一些单词是否及物，可能与汉语中不同。 He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。) They look at the screen carefully. (look为不及物动词，而汉语中 “看” 是及物动词。） 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ） 考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3. It happened yesterday.（ ） 考点4. My watch stopped.（ ） 考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ） 考点7. Shall I begin at once?（ ） 考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ） 考点9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ） 考点10. They left last week. （ ） 2. 助动词 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 英语中助动词有三个：be，do和have。它们分别具有各种变化形式。如下： 1. be：am, is, are, was, were, been, being 2. do: does, did 3. have: has, had, having (1) 帮助构成时态 The boy is crying. (is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。) He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。) (2) 帮助构成否定句和疑问句 Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) (3) 帮助构成被动语态 Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。) The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。) (4) 帮助构成虚拟语气 If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake. (had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。) (5) 帮助构成倒装句 So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday. (did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) (6) 帮助构成强调意义 He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。 He did his homework at seven o’clock. (did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。) Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。) He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。) 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。 考点1 Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? 考点2 He does ( ) like ( ) swimming. 考点3 Where does( ) he live ( ) ? 考点4 He does ( ) some washing after work. 考点5 He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. 考点6 The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now. 考点7 I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day. 考点8 He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone. 3. 情态动词 情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和其它动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, dare, need, had better, have to等。 情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如： He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”) You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”) I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“可能”） 4. 系动词 (1) 状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 (2) 持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, hold, rest, continue。如： He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。 The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。 He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。 (3) 表“像”系动词 用来表示“看起来”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如： Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。 He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 (4) 感官系动词 感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 (5) 变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。 Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。 His face went red.他的脸变红了。 What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。 Still waters run deep.静水流深。 (6) 终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“被证实是”，“结果是”之意。如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong. 他预言的结果是错的。 (7) 近似于不及物动词的系动词 有sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die和be born等。有人将其称为“半系动词”，因为它们介于不及物动词和系动词之间。 He arrived in China a 12-year-old. Lei Feng died young. He isn’t born a great leader. 动词的形式 一、三单形式变化规则： 1. 一般情况下动词尾加上s。 2. 以s，x，ch，sh，o结尾的动词在词尾加上es。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加上es。 4. 不规则变化 have-----has。 drink go stay make look have pass carry come watch plant fly study do teach destroy 重难点：动词单数第三人称形式和名词复数的区别 二、过去式变化规则： 1. 一般情况下直接在词尾加ed。 2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加上d。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加ed。 4. 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed。 meet break keep buy watch know see study plan try have teach 三、动词ing形式变化规则： 1. 一般情况下在动词词尾加上ing。 2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加上ing。 3. 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing。 4. 以ie结尾的动词，把ie变成y再加上ing。 say eat leave make begin cut stop swim die lie 四、动词过去分词变化规则： 1. 有些和过去式形式一样。 2. 有些有自己的独特变化形式，需要记忆。 read hide write make leave lie lay tell take go be draw 【音标2——音节】 1. 音节介绍 以元音为主体构成的发音单位，一般说来元音发音响亮，可以构成音节，辅音发音不响亮，不能单独构成音节（[m] [n] [ŋ] [l]例外）。从单词拼写形式上看，有几个元字组就有几个音节。 2. 音节的划分 元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：bed 床，bet 打赌，seat 坐位，beat 打， beau/ty 美。 ①在两个音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时，一个辅字组属于前面的音节，一个属于后面的音节。 例如：let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter ②在两个音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时，如果前面音节里的元音是长音则辅字组属于后面一个音节，如果前面一个音节里的元音是短音，则辅字组属于前面一个音节。 例如：长音 pa-per stu-dent fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor far-ther 　　　短音 sev-en stud-y moth-er ver-y mod-le weath-er 3. 重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节。用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时，应使用重读符号。单音节词多数是重读音节，标记读音时不需要使用重读符号。 4. 开音节 ①绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节。 例如：no blue ba-by stu-dent se-cret. ②相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母，再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。 例如：name these bike home ex-cuse. 5. 闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组（r w y 除外）且以辅字组结尾的重读音节。例如：bag egg fish not cup 6. 重读符号对读音的影响 单音节：本音节重读，发音类似于汉语拼音中的第四声。 双音节：①重音符号在第一个音节上：第一个音节读第一声，第二个音节读第三声。   [’ru:lə]  [’mʌ ðə]  [’fa: ðə]  [’fa:mə]  [’draivə]  [’neibə] [’weitə]  [’hæpi]  [’sʌmə]  ②重音符号在第二个音节上：第一个音节读第三声，第二个音节读第四声。 [bi’fɔ:]  [ə’gəu]  [tə’dei]  [dʒu’lai]  [ri’peə]  [hə’ləu]  [kə’riə]  [gi’ta:]  多音节：①重音符号在第一个音节上：第一个音节读第一声，后面的音节都读第三声。 [’sætədei]  [’kæmərə]  [’fæmili]  [’sinimə] [’kænədə]  [’hɔlədi]  [’dʒə:məni]  [’meməri] ②重音符号在中间的音节上：中间的重读音节读第一声，其余的读第三声。 [tə’mɔ:rəu]  [tə’geðə]  [pə’teitəu]  [tə’ma:təu]  [ri’pɔ:tə]  [bə’na:nə]  ③重音符号在最后一个音节上：前面的音节读第三声，最后一个音节读第四声。 [mægə’zi:n]  [endʒi’niə]  [rezju’mei]  [sigə’ret] 阅读理解——记叙文 （2022全国甲卷） C As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise. 29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica? A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery. C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation. 30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible. C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. （2021新高考二卷） B I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs（幼兽）that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don’t make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. I’ve got two children — the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving — but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn’t worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk. As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo. Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors. When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren’t there. I’m not sad about it. I’m hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them. 24. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home? A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences. C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids. 25. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief’ mean in paragraph 3? A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom. 26. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home? A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky. 27. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo? A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain. C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other. （2020山东卷） B Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor’s degree. Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling. Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times. Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,” she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that’s pretty powerful. 1. What did Jennifer do after high school? A. She helped her dad with his work. B. She ran the family farm on her own. C. She supported herself through college. D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home. 2. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield? A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses. C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there. 3. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal? A. Her health. B. Her time with family. C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion. 4. What can we learn from Jenifer’s story? A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers. C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success. （2020全国二卷） D I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library. My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time. As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them. I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books . Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation. As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. 1. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child? A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual. 2. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Pleasure from working in the library. B. Joy of reading passed on in the family. C. Wonderment from acting out the stories. D. A closer bond developed with the readers. 3. What does the author call on other writers to do? A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media. C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels. 4. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge B. My Idea about Writing C. Library: A Haven for the Young D. My Love of the Library 第3讲——五大基础句型 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 一、基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 此时谓语动词一般是不及物动词或者是及物动词的被动语态形式。 I live in the castle. She was beaten in the ball game yesterday. 翻译：太阳在东方升起。 这个小村庄在过去的几十年中变化很大。 我们可以在山上看见大海。 二、基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 注意区别主系表和主谓。 She is happy at the sight of her mother. (主系表) She is singing in the room. (主谓) She should be praised for her efforts. (主谓) 如何辨别系动词 有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如： ①She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture. (look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) ②He felt the book with his right hand. (feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。) The silk feels soft. (这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。) 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 ①The door stays open at night. ②He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. ③The book still lies open on the desk. ④What he said proved true. ⑤He can’t prove his theory(理论). 翻译：在两个小时之内登顶这座山看起来似乎不太可能。 我想要的是你手里的那本书。 听到这句话之后，他的脸色变得苍白。 三、基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 注意区别主系表和主谓宾。 He became a doctor last year. He saw a doctor yesterday. 翻译：他正在花园浇花。 我们应该在5点前离开这片森林。 他想在这个冬天尝试滑雪。 四、基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾 ＋直宾） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“展示”。 这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 如：He gave me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ) 强调间接宾语顺序为： 动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如： Show this house to Mr. Smith. 个别动词只能写成“动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”的形式，而不能用介词来替换。如：charge，cost等。 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词 + 代词直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如： Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please.) 常跟双宾语的及物动词有： （需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 （需借助for 的）buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。 （其他）ask，answer，cost，take 易错点对比 Sarah (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Sarah (tell) Mary that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. 翻译：他们给了这条狗一些食物。 他告诉学生们这里过去有一所学校。 找到他的宠物猫花了他三天时间。 5、 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的逻辑主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 常常加宾补的及物动词有：find（发现）make（使）consider（认为）think（认为）leave（让处于某种状态）keep（使继续处于某种状态）have（让）get（使）see（看见）call（把...叫做）name（把...命名为） 例： The war left many people homeless. All the pain in life made him a real man. I saw him crossing the street when I left the house. 翻译：我们认为这个小男孩很诚实。 老师们发现这个教室空无一人。 这本书让我对科学很感兴趣。 6、 特殊句型there be there be句型的意思是“某地或某时有......”。 翻译：花园里有数不清的蝴蝶。 山顶上过去曾经有一个寺庙。 永远不会再有第二个肖邦。 广场上看起来似乎有很多老人在跳舞。 我房间里昨天碰巧刚好有一些笔。 没有必要去担心他的安全。 毫无疑问他会安全回来。 在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。 There came shouts for help from the river. (Shouts for help came from the river.) 翻译：这个房子里面住着一个妇女。 森林里面流淌着一条河。 7、 判断下列句子是什么基础句型 1. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( ) 2. The answer seems reasonable. ( ) 3. We ask him to catch some fish. ( ) 4. The old man gave the dog some food. ( ) 5. He played piano in the room just now. ( ) 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级 1. 一般情况，直接加词尾 –er 或者 –est 2. 以 e 结尾的，加 –r 或 –st 3. 以辅音字母+y 结尾的，把 y → i, 再加 –er 或 –est 4. 以重读闭音节(辅元辅结构)结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加 –er 或 –est 5. 双音节或多音节的形容词可以在形容词原级前直接加 more / less或most / least 构成形容词的比较级 和最高级 6. 不规则变化。 good/well bad/badly/ill many/much little far old 易错点：great，nice，fine的比较级是greater, nicer和finer，和good没有什么关系。 7. 比较级的常见提示词：than, much, a lot, a little, a bit, even, still, far等； 最高级的常见提示词： among, in , of 有时候虽然没有这些提示词，但是有明显的比较或者表示最......的含义时也应该用比较级和最高级。 形容词变成副词的变化规则 1. 直接加ly。 例：complete---completely, similar---similarly 2. 以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i加ly。 例：easy---easily 3. 以le结尾的，去e加y。 例：simple---simply , terrible---terribly 4. 以ue结尾的，去e加ly。 例：true---truly 5. 以ic结尾的，加ally。 例：basic---basically 6. 以ll结尾的，加y。 例：full---fully 【音标3——失去爆破和浊化】 1. 失去爆破 (1) 爆破音 + 爆破音（即爆破音[b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k] 相邻时）——前一个发不完全的爆破音，即只象原样形成阻碍，稍作停顿，不送气 : She took good care of the children. Ask Bob to sit behind me. big boy /sharp pencil / what time / September / suitcase / blackboard / handbag / goodbye (2) [t] [d] + 鼻音[m] [n] ——[t] [d]在词尾需通过鼻腔爆破（如certain / hidden），在词中或短语中则形成阻碍，不完全爆破: Good morning./ good news / take mine / start now/ I don’t know / midnight / admit / utmost (3) [t] [d] + 舌边音[l]——[t] [d]在词尾需由舌两侧爆破（如 little），在词中或短语中则形成不完全爆破: at last / good luck / straight line / I’d like to. / a bit louder / friendly / mostly (4) 爆破音 + 破擦音 [ts] [tʃ] [tr] [dz] [dʒ] [dr]——爆破音不完全爆破， 即形成阻碍，稍作停顿， 不送气 : great changes / good jobs / that child / grandchild / picture / object (5) 爆破音 + 摩擦音 [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h ] [r ]——爆破音不完全爆破，即形成阻碍，稍作停顿，不送气 : We heard David sing last night. I’m convinced that Charlie has made the right choice. Keep silent a good zoo / night show / make sure / get through / just then / old friends / a good view / success / bloodthirsty / advance 2. 浊化 (1) /s/ 后面的清辅音要浊化 discussion：/k/浊化成/g/ stand：/t/浊化成/d/ expression：/p/浊化成/b/ (2) 美音中：/t/在单词的中间被浊化成/d/ writer，听起来和rider 的发音几乎没有区别 letter—ladder out of 阅读理解——说明文 （2022新高考一卷） D Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. （2022全国乙卷） C Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 30. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways （2022全国甲卷） B Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds. C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes. 26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects. C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters （2022新高考二卷） C Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately." "Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." 8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 11. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer 第4讲——八大句子成分 1、 主语 主语是一个句子所说明的对象，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。作主语的一般是名词代词，但是有时候，动词不定式，动名词和句子也能作主语。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 主语 ✅ ✅ ❌ ❌ ❌ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ 找出下列句子中的主语。 1　 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2　 We often speak English in class. 3　 One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4　 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5　 Smoking does harm to the health. 6　 The rich should help the poor. 7　 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8　 It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9　 That he isn’t at home is not true. 2、 谓语 用来说明主语的动作或具有的特征、状态, 只能由动词充当。 1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： I like English. Tom takes care of the cat while Mary is away. 2. 复合谓语： (1) 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. (2) 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 找出下列句子中的谓语中心词。 1　 I don’t like the picture on the wall. 2　 The days get longer and longer when summer comes. 3　 Do you usually go to school by bus? 4　 There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. 5　 Did the boys leave home before 7? 6　 Tom didn’t do his homework last week. 7　 What I saw surprised me. 8　 Whom did you give my book to? 3、 宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。因此宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 宾语 ✅ ✅ ❌ ❌ ❌ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ 找出下列句子中的宾语。 1　 My brother hasn’t finished his homework. 2　 People all over the world speak English. 3　 You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. 4　 How many new words have you learned so far? 5　 Some of the students in the school want to go swimming after school, what about you? 6　 The old man sitting under the tree said he was ill. 7　 His efforts made him the best student in the school. 8　 Go across the bridge and you will find the museum. 9　 You will find it hard to keep up with your classmates if you don’t work hard. 10　 They don’t know what my real name is. 4、 表语 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 表语 ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ 找出下列句子中的表语。 1　 Our teacher of English is an American. 2　 Is it yours? 3　 The weather has turned cold. 4　 The speech is exciting. 5　 Three times seven is twenty one. 6　 His job is to teach English. 7　 His hobby is playing football. 8　 The machine must be under repairs. 9　 The truth is that he has never been abroad. 5、 补语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后做宾补，如：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。结构：to be + 形容词或名词。think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. He proved that theory (to be) very important. I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 2. 使役动词make, have, leave后面。 The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. What make the grass grow? They had us laughing all through the meals. I’ve had my radio repaired so soon because my father had me do it. Leave the door open when you go out. They walked off and left me sitting there alone. 3. 感官动词hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell等后面，若接不定式做宾补，要把to去掉，但在被动语态中to要加上。 I saw him drive the car at high speed yesterday. I’ve never heard the song sung. Do you smell something burning? 4. 表示情感状态的词后面，如：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 I’d prefer you to leave him alone. I don’t want there to be any trouble. 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 表语 ✅ ❌ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ 找出下列句子中的补语。 1　 His father named him Dongming. 2　 They painted their boat white. 3　 Let the fresh air in. 4　 You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 5　 We saw her entering the room. 6　 We found everything in the lab in good order. 7　 We will soon make our city what your city is now. 8　 I want your homework done on time. 6、 同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 表语 ✅ ✅ ❌ ❌ ❌ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ 找出下列句子中的同位语。 1　 We students should study hard. 2　 American president Joe Biden fell over when getting on the plane. 3　 Are you two ready? 4　 It’s not good for us humans. 5　 “It will be a breakthrough in science,” said Bob, a professor from Oxford University. 6　 Yao Ming, a former NBA player, came to my city last week. 7　 The building itself is a wonder. 8　 The news that he is alive amazes all of us. 9　 The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 7、 定语 定语是放在名词或代词前后，对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中一般常用 “……的”表示。但是在中文中，定语一般只放在所修饰词的前面，由于存在这个差异，很多人对英语中定语的理解和使用有些许困难。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 表语 ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁边的那个人） c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。 The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩） d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 找出下列句子中的定语。 1 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2 The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. 3 We need a place twice larger than this one. 4 She carried a basket full of eggs. 5 It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. 6 It’s a city far from the coast. 7 He has money enough to buy a car. 8 The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 9 There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. 10 Tom’s father left home early. 11 A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. 12 He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. 13 There are many clothes to be washed. 14 Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. 15 Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. 8、 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、比较和让步等。 名词 代词 动(谓) 形容词 副词 数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 分词 句子 表语 ✅ ❌ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ 找出下列句子中的状语，并说明是什么状语。 1　 How about meeting again at six? 2　 Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3　 Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 4　 She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5　 She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6　 In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7　 To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8　 The boy needs a pen very much. 9　 The boy really needs a pen. 10　 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11　 She works very hard though she is old. 12　 I am taller than he is. 【音标4——连读】 1. “辅音+元音”型连读 (1) 以辅音结尾的单词+元音开头的单词：要连读 I'm~an~English boy. It~is~an~old book. Let me have~a look~at~it. Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday. I called~you half~an~hour~ago. Put~it~on, please. Not~at~all. Please pick~it~up. (2) 以辅音结尾的单词+h开头的单词：h不发音，与前面的辅音连读 What wil(l he) [wili]do? Ha(s he) done it before? Mus(t he) [ti] go? Can he do it? Should he…? Tell him to ask her… Lea(ve him) [vim]. For him (连读这个词，会发现和forum 很相似) 2. “r/re+元音”型连读 (1) 如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。 They're my father~and mother. I looked for~it here~and there. There~is a football under~it. There~are some books on the desk. Here~is a letter for you. Here~are four~eggs. But where~is my cup? Where~are your brother~and sister? (2) 但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。 The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与and不可连读） 3. “辅音+半元音”型连读 (1) 英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。 Thank~you. Nice to meet~you. Did~you get there late~again? Would~you like~a cup~of tea? Could~you help me, please? (2) 音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下三种方式： 辅音[d]与[j]相邻时，被同化为[dʒ]：Would you...? 辅音[t]与[j]相邻时，被同化为[tʃ]：Can't you...？ 辅音[s]与[j]相邻时，被同化为[ʃ]： Miss you 4. “元音+元音”型连读 如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。 I~am Chinese. He~is very friendly to me. She wants to study~English. How~and why did you come here? She can't carry~it. It'll take you three~hours to walk there. The question is too~easy for him to answer. 5. 当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。 Is~it a~hat or a cat?（hat与or之间不可以连读） There~is~a good book in my desk. （book与in之间不可以连读） Can you speak~English or French? （English与or之间不可以连读） Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning?（meet与at、eight与or之间不可以连读） She opened the door and walked~in. （door与and之间不可以连读） 阅读理解——议论文 （2022全国甲卷） D Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city. “I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted. “How do you mean?” I asked. “Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.” Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).” On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. 33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life. C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries. 34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress. C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international. 35. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. A city can be young and old at the same time. B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. （2021全国甲卷） D Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素）like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world." 12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club? A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict. 13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science? A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers. C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs 14. Why are more geniuses known to the public? A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women. C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions. 15. What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck 第5讲——句型成分分析 1、 判断下列句子缺什么成分。 1. wanted to live here. 2. Mary used to do in the house. 3. She was 10 years ago. 4. Some individuals are born with a gift for. 5. These people were given when they left the store. 6. Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like with an old friend. 7. All the pain made Eric. 8. This is where I found. 2、 判断下列句子属于哪个句型以及划线部分所作成分。 1. As data (数据）and identity (身份) theft (盗窃) becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologies—like fingerprint scans (扫描) —to keep others out of private e-spaces. 2. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage. 3. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 4. Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. 5. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. 6. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. 7. Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. 8. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited. 英语字组表 字 组 元字组 元音字母 元音字组 辅字组 辅音字母 辅音字组 元音字母: a e i/y o u 元音字组: ar er ir or ur   are ere ire ore ure   ai/ay air al au/aw   ea ear ee eer ei/ey eu/ew   ie   oa oar/oor oi/oy oo ou/ow our   ui 辅音字母: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w- x y- z 辅音字组: ch -ck -dge dr- -ds gh gu- kn- -mn   -ng ph qu- sh -tch th tr- -ts wh- wr- 【音标5——元音字母在重读音节中的读音】 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake 在闭音节中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese 在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite 在闭音节中 [i] fish big drink sit milk swim o 在开音节中 [əu] those close go hoe home no 在闭音节中 [ɔ] clock not box shop sock u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday 在闭音节中 [ʌ] bus cup jump much lunch 在开音节中，元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音，例如：June blue ruler super 阅读理解细节题 (2022深圳一模) A Make the most of the pleasant weather and enjoy the best walk of the year with friends and family. Use your 2 for 1 Entry in some of our favorite landscape gardens for a memorable day out. Painswick Rococo Garden Find beauty and quietness at the UK's only complete surviving Rococo Garden. Discover fanciful garden flowers, woodland walks, and beautifully framed（镶框）views across the valley. Dogs on short leads are permitted and the shop offers a range of seasonal and local produce. Book at rococogarden.org.uk. Open: closed 1-25 March, open 26-31 March, 10 am-4 pm, last entry 2:30 pm. Nymans Garden Walk down Spring Walk packed with seasonal flowers and pleasant smells, and enjoy the hedge（树篱）topped with frost. Routes include those with plenty of level paths to follow around the garden. Dogs are welcome every day from 1:30 pm, with a festive treat provided. Book at nationaltrust.org.uk/nymans. Open: daily except 24-25 March, 10 am-4 pm. Ventnor Botanic Garden Even in early spring, there are typically over 200 varieties of plants to be seen flowering as you explore the 27 acres. Enjoy access to the coastal path and routes accessible for wheelchairs, and then warm up with coffee milk in the cafe afterwards. Book at botanic.co.uk. Open: daily except 25 March, 9 am-4 pm. Gibside Garden Enjoy walking paths at this Georgian landscape garden, featuring plenty of wildlife. Follow the winding river and turning valley for fantastic views. up with hot chocolate and delicious biscuits in the second-hand bookshop. Book at nationaltrust.org.uk/gibside. Open: daily except 24 and 25 March, 10 am-4 pm. 21. What do Painswick Rococo Garden and Nymans Garden have in common? A. Valley views. B. Frosty flowers. C. Seasonal produce. D. Pet permission. 22. Which garden favors people with walking disability? A. Painswick Rococo Garden. B. Nymans Garden. C. Ventnor Botanic Garden. D. Gibside Garden. (2022深圳一模) C Today China is the world's biggest consumer of wheat. But it wasn't always that way. Wheat only came to the area now known as northern China toward the end of the Neolithic（新石器）period, some 4,600 years ago. Initially, wheat didn't seem to be so delicious and had been treated as a crop of desperation rather than a cooking delight. The first farmers of northern China primarily grew millet（粟），starting as early as 11,500 years ago. By the time of the Tang dynasty, wheat had replaced millet, becoming a major crop. But relatively little was known about exactly why this shift occurred. In an attempt to track the answer, I accumulated （积累）a collection of nearly 1,200 data points covering more than 50 sites from the mid-Neolithic, about 9,000 years ago, to the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220 AD. The sites were across 8 modem provinces, ranging from Gansu province in the northwest to Shandong province in the east. One possible explanation is a major climate shift, called the Holocene Event 3, which happened 4,000 to 4,500 years ago. At that time, the climate became colder and drier across continents, causing damage to crop production. On top of this, the late Neolithic period was also a time of rapid population growth around the world. With an ever-increasing population and unsteady crop production, it is reasonable to assume that Neolithic farmers in northern China were struggling. Wheat, it turns out, actually needs more water than millet, making it seem a poor choice for a dry period of history. But importantly, it can be sowed after millet has been harvested. That, we think, is the most likely reason why the people across northern China started to grow wheat. From more extreme weather to changing coastlines, climate change has always brought unexpected and sometimes dramatic changes to societies. In this instance, the consequence of the Holocene Event 3 in northern China proved, eventually, delicious. 28. What can we learn about wheat from the second paragraph? A. It replaced millet for its great taste. B.It was a poor choice at the beginning. C. It outnumbered millet 4,600 years ago. D. It was the earliest crop grown in China. 30.What was probably the main reason for northerners in China to grow wheat? A.The water supply was enough then. B.The harvest of millet was not satisfying. C.It adjusted to the weather conditions better. D.It had an alternative sowing season with millet. (2022深圳一模) D The robots are alive, and now they can reproduce. That’s not a continuation to “The Terminator” It's the latest result of research among scientists at Harvard and the University of Vermont. These xenobots, named for the African frog Xenopus laevis, could move around and display collective behavior. The researchers took stem cells（干细胞）from the skin of frog and put them in salt water, where they came together into balls with a covering of cilia, which are similar to small hairs and enable the organisms（生物体）to move. The scientists noticed that these organisms, xenobots, would collect any particles（粒子）placed in the dish to make piles. They started to wonder whether the tiny robots would do the same thing with individual stem cells, so they conducted a test. Knowing that xenobots5 shapes affect their behavior, the researchers tried to figure out which form would help the organism to reproduce repeatedly. They discovered that a "C" shape seemed to be the best. The C-shaped xenobots gathered individual stem cells into groups, which became xenobots of their own. This type of reproduction is based on the organisms’ movement, rather than growing and then forming a new being as other animals and plants do. Xenobots are on an unusual line between living organisms and robots. They are organisms because they are made of stem cells and can reproduce. But they are also robots because they can move on their own and perform physical labor. Although most robots are made of metal, robots are given the definition not by their material, but by what they can do. Before now, Kriegman, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University, said, “no one has been using living materials as self-moving, self-powered robots." The researchers hope that the xenobots can help them better understand the process of reproduction——a fundamental quality of life——and how to control it. Faced with a world full of self-reproducing problems, such as Covid-19, Kriegman said studying xenobots could lead scientists closer to solutions. 32.What inspired the researchers to perform an experiment? A.The position of particles. B. The gathering of stem cells. C. The movement of organisms. D. The collective ability of xenobots. 33.What is special about the C-shaped xenobots reproduction? A. It's repeated constantly. B. It generates new beings. C. It separates individual stem cells. D. It’s based on xenobots’ motion. 34.How are xenobots defined as robots? A. By their function. B . By their reproduction. C. By their unique component. D. By their physical appearance. (2022深圳二模) A Sites for free online education enable you to learn courses in. your comfortable place. The courses of these websites are offered by top universities. You can learn a specific subject without much investment. These websites offer many videos, articles, and e-books to increase your knowledge. Coursera Coursera is a free learning platform that offers MOOCs courses from well-known universities. All courses contain pre-recorded video lectures that you can watch when it is convenient for you. Coursera has programs together with universities that allow you to get a master's degree. You can explore various college courses without any trouble. CodeHS CodeHS is a learning site that's specially designed for students to learn computer science. This website provides lesson plans where you can access various resources to learn it. The courses are designed in a way that suits your personal needs. The videos can be viewed online as well as offline. Khan Academy This site is useful to match your learning goals. You choose this site to personalize your learning experience. This free platform can be used for learners and teachers. The resources of this site are available online as well as offline. The content of Khan Academy is available in English, French, German, and more. Connections Academy Connections Academy is the best online course website that helps students to learn from home. The courses of this platform are designed for elementary school and middle school. The site provides personalized learning experiences and enables you to easily meet teachers and classmates in the virtual classroom. 21.What's special about CodeHS? A.It satisfies personalized needs. B. It focuses on a particular subject. C.It offers access to video resources. D. It serves both learners and teachers. 22. Which of the following best suits junior high students? A. Coursera. B.CodeHS. C. Khan Academy. D.Connections Academy. (2022深圳二模) B Wang Shuang was just five when her parents divorced, dropped her at her uncle's and left. Football, as it often is, became an escape. At seven, she was spotted by coach Xu Yilong, who found Wang quick in her playful behaviour. As the only girl in the boys' team, Wang's performances were impressive, earning her the nickname "Iron Girl." And soon, she sensed the sport's power. Football allowed her to “release herself, and realize 'Whatever happens, football never leaves you alone." However, life was never smooth sailing. The constant jibes （嘲讽）from some people, who always tried to push her down and destroy her hopes, affected her so deeply that she lost confidence. <€They were saying I had no talent at all. Gradually, I felt really so." Wang once wrote. But never did she stop playing. When she was called up to the national team, aged 17, Wang thought, "Me? Are you sure?" When a world-famous club wanted to sign her, she was "excited that an excellent coach thought I was good." It was only then that she felt confident in her abilities. "I felt recognized. Perhaps I had a bit of talent after all." Not any “bit of talent”; the genius is praised as China's once-in-a-generation player. China is a pioneer of women's football in Asia and has won the continental championship eight times, including seven straight titles between 1986 and 1999. That was their golden age. Gradually, though, the dynasty declined. It is hoped that Wang will inspire the women's football of the country to its former height. Coaches are almost always hesitant to speak about individual players. But when coach Shui was asked about Wang before the match against Vietnam, she couldn't stop mentioning her influence on the team. Unfailingly performing on the big stage, Wang did not let her team down. When they lacked a quality ball, she delivered two high assists that finally led her team into the last-four clash（四分之一决赛）. "Nobody knows how hard it was," declared Wang after the match. "We overcame difficulties. We also showed our strong spiritual power. I am proud of my team.,, 25.How did Wang regain faith in her abilities? A. By winning recognition. B. By obtaining inspiration. C. By playing in the national team. D. By ignoring other people's jibes. (2022深圳二模) C Endangered polar bears are breeding（繁殖）with grizzly bears（灰熊），creating "pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say. As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids（杂交种）. With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. '"Usually, hybrids aren't better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources”, Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science. The rise of "pizzly" bears appears with polar bears' decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to "pizzly" bears taking up polar bears' ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets. "Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming," DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they bum from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced. "We're having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. "The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, "pizzly" bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends." 28.Why do polar bears move further south? A. To create hybrids. B. To expand territory. C. To relieve hunger. D. To contact grizzlies. 29.What makes "pizzly" bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents? A. Broader habitats. B. More food options. C. Climate preference. D. Improved breeding ability. (2022深圳二模) D The rechargeable lithium-ion（锂离子）battery market is worth more than $50 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, whose demand continues to go up day by day, are used in a wide range of electronic devices. They are made of four main components, and cathode（阴极）is one of them. The cathode's active material type is what determines the capacity of a battery. A recent study, led by Wang Yan, a material scientist of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, finds that lithium-ion batteries made with recycled cathodes work better than those with new cathodes. "The battery industry is expected to grow sharply in the next decade. This high demand has led companies to go to extremes, like increasing deep-sea mining, to gain access to the minerals used in lithium-ion batteries," Wang said. "Mining minerals will have environmental impacts. Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a way out." But until now, the prospect of using recycled materials in lithium-ion batteries has some manufacturers（制造商）worrying that it could impact performance. Thus, lithium-ion batteries are still not widely recycled. Aware of decreasing resources and environmental impact, Wang and other researchers set out to find a way to make recycling lithium-ion batteries economically practical. Through experiments, they could recover more than 90% of the key metals from spent batteries. These recovered metals became the basis of the new recycled battery's cathode's active material. In tests between Wang's team's recycled batteries and brand-new batteries of the same composition, the recycled batteries outperform the new ones in their ability to maintain capacity. It took 11,600 charge cycles for recycled cathode batteries to lose 30 percent of their original capacity. That was about 50 percent better than the 7,600 observed cycles for new cathode batteries, the team reported. Those thousands of extra cycles could translate into years of better battery performance, even after repeated use and recharging. 32.What can we learn about lithium-ion batteries from the first paragraph? A.They are high in price. B. They are in great demand. C. They are limited in use. D. They are simple in composition. 34.What are the manufacturers concerned about? A. Declining mineral resources. B. Difficult recycling techniques. C. Serious environmental problems. D. Inefficient battery performance. 第6讲——谓语动词（时态） 英语中时态分为时和体两个概念。其中，时有4个，体有4个，共同组成16个时态。 在不同时态的主动语态中，动词会以不同形式出现,，以动词do为例: 一般体 进行体 完成体 完成进行体 现在时 do/does am/is/are doing has/have done have/has been doing 将来时 will do will be doing will have done will have been doing 过去时 did was/were doing had done had been doing 过去将来时 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing 高考真题练习 1. —I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______on my desk? —I put it there just now in case you needed it. A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed 2. That price of music sounds quite familiar. Who _________the piano upstairs? A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playing 3. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He to have been praised by the manager just now. A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming 4. Last month ,the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the air they_______ from China. A. receive B. are receiving C. have received D. had received 5. It is most instructive lecture that I _______ since I came to this school. A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended 6. Planning so far ahead ____no sense-so many things will have changed by next year. A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made 7. When Alice came to herself, she did not know now long she there. A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain 8. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything! A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating 9. All visitors to this village _________ with kindness. A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated 10. In the last few years thousands of films allover the word. A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced 11. —Have you heard about that fire in the market? — Yes, fortunately no one _____. A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt 12. -Kevin,you look worried. Anything wrong? -Well, I____a test and I’m waiting for the result. A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take 13. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area______.We must act immediately before there’s left. A.have run out B.are running out C.have been run out D.are being run out 14. — When did the computer crash? — This morning, while I ______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites. A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted 15. The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _______ some European business partners. A. would meet B. is meeting C. meets D. had met 【音标6——元音字母在非重读音节中的读音】 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a [ə] China another woman breakfast [i] orange comrade village cabbage e [ə] hundred student open weekend [i] chicken pocket begin children i [ə]/[i] holiday beautiful family animal [ai] exercise satellite o [ə] second tonight somebody welcome [əu] also zero photo u [ə] autumn difficult [ju:] popular congratulation January 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读[ei]音，例如：operate u处在开音节位置，又在辅音字母j l r s后面时，读[u(:)]音，例如：July influence February issue 在非重读音节中，许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[ə]音，也可以读作[i]音。 阅读理解词义猜测题 (2022佛山一模) C With nearly a quarter of global greenhouse gas coming from all types of transportation, can we keep ourselves off gas-powered vehicles to avoid the worst effects? As more governments push for urgent action on climate change, quite a few companies are betting their future – that millions of consumers are finally ready for electricity-powered vehicles. Modern battery-powered cars are selling fast and zero- emission (排放) planes are coming. These changes, both leading to a more sustainable future, are reinventing how we get from here to there. Cars and trucks are undergoing their greatest improvement since the automobile’s (汽车) existence more than a century ago. Almost overnight, the era of the electric car has arrived. Electricity has the advantage that it works without smell and with less noise. Global annual sales of electric vehicles are expected to soar from just over 3 million today to 14 million by 2025. Just a month after Ford unveiled an electric version of the popular F-150, customers had reserved more than 100,000 of them. The price is about $10,000 above the gas-powered one, but Ford says the electric model will cost much less to maintain. Everything creating a green revolution on the ground is of limited help in the sky for the time being. High-storage batteries are useless at present when it comes to the technological challenge of launching a few hundred people into the sky and carrying them thousands of miles. No battery yet invented can power, say, a Boeing 747 from New York to London. Promising improvements, however, do add up. Developments with zero-emission, battery-powered electric engines are already happening in commercial flight, involving trips of limited duration and distance. Airlines specializing in short journeys with small planes will lead the way to electric flight. Our planet’s health depends on zeroing out carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, and yet, by the timetable needed to address the climate challenge, the shift away from gas-powered vehicles remains far too slow. Nevertheless, the train has left the station. Someday, electric-powered transportation will be as common as air. 11. What does the author mean by saying “the train has left the station”? A. Train transportation has improved. B. Green transportation is on its way. C. The electric train is running regularly. D. The gas-powered train has become the past. (2021深圳一模) B Our school owned a boat named Jolie Brise. It was one of the most famous tall ships in the world and three times winner of the Fastnet Race. The boat was unusual: especially for a remote grammar school in Wiltshire, about as far away from the sea as it can get in England. Obviously, such a site didn't match its fame. Mr Parish had originally intended to join the Royal Navy but ended up as a teacher at our school. Some pupils guessed that he still felt the call of the ocean——perhaps because his lessons were almost entirely devoted to navigation (航海). They argued that it was deeply unfair to learn about navigation but never actually go to sea. Then Mr. Parish, seeing a bunch of young people prepared to crew the boat, allowed them to sail her in return for working on the boat. And that was the beginning of the school sailing club. By the time I arrived, the sailing club had grown. At weekends, we would work on her all day, cleaning and painting her, and collapse into sleeping bags on the floor at night. Then came the big day when a school sailing trip was announced. Its destination was Saint-Malo. But it also meant that we had to refit the ship by removing every piece of ballast（压舱物）and replacing the bilge water（底舱污水）before we were allowed to sail. And I did learn the ropes on that school trip. I learned how to operate a ship in the high waves. I learned the meaning of teamwork and became a better team player. I also learned that the best fish is the one that you have caught and cooked yourself from a boat that you have rebuilt and sailed yourself. 7.What does the underlined phrase “learn the ropes” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Learn to cook. B. Master useful skills. C. Ensure sailing safety. D. Use ropes properly. (2021佛山一模) D Social distancing is not a new concept in the natural world, where infectious diseases are commonplace. Through specialized senses animals can detect certain diseases and change their behavior to avoid getting ill. In 1966, while studying chimps（猩猩）in a Tanzanian national park, zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus. His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the troop. In one instance, McGregor approached chimps in a tree. He reached out a hand in greeting, but the others moved away without a backward glance. “For a full two minutes, old McGregor sat motionless, staring after them,” Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. “It’s really not that different to how some societies react today to such a tragedy.” Not all animals are so aggressive toward their ailing neighbors. Sometimes it's as simple as avoiding those who may infect you. When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrog in the late 1990s, he found that bullfrogs could not only detect a deadly smell of infection in other bullfrogs, but healthy members actively avoided those that were sick. Bullfrogs rely on chemical signals to determine who is sick or not. Caribbean lobsters also shun diseased members of their community, well before they become infectious. It takes about eight weeks for lobsters infected with the deadly virus Panulirus argus mininuceovirus to become dangerous to others. Normally social animals, lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks after infection - once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals. Overall, it's important to note that, unlike us, animals don't realize if they stay home, they might actually reduce the infection rate," Kiesecker explains, "As humans, we have that ability. It's a big difference. 13. What does the underlined word "shun" in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Avoid. B. Cure. C. Get rid of. D. Get along with. (2021佛山二模) D More than half the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing. Such a construction increase is a bad sign for dealing with climate change, because making steel and concrete, two of the most common building materials, generates around 8% of the world’s CO2 emissions (排放). If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else. Wood is one of the most promising sustainable (可持续的) alternatives to steel and concrete. It is not, however, everyday wood that is attracting the interest of architects. Rather, it is a material called engineered timber. This is a combination of different layers, each designed to meet the requirements of specific parts such as floors, panels and beams (横梁) . Designers can use it to provide levels of strength like steel, in a product that is up to 80% lighter. In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site. According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round. But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr. Ramage. A family-sized apartment requires about 30 cubic metres of timber, and he estimates Europe's sustainable forests alone grow that amount every seven seconds. Nor is fire a risk, for engineered timber does not burn easily. Besides, fireproofing layers can be added to the timber. All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life. 34. What does the underlined phrase “takes off” in the last paragraph mean ? A. Becomes cheaper. B. Gains popularity. C. Requires less work. D. Proves sustainable. (2021广州二模) B Tourists to the North Antrim Coast come for its breathtaking beauty. On this stretch of coast, myth and history live side by side, and running out of things to do is near impossible: Giant's Causeway, Carrick-a-Rede, the Iron Isles' filming locations. However, when I make my way to the north of the country in October, none of them are on my mind. What brings me to the coastal town of Portrush are the waves. Located on a peninsula, Portrush is home to three brilliant beaches and all the usual points of interest of a coastal town. But what makes the North Antrim Coast so special is the promise of the consistent waves hitting its shores. Although still relatively unknown, it's a surfer's dream destination. This is the home of six-time Irish national surfing champion, Andrew Hill, after all. I meet Andrew at his surf shop, the most popular in Portrush. After hiring a surf board and jumping in the water at West Strand, I quickly realize that my trusted wetsuit is not enough. Within just 30 minutes, I've lost all feeling in my feet and hands, and my ears are burning. I retreat to a nearby cafe and gulp down steaming tea before popping by Andrew's shop again. Surf boots are what I need, we decide. I leave with a new determination to master the icy Atlantic waves. I’m invited to surf a different spot with Andrew and his friend that afternoon, but I decline his generous offer. My head is set on one thing only: taking revenge on the same waves that almost turned me into an ice block that very morning. Even with boots, surfing the cold waters of Portrush leaves my feet purple. I become covered in bruises that don't register until I thaw out each night, and it takes a couple of days to fully regain feeling in my hands. But it's worth it, and I would gladly do it all over again. 24. What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The popular attractions. B. Coastal towns. C. The filming locations. D. Passionate tourists. 第7讲——谓语动词（语态） 英语中语态分为主动语态和被动语态。 被动语态因为更突出客观事实，所以使用频率在英语说明文和议论文中很普遍。一般说来，当强调动作的承受者、不必说出动作的执行者或执行者不明确时（主语往往是we，someone等），多用被动语态。 1. 主动语态变被动语态 ①. We can borrow at most five books at a time, and we can keep them for ten days. → At most five books can be borrowed at a time and they can be kept for ten days. ②. When we put some waste chemicals into the sea, they can hurt or kill animals and fish. →When some waste chemicals are put into the sea, they can hurt or kill animals and fish. 2. 写作中常用的被动语态句型 (1) be + 过去分词 ① As for preparation, some reading in advance is needed. ② The exhibition will be held from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. the day after tomorrow in the art gallery. ③ Nowadays, more and more English words are being used in the Chinese language. (2) 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 ① To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced. ② As can be seen from the chart, an increasing number of people own mobile phones in China now. (3) get + 过去分词 ① The entrance to the parking place was too small and often got blocked. ② I’m feeling very sorry to tell you that I have to change our plan to visit Yunnan in July, because my left foot got injured. 练习：把下面的主动语态变成被动语态。 1. Above all, we must do something to stop pollution. 2. A doctor examined his body but found nothing wrong with him. 3. We immediately informed the teachers of what had happened. 4. We should attach more importance to our mental health. 5. We told him the truth immediately. 6. Someone has painted the wall white. 7. We should pay close attention to our health. 8. It’s true that many things determine our future. 9. Once you make a promise, you should never break it. 主动形式表示被动意义 1. want，need，require，be worth加上doing。 2. 感官系动词sound，smell，taste，feel，look。 3. 一些不及物动词，表示主语本身所有的性能时。如：open，close，shut，read，write，wash，wear，sell等。 被动形式表示主动意义 某些“动词+反身代词”结构，在变成被动结构时表示主动意义。 在不同时态中被动语态的形式如下，以及物动词do为例： 一般体 进行体 完成体 完成进行体 现在时 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 不常见 将来时 will be done 不常见 不常见 不常见 过去时 was/were done was/were being done had been done 不常见 过去将来时 would be done 不常见 不常见 不常见 【音标7——元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音】 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a在[w]音后面 [ɔ] want what watch wash quality a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold o在m n v th前 [ʌ] come monkey love mother 阅读理解推断题 (2021深圳二模) C “It has nothing in common with anything else on the Bund(外滩) "said Ben Wood, the American architect behind Shanghai's famous Xintiandi District, commenting on the Fosun Foundation after its completion in 2016. "The great thing about the Bund is that it's grand. Perhaps a building that can stand out is needed here to show that a company is progressive. But it's not grand.”  For now, however, the Fosun Foundation ---a new theatre ---is proving popular with riverside tourists.  Located in the Bund Finance Center, the theatre was designed by co-operation of two world-known British design firms: Foster+ Partners and Heatherwick Studio. The architectural highlight is the outward appearance ---a golden, three-layered(层) steel bamboo curtain that hangs from the third floor. But what makes the architecture really unique is that it “dances” : repeatedly each day, the curtain slowly moves ---opens and closes--- with music. This visual element, combining East and West, looks like both an ancient Chinese crown and a Western harp (竖琴). The building's ground floor entrance looks unclear, but once inside, you’ll see the space re$$