专题03 阅读理解之说明文（陕西专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解之说明文 （一） （23-24高二下陕西西安铁一中学期末） A new study has found that smiling at London bus drivers increases happiness. The finding feels obvious and unexpected at the same time. The authors of the research, which was conducted by the University of Sussex and others, hope it will lead to “more interaction and kindness on buses”. On the Number 24 bus to Hampstead Heath, Londoners are sceptical. “Bus drivers,” says Liz Hands, a passenger, “are generally annoying.” It might seem improbable that a report on London’s buses could change behaviour. But it has happened before. London’s buses have an underappreciated role in the history of medical science. In the 1940s, a single study of London’s transport workers transformed epidemiology (流行病学), medicine and the way we live now. Every time you go on a run, check your step-count, or take the stairs instead of the lift, you are following a path pioneered by the feet of the workers on London’s buses. In the late 1940s, doctors were worried. Britain, like many rich countries, was suffering from an “epidemic” of heart disease and no one knew why Various hypotheses (假设), such as stress, were suggested; but one thing that was not exercising researchers was exercise. The idea that health and exercise were linked “wasn’t the accepted fact that we know today”, says Nick Wareham, a professor of epidemiology at Cambridge University. Some even felt that “too much physical activity was a bad thing for your health”. Miners and farmers who did physical exercise also suffered from various diseases and died young. At this time a young doctor called Jerry Morris started to suspect that the increasing deaths from heart disease might be linked to occupation. He began studying the medical records of 31,000 London transport workers. His findings were breathtaking: conductors, who spent their time running up and down stairs, had an approximately 30% lower possibility of disease than drivers, who sat down all day. Exercise was keeping people alive. Morris’s research was eventually published in 1953, just three years after a study by Richard Doll proving the link between smoking and lung cancer. Morris’s work had consequences both big and small. Morris now also took up exercise, handing his jacket to his daughter and just running. “People thought I was bananas.” Slowly, the rest of the world took off its jacket and followed. 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．The former study made much difference. B．Running was regarded as harmful behavior. C．Smiling at drivers can cure passengers’ diseases. D．London passengers can understand bus drivers well. 2．What does the underlined part “exercising researchers” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Encouraging researchers to work out. B．Helping with researchers’ inquiry. C．Holding back researchers’ progress. D．Drawing researchers’ attention. 3．How did Morris conduct his study on the transport employees? A．By carrying out survey. B．By observing their routines. C．By doing medical examinations. D．By analyzing the medical data. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Smiling and Its Effects on London Bus Drivers. B．The Evolution of London’s Transportation System. C．How London Bus Drivers Led the world to exercise. D．What Londoners Think about Studies on Bus Drivers. （二） （23-24高二下陕西宝鸡渭滨区期末） Despite many public health campaigns to highlight various problems with sugary drinks, we drink them a lot. But, not everyone consumes them. Two new studies shed light on the fact that some of us easily fall victim to the harms of sugary drinks than others. Though sugary drinks are everywhere, some people find them harder to resist and the first study, conducted by professor Joshua McGreen at Flinders University, sought to understand why. For the research, 128 young adults of 17 to 25 completed a computer test evaluating their attitudes about soft drinks, measured against their soft drink consumption. The study showed that the more unconscious positive judgments individuals had of soft drink advertising, the more soft drink they consumed. It also found that a lack of inhibitory control, which is the cognitive process that allows us to control our desires — say, to buy a nice-tasting soft drink even though we know it’s unhealthy — was also a factor in increased consumption. A second study provides clues about who is more easily influenced by the marketing strategies. The study found that soft drink companies, like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, have multi-billion dollar advertising and marketing budgets aimed to “create, maintain and increase consumer demand around benefits related to happiness, social status etc.”. These campaigns are “increasingly being directed at disadvantaged groups”, including children and adolescents generally, and people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Soft drinks, even “zero-sugar” ones, are typically high in calories, but of little nutritional benefit. Placing a tax on sweet drinks may be one strategy to reduce people’s consumption. McGreen also suggests that people develop strong self-control of soft drink consumption. It’s something he wants to research further. He adds, “I would also like to ban advertisements for soft drinks for sports or programs that appeal to children. It is specially important for sports people to stop being walking billboards for junk food and drinks.” 5．What do the two new studies focus on? A．The harm of sugary drinks. B．The popularity of sugary drinks. C．The consumers of sugary drinks. D．The profit made by sugary drinks. 6．Who are most likely to buy sugary drinks according to McGreen? A．Those who have a good spending habit. B．Those who can control their desires well. C．Those who have a good impression of soft drinks. D．Those who have no interest in soft drink advertising. 7．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The warning against the consumption of soft drinks. B．Suggestions on reducing the consumption of soft drinks. C．The importance of sports stars in advertising soft drinks. D．Plans to research into self-control of soft drink consumption. 8．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Entertainment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Sports. （三） （23-24高二下陕西西安高新高新第一中学期末） This week Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy released a warning about the risks that social media presents to the mental health of children and teenagers. Adolescent mental health has been declining for years, and an increasing amount of research suggests that social media platforms could be partially to blame. But experts continue to debate just how much impact they have. Numerous studies demonstrate that adolescent rates of depression, anxiety and loneliness have skyrocketed in the U. S. and elsewhere since around the time that smartphones and social media became ever-present. Yet the role social media plays has been widely debated. Some researchers have sounded the alarm, arguing that social media provides the most credible explanation for problems such as enhanced teen loneliness. Other researchers have been sitting on the fence. In 2019 Jeff Hancock founding director of the Social Media Lab at Stanford University, and his colleagues completed an analysis of 226 scientific papers dating back to 2006. They concluded that social media us was associated with a slight increase in depression and anxiety but also improvements in feelings of belonging and connectedness. Some recent studies have attempted to clarify the link between social media and mental health, asking, for instance, whether social media use is causing depression or whether people are being more active on social media because they’re depressed. In an attempt to present evidence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist Alexey Makarin and two of his colleagues conducted mental health surveys taken by college students across the country. Their study, published in 2022, found that swollen rates of depression and anxiety, as well as declined academic performance, followed Facebook’s arrival. Makarin says much of the harm they documented came from social comparisons: students viewed the online profiles of their peers and believed them to “have nicer lives, party more often, have more friends and look better.” “In total, there’s an increasingly clear picture that, indeed, social media has a negative impact on mental health,” Makarin says. “We are not saying that social media can explain 100 percent of the rise of mental health issues... But it could potentially explain a sizeable portion.” 9．What do we know about social media? A．It has negative influence on adolescent mental health. B．It is the leading cause of adolescent depression. C．It plays an important role in treating mental illness. D．Its impact on mental health is still unknown. 10．What is Jeff Hancock’s attitude towards social media? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Favorable. D．Indifferent. 11．How does social media cause harm to teenagers according to Makarin? A．By threatening their academic performance. B．By presenting them with online profiles. C．By encouraging them to party more often. D．By making them feel worse-off than others. 12．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To advocate the harms of social media to teenagers’ mental health. B．To analyze the causes of worsening adolescent mental health. C．To present findings on the link between social media and mental health. D．To propose an effective approach to handling mental illness. （四） （23-24高二下陕西榆林期末） Many people recognize the name of the great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Far few have heard of Albrecht Durer, known by those with expertise in art as the “Leonardo of the North”. During his youth, Albrecht Durer apprenticed (当学徒工) with his father, who was a goldsmith, and also with a local painter. But he showed a remarkable talent for printmaking, which at the time was the main method of illustrating books. This art form involved carving an image into a block of wood, inking the wood and then pressing it against paper or cloth. Durer’s skillful carving and printing resulted in beautiful prints. His decision to become a printmaker rather than a goldsmith disappointed his father but benefited Durer throughout his adult life. From time to time, deadly diseases broke out in Durer’s hometown of Nuremburg, Germany. This danger was one reason why Durer decided to leave Nuremburg twice to visit Italy. He was also fascinated by Italy’s Renaissance culture. While there, he absorbed Italian philosophy, science and artistic techniques. He also served as the official court artist to two Holy Roman Emperors. Durer was extremely diligent regarding the details of his art work as evidenced in his nature pieces. These include Young Hare, which correctly captures the energy of a large ha re even while it is sitting still, and Rhinoceros, which was so correct that it was included in scientific documents for years. The same attention to details can be seen in Durer’s early self-portraits (自画像). The first one that he made at age of 13 shows a young boy with childish features. A second self-portrait that he made at age 22 displays a more mature individual who has a greater sense of himself. In a self-portrait done at age 26, he is a finely dressed gentleman, reflecting his rise in status within the printmaking community. 13．What’s the function of Paragraph 1? A．To share a research finding. B．To introduce a topic. C．To present a serious problem. D．To show the author’s experience. 14．What made Durer’s father disappointed? A．Durer’s leaving his motherland. B．Durer’s refusal to be a painter. C．Durer’s choice of profession. D．Durer’s bad health condition. 15．Where can Durer’s focus on details be seen? A．In his research in scientific documents. B．In his social relationship with other painters. C．In his rising status in the field of drawing. D．In his accurate image of living creatures. 16．In which column of a website can we read the passage? A．Amazing Art B．Engineering and Computing C．News and Events D．Science Matters （五） （23-24高二下陕西渭南大荔期末） For a few months twice a year, the waters off California are home to gray whales moving north or south between the coast of Mexico and the Bering Sea. These years, however, it seems that fewer whales are surviving the journey north. So far this year, a total of 30 dead gray whales have been washed up on the West Coast: 8 in Washington, 1 in Oregon and 21 in California. Those numbers arc unusually high. “In Northern California, three out of four of the dead whales that have been examined so far appear to have died of starvation and the fourth was killed by a ship strike,” said Barbie Halaska, a research assistant at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC), a nonprofit organization that rescues and rehabilitates (使康复) marine mammals in California. Halaska and her colleagues examined the four whales — three young whales and one adult male — and planned to examine the remaining dead whales in the region in the next couple of days. Gray whales were once severely threatened by whalers. Only around 2,000 of them lived in the ocean in 1946, so an international agreement to stop gray whale hunting was signed in order to help the population recover. Gray whales were removed from the US endangered species list in 1994 when the population reached 23,000 and TMMC predicts there are now around 26,000 gray whales in the Pacific Ocean, which is about the number before the whaling boom appeared almost 200 years ago. “Although the gray whale population has recovered to a certain degree, the number of dead gray whales washed up this year is alarming,” Halaska said. “Climate change and declining fish stocks are likely key factors in the whales’ poor health,” she said. Halaska stressed that boaters and beachgoers on the West Coast should watch out or gray whales at this time of year. 17．What are the statistics in paragraph 3 about? A．Severe conditions gray whales face. B．An agreement to stop killing whales. C．The evolving development of gray whales. D．The number of gray whales in different times. 18．Which of the following best explains the underlined word in paragraph 3? A．Popularity. B．Competition. C．A quick increase. D．A successful completion. 19．What’s Halaska’s attitude towards the population of gray whales? A．Worried. B．Discouraged. C．Uncaring. D．Optimistic. 20．What may be talked about following the last paragraph? A．The importance of gray whales. B．Gray whales’ living environment. C．Things to do to help gray whales. D．Ways to increase gray whales’ population. （六） （23-24高二下陕西咸阳期末） By now, we all know that the planet is facing more environmental disasters, with quick-to-disintegrate (快速瓦解的) fast fashion clothing and the industry that creates it a major reason. Need proof? Just look at the 60,000 tonne-mountain of poisonous and thrown-away clothing that is visible from space. Now, France is taking steps to resist the supercharged way we consume clothes, with the country recently announcing it will pay all citizens a “repair bonus” for taking their clothes in to get fixed rather than throwing them in the bin. Beginning in October, citizens who bring their clothes in for repairs will be able to claim back a € 6 to € 25 bonus, with the total payment depending on the complexity of the repair. All bonuses will be paid from a € 154 million sustainability fund the government has set aside for the next five years. By calling on people to take their items to get fixed, the government hopes to cut fast fashion waste throughout the country and encourage customers to purchase more “virtuous” products. In other words: the government is begging you to fix your clothes, rather than continuously over-consuming the products of fast fashion sites like Shein or Boohoo. “It could encourage exactly the people who have bought, for example, shoes from a brand that makes good-quality shoes or likewise good-quality ready-to-wear clothes to want to have them fixed instead of getting rid of them,” explained France’s junior ecology minister Bérangère Couillard, who announced the programme in Paris. “That is exactly the objective, to create a recycling economy for shoes and clothes so that products last longer, because in government we believe in the second life of a product.” She also shared hopes that the programme will increase employment for French tailors and shoemakers. “The goal is to support those who carry out repairs,” she explained, while inviting all repair shops to join in the campaign for free. 21．What do people usually do with old clothes according to the text? A．Throw them in the dustbins. B．Mend them in the repair shops. C．Donate them to those in need. D．Put them away in the cupboard. 22．What does the underlined word “virtuous” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Fashionable. B．Convenient. C．Sustainable. D．Comfortable. 23．What does Bérangère Couillard hope will be one of the results of the programme? A．Reducing taxes on clothing repairs. B．Encouraging the community economy. C．Increasing sales for fast fashion brands. D．Creating jobs for tailors and shoemakers. 24．What is the best title of the text? A．French repair shops serve people for free B．France leads a new trend in fashion industry C．France encourages citizens to mend clothes themselves D．French repairing program pays people to reduce waste （七） （23-24高二下陕西延安志丹期末） New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary choices and brain health. Published in Nature, the research showed that a healthy, balanced diet was linked to superior brain health, cognitive function and mental well-being. The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits, especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods. By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake over time, people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices. Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health, the scientists believe, showing how a combination of genetic predispositions (倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being. Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. To foster the development of a healthy balanced diet, both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports their physical and mental health.” Co-author Wei Cheng, Fudan University, added, “Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.” 25．What did the research done at the University of Warwick centre on? A．The link between exercise and brain health. B．The association between diet and brain health. C．The impact of well-being on cognitive functions. D．The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being. 26．How did researchers draw their conclusion? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By doing experiments. D．By observing participants. 27．Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain? A．A person’s age. B．A person’s weight. C．A person’s height. D．A person’s cognition. 28．What may the two authors, Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng, suggest? A．Getting regular brain health checks. B．Improving the nutrition in every meal. C．Forming healthy eating habits early. D．Promoting health awareness in school. （八） （23-24高二下陕西汉中期末） In present-day Romania, a decreasing number of craftsmen practice what’s thought to be a centuries-old craft. They search the forest for a fungus (真菌), which grows within trees and sends out shelf-like mushrooms a few inches wide. The fungus is shaved lengthwise into thin strips. Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus. However, the craftsmen’s process in the early times was about searching for materials, not cultivating them for mass production. Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder — soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.     The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end. It can be easily mistaken for traditional leather. MycoWorks is one of a wave of innovators, all of whom assume that a better understanding of mycelium can redefine the limits of fashion and design. In recent years, MycoWorks’ products have been used in designer bags and pillows. CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added. 29．What is the author’s purpose in writing the first paragraph? A．To stress the history of growing mushrooms. B．To introduce a fashion inspired by mushrooms. C．To show ancient mushroom growing techniques. D．To present the novel use of mushrooms in fashion. 30．What does paragraph 3 focus on about mycelium? A．Its growing process. B．Its high quality. C．Its shortcomings. D．Its working life. 31．What does Matt Scullin think of mycelium as a material in the field? A．It is straightforward to grow. B．It offers a rough feel. C．It promotes sustainability. D．It is oil-and-heat resistant. 32．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Fungus Crafts: An Endangered Heritage B．Mycelium: The Green Leather Alternative C．Crafting with Nature: Romania’s Fungal Tradition D．Mycelium’s Role: From Ancient Craft to Modern Innovation （九） （23-24高二下陕西渭南华州期末） Do you ever get restless if you haven’t checked your phone for a few minutes? If so, you’re not alone. Studies reveal that people these days check their phones once every four minutes on average! Some of this usage may be related to work. However, much of it is because many apps — particularly social media apps — use “clever techniques” to keep us coming back for more. One of such techniques is to push notifications. You’re getting on with your work or something else when — ping! — a notification pops up on your screen, informing you that a friend has posted something new or commented on your post. It may seem like a small interruption, but it often is enough to break your concentration and make you go back to your phone again. Another method is to make a game of the in-app experience by setting up a competitive goal element. Some apps, for example, uses streaks (连续纪录), which count the number of days you have used the app. If you keep a streak going, you might get a medal or some other rewards. Therefore, keeping one’s streak alive becomes a major reason to return to the app again and again. Once you’ve opened an app, its goal is now to get you continue using it. Messaging apps use a simple but effective trick to keep you engaged even when you’re not writing anything. Have you ever noticed that in some apps, three dots (…) appear to let you know your friend is typing a reply? This trick is designed specifically to create your expectation or curiosity. You wonder what your friend is going to say. Well, you’ll have to keep waiting and see. While using social media apps is certainly fun, becoming addicted definitely isn’t. Now that you know some tricks used by these apps’ designers, you’ll be better equipped to reduce their influence and keep a healthier relationship with your phone. 33．What does the underlined word “reveal” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Encourage. B．Predict. C．Prevent. D．Show. 34．What is special about an app using streaks? A．Ongoing pings will inform you of new posts. B．Competitive games will greatly discourage you. C．Everyday use of the app might earn you a medal. D．Appearance of three dots might disturb your typing. 35．There are “clever techniques” mentioned in the passage. A．two B．three C．four D．five 36．What is the best title for the text? A．The Tricks That Keep You Glued to Your Phone. B．Can People Break Their Addition to Games? C．Could Technology Further Improve Phones? D．The Social Media Apps That Waste Your Time. （十） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） Louis Pasteur was a great scientist who not only made significant achievements in the field of microbiology but also invented a food preservation method that is still widely used today—the process of pasteurization (巴氏杀菌法). In the mid-19th century, Pasteur noticed that wine and beer often turned sour during production, causing substantial economic losses for the brewing industry (酿酒行业). At that time, brewers did not understand the specific reasons why alcoholic drinks would turn sour. Pasteur began conducting a series of experiments to determine the cause of the souring of alcoholic drinks. He discovered that the souring was due to microorganisms in the air entering the drinks. These microorganisms would multiply in the drinks, causing them to go bad. To prove that microorganisms were not generated on their own but came from preexisting microorganisms, Pasteur designed a famous experiment known as the swan neck flask (鹅颈瓶) experiment. He attached a curved glass tube to a bottle containing soup. The soup was exposed to air, but microorganisms in the air could not directly enter the soup. This experiment demonstrated that soup without microorganisms would not go bad. Based on these findings, Pasteur began searching for a method to kill the microorganisms in wine while preserving its quality. He discovered that by heating the wine to a certain temperature and maintaining it for a period, he could kill the microorganisms without destroying the flavor of wine. This method later became known as pasteurization. Pasteurization was quickly adopted by the brewing industry and rapidly spread to other food and beverage industries. This method not only extended the shelf life of foods but also improved food safety. The invention of pasteurization had a profound impact on the food industry. Even today, pasteurization is widely used in the production of milk, juice, and other foods, helping to reduce the risk of food-related illnesses. 37．What does the author want to state in paragraph 2? A．The topic of the text. B．The process of pasteurization. C．Pasteur’s scientific contribution. D．Pasteur’s inspiration for inventing pasteurization. 38．Why did Pasteur do the swan neck flask experiment? A．To show that soup exposed to air will always go bad. B．To demonstrate that microorganisms can generate themselves. C．To prove that microorganisms come from pre-existing ones. D．To indicate that soup can keep long without any air exposure. 39．What did Pasteur’s method achieve for the brewing industry? A．The extended shelf life. B．Improved wine flavors. C．The faster production time. D．Changed beverage colors. 40．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Role of Temperature in Food Safety B．The Invention and Impact of Pasteurization C．The Economic History of Brewing in the 19th Century D．The Discovery of Microorganisms and Pasteur’s Experiments （十一） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） In Mediterranean waters, off the coast of France, a diver recently visited the shipwreck La Lune, which lay untouched and unexplored on the ocean bottom since it sank in 1664. But the wreck’s first visitor in centuries wasn’t human. It was a robot. Called OceanOne, the bright orange diving robot measures about 1.5 meters in length and has a torso (躯干), a head with stereoscopic vision (立体视觉) and arms. Its lower section holds its computer “brain”, a power supply, and an array of eight multidirectional thrusters (推进器). Guided by a computer scientist from a boat, OceanOne combined artificial intelligence, sensory feedback and flexible mechanical construction to perform delicate tasks underwater, such as retrieving a delicate cultural relic from the ruins. It can place the cultural relic in a box so the thing can be brought to the surface. OceanOne can not only investigate parts of the ocean that are less accessible to people, but can do so with the flexibility of a human diver. The engineers also created an interface (接口) that allows a person to not only control the robot, but to actually “feel” what the robot is touching. “The intention here is to have a human diving virtually,” said Oussama Khatib, who piloted OceanOne on its La Lune visit. Khatib, a professor of computer science at Stanford University in California, explained that the experience of guiding the robot is almost like being the diver. “You can feel exactly what the robot is doing,” said Khatib. OceanOne is also capable of interpreting and responding to its environment autonomously, detecting whether its hands-on work requires a lighter touch and when it needs to make adjustments to stay in place or change direction. The team behind OceanOne viewed the robot as a means for studying Red Sea’s coral reefs at depths that were inaccessible to a human diver. OceanOne would conduct underwater research—operated by a scientist on the surface—without damaging the reef or its inhabitants. 41．What do we know about OceanOne? A．It has replaced a diver’s job. B．It functions as a human. C．It is a fish living in the ocean. D．It can conduct demanding tasks. 42．What does the underlined word “retrieving” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Carving. B．Recovering. C．Guiding. D．Crashing. 43．What is the engineers’ purpose of creating an interface? A．To make a diver operate it conveniently. B．To connect the robot to other computers. C．To satisfy an operator’s virtual experience. D．To learn well how the robot performs tasks. 44．Which word can best describe OceanOne? A．Tiny. B．Traditional. C．Human-like. D．Multifunctional. （十二） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） New research indicates that physical activity lowers cardiovascular (心血管的) disease risk in part by reducing stress-related signals in the brain. In the study, which was led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), people with stress-related conditions such as depression experienced the most cardiovascular benefits from physical activity. To assess the mechanisms (机制) underlying the psychological and cardiovascular disease benefits of physical activity, Ahmed Tawakol, MD, an investigator and cardiologist in the Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center at MGH, and his colleagues analyzed medical records and other information of 50,359 participants from the Mass General Brigham Biobank who completed a physical activity survey. A subset of 774 participants also underwent brain imaging tests and measurements of stress-related brain activity. Over a median follow-up of 10 years, 12.9% of participants developed cardiovascular disease. Participants who met physical activity recommendations had a 23% lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared with those not meeting these recommendations. Individuals with higher levels of physical activity also tended to have lower stress-related brain activity. Significantly, reductions in stress-related brain activity were driven by gains in function in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质), a part of the brain involved in executive (执行的) function (i.e. decision making and impulse control). It is known to control stress centers of the brain. As an extension of this finding, the researchers found in a group of 50,359 participants that the cardiovascular benefit of exercise was substantially greater among participants who would be expected to have higher stress-related brain activity, such as those with pre-existing depression. Analyses accounted for other lifestyle variables and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Moreover, reductions in stress-related brain signals partially accounted for physical activity’s cardiovascular benefit. “Physical activity was roughly twice as effective in lowering cardiovascular disease risk among those with depression. Effects on the brain’s stress-related activity may explain this novel observation,” said Tawakol, who is the senior author of the study. 45．Why did the research group analyze medical data of the participants? A．To assess the impact of cardiovascular disease. B．To find out how exercise lowers cardiovascular risk. C．To decide the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. D．To test how much physical activity the participants needed. 46．How may physical activity lower cardiovascular disease risk? A．By promoting function of the brain. B．By controlling stress centers of the brain. C．By decreasing stress-related brain activity. D．By reducing executive function of the brain. 47．What advice may Tawakol give? A．To work out regularly. B．To eat healthily. C．To be in a good mood. D．To avoid cardiovascular disease. 48．In which section may the text appear in a newspaper? A．Mind and learning. B．Matter and energy. C．Science and society. D．Health and medicine. （十三） （23-24高二下陕西西安中学期末） Australia is proud of a unique history that has been shaped by the diversity of her inhabitants. The three main elements that have been central to the creation of Australia’s population composition are the diversity of her native population, colonization by the British in the past and the extensive immigration from diverse cultures. Australia is home to the world’s cultures and inhabitants who can identify with more than 270 ancestries (祖先). From the year 1945, the number of people who have immigrated to Australia from different parts of the globe is approximately seven million. The country considers the rich cultural diversity as its main strength which embodies its national identity. In 1975, there was the racial discrimination (歧视) act, which meant that discrimination in the country was against the law. Later in 1995, the act was extended to ensure that any acts of racial hatred (仇恨) were against the law. To date, the act has been used in ensuring that Australia sends a strong message on the collective commitment to promoting racial equality and the significance of fairness for all. On a range of measures, Australia is a multicultural success story. On educational attainment, studies show that children of immigrants in Australia get better average results than children of native-born Australians. This is significant because according to research conducted by the OECD, the successful integration of immigrant students is an important indicator of a country’s success in its education system and equity and broader socially combinative policies. The success in educational performance is mirrored in the broader economy of Australia as it attracts a significant proportion of skilled migrants annually who have a high labour market participation rate. In the year between 2016-2017, skilled migrants accounted for 67.3 percent of the total immigration program outcome that year. The net effect of a multiculturalism policy for Australia has been a brain gain for Australia and this is expected to continue growing. 49．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The history of Australia. B．The customs of Australia. C．The character of Australians. D．The population structure of Australia. 50．What does the underlined word “embodies” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Maintains. B．Represents. C．Assesses. D．Predicts. 51．From which can we see Australia’s success in education? A．The higher educational standards. B．The better overall grades of students. C．The increasing number of immigrant children. D．The better performance of immigrant children. 52．In which aspect does educational success benefit Australia? A．Bringing in more skilled migrants. B．Reforming the immigration policy. C．Developing immigration programs. D．Making a booming labour market. （十四） （23-24高二下陕西西安鄠邑第二中学期末） A recent study in the journal Current Biology found that people danced 12% more when very low frequency bass (低音) was played. Scientists wanted to see what factors of music make us want to dance. “We look at things like what kinds of rhythms make us really drawn in and want to move more,” said Daniel Cameron, a neuroscientist and the lead author of the study. Volunteers were led into a lab that was changed into an electronic dance music concert, with live music performed for them, who were equipped with headband s that had a motion capture sensor. The lab had special speakers that could play a very low frequency bass, undetectable to the human ear. The set lasted about an hour. Researchers introduced the very low bass every 2.5 minutes and found that the concertgoers moved more when the speakers were on — even though they couldn’t hear it. Cameron thinks that our vestibular (前庭的) system can help explain the reason. “It’s the inner-ear structures that give us a sense of where our head is in space,” he says. “That system is sensitive to low-frequency stimulation, especially if it’s loud.” Some people hear music and can’t help but move, whether there are low, silent bass frequencies or not. So why do humans dance? “It’s hard to test this, but there has been some work on why we may have evolved this way. We know that moving together in synchrony (同步) when we’re making music together and dancing together leads to social bonding. We feel better about the people we’re with. We feel more connected with them,” Cameron says. “So you can imagine this has potential advantages for groups throughout the long history of our species.” Evolution aside, Cameron finds value in knowing his study has uncovered just one of the ingredients for what makes us want to dance a little bit more. 53．What does Cameron’s research focus on? A．The popularity of dancing among people. B．The evolutionary reasons why humans dance. C．The musical elements that encourage dancing. D．The little effect of low frequency bass on dancers. 54．What can we learn about the research setup described in paragraph 2? A．Low frequency bass was played regularly. B．Participants tracked their own movements. C．The dance music was performed in a live concert. D．The human speakers performed for an entire hour. 55．Why might humans have evolved to dance according to Cameron? A．To inspire imagination. B．To promote communication. C．To create work opportunities. D．To stimulate the body’s potential. 56．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Dance B．The Benefit Behind Dancing C．The Role of Rhythms in Music D．The Evolution of the Musical System （十五） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） You know that short walk to the shops and back? It’s about 10 minutes each way and you don’t know if you can be glad to make the trip, but that one short walk could save you from an early death, a new research by Cambridge University shows. In fact, as many as one in ten early deaths could be prevented if everyone managed at least half the recommended level of physical activity. Risks of diseases such as heart disease, strokes(中风) — which were responsible for 17.9 million deaths in 2019 — and various cancers are all reduced with this simple short walk. This easy lifestyle change was also noted in an earlier study in January, 2023, so you really should give it a go. By carrying out studies among a total of over 30 million participants, the latest Cambridge research found that just 75 minutes of exercise a week can reduce the risk of cancer by 7%. It was also enough to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular(心血管的) disease by 17%. Professor James Woodcock from the MRC Epidemiology Unit said, “We know that physical activity, such as walking or cycling, is good for you, especially if you feel it raises your heart rate. But what we’ve found is that there are many benefits to heart health and reducing your risk of cancer even if you can only manage 10 minutes every day.” It goes without saying that doing the recommended 150 minutes per week is more beneficial than just 75 minutes. Around one in six early deaths would be prevented with the two plus hours of exercise, while 11% of cases of cardiovascular disease and 5% of cases of cancer would be avoided. So what are you waiting for? Boots were made for walking. 57．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The simplicity of a short walk. B．The reason for people’s death. C．The change in people’s lifestyle. D．The benefits of doing exercise. 58．What do Professor James Woodcock’s words mean? A．Walking can always raise people’s heart rate. B．People need at least 75 minutes’ exercise a day. C．10 minutes’ exercise a day can make a difference. D．Physical activity is not that necessary for people. 59．How does the author mainly support his idea in the text? A．By listing numbers. B．By telling stories. C．By describing the processes. D．By quoting famous sayings. 60．Where can you read the passage? A．In a science fiction. B．In a health magazine. C．In a geography book. D．On a website for language learning. （十六） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described. California grizzly bears once roamed in the Golden State. But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined. The last reliable sighting of a California grizzly bear occurred 100 years ago in 1924, and the animals disappeared completely sometime after that. Researchers wanted to get a better understanding of the factors that accelerated the bears’ extinction. They also hoped to gain more insight into the creatures’ behavior, size and diet. To do so, they turned to documents and California grizzly specimens in natural history collections. They measured the animals’ skulls and teeth and analyzed their bones and pelts. The researchers found that California grizzly bears were much smaller than the 2,000 pounds often reported at the time. Historical accounts might not necessarily have been wrong, but they might have only included the largest bears. In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation. “The bears likely increased meat consumption due to landscape changes coupled with the arrival of livestock,” says study co-author Alexis Mychajliw. However, researchers found the animals still ate a majority vegetarian diet and killed far less livestock than historical accounts suggested. By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story. 61．What does the underlined word “roamed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered. 62．What did the researchers discover about California grizzly bears? A．They mainly fed on livestock. B．Their diet consisted mostly of plants. C．They ate a balanced diet of plants and meat. D．The absence of livestock changed their dietary habit. 63．What can we learn about historical accounts of animals from the last paragraph? A．They are unique. B．They are one-sided. C．They are accurate. D．They are comprehensive. 64．What is the text mainly about? A．The natural habitats of California grizzly bears. B．The extinction process of California grizzly bears. C．The reveal of the truth of California grizzly bears. D．The significance of the arrival of California grizzly bears. （十七） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） In order to survive trips to Mars, humans need oxygen. Now, a team of scientists has designed a robot that could extract oxygen from water on the Red Planet. The robot, which is called “AI chemist”, used a machine learning model to find a compound that could ignite an oxygen-producing chemical reaction on Mars. The compound, known as a catalyst (催化剂), is made entirely from elements found in Martian meteorites (陨石) — which means, if such a system could work reliably, space travelers would not need to bring oxygen or even the catalyst needed to produce it. Mars’ atmosphere contains only trace amounts of oxygen. But scientists have detected evidence of liquid water beneath the planet’s southern ice cap. To create the breathable gas, researchers wanted to find a way to break down this water into its hydrogen and oxygen molecules using materials found on Mars. Their robot analyzed five meteorites that either came from Mars or had a composition similar to that of the Martian surface. Using a laser, it identified significant amounts of iron, nickel, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and manganese in the samples. From these six elements, the robot’s algorithm (算法) deter-mined it could produce more than 3.7 million possible molecules to break down water and form oxygen on Mars. According to the researchers, finding the best one from this extensive list would take roughly 2,000 years of human labor, but for the AI chemist, it took only weeks. “On the Earth, we don’t use these six elements,” Yi Luo, a co-author of the study says. “They are not the best choices for catalysts, but it’s only what you’ve got on Mars.” With its chosen catalyst, the system could produce oxygen from the Martian materials at around - 37℃, demonstrating the chemical reaction could be possible on the cold Martian surface. Notably, the robot was able to carry out the entire process — analyzing the rock samples, identifying the Jest possible catalyst and producing it without human intervention. 65．What inspired the scientists to design the robot that could extract oxygen? A．Surviving on the Earth. B．Trips to Mars. C．Traveling on the Moon. D．Water shortage. 66．What is the basis of extracting oxygen on Mars? A．The existence of water and catalyst on Mars. B．The oxygen that Mars’ atmosphere contains. C．The scientists’ previous study on meteorites. D．The low cost of “AI chemist”. 67．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The finding of six elements. B．The advantages of the robots. C．The process of producing oxygen. D．The formation of the meteorites. 68．What is the writer’s attitude towards “AI chemist”? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Favorable. D．Indifferent. （十八） （23-24高二下陕西西安铁一中学期末） Like many people over the past few years, I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. After a day of squinting (眯眼看) at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to“ read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of news has doubled as a result-but a recent-paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension. The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both at the University of Chicago, and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing. According to this view, we have two ways of assessing information. System 1 is intuitive (直觉的), relying on natural ability and feeling. It is quick, but likely exposed to misinformation. System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step. For decades, psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using. As one example, consider the following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark (方舟)? If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer—zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process. Keysar and Geipel’s brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form — seeing vs. hearing — of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: when answering these kinds of simple questions, participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud, rather than written. A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study. For this reason, I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop listening to novels. I am quite happy to go, with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break. 69．What does the author think of listening to audiobooks? A．It slows his reading progress. B．It is the only means of reading books for him. C．It consumes much time when listening to a book. D．It gives his eyes a break before screens. 70．Which of the following best describes System 2 model? A．Fairly reliable. B．Fully automatic. C．Question-centered. D．Emotion-involved. 71．Why is the Ark mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a view. C．To introduce a topic. D．To draw a conclusion. 72．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Listening to books comes at a price. B．Reading non-fiction books benefits. C．Critical thinking is a must in reading. D．Ways of processing information differ. （十九） （23-24高二下陕西西安高新第一中学期末） Soot (煤) pollution is speeding up climate-driven melting in Antarctica, a new study suggests, raising questions about how to protect the delicate continent from the increasing number of humans who want to visit. “It really makes us question, is our presence really needed?” says Alia Khan, one of the authors of the new study. “We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melt.” Black carbon is the leftover thing from burning plants or fossil fuels. Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships (游轮), vehicles and airplanes, although some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe. The dark particles (微粒) coat white snow and absorb heat from the sun the way a black T-shirt does on a warm day. The blanket of dark bits speeds up melting that was already happening more quickly because of global warming. When snow and ice are uncovered, they reflect an enormous amount of sunlight before it can turn into heat. “These are the mirrors on our planet,” says Sonia Nagorski, a scientist at the University of Alaska Southeast. “When those mirrors are covered in a film of dark bits, they don’t send back that much light and heat. That means more heat is trapped on Earth, speeding up melting and contributing to global warming.” As a scientist who personally visits Antarctica every year, Khan says she is troubled by her own research results. On the one hand, she goes to Antarctica to collect crucial data about how quickly the snow and ice there are disappearing. “But then when we come to conclusions like this it really does make us think twice about how frequently we need to visit the continent,” she says, “and what kind of regulations should be placed on tourism as well.” That could mean requiring that cruise ships and vehicles be electric, for example, or limiting the number of visitors each year. 73．What is Khan’s attitude towards human actions in Antarctica according to paragraph 2? A．Angry and abusive. B．Cold and uninterested. C．Doubtful and anxious. D．Admiring and delighted. 74．What is the main cause of soot pollution in Antarctica? A．The quick melting of ice and snow. B．The emission from virous transport. C．The remaining parts of burning plants. D．The floating gases from other continents. 75．What do we know from Nagorski? A．The covered ice is less reflective. B．The melting speed of ice is slower than before. C．The dark blanket serves as a big mirror. D．The sunlight gets increasingly stronger recently. 76．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．What made our planet so polluted? B．Who is to blame for air pollution? C．Can electric vehicles save tourism? D．Are we welcome to the South Pole? （二十） （23-24高二下陕西渭南大荔期末） Individuals vary in how they react to anxiety. Some bury their heads in the sand and ignore the mounting sense of anxiety that seems to occupy the society. Others are in a watchful state and can’t get enough of the up-to-the-minute news and social media feeds. Martin Buber once stated that we related to three things around us: nature, our fellow men, and how you view the world. When we are in a burdened (忧虑的) state, we tend to take no notice of any of these. When we become unburdened from our depressed selves, we are able to discover the delights and wonders around and experience a deep sense of gratitude. At a time when news reports are merely a click away, people’s anxiety becomes even intenser. Because of 24/7 media, the international and the interpersonal have integrated in a way that we have never seen before. It seems that we’ve lost the capacity to maintain our inner peace—and that’s not just a matter of having opposing views about issues. It’s a matter of not having the patience to involve in delightful communication and to hear each other. Transforming the situation can't be achieved overnight. It’s not accidental, which must be approached with strength. It comes from the efforts to attain understanding and calm. Our age of anxiety presents us with challenges. But out of adversity comes opportunity. Never can we maintain calm and experience gratitude at a time when we are burdened, worried, and anxious. Like anything else, relaxation and calm take a bit of work. Attempt to limit your exposure to updates on the news and take a couple of moments to count your blessings—including the people in your life and the fortune from which you’ve benefited. As you may be aware, it is taking things for granted that robs you of the fruits of your labor. Praying for goodness and planting seeds of gratitude may be our only way out. 77．What might happen to a relaxed person? A．Spotting the beauty in the surroundings. B．Paying no attention to the state of mind. C．Getting on well with nature and fellows. D．Grasping the latest news items with care. 78．What makes people anxiety-stricken? A．The lack of peaceful talks. B．The information overload. C．The widespread false news. D．The opposing views online. 79．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Methods to overcome challenges and barriers. B．Steps to robbing people of their fruits of labor. C．Tips on limiting the exposure to news updates. D．Ways to ease anxiety and appreciate blessings. 80．Which might be a suitable title for the text? A．Take Nothing Online for Granted B．Watch Out for the Traps of Media C．Be Grateful in an Age of Anxiety D．Count Blessings Instead of Worries （二十一） （23-24高二下陕西咸阳期末） In a world where nearly 6 million fingerprint records of government employees are stolen in one computer hack, and where millions of people are victims of identity theft every year, the next step in cyber-security may well be mapping your brain. Researchers at Binghamton University are working on a biometric (生物特征的) system that records how your brain reacts to certain images. With a little more polishing, the scientists’ brainchild could become the way you get into a safe deposit box, your office or past scanners at the airport. It could replace the password for your online banking, your e-mail or your social media accounts. They started their project by measuring the brain waves of 30 subjects. The subjects were fitted with a cap that had 30 electrodes (电极) attached to it, and then shown various images and symbols — celebrity faces, words, pictures of food — on a computer screen in 200-lliscond bursts. The brain’s reaction was recorded. The idea is that every time a person needs to use a “password”, he or she goes through the same procedure, and the results are matched to their first-time reaction. If the “brainprint” is cracked — like what happened to the fingerprint records — then the system is merely reset by running another set of images and collecting a different set of brain waves. “Even if that was stolen, you could just cancel it and record one to something else”, says professor Laszlo. Laszlo and her team have shown that their system can be 100 percent accurate. So one of the most difficult parts of making the system practical already has been overcome. Now, they’re spending much time recording accurate brainprints with as few as three electrodes, which could make recording in the future as easy as wearing a pair of special gasses. They’re also working with cheaper materials and different methods to see if they can bring the cost down. 81．Why were the images and symbols shown to the subjects? A．To match brainprints with pictures. B．To imitate the brain’s reaction. C．To create their brainprints. D．To connect brain waves to electrodes. 82．What will happen when a brainprint fails? A．A new one will be set again. B．The same one will be ready beforehand. C．The users’ security will be threatened. D．The fingerprint record will replace it. 83．What are the researchers doing with the programme now? A．Improving its accuracy. B．Making it user-friendly. C．Recording more brainprints. D．Increasing the number of electrodes. 84．Where can you read the passage? A．In a biography. B．In a travel guide. C．In a fashion brochure. D．In a science magazine. （二十二） （23-24高二下陕西延安志丹期末） Landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters on the planet, causing billions of dollars of damage and devastating loss of life every year. By introducing a new paradigm (范例) for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations. Current predictive models rely on databases that do not generally include information on the type of failure of mapped landslides. By using the aerial view (鸟瞰图) and elevation data of landslide sites combined with machine learning, the researchers were able to achieve 80% — 94% percent accuracy in identifying landslide movements in diverse locations around the world. Specifically, the study introduces a method of examining slides, flows, and fails, finding distinct patterns. Researchers studied landslides around the world, like the 2008 disaster in Beichuan. China, to develop a new paradigm to understand their movements and failure types. “Our algorithm is not predicting landslides,” explained Malik, assistant professor in Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) School of Mathematic s and Statistics. “But the people who are in the business of predicting landslides need to know more information about them, like what caused them and what mechanisms they were.” Various locations were studied, including Italy, the United States, Denmark, Türkiye, and China. The wide range of countries helped confirm the strength of the findings, since they can be successfully used in diverse regions and climates. “It was quite exhilarating when we saw the success numbers,” said Malik, “We got the results, which are really good, but we need to be able to connect this to reality.” The hope is that this deeper understanding of failure movements will help those who work to predict deadly events and enhance the accuracy and reliability of hazard (危害) and risk assessment models, which will help save lives and reduce damage. 85．What is the new paradigm for? A．Predicting the occurrence of landslides. B．Evaluating the economic impact of landslides. C．Mapping the locations of landslides worldwide. D．Understanding landslide forms and damage types. 86．What is the advantage of the new method in landslides identification? A．It’s more convenient. B．It’s more economic. C．It’s more accurate. D．It’s easier to operate. 87．What does the underlined word “exhilarating” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Relaxing. B．Thrilling. C．Amusing. D．Confusing. 88．What is the best title for the text? A．The New Way to Help Predict Landslides B．The Economic Impact of Landslides Globally C．The Use of Machine Learning in Predicting Landslides D．The Urgency of Understanding the Shapes of Landslides （二十三） （23-24高二下陕西汉中期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, how do you feel? Scared, anxious, excited or challenged? With many global challenges still ongoing, we are likely to face even more of the unknown, so we had better get accustomed to managing it. So how do we detect uncertainty and which part of the brain is responsible for it? Researchers have found that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) is the key chemical involved in our response to uncertainty. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays when we are faced with uncertain events, scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever (杠杆) down when they heard a high frequency noise. If they did this, they were rewarded with a drink of water. They were also trained to learn that they’d receive an unpleasant puff of air if the lever was activated when a low frequency noise was played. But the researchers added in an element of uncertainty by including a sound where the frequency was unclear. From this experiment, the researchers discovered that a small part in the brain called the locus coeruleus — an area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the high frequency was clear and the reward was expected for the mice, their noradrenaline release was small. But when the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. This was how the mice’s brains learned to deal with uncertainty. A study with humans was also carried out. They discovered that the subjects’ neurons (神经元) in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质) respond much more to loss than to gain. Namely, this area rules our avoidance behaviour when we are under stress. This helps us understand our unwillingness to expose ourselves to uncertainty. Once we understand that our cognitive and emotional responses to uncertainty are a necessary part of the human experience. Acknowledge instead of fear them, perhaps making big decisions can seem less stressful. 89．What is the uncertainty in the experiment with mice? A．The high frequency noise. B．A drink of water as a reward. C．The action to push a lever down. D．The noise with unclear frequency. 90．What does the underlined word “modulates” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Removes. B．Adjusts. C．Lessens. D．Boosts. 91．How does the prefrontal cortex influence our choices when we’re stressed? A．By seeking rewarding outcome. B．By maintaining balance. C．By avoiding negative outcome. D．By reducing uncertainty. 92．What does the author want to tell us in the text? A．Responses to uncertainty come naturally. B．Uncertainty gives birth to potential risks. C．Experiments can predict expected outcomes. D．Noradrenaline tends to result from uncertainty. （二十四） （23-24高二下陕西渭南华州期末） A new study reveals that trees can communicate and warn each other of danger. “For the first time, researchers have been able to visualize plant-to-plant communication,” said Masatsugu, senior author of the study. The idea of talking trees started to take root in the 1980s. Two scientists found that damaged trees began producing chemicals that made their leaves unappetizing and indigestible to discourage insects. The trees then sent chemical signals to one another through the air. Over the past four decades, scientists have observed this cell-to-cell communication in more than 30 plant species. Past research shows plants communicate with their surroundings by releasing chemicals known as volatile (易挥发的) organic compounds. One class of these compounds are released when a plant is injured: green leafy volatiles. These are released by, as the name suggests, pretty much every green plant with leaves, and are produced when a plant experiences physical damage. An example of these compounds is the smell released from fresh-cut grass. In the new study, Masatsugu and his colleagues manually damaged leaves and placed insects on tomato plants to trigger the release of various green leafy volatiles. After testing many of them, the team found it seemed to increase calcium ions (钙离子) inside cells. The calcium signaling is like a switch to turn on the defense responses from the plants. With this new understanding, researchers say plants could be immunized against threats and stressors before they even happen. For instance, exposing healthy plants to insect-ridden plants or the associated green leafy volatiles could boost their genetic defenses, so farmers use less pesticides. The revelation could also help make plants more resilient (有复原力的) during a drought, signaling the plants to conserve more water. 93．What does the new research find? A．Trees can inform other trees of potential threats. B．Trees can make themselves attractive. C．Trees will send signals first once damaged. D．Trees will work together to trick insects. 94．What can be learnt about green leafy volatiles? A．They defend insects. B．They kill insects. C．Some of them can be smelt. D．Some of them can be seen. 95．How was the study carried out by Masatsugu? A．By protecting trees from insects. B．By classifying green leafy volatiles. C．By increasing calcium ions inside cells. D．By causing the release of certain chemicals. 96．What aspect of the new study does the last paragraph focus on? A．Its target. B．Its process. C．Its application. D．Its background. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解之说明文 （一） （23-24高二下陕西西安铁一中学期末） A new study has found that smiling at London bus drivers increases happiness. The finding feels obvious and unexpected at the same time. The authors of the research, which was conducted by the University of Sussex and others, hope it will lead to “more interaction and kindness on buses”. On the Number 24 bus to Hampstead Heath, Londoners are sceptical. “Bus drivers,” says Liz Hands, a passenger, “are generally annoying.” It might seem improbable that a report on London’s buses could change behaviour. But it has happened before. London’s buses have an underappreciated role in the history of medical science. In the 1940s, a single study of London’s transport workers transformed epidemiology (流行病学), medicine and the way we live now. Every time you go on a run, check your step-count, or take the stairs instead of the lift, you are following a path pioneered by the feet of the workers on London’s buses. In the late 1940s, doctors were worried. Britain, like many rich countries, was suffering from an “epidemic” of heart disease and no one knew why Various hypotheses (假设), such as stress, were suggested; but one thing that was not exercising researchers was exercise. The idea that health and exercise were linked “wasn’t the accepted fact that we know today”, says Nick Wareham, a professor of epidemiology at Cambridge University. Some even felt that “too much physical activity was a bad thing for your health”. Miners and farmers who did physical exercise also suffered from various diseases and died young. At this time a young doctor called Jerry Morris started to suspect that the increasing deaths from heart disease might be linked to occupation. He began studying the medical records of 31,000 London transport workers. His findings were breathtaking: conductors, who spent their time running up and down stairs, had an approximately 30% lower possibility of disease than drivers, who sat down all day. Exercise was keeping people alive. Morris’s research was eventually published in 1953, just three years after a study by Richard Doll proving the link between smoking and lung cancer. Morris’s work had consequences both big and small. Morris now also took up exercise, handing his jacket to his daughter and just running. “People thought I was bananas.” Slowly, the rest of the world took off its jacket and followed. 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．The former study made much difference. B．Running was regarded as harmful behavior. C．Smiling at drivers can cure passengers’ diseases. D．London passengers can understand bus drivers well. 2．What does the underlined part “exercising researchers” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Encouraging researchers to work out. B．Helping with researchers’ inquiry. C．Holding back researchers’ progress. D．Drawing researchers’ attention. 3．How did Morris conduct his study on the transport employees? A．By carrying out survey. B．By observing their routines. C．By doing medical examinations. D．By analyzing the medical data. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Smiling and Its Effects on London Bus Drivers. B．The Evolution of London’s Transportation System. C．How London Bus Drivers Led the world to exercise. D．What Londoners Think about Studies on Bus Drivers. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了伦敦公交车司机是如何改变世界，并导致运动的发明。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“London’s buses have an underappreciated role in the history of medical science. In the 1940s, a single study of London’s transport workers transformed epidemiology (流行病学), medicine and the way we live now. (20世纪40年代，一项针对伦敦运输工人的研究改变了流行病学、医学和我们现在的生活方式)”可知，20世纪40年代的那项研究影响很大，故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“The idea that health and exercise were linked “wasn’t the accepted fact that we know today”, says Nick Wareham, a professor of epidemiology at Cambridge University. Some even felt that “too much physical activity was a bad thing for your health”. Miners and farmers who did physical exercise also suffered from various diseases and died young. (剑桥大学流行病学教授Nick Wareham表示，健康和运动有关的观点“在当时并不是我们今天所知道的公认事实”。一些人甚至认为“过多的体育活动对你的健康有害”。从事体育锻炼的矿工和农民也会患上各种疾病，英年早逝)”可知，当时认为锻炼会对健康有害，即锻炼没有引起研究人员的注意。故划线词意思是“引起研究人员的注意”。A. Encouraging researchers to work out鼓励研究人员锻炼身体；B. Helping with researchers’ inquiry协助研究人员进行调查；C. Holding back researchers’ progress阻碍研究人员的进步；D. Drawing researchers’ attention引起研究人员的注意。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“At this time a young doctor called Jerry Morris started to suspect that the increasing deaths from heart disease might be linked to occupation. He began studying the medical records of 31,000 London transport workers. ( 这时，一位名叫杰里·莫里斯的年轻医生开始怀疑，心脏病导致的超额死亡人数可能与职业有关。他开始研究31000名伦敦运输工人的医疗记录。)”可知，杰里·莫里斯医生通过分析运输工人的医疗记录展开研究，故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“It might seem improbable that a report on London’s buses could change behaviour. But it has happened before. London’s buses have an underappreciated role in the history of medical science. In the 1940s, a single study of London’s transport workers transformed epidemiology (流行病学), medicine and the way we live now. Every time you go on a run, check your step-count, or take the stairs instead of the lift, you are following a path pioneered by the feet of the workers on London’s buses. (一份关于伦敦公交车的报告似乎不太可能改变人们的行为。但这种情况以前也发生过。伦敦的公共汽车在医学科学史上的作用被低估了。20世纪40年代，一项针对伦敦交通工人的研究改变了流行病学、医学和我们现在的生活方式。每当你跑步、检查步数、或走楼梯而不是乘电梯时，你都是在追随伦敦公共汽车上工人们的脚步)”可知，文章主要说明了伦敦公共汽车上的工人曾经改变了人们如今的生活方式，曾经人们认为锻炼有害身体，结果对工人的研究发现锻炼使人保持活力。可知，C选项“How London Bus Drivers Led the world to exercise. (伦敦巴士司机如何引领世界运动)”最符合题意。故选C。 （二） （23-24高二下陕西宝鸡渭滨区期末） Despite many public health campaigns to highlight various problems with sugary drinks, we drink them a lot. But, not everyone consumes them. Two new studies shed light on the fact that some of us easily fall victim to the harms of sugary drinks than others. Though sugary drinks are everywhere, some people find them harder to resist and the first study, conducted by professor Joshua McGreen at Flinders University, sought to understand why. For the research, 128 young adults of 17 to 25 completed a computer test evaluating their attitudes about soft drinks, measured against their soft drink consumption. The study showed that the more unconscious positive judgments individuals had of soft drink advertising, the more soft drink they consumed. It also found that a lack of inhibitory control, which is the cognitive process that allows us to control our desires — say, to buy a nice-tasting soft drink even though we know it’s unhealthy — was also a factor in increased consumption. A second study provides clues about who is more easily influenced by the marketing strategies. The study found that soft drink companies, like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, have multi-billion dollar advertising and marketing budgets aimed to “create, maintain and increase consumer demand around benefits related to happiness, social status etc.”. These campaigns are “increasingly being directed at disadvantaged groups”, including children and adolescents generally, and people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Soft drinks, even “zero-sugar” ones, are typically high in calories, but of little nutritional benefit. Placing a tax on sweet drinks may be one strategy to reduce people’s consumption. McGreen also suggests that people develop strong self-control of soft drink consumption. It’s something he wants to research further. He adds, “I would also like to ban advertisements for soft drinks for sports or programs that appeal to children. It is specially important for sports people to stop being walking billboards for junk food and drinks.” 5．What do the two new studies focus on? A．The harm of sugary drinks. B．The popularity of sugary drinks. C．The consumers of sugary drinks. D．The profit made by sugary drinks. 6．Who are most likely to buy sugary drinks according to McGreen? A．Those who have a good spending habit. B．Those who can control their desires well. C．Those who have a good impression of soft drinks. D．Those who have no interest in soft drink advertising. 7．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The warning against the consumption of soft drinks. B．Suggestions on reducing the consumption of soft drinks. C．The importance of sports stars in advertising soft drinks. D．Plans to research into self-control of soft drink consumption. 8．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Entertainment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Sports. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．B 8．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了尽管有许多公共健康运动强调含糖饮料的各种问题，但我们还是喝了很多。但是，并不是每个人都喝它们。两项新的研究揭示了这样一个事实：我们中的一些人比其他人更容易成为含糖饮料危害的受害者。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及建议少喝软饮料。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Two new studies shed light on the fact that some of us easily fall victim to the harms of sugary drinks than others.(两项新的研究揭示了这样一个事实：我们中的一些人比其他人更容易成为含糖饮料危害的受害者)”可知，这两项新研究的重点是含糖饮料的消费者。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study showed that the more unconscious positive judgments individuals had of soft drink advertising, the more soft drink they consumed.(研究表明，人们对软饮料广告的无意识积极评价越多，他们就会喝更多的软饮料)”可知，根据麦格林的调查，那些对软饮料有良好印象的人最有可能购买含糖饮料。故选C。 7．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Soft drinks, even “zero-sugar” ones, are typically high in calories, but of little nutritional benefit. Placing a tax on sweet drinks may be one strategy to reduce people’s consumption. McGreen also suggests that people develop strong self-control of soft drink consumption. It’s something he wants to research further. He adds, “I would also like to ban advertisements for soft drinks for sports or programs that appeal to children. It is specially important for sports people to stop being walking billboards for junk food and drinks.”(软饮料，即使是“零糖”饮料，通常都是高热量的，但几乎没有营养价值。对甜饮料征税可能是减少人们消费的一种策略。麦格林还建议人们对软饮料的消费要有很强的自制力。这是他想进一步研究的东西。他补充说:“我还想禁止针对运动或吸引儿童的节目的软饮料广告。尤其重要的是，运动人士不要再成为垃圾食品和饮料的行走广告牌。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是减少软饮料消费的建议。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Despite many public health campaigns to highlight various problems with sugary drinks, we drink them a lot. But, not everyone consumes them. Two new studies shed light on the fact that some of us easily fall victim to the harms of sugary drinks than others.(尽管有许多公共健康运动强调含糖饮料的各种问题，但我们还是喝了很多。但是，并不是每个人都喝它们。两项新的研究揭示了这样一个事实：我们中的一些人比其他人更容易成为含糖饮料危害的受害者)”及下文内容可知，文章介绍了两项关于饮料的研究开展过程以及建议少喝软饮料。由此推知，文章选自报纸的“健康”部分。故选B。 （三） （23-24高二下陕西西安高新高新第一中学期末） This week Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy released a warning about the risks that social media presents to the mental health of children and teenagers. Adolescent mental health has been declining for years, and an increasing amount of research suggests that social media platforms could be partially to blame. But experts continue to debate just how much impact they have. Numerous studies demonstrate that adolescent rates of depression, anxiety and loneliness have skyrocketed in the U. S. and elsewhere since around the time that smartphones and social media became ever-present. Yet the role social media plays has been widely debated. Some researchers have sounded the alarm, arguing that social media provides the most credible explanation for problems such as enhanced teen loneliness. Other researchers have been sitting on the fence. In 2019 Jeff Hancock founding director of the Social Media Lab at Stanford University, and his colleagues completed an analysis of 226 scientific papers dating back to 2006. They concluded that social media us was associated with a slight increase in depression and anxiety but also improvements in feelings of belonging and connectedness. Some recent studies have attempted to clarify the link between social media and mental health, asking, for instance, whether social media use is causing depression or whether people are being more active on social media because they’re depressed. In an attempt to present evidence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist Alexey Makarin and two of his colleagues conducted mental health surveys taken by college students across the country. Their study, published in 2022, found that swollen rates of depression and anxiety, as well as declined academic performance, followed Facebook’s arrival. Makarin says much of the harm they documented came from social comparisons: students viewed the online profiles of their peers and believed them to “have nicer lives, party more often, have more friends and look better.” “In total, there’s an increasingly clear picture that, indeed, social media has a negative impact on mental health,” Makarin says. “We are not saying that social media can explain 100 percent of the rise of mental health issues... But it could potentially explain a sizeable portion.” 9．What do we know about social media? A．It has negative influence on adolescent mental health. B．It is the leading cause of adolescent depression. C．It plays an important role in treating mental illness. D．Its impact on mental health is still unknown. 10．What is Jeff Hancock’s attitude towards social media? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Favorable. D．Indifferent. 11．How does social media cause harm to teenagers according to Makarin? A．By threatening their academic performance. B．By presenting them with online profiles. C．By encouraging them to party more often. D．By making them feel worse-off than others. 12．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To advocate the harms of social media to teenagers’ mental health. B．To analyze the causes of worsening adolescent mental health. C．To present findings on the link between social media and mental health. D．To propose an effective approach to handling mental illness. 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．D 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文展示社交媒体与心理健康之间联系的研究结果。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Adolescent mental health has been declining for years, and an increasing amount of research suggests that social media platforms could be partially to blame.”（多年来，青少年的心理健康状况一直在下降，越来越多的研究表明，社交媒体平台可能是部分原因）；第二段“Numerous studies demonstrate that adolescent rates of depression, anxiety and loneliness have skyrocketed in the U. S. and elsewhere since around the time that smartphones and social media became ever-present.”（大量研究表明，自从智能手机和社交媒体无处不在以来，美国和其他地方的青少年抑郁、焦虑和孤独的比例急剧上升。）可知，社交媒体对青少年心理健康有负面影响。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“They concluded that social media us was associated with a slight increase in depression and anxiety but also improvements in feelings of belonging and connectedness.”（他们得出结论，社交媒体与抑郁和焦虑的轻微增加有关，但也与归属感和联系感的改善有关）可知，Jeff Hancock对社交媒体的态度是客观的。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Makarin says much of the harm they documented came from social comparisons: students viewed the online profiles of their peers and believed them to “have nicer lives, party more often, have more friends and look better.”（ Makarin说，他们记录的大部分危害来自社会比较：学生们在网上查看同龄人的资料，认为他们“生活得更好，聚会更频繁，朋友更多，看起来更好）可知，Makarin认为，社交媒体让他们觉得自己比别人差，这对青少年的心理健康不利。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Adolescent mental health has been declining for years, and an increasing amount of research suggests that social media platforms could be partially to blame. But experts continue to debate just how much impact they have.”（多年来，青少年的心理健康状况一直在下降，越来越多的研究表明，社交媒体平台可能是部分原因。但专家们仍在争论它们到底有多大的影响。）以及下文的说明可知，短文的目的是展示社交媒体与心理健康之间联系的研究结果。故选C项。 （四） （23-24高二下陕西榆林期末） Many people recognize the name of the great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Far few have heard of Albrecht Durer, known by those with expertise in art as the “Leonardo of the North”. During his youth, Albrecht Durer apprenticed (当学徒工) with his father, who was a goldsmith, and also with a local painter. But he showed a remarkable talent for printmaking, which at the time was the main method of illustrating books. This art form involved carving an image into a block of wood, inking the wood and then pressing it against paper or cloth. Durer’s skillful carving and printing resulted in beautiful prints. His decision to become a printmaker rather than a goldsmith disappointed his father but benefited Durer throughout his adult life. From time to time, deadly diseases broke out in Durer’s hometown of Nuremburg, Germany. This danger was one reason why Durer decided to leave Nuremburg twice to visit Italy. He was also fascinated by Italy’s Renaissance culture. While there, he absorbed Italian philosophy, science and artistic techniques. He also served as the official court artist to two Holy Roman Emperors. Durer was extremely diligent regarding the details of his art work as evidenced in his nature pieces. These include Young Hare, which correctly captures the energy of a large ha re even while it is sitting still, and Rhinoceros, which was so correct that it was included in scientific documents for years. The same attention to details can be seen in Durer’s early self-portraits (自画像). The first one that he made at age of 13 shows a young boy with childish features. A second self-portrait that he made at age 22 displays a more mature individual who has a greater sense of himself. In a self-portrait done at age 26, he is a finely dressed gentleman, reflecting his rise in status within the printmaking community. 13．What’s the function of Paragraph 1? A．To share a research finding. B．To introduce a topic. C．To present a serious problem. D．To show the author’s experience. 14．What made Durer’s father disappointed? A．Durer’s leaving his motherland. B．Durer’s refusal to be a painter. C．Durer’s choice of profession. D．Durer’s bad health condition. 15．Where can Durer’s focus on details be seen? A．In his research in scientific documents. B．In his social relationship with other painters. C．In his rising status in the field of drawing. D．In his accurate image of living creatures. 16．In which column of a website can we read the passage? A．Amazing Art B．Engineering and Computing C．News and Events D．Science Matters 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．D 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了艺术家阿尔布雷希特·丢勒的个人经历以及画作特点。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people recognize the name of the great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Far few have heard of Albrecht Durer, known by those with expertise in art as the “Leonardo of the North”. (许多人都知道伟大的意大利艺术家达·芬奇的名字。很少有人听说过阿尔布雷希特·丢勒，他被艺术专家称为“北方的列奥纳多”。)”可知，第一段的作用是引入一个话题。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段“His decision to become a printmaker rather than a goldsmith disappointed his father but benefited Durer throughout his adult life. (他决定成为一名版画家而不是金匠，这让他的父亲失望，但却使他在整个成年生活中受益。)”可知，丢勒的职业选择让丢勒的父亲失望。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“These include Young Hare, which correctly captures the energy of a large ha re even while it is sitting still, and Rhinoceros, which was so correct that it was included in scientific documents for years. (其中包括“青年野兔”，它能准确地捕捉到一头大牛静止不动时的能量，还有“犀牛”，它的准确性如此之高，以至于多年来一直被收录在科学文献中。)”可知，对生物的准确描绘可以看出丢勒对细节的关注。故选D。 16．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people recognize the name of the great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Far few have heard of Albrecht Durer, known by those with expertise in art as the “Leonardo of the North”. (许多人都知道伟大的意大利艺术家达·芬奇的名字。很少有人听说过阿尔布雷希特·丢勒，他被艺术专家称为“北方的列奥纳多”。)”结合文章主要介绍了艺术家阿尔布雷希特·丢勒的个人经历以及画作特点。可知，我们可以在网站的“惊人的艺术”中阅读这篇文章。故选A。 （五） （23-24高二下陕西渭南大荔期末） For a few months twice a year, the waters off California are home to gray whales moving north or south between the coast of Mexico and the Bering Sea. These years, however, it seems that fewer whales are surviving the journey north. So far this year, a total of 30 dead gray whales have been washed up on the West Coast: 8 in Washington, 1 in Oregon and 21 in California. Those numbers arc unusually high. “In Northern California, three out of four of the dead whales that have been examined so far appear to have died of starvation and the fourth was killed by a ship strike,” said Barbie Halaska, a research assistant at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC), a nonprofit organization that rescues and rehabilitates (使康复) marine mammals in California. Halaska and her colleagues examined the four whales — three young whales and one adult male — and planned to examine the remaining dead whales in the region in the next couple of days. Gray whales were once severely threatened by whalers. Only around 2,000 of them lived in the ocean in 1946, so an international agreement to stop gray whale hunting was signed in order to help the population recover. Gray whales were removed from the US endangered species list in 1994 when the population reached 23,000 and TMMC predicts there are now around 26,000 gray whales in the Pacific Ocean, which is about the number before the whaling boom appeared almost 200 years ago. “Although the gray whale population has recovered to a certain degree, the number of dead gray whales washed up this year is alarming,” Halaska said. “Climate change and declining fish stocks are likely key factors in the whales’ poor health,” she said. Halaska stressed that boaters and beachgoers on the West Coast should watch out or gray whales at this time of year. 17．What are the statistics in paragraph 3 about? A．Severe conditions gray whales face. B．An agreement to stop killing whales. C．The evolving development of gray whales. D．The number of gray whales in different times. 18．Which of the following best explains the underlined word in paragraph 3? A．Popularity. B．Competition. C．A quick increase. D．A successful completion. 19．What’s Halaska’s attitude towards the population of gray whales? A．Worried. B．Discouraged. C．Uncaring. D．Optimistic. 20．What may be talked about following the last paragraph? A．The importance of gray whales. B．Gray whales’ living environment. C．Things to do to help gray whales. D．Ways to increase gray whales’ population. 【答案】17．D 18．C 19．A 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在北上途中死亡的灰鲸越来越多，而气候变化和鱼群数量下降可能是导致灰鲸健康状况不佳的关键因素。 17．推理判断题。根据第三段“Only around 2,000 of them lived in the ocean in 1946, so an international agreement to stop gray whale hunting was signed in order to help the population recover. Gray whales were removed from the US endangered species list in 1994 when the population reached 23,000 and TMMC predicts there are now around 26,000 gray whales in the Pacific Ocean(1946年，只有大约2000头灰鲸生活在海洋中，因此一项禁止捕杀灰鲸的国际协议被签署，以帮助灰鲸数量恢复。灰鲸于1994年从美国濒危物种名单中删除，当时灰鲸的数量达到23,000只，TMMC预测现在太平洋上约有26,000只灰鲸)”可知，1946年只有大约2000头灰鲸生活在海洋中，而在1994年达到了23000头，TMMC预测，现在太平洋中大约有26000头灰鲸。因此，我们可以了解到第三段的统计数据是关于不同时期灰鲸的数量的。故选D。 18．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中的“Gray whales were removed from the US endangered species list in 1994 when the population reached 23,000(1994年，当灰鲸的数量达到2.3万只时，灰鲸被从美国濒危物种名单中删除)”可知，目前太平洋里的灰鲸数量多,由“around 26,000 gray whales ... which is about the number before the whaling boom appeared almost 200 years ago”可知，在whaling boom之前灰鲸数量也比较多，故whaling boom应表示捕鲸现象增多。故选C。 19．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中Halaska说的话“Although the gray whale population has recovered to a certain degree, the number of dead gray whales washed up this year is alarming,(虽然灰鲸的数量已经恢复到一定程度，但今年被冲上岸的灰鲸尸体的数量令人震惊)”可知，虽然在一定程度上灰鲸数量已经恢复，但今年死亡的灰鲸数量令人震惊。由此推知，Halaska对灰鲸的数量是担忧的。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Halaska stressed that boaters and beachgoers on the West Coast should watch out or gray whales at this time of year.( Halaska强调，每年这个时候，西海岸的划船者和海滩游客都应该注意灰鲸)”可推知，紧接着可能是帮助灰鲸的一些做法。因此，最后一段之后可能讨论帮助灰鲸的做法。故选C。 （六） （23-24高二下陕西咸阳期末） By now, we all know that the planet is facing more environmental disasters, with quick-to-disintegrate (快速瓦解的) fast fashion clothing and the industry that creates it a major reason. Need proof? Just look at the 60,000 tonne-mountain of poisonous and thrown-away clothing that is visible from space. Now, France is taking steps to resist the supercharged way we consume clothes, with the country recently announcing it will pay all citizens a “repair bonus” for taking their clothes in to get fixed rather than throwing them in the bin. Beginning in October, citizens who bring their clothes in for repairs will be able to claim back a € 6 to € 25 bonus, with the total payment depending on the complexity of the repair. All bonuses will be paid from a € 154 million sustainability fund the government has set aside for the next five years. By calling on people to take their items to get fixed, the government hopes to cut fast fashion waste throughout the country and encourage customers to purchase more “virtuous” products. In other words: the government is begging you to fix your clothes, rather than continuously over-consuming the products of fast fashion sites like Shein or Boohoo. “It could encourage exactly the people who have bought, for example, shoes from a brand that makes good-quality shoes or likewise good-quality ready-to-wear clothes to want to have them fixed instead of getting rid of them,” explained France’s junior ecology minister Bérangère Couillard, who announced the programme in Paris. “That is exactly the objective, to create a recycling economy for shoes and clothes so that products last longer, because in government we believe in the second life of a product.” She also shared hopes that the programme will increase employment for French tailors and shoemakers. “The goal is to support those who carry out repairs,” she explained, while inviting all repair shops to join in the campaign for free. 21．What do people usually do with old clothes according to the text? A．Throw them in the dustbins. B．Mend them in the repair shops. C．Donate them to those in need. D．Put them away in the cupboard. 22．What does the underlined word “virtuous” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Fashionable. B．Convenient. C．Sustainable. D．Comfortable. 23．What does Bérangère Couillard hope will be one of the results of the programme? A．Reducing taxes on clothing repairs. B．Encouraging the community economy. C．Increasing sales for fast fashion brands. D．Creating jobs for tailors and shoemakers. 24．What is the best title of the text? A．French repair shops serve people for free B．France leads a new trend in fashion industry C．France encourages citizens to mend clothes themselves D．French repairing program pays people to reduce waste 【答案】21．A 22．C 23．D 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍法国向所有公民支付“维修奖金”，让他们把衣服拿去修理，而不是扔进垃圾桶，以抑制过度消费衣服的方式，减少浪费。 21． 推理判断题。根据第二段“Now, France is taking steps to resist the supercharged way we consume clothes, with the country recently announcing it will pay all citizens a “repair bonus” for taking their clothes in to get fixed rather than throwing them in the bin. (现在，法国正在采取措施抵制我们过度消费服装的方式，该国最近宣布，将向所有将衣服送去修理而不是扔进垃圾箱的公民支付“维修奖金”。)”可知，人们通常把旧衣服扔到垃圾箱里。故选A项。 22．词句猜测题。根据后文“In other words: the government is begging you to fix your clothes, rather than continuously over-consuming the products of fast fashion sites like Shein or Boohoo. (换句话说：政府是在求你改衣服，而不是持续过度消费Shein或Boohoo等快时尚网站的产品)”可推知，划线所在句子表达“政府希望通过呼吁人们把自己的物品拿去修理，减少全国范围内的快时尚浪费，并鼓励顾客购买更多“可持续的”的产品”之意，所以virtuous应是“可持续的”之意，和C项意思相同。故选C项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“She also shared hopes that the programme will increase employment for French tailors and shoemakers. “The goal is to support those who carry out repairs,” she explained, while inviting all repair shops to join in the campaign for free. (她还希望该项目将增加法国裁缝和鞋匠的就业机会。她解释说：“我们的目标是支持那些进行维修的人。”她同时邀请所有的维修店免费加入这项活动。)”可知，Bérangère Couillard 希望该项目为裁缝和鞋匠创造就业机会。故选D项。 24．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Now, France is taking steps to resist the supercharged way we consume clothes, with the country recently announcing it will pay all citizens a “repair bonus” for taking their clothes in to get fixed rather than throwing them in the bin. (现在，法国正在采取措施抵制我们过度消费服装的方式，该国最近宣布，将向所有将衣服送去修理而不是扔进垃圾箱的公民支付“维修奖金。”)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述法国向所有公民支付“维修奖金”，让他们把衣服拿去修理，而不是扔进垃圾桶，以抑制过度消费衣服的方式，减少浪费，所以D项“French repairing program pays people to reduce waste (法国维修计划付钱给减少浪费的人)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 （七） （23-24高二下陕西延安志丹期末） New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary choices and brain health. Published in Nature, the research showed that a healthy, balanced diet was linked to superior brain health, cognitive function and mental well-being. The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits, especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods. By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake over time, people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices. Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health, the scientists believe, showing how a combination of genetic predispositions (倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being. Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. To foster the development of a healthy balanced diet, both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports their physical and mental health.” Co-author Wei Cheng, Fudan University, added, “Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.” 25．What did the research done at the University of Warwick centre on? A．The link between exercise and brain health. B．The association between diet and brain health. C．The impact of well-being on cognitive functions. D．The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being. 26．How did researchers draw their conclusion? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By doing experiments. D．By observing participants. 27．Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain? A．A person’s age. B．A person’s weight. C．A person’s height. D．A person’s cognition. 28．What may the two authors, Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng, suggest? A．Getting regular brain health checks. B．Improving the nutrition in every meal. C．Forming healthy eating habits early. D．Promoting health awareness in school. 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D 28．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章的一项研究表明，饮食选择与大脑健康之间有深刻联系，健康均衡的饮食与卓越的大脑健康、认知功能和心理健康有关，强调尽早养成健康的饮食习惯的重要性。 25．细节理解题。由第一段中“The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. (这项由华威大学研究人员参与的研究揭示了我们的食物偏好如何不仅影响身体健康，而且显著影响大脑健康)”可知，华威大学的研究主要集中在饮食与大脑健康之间的关系。故选B项。 26．推理判断题。由第二段“The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. (对来自英国生物库的181,990名参与者的大样本饮食选择进行了分析，包括认知功能、血液代谢生物标志物、脑成像和遗传学在内的一系列身体评估揭示了营养与整体健康之间关系的新见解)”可知，研究人员对来自英国生物库的181,990名参与者的大样本饮食选择进行了分析，即通过分析数据得出结论的。故选A项。 27．细节理解题。由第三段“A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. (与饮食不太多样化的人相比，均衡的饮食与更好的心理健康、更优的认知功能，甚至与智力相关的大脑灰质含量更高有关)”可知，智力高低与大脑灰质含量多少有关，“一个人的认知”属于大脑智力范畴，会受到大脑灰质数量的影响。故选D项。 28．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. (主要作者、华威大学冯剑峰教授强调了在生命早期建立健康饮食偏好的重要性。他说：“从小养成健康均衡的饮食习惯对健康成长至关重要)”和最后一段中Wei Cheng说的话“Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations. (我们的研究结果强调了饮食模式与大脑健康之间的关联，敦促在不同人群中共同努力提高营养意识，培养更健康的饮食习惯)”可知，Jianfeng Feng和Wei Cheng建议人们尽早养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C项。 （八） （23-24高二下陕西汉中期末） In present-day Romania, a decreasing number of craftsmen practice what’s thought to be a centuries-old craft. They search the forest for a fungus (真菌), which grows within trees and sends out shelf-like mushrooms a few inches wide. The fungus is shaved lengthwise into thin strips. Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus. However, the craftsmen’s process in the early times was about searching for materials, not cultivating them for mass production. Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder — soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.     The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end. It can be easily mistaken for traditional leather. MycoWorks is one of a wave of innovators, all of whom assume that a better understanding of mycelium can redefine the limits of fashion and design. In recent years, MycoWorks’ products have been used in designer bags and pillows. CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added. 29．What is the author’s purpose in writing the first paragraph? A．To stress the history of growing mushrooms. B．To introduce a fashion inspired by mushrooms. C．To show ancient mushroom growing techniques. D．To present the novel use of mushrooms in fashion. 30．What does paragraph 3 focus on about mycelium? A．Its growing process. B．Its high quality. C．Its shortcomings. D．Its working life. 31．What does Matt Scullin think of mycelium as a material in the field? A．It is straightforward to grow. B．It offers a rough feel. C．It promotes sustainability. D．It is oil-and-heat resistant. 32．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Fungus Crafts: An Endangered Heritage B．Mycelium: The Green Leather Alternative C．Crafting with Nature: Romania’s Fungal Tradition D．Mycelium’s Role: From Ancient Craft to Modern Innovation 【答案】29．D 30．A 31．C 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一种用菌类制作的皮革材料用于时尚业的新技术。 29．推理判断题。根据首段中的“Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus.(然后这些条被拉伸成宽片，可以制作成帽子、包、珠宝和装饰品。早在1903年，在现在的阿拉斯加州，有记载称特林吉特工匠用一种来自蘑菇的材料制作钱包。)”可知，罗马尼亚人和特林吉特工匠用菌类作为皮革材料制作包，由此可知，第一段的目的是展示蘑菇在时尚中的新用途。故选D项。 30．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end.(该操作从农业废物开始，如锯末，加热以去除现有的微生物生命。一旦完成，它就会被放入不同大小的深盘子中。然后真菌加入进来，消化和生长。在某些情况下，可以添加织物使菌丝体在周围编织。菌丝体最终从木块上脱落，生长结束。)”可知，此处介绍的是菌丝培养是从加热农业废物开始，完成后放入深盘子中，真菌消化生长，也可以添加织物使菌丝在其周围编织，最后从木块脱落，生长结束，由此可知，第二段主要关注的是从开始加热锯末到最终长成的过程。故选A项。 31．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added.(首席执行官马特·斯卡林称赞菌丝体是一种时尚材料，“它有一点柔软的触感，它有弹性。当你触摸它时，它可以吸收手指上的油和热量。“早期的努力似乎更符合道德，并改善了生态足迹。”由这种材料制成的产品是完全可生物降解的，未来处理一双旧鞋可能意味着简单的堆肥”他补充道。)”可知，首席执行官马特·斯卡林称赞菌丝体是一种时尚材料，他认为这种材料制成的产品是完全可以生物降解的，由此可知，马特·斯卡林认为菌丝体作为该领域的一种材料促进可持续性。故选C项。 32．主旨大意题。根据首段介绍的罗马尼亚人和特林吉特工匠用菌类作为皮革材料制作包引出本文的话题——菌类在时尚中的新用途，结合第二段中的“Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder—soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.(今天，美国的生物技术公司MycoWorks是培养菌丝体的先驱。菌丝体是一种结构奇迹——柔软、致密、坚固，使其成为皮革的潜在替代品。)”以及下文中介绍的菌丝的培养过程和马特·斯卡林对菌丝体作为时尚界的一种材料的看法可知，本文主要介绍的是菌丝体可以成为皮革的替代品，所以标题“菌丝体：绿色皮革的替代品”与本文的主题吻合，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 （九） （23-24高二下陕西渭南华州期末） Do you ever get restless if you haven’t checked your phone for a few minutes? If so, you’re not alone. Studies reveal that people these days check their phones once every four minutes on average! Some of this usage may be related to work. However, much of it is because many apps — particularly social media apps — use “clever techniques” to keep us coming back for more. One of such techniques is to push notifications. You’re getting on with your work or something else when — ping! — a notification pops up on your screen, informing you that a friend has posted something new or commented on your post. It may seem like a small interruption, but it often is enough to break your concentration and make you go back to your phone again. Another method is to make a game of the in-app experience by setting up a competitive goal element. Some apps, for example, uses streaks (连续纪录), which count the number of days you have used the app. If you keep a streak going, you might get a medal or some other rewards. Therefore, keeping one’s streak alive becomes a major reason to return to the app again and again. Once you’ve opened an app, its goal is now to get you continue using it. Messaging apps use a simple but effective trick to keep you engaged even when you’re not writing anything. Have you ever noticed that in some apps, three dots (…) appear to let you know your friend is typing a reply? This trick is designed specifically to create your expectation or curiosity. You wonder what your friend is going to say. Well, you’ll have to keep waiting and see. While using social media apps is certainly fun, becoming addicted definitely isn’t. Now that you know some tricks used by these apps’ designers, you’ll be better equipped to reduce their influence and keep a healthier relationship with your phone. 33．What does the underlined word “reveal” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Encourage. B．Predict. C．Prevent. D．Show. 34．What is special about an app using streaks? A．Ongoing pings will inform you of new posts. B．Competitive games will greatly discourage you. C．Everyday use of the app might earn you a medal. D．Appearance of three dots might disturb your typing. 35．There are “clever techniques” mentioned in the passage. A．two B．three C．four D．five 36．What is the best title for the text? A．The Tricks That Keep You Glued to Your Phone. B．Can People Break Their Addition to Games? C．Could Technology Further Improve Phones? D．The Social Media Apps That Waste Your Time. 【答案】33．D 34．C 35．B 36．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们常常查看手机是因为许多应用程序运用了消息推送通知等“巧妙的技术”，让我们离不开手机，同时提醒我们在知道了这些技术后，学会减少它们的影响，与我们的手机保持更健康的关系。 33．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Do you ever get restless if you haven’t checked your phone for a few minutes? If so, you’re not alone. (你有没有因为几分钟不看手机而感到不安？如果是这样，你并不孤单)”可知，作者先用问题的形式引出话题，表明很多人都会因为几分钟不看手机而感到不安，再结合画线词的下文“that people these days check their phones once every four minutes on average (现在的人平均每四分钟看一次手机)”可推知，此处作者用相关研究的结果来支持上文提到的现象，指的应该是研究“表明”这样的情况，画线词的意思应该与show“表明，显示”一致。故选D项。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Some apps, for example, uses streaks (连续纪录), which count the number of days you have used the app. If you keep a streak going, you might get a medal or some other rewards. (例如，一些应用程序使用连续纪录，计算你使用应用程序的天数。如果你连续使用，你可能会获得奖牌或其他奖励)”可知，使用连续记录的应用程序的特别之处是每天使用应用程序可能会为你赢得奖牌。故选C项。 35．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One of such techniques is to push notifications. (其中一种技术就是推送通知)”、第三段中“Another method is to make a game of the in-app experience by setting up a competitive goal element. (另一种方法是通过设置竞争性目标元素来创造一款应用程序内部体验的游戏)”和第四段中“Messaging apps use a simple but effective trick to keep you engaged even when you’re not writing anything. (即时通讯软件使用了一个简单但有效的技巧，即使你没有写任何东西，也能让你保持参与)”可知，文章共提到了三种巧妙的技术。故选B项。 36．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“However, much of it is because many apps — particularly social media apps — use “clever techniques” to keep us coming back for more. (然而，这在很大程度上是因为许多应用程序——尤其是社交媒体应用程序——使用了“巧妙的技术”，让我们不断回头获得更多)”可知，文章主要介绍了我们常常查看手机的原因，这是因为许多应用程序运用了消息推送通知等“巧妙的技术”，让我们离不开手机，同时文章提醒我们在知道了这些技术后，学会减少它们的影响，与我们的手机保持更健康的关系。因此，A项“使你离不开手机的技巧”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 （十） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） Louis Pasteur was a great scientist who not only made significant achievements in the field of microbiology but also invented a food preservation method that is still widely used today—the process of pasteurization (巴氏杀菌法). In the mid-19th century, Pasteur noticed that wine and beer often turned sour during production, causing substantial economic losses for the brewing industry (酿酒行业). At that time, brewers did not understand the specific reasons why alcoholic drinks would turn sour. Pasteur began conducting a series of experiments to determine the cause of the souring of alcoholic drinks. He discovered that the souring was due to microorganisms in the air entering the drinks. These microorganisms would multiply in the drinks, causing them to go bad. To prove that microorganisms were not generated on their own but came from preexisting microorganisms, Pasteur designed a famous experiment known as the swan neck flask (鹅颈瓶) experiment. He attached a curved glass tube to a bottle containing soup. The soup was exposed to air, but microorganisms in the air could not directly enter the soup. This experiment demonstrated that soup without microorganisms would not go bad. Based on these findings, Pasteur began searching for a method to kill the microorganisms in wine while preserving its quality. He discovered that by heating the wine to a certain temperature and maintaining it for a period, he could kill the microorganisms without destroying the flavor of wine. This method later became known as pasteurization. Pasteurization was quickly adopted by the brewing industry and rapidly spread to other food and beverage industries. This method not only extended the shelf life of foods but also improved food safety. The invention of pasteurization had a profound impact on the food industry. Even today, pasteurization is widely used in the production of milk, juice, and other foods, helping to reduce the risk of food-related illnesses. 37．What does the author want to state in paragraph 2? A．The topic of the text. B．The process of pasteurization. C．Pasteur’s scientific contribution. D．Pasteur’s inspiration for inventing pasteurization. 38．Why did Pasteur do the swan neck flask experiment? A．To show that soup exposed to air will always go bad. B．To demonstrate that microorganisms can generate themselves. C．To prove that microorganisms come from pre-existing ones. D．To indicate that soup can keep long without any air exposure. 39．What did Pasteur’s method achieve for the brewing industry? A．The extended shelf life. B．Improved wine flavors. C．The faster production time. D．Changed beverage colors. 40．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Role of Temperature in Food Safety B．The Invention and Impact of Pasteurization C．The Economic History of Brewing in the 19th Century D．The Discovery of Microorganisms and Pasteur’s Experiments 【答案】37．D 38．C 39．A 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了历史上一位伟大科学家Louis Pasteur的发明及其科学贡献，展示了Pasteur的科学成就及其对食品工业产生的深远影响。 37．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In the mid-19th century, Pasteur noticed that wine and beer often turned sour during production, causing substantial economic losses for the brewing industry (酿酒行业). At that time, brewers did not understand the specific reasons why alcoholic drinks would turn sour. (19世纪中期，Pasteur注意到葡萄酒和啤酒在生产过程中经常变酸，给酿酒业造成了巨大的经济损失。当时，酿酒师并不了解酒精饮料变酸的具体原因。)”可知，在本段中，作者描述了Pasteur注意到葡萄酒和啤酒在生产过程中经常变酸，这给酿酒行业带来了巨大的经济损失。这是Pasteur发明巴氏杀菌法的灵感来源，因此作者想要在第二段中阐述的是Pasteur发明巴氏杀菌法的动机或灵感。故选D。 38．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“To prove that microorganisms were not generated on their own but came from preexisting microorganisms, Pasteur designed a famous experiment known as the swan neck flask (鹅颈瓶) experiment. (为了证明微生物不是自己产生的，而是来自先前存在的微生物，Pasteur设计了一个著名的实验，称为鹅颈瓶实验。)”可知，Pasteur进行鹅颈瓶实验的目的是为了证明微生物不是自行产生的，而是来自预先存在的微生物。在实验中，他将一根弯曲的玻璃管连接到装有汤的瓶子里，这样汤可以暴露在空气中，但空气中的微生物不能直接进入汤中。实验结果表明，没有微生物的汤不会变质，从而证明了微生物来自预先存在的微生物。故选C。 39．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Pasteurization was quickly adopted by the brewing industry and rapidly spread to other food and beverage industries. This method not only extended the shelf life of foods but also improved food safety. (巴氏杀菌法很快被酿酒行业采用，并迅速传播到其他食品和饮料行业。这种方法不仅延长了食品的保质期，还提高了食品安全。)”可知，Pasteur的方法为酿酒行业实现了延长保质期。故选A。 40．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Louis Pasteur was a great scientist who not only made significant achievements in the field of microbiology but also invented a food preservation method that is still widely used today—the process of pasteurization (巴氏杀菌法). ( Louis Pasteur是一位伟大的科学家，他不仅在微生物学领域取得了重大成就，而且发明了一种至今仍被广泛使用的食品保存方法——巴氏杀菌法。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Pasteur发明巴氏杀菌法Pasteurization的过程及其对食品工业产生的深远影响。从Pasteur注意到酿酒行业中的酒品变酸问题，到他通过实验发现微生物是导致酒品变酸的原因，再到他发明巴氏杀菌法来延长食品的保质期和改善食品安全，整个文章都是围绕巴氏杀菌法的发明和影响来展开的。因此，选项B “The Invention and Impact of Pasteurization（巴氏杀菌法的发明与影响）”符合文章主旨。故选B。 （十一） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） In Mediterranean waters, off the coast of France, a diver recently visited the shipwreck La Lune, which lay untouched and unexplored on the ocean bottom since it sank in 1664. But the wreck’s first visitor in centuries wasn’t human. It was a robot. Called OceanOne, the bright orange diving robot measures about 1.5 meters in length and has a torso (躯干), a head with stereoscopic vision (立体视觉) and arms. Its lower section holds its computer “brain”, a power supply, and an array of eight multidirectional thrusters (推进器). Guided by a computer scientist from a boat, OceanOne combined artificial intelligence, sensory feedback and flexible mechanical construction to perform delicate tasks underwater, such as retrieving a delicate cultural relic from the ruins. It can place the cultural relic in a box so the thing can be brought to the surface. OceanOne can not only investigate parts of the ocean that are less accessible to people, but can do so with the flexibility of a human diver. The engineers also created an interface (接口) that allows a person to not only control the robot, but to actually “feel” what the robot is touching. “The intention here is to have a human diving virtually,” said Oussama Khatib, who piloted OceanOne on its La Lune visit. Khatib, a professor of computer science at Stanford University in California, explained that the experience of guiding the robot is almost like being the diver. “You can feel exactly what the robot is doing,” said Khatib. OceanOne is also capable of interpreting and responding to its environment autonomously, detecting whether its hands-on work requires a lighter touch and when it needs to make adjustments to stay in place or change direction. The team behind OceanOne viewed the robot as a means for studying Red Sea’s coral reefs at depths that were inaccessible to a human diver. OceanOne would conduct underwater research—operated by a scientist on the surface—without damaging the reef or its inhabitants. 41．What do we know about OceanOne? A．It has replaced a diver’s job. B．It functions as a human. C．It is a fish living in the ocean. D．It can conduct demanding tasks. 42．What does the underlined word “retrieving” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Carving. B．Recovering. C．Guiding. D．Crashing. 43．What is the engineers’ purpose of creating an interface? A．To make a diver operate it conveniently. B．To connect the robot to other computers. C．To satisfy an operator’s virtual experience. D．To learn well how the robot performs tasks. 44．Which word can best describe OceanOne? A．Tiny. B．Traditional. C．Human-like. D．Multifunctional. 【答案】41．D 42．B 43．C 44．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是潜水机器人 OceanOne不仅具备灵活的运动能力和水下作业的复杂性，还能够将文物安全地带到地面。更重要的是，它结合了人工智能、感官反馈和灵活的机械结构，使得人类可以像自己潜水一样远程操作和控制它，从而调查那些人类难以进入的海洋部分。 41．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Guided by a computer scientist from a boat, OceanOne combined artificial intelligence, sensory feedback and flexible mechanical construction to perform delicate tasks underwater, such as retrieving a delicate cultural relic from the ruins. (在一名计算机科学家的指导下，“海洋一号”将人工智能、感官反馈和灵活的机械结构结合起来，在水下执行复杂的任务，比如从废墟中找回一件精美的文物。)”可知，OceanOne 可以执行复杂的任务。故选D。 42．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“It can place the cultural relic in a box so the thing can be brought to the surface. (它可以把文物放在一个盒子里，这样文物就可以被带到地面上。)”可知，OceanOne首先把文物找到，然后放到盒子里，所以画线的词是“找回，收回”的意思。故选B。 43．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The engineers also created an interface (接口) that allows a person to not only control the robot, but to actually “feel” what the robot is touching. “The intention here is to have a human diving virtually,” said Oussama Khatib, who piloted OceanOne on its La Lune visit. Khatib, a professor of computer science at Stanford University in California, explained that the experience of guiding the robot is almost like being the diver. “You can feel exactly what the robot is doing,” said Khatib. (工程师们还设计了一个界面，不仅能让人控制机器人，还能真正“感觉到”机器人触摸的东西。“这里的目的是让人类进行虚拟潜水，”在拉月号上驾驶海洋一号的奥萨玛·哈提卜说。哈提卜是加州斯坦福大学的计算机科学教授，他解释说，引导机器人的体验几乎就像潜水员一样。“你可以确切地感觉到机器人在做什么，”哈提卜说。)”可知，工程师创建接口的目的是满足操作员的虚拟体验。故选C。 44．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“OceanOne is also capable of interpreting and responding to its environment autonomously, detecting whether its hands-on work requires a lighter touch and when it needs to make adjustments to stay in place or change direction. (OceanOne还能够自动解释和响应其环境，检测其实际操作是否需要更轻的触摸，以及何时需要进行调整以保持原位或改变方向。)”可知，OceanOne能够承担多种工作，如自动解释和响应环境，检测实际操作是否需要更轻的触摸，所以OceanOne是多功能的。故选D。 （十二） （23-24高二下陕西安康联考期末） New research indicates that physical activity lowers cardiovascular (心血管的) disease risk in part by reducing stress-related signals in the brain. In the study, which was led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), people with stress-related conditions such as depression experienced the most cardiovascular benefits from physical activity. To assess the mechanisms (机制) underlying the psychological and cardiovascular disease benefits of physical activity, Ahmed Tawakol, MD, an investigator and cardiologist in the Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center at MGH, and his colleagues analyzed medical records and other information of 50,359 participants from the Mass General Brigham Biobank who completed a physical activity survey. A subset of 774 participants also underwent brain imaging tests and measurements of stress-related brain activity. Over a median follow-up of 10 years, 12.9% of participants developed cardiovascular disease. Participants who met physical activity recommendations had a 23% lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared with those not meeting these recommendations. Individuals with higher levels of physical activity also tended to have lower stress-related brain activity. Significantly, reductions in stress-related brain activity were driven by gains in function in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质), a part of the brain involved in executive (执行的) function (i.e. decision making and impulse control). It is known to control stress centers of the brain. As an extension of this finding, the researchers found in a group of 50,359 participants that the cardiovascular benefit of exercise was substantially greater among participants who would be expected to have higher stress-related brain activity, such as those with pre-existing depression. Analyses accounted for other lifestyle variables and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Moreover, reductions in stress-related brain signals partially accounted for physical activity’s cardiovascular benefit. “Physical activity was roughly twice as effective in lowering cardiovascular disease risk among those with depression. Effects on the brain’s stress-related activity may explain this novel observation,” said Tawakol, who is the senior author of the study. 45．Why did the research group analyze medical data of the participants? A．To assess the impact of cardiovascular disease. B．To find out how exercise lowers cardiovascular risk. C．To decide the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. D．To test how much physical activity the participants needed. 46．How may physical activity lower cardiovascular disease risk? A．By promoting function of the brain. B．By controlling stress centers of the brain. C．By decreasing stress-related brain activity. D．By reducing executive function of the brain. 47．What advice may Tawakol give? A．To work out regularly. B．To eat healthily. C．To be in a good mood. D．To avoid cardiovascular disease. 48．In which section may the text appear in a newspaper? A．Mind and learning. B．Matter and energy. C．Science and society. D．Health and medicine. 【答案】45．B 46．C 47．A 48．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是新的研究发现体育锻炼可以通过减少大脑中与压力相关的信号来降低心血管疾病的风险。研究特别指出，患有压力相关疾病（如抑郁症）的人从体育锻炼中对心血管的益处最大。 45．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“To assess the mechanisms (机制) underlying the psychological and cardiovascular disease benefits of physical activity, Ahmed Tawakol, MD, an investigator and cardiologist in the Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center at MGH, and his colleagues analyzed medical records and other information of 50,359 participants from the Mass General Brigham Biobank who completed a physical activity survey. (为了评估体育锻炼对心理和心血管疾病益处的潜在机制，MGH心血管成像研究中心的研究员和心脏病专家Ahmed Tawakol医学博士和他的同事分析了Mass General Brigham Biobank完成体育锻炼调查的50,359名参与者的医疗记录和其他信息。)”可知，研究小组要分析参与者的医疗数据是为了找出运动是如何降低心血管风险的。故选B。 46．细节理解题。根据第一段“New research indicates that physical activity lowers cardiovascular (心血管的) disease risk in part by reducing stress-related signals in the brain. (新的研究表明，体育锻炼可以通过减少大脑中与压力相关的信号来降低心血管疾病的风险。)”可知，体育活动通过减少与压力相关的大脑活动来降低心血管疾病的风险，故选C。 47．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Physical activity was roughly twice as effective in lowering cardiovascular disease risk among those with depression. (在抑郁症患者中，体育锻炼在降低心血管疾病风险方面的效果大约是前者的两倍。)”可知，Tawakol的建议是有规律地锻炼。故选A。 48．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“New research indicates that physical activity lowers cardiovascular (心血管的) disease risk in part by reducing stress-related signals in the brain.(新的研究表明，体育锻炼可以通过减少大脑中与压力相关的信号来降低心血管疾病的风险。)”可知，本文主要讲的是新的研究发现体育锻炼可以通过减少大脑中与压力相关的信号来降低心血管疾病的风险，是和健康有关的内容，因此可能出现在报纸的健康和医药部分，故选D。 （十三） （23-24高二下陕西西安中学期末） Australia is proud of a unique history that has been shaped by the diversity of her inhabitants. The three main elements that have been central to the creation of Australia’s population composition are the diversity of her native population, colonization by the British in the past and the extensive immigration from diverse cultures. Australia is home to the world’s cultures and inhabitants who can identify with more than 270 ancestries (祖先). From the year 1945, the number of people who have immigrated to Australia from different parts of the globe is approximately seven million. The country considers the rich cultural diversity as its main strength which embodies its national identity. In 1975, there was the racial discrimination (歧视) act, which meant that discrimination in the country was against the law. Later in 1995, the act was extended to ensure that any acts of racial hatred (仇恨) were against the law. To date, the act has been used in ensuring that Australia sends a strong message on the collective commitment to promoting racial equality and the significance of fairness for all. On a range of measures, Australia is a multicultural success story. On educational attainment, studies show that children of immigrants in Australia get better average results than children of native-born Australians. This is significant because according to research conducted by the OECD, the successful integration of immigrant students is an important indicator of a country’s success in its education system and equity and broader socially combinative policies. The success in educational performance is mirrored in the broader economy of Australia as it attracts a significant proportion of skilled migrants annually who have a high labour market participation rate. In the year between 2016-2017, skilled migrants accounted for 67.3 percent of the total immigration program outcome that year. The net effect of a multiculturalism policy for Australia has been a brain gain for Australia and this is expected to continue growing. 49．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The history of Australia. B．The customs of Australia. C．The character of Australians. D．The population structure of Australia. 50．What does the underlined word “embodies” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Maintains. B．Represents. C．Assesses. D．Predicts. 51．From which can we see Australia’s success in education? A．The higher educational standards. B．The better overall grades of students. C．The increasing number of immigrant children. D．The better performance of immigrant children. 52．In which aspect does educational success benefit Australia? A．Bringing in more skilled migrants. B．Reforming the immigration policy. C．Developing immigration programs. D．Making a booming labour market. 【答案】49．D 50．B 51．D 52．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了澳大利亚独特多元文化的历史成因、反歧视法律的实施及其作为多元文化成功范例的体现，特别是在教育成就和吸引技术移民方面展现出的积极影响。 49．主旨大意题。由文章第一段内容“Australia is proud of a unique history that has been shaped by the diversity of her inhabitants. The three main elements that have been central to the creation of Australia’s population composition are the diversity of her native population, colonization by the British in the past and the extensive immigration from diverse cultures.(澳大利亚以其独特的历史而自豪，这一历史是由其居民的多样性塑造的。形成澳大利亚人口构成的三个主要因素是:本土人口的多样性、过去英国人的殖民统治以及来自不同文化的大量移民。)”可知，该段主要讲述了澳大利亚人口结构的三个主要构成要素：原住民的多样性、英国过去的殖民以及来自不同文化的大量移民。因此，第一段主要讲述的是澳大利亚的人口结构。故选D。 50．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“Australia is home to the world’s cultures and inhabitants who can identify with more than 270 ancestries (祖先). From the year 1945, the number of people who have immigrated to Australia from different parts of the globe is approximately seven million. The country considers the rich cultural diversity as its main strength which embodies its national identity.(澳大利亚是世界文化和居民的家园，他们可以认同超过270个祖先。自1945年以来，从世界各地移民到澳大利亚的人数约为700万。国家认为丰富的文化多样性是其主要优势，这embodies其民族身份。)”可知，从世界各地移民到澳大利亚的人数众多，导致了其文化多样性，同时体现了其民族身份，embodies在这里的意思是“体现”或“代表”。故选B。 51．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“On a range of measures, Australia is a multicultural success story. On educational attainment, studies show that children of immigrants in Australia get better average results than children of native-born Australians.(从一系列衡量标准来看，澳大利亚是一个多元文化的成功故事。在教育成就方面，研究表明，澳大利亚移民子女的平均成绩优于本土出生的澳大利亚人子女。)”可知，澳大利亚教育成功的体现是移民子女更好的学习成绩。故选D。 52．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The success in educational performance is mirrored in the broader economy of Australia as it attracts a significant proportion of skilled migrants annually who have a high labour market participation rate.(教育成绩的成功反映在澳大利亚更广泛的经济中，因为它每年吸引着相当比例的高劳动市场参与率的技术移民。)”可知，教育成功给澳大利亚带来的益处是吸引更多技术移民。故选A。 （十四） （23-24高二下陕西西安鄠邑第二中学期末） A recent study in the journal Current Biology found that people danced 12% more when very low frequency bass (低音) was played. Scientists wanted to see what factors of music make us want to dance. “We look at things like what kinds of rhythms make us really drawn in and want to move more,” said Daniel Cameron, a neuroscientist and the lead author of the study. Volunteers were led into a lab that was changed into an electronic dance music concert, with live music performed for them, who were equipped with headband s that had a motion capture sensor. The lab had special speakers that could play a very low frequency bass, undetectable to the human ear. The set lasted about an hour. Researchers introduced the very low bass every 2.5 minutes and found that the concertgoers moved more when the speakers were on — even though they couldn’t hear it. Cameron thinks that our vestibular (前庭的) system can help explain the reason. “It’s the inner-ear structures that give us a sense of where our head is in space,” he says. “That system is sensitive to low-frequency stimulation, especially if it’s loud.” Some people hear music and can’t help but move, whether there are low, silent bass frequencies or not. So why do humans dance? “It’s hard to test this, but there has been some work on why we may have evolved this way. We know that moving together in synchrony (同步) when we’re making music together and dancing together leads to social bonding. We feel better about the people we’re with. We feel more connected with them,” Cameron says. “So you can imagine this has potential advantages for groups throughout the long history of our species.” Evolution aside, Cameron finds value in knowing his study has uncovered just one of the ingredients for what makes us want to dance a little bit more. 53．What does Cameron’s research focus on? A．The popularity of dancing among people. B．The evolutionary reasons why humans dance. C．The musical elements that encourage dancing. D．The little effect of low frequency bass on dancers. 54．What can we learn about the research setup described in paragraph 2? A．Low frequency bass was played regularly. B．Participants tracked their own movements. C．The dance music was performed in a live concert. D．The human speakers performed for an entire hour. 55．Why might humans have evolved to dance according to Cameron? A．To inspire imagination. B．To promote communication. C．To create work opportunities. D．To stimulate the body’s potential. 56．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Dance B．The Benefit Behind Dancing C．The Role of Rhythms in Music D．The Evolution of the Musical System 【答案】53．C 54．A 55．B 56．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项关于人们为什么想跳舞的研究。 53．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Scientists wanted to see what factors of music make us want to dance. ‘We look at things like what kinds of rhythms make us really drawn in and want to move more,’ said Daniel Cameron, a neuroscientist and the lead author of the study.(科学家们想知道是什么音乐因素让我们想跳舞。该研究的主要作者、神经学家Daniel Cameron说：‘我们研究的是什么样的节奏能让我们真正被吸引，想要动得更多。’)”可知，Cameron的研究主要关注让人们想跳舞的因素。故选C。 54．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers introduced the very low bass every 2.5 minutes and found that the concertgoers moved more when the speakers were on — even though they couldn’t hear it.(研究人员发现，每隔2.5分钟播放一次极低的低音，当扬声器打开时，音乐会观众的动作会更多——即使他们听不到)”可知，研究设置了定期播放低音。故选A。 55．细节理解题。根据第四段中“We know that moving together in synchrony (同步) when we’re making music together and dancing together leads to social bonding. We feel better about the people we’re with. We feel more connected with them(我们知道，当我们一起创作音乐和跳舞时，一起同步移动会产生社会联系。我们对和我们在一起的人感觉更好。我们觉得和他们更亲近了)”可知，按照Cameron的说法，人类跳舞是为了促进交流。故选B。 56．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Scientists wanted to see what factors of music make us want to dance.(科学家们想知道是什么音乐因素让我们想跳舞)”和最后一段“Evolution aside, Cameron finds value in knowing his study has uncovered just one of the ingredients for what makes us want to dance a little bit more.(撇开进化不谈，Cameron认为，他的研究发现了让我们更想跳舞的一个因素，这一点很有价值)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项关于人们为什么想跳舞的研究。由此可知，A项“跳舞的科学”为最佳标题。故选A。 （十五） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） You know that short walk to the shops and back? It’s about 10 minutes each way and you don’t know if you can be glad to make the trip, but that one short walk could save you from an early death, a new research by Cambridge University shows. In fact, as many as one in ten early deaths could be prevented if everyone managed at least half the recommended level of physical activity. Risks of diseases such as heart disease, strokes(中风) — which were responsible for 17.9 million deaths in 2019 — and various cancers are all reduced with this simple short walk. This easy lifestyle change was also noted in an earlier study in January, 2023, so you really should give it a go. By carrying out studies among a total of over 30 million participants, the latest Cambridge research found that just 75 minutes of exercise a week can reduce the risk of cancer by 7%. It was also enough to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular(心血管的) disease by 17%. Professor James Woodcock from the MRC Epidemiology Unit said, “We know that physical activity, such as walking or cycling, is good for you, especially if you feel it raises your heart rate. But what we’ve found is that there are many benefits to heart health and reducing your risk of cancer even if you can only manage 10 minutes every day.” It goes without saying that doing the recommended 150 minutes per week is more beneficial than just 75 minutes. Around one in six early deaths would be prevented with the two plus hours of exercise, while 11% of cases of cardiovascular disease and 5% of cases of cancer would be avoided. So what are you waiting for? Boots were made for walking. 57．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The simplicity of a short walk. B．The reason for people’s death. C．The change in people’s lifestyle. D．The benefits of doing exercise. 58．What do Professor James Woodcock’s words mean? A．Walking can always raise people’s heart rate. B．People need at least 75 minutes’ exercise a day. C．10 minutes’ exercise a day can make a difference. D．Physical activity is not that necessary for people. 59．How does the author mainly support his idea in the text? A．By listing numbers. B．By telling stories. C．By describing the processes. D．By quoting famous sayings. 60．Where can you read the passage? A．In a science fiction. B．In a health magazine. C．In a geography book. D．On a website for language learning. 【答案】57．D 58．C 59．A 60．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲的是短暂的散步对健康的益处，以及科学研究对此的证实。 57．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Risks of diseases such as heart disease, strokes—which were responsible for 17.9 million deaths per year in 2019—and various cancers are all reduced with this simple short walk.(心脏病、中风（2019年每年导致1790万人死亡）和各种癌症等疾病的风险都可以通过这种简单的短途行走来降低。)”可知，第二段主要讲的是短暂的散步这一运动的好处。故选D。 58．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中James Woodcock教授的话“We know that physical activity, such as walking or cycling, is good for you, especially if you feel it raises your heart rate. But what we’ve found is that there are many benefits to heart health and reducing your risk of cancer even if you can only manage 10 minutes every day.(我们知道，像走路或骑自行车这样的体育活动对你有好处，特别是如果你觉得它能提高你的心率。但我们发现，即使你每天只能做10分钟的运动，也有许多对心脏健康和降低癌症风险的好处。)”可推知，每天10分钟的运动就可以带来改变。故选C。 59．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Risks of diseases such as heart disease, strokes—which were responsible for 17.9 million deaths per year in 2019—and various cancers are all reduced with this simple short walk.(我们知道，像走路或骑自行车这样的体育活动对你有好处，特别是如果你觉得它能提高你的心率。但我们发现，即使你每天只能做10分钟的运动，也有许多对心脏健康和降低癌症风险的好处。)”和第三段“just 75 minutes of exercise a week can reduce the risk of cancer by 7%. It was also enough to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular(心血管的) disease by 17%.(每周只需75分钟的锻炼就可以将癌症的风险降低7%。它还足以将发展心血管疾病的风险降低17%。)”以及最后一段“It goes without saying that doing the recommended 150 minutes per week is more beneficial than just 75 minutes. Around one in six early deaths would be prevented with the two plus hours of exercise, while 11% of cases of cardiovascular disease and 5% of cases of cancer would be avoided.(不用说，每周锻炼150分钟比仅仅锻炼75分钟更有益。大约六分之一的早期死亡可以通过两个多小时的锻炼来避免，而11%的心血管疾病和5%的癌症病例可以避免。)”可知，作者主要是通过列数字支持他的观点的。故选A项。 60．推理判断题。根据全文主要内容及文章最后一段“So what are you waiting for? Boots were made for walking.(那你还在等什么？靴子是用来走路的。)”可以推断，作者写该篇文章的目的是建议人们进行锻炼，并建议人们马上付诸行动，故该篇文章可以在健康杂志中找到。故选B。 （十六） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described. California grizzly bears once roamed in the Golden State. But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined. The last reliable sighting of a California grizzly bear occurred 100 years ago in 1924, and the animals disappeared completely sometime after that. Researchers wanted to get a better understanding of the factors that accelerated the bears’ extinction. They also hoped to gain more insight into the creatures’ behavior, size and diet. To do so, they turned to documents and California grizzly specimens in natural history collections. They measured the animals’ skulls and teeth and analyzed their bones and pelts. The researchers found that California grizzly bears were much smaller than the 2,000 pounds often reported at the time. Historical accounts might not necessarily have been wrong, but they might have only included the largest bears. In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation. “The bears likely increased meat consumption due to landscape changes coupled with the arrival of livestock,” says study co-author Alexis Mychajliw. However, researchers found the animals still ate a majority vegetarian diet and killed far less livestock than historical accounts suggested. By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story. 61．What does the underlined word “roamed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered. 62．What did the researchers discover about California grizzly bears? A．They mainly fed on livestock. B．Their diet consisted mostly of plants. C．They ate a balanced diet of plants and meat. D．The absence of livestock changed their dietary habit. 63．What can we learn about historical accounts of animals from the last paragraph? A．They are unique. B．They are one-sided. C．They are accurate. D．They are comprehensive. 64．What is the text mainly about? A．The natural habitats of California grizzly bears. B．The extinction process of California grizzly bears. C．The reveal of the truth of California grizzly bears. D．The significance of the arrival of California grizzly bears. 【答案】61．D 62．B 63．B 64．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小，因此对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，不完全的。 61．词句猜测题。根据划线词下句“But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined.(但欧洲殖民者经常猎杀、毒死和诱捕这些生物。随着时间的推移，由于这些人类活动，加州灰熊的数量下降了)”可知，加州灰熊曾经数量很多，随处游荡。由此猜测roamed意为“游荡”，与wandered同义。故选D。 62．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation.(此外，对动物骨骼和皮肤的分析表明，熊主要以植物为食，这与它们可怕的超级食肉动物的名声形成了对比)”可知，研究发现灰熊主要以植物为食。故选B。 63．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story.(通过深入研究灰熊的名声，研究人员对加州灰熊的生物学和自然历史有了更准确的了解。由于科学家和土地管理者在将动物重新引入它们以前的栖息地时经常依赖于历史记录，这项研究提醒人们，那些旧报纸和期刊并没有讲述整个故事)”推知，对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，并不完整和准确。故选B。 64．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described.(历史记载经常将现已灭绝的加利福尼亚灰熊描述为随时准备攻击人类和牲畜的巨大野兽。但根据一篇新的论文，科学家们说真相可能没有那么戏剧性：这些熊主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小)”可知，文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小。故选C。 （十七） （23-24高二下陕西韩城市期末） In order to survive trips to Mars, humans need oxygen. Now, a team of scientists has designed a robot that could extract oxygen from water on the Red Planet. The robot, which is called “AI chemist”, used a machine learning model to find a compound that could ignite an oxygen-producing chemical reaction on Mars. The compound, known as a catalyst (催化剂), is made entirely from elements found in Martian meteorites (陨石) — which means, if such a system could work reliably, space travelers would not need to bring oxygen or even the catalyst needed to produce it. Mars’ atmosphere contains only trace amounts of oxygen. But scientists have detected evidence of liquid water beneath the planet’s southern ice cap. To create the breathable gas, researchers wanted to find a way to break down this water into its hydrogen and oxygen molecules using materials found on Mars. Their robot analyzed five meteorites that either came from Mars or had a composition similar to that of the Martian surface. Using a laser, it identified significant amounts of iron, nickel, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and manganese in the samples. From these six elements, the robot’s algorithm (算法) deter-mined it could produce more than 3.7 million possible molecules to break down water and form oxygen on Mars. According to the researchers, finding the best one from this extensive list would take roughly 2,000 years of human labor, but for the AI chemist, it took only weeks. “On the Earth, we don’t use these six elements,” Yi Luo, a co-author of the study says. “They are not the best choices for catalysts, but it’s only what you’ve got on Mars.” With its chosen catalyst, the system could produce oxygen from the Martian materials at around - 37℃, demonstrating the chemical reaction could be possible on the cold Martian surface. Notably, the robot was able to carry out the entire process — analyzing the rock samples, identifying the Jest possible catalyst and producing it without human intervention. 65．What inspired the scientists to design the robot that could extract oxygen? A．Surviving on the Earth. B．Trips to Mars. C．Traveling on the Moon. D．Water shortage. 66．What is the basis of extracting oxygen on Mars? A．The existence of water and catalyst on Mars. B．The oxygen that Mars’ atmosphere contains. C．The scientists’ previous study on meteorites. D．The low cost of “AI chemist”. 67．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The finding of six elements. B．The advantages of the robots. C．The process of producing oxygen. D．The formation of the meteorites. 68．What is the writer’s attitude towards “AI chemist”? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Favorable. D．Indifferent. 【答案】65．B 66．A 67．C 68．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。为了在火星之旅中生存下来，人类需要氧气。现在，一组科学家设计了一种机器人，可以从红色星球上的水中提取氧气。文章主要介绍了这种可以提取氧气的机器人。 65．细节理解题。根据第一段“In order to survive trips to Mars, humans need oxygen. Now, a team of scientists has designed a robot that could extract oxygen from water on the Red Planet.(为了在火星之旅中生存下来，人类需要氧气。现在，一组科学家设计了一种机器人，可以从红色星球上的水中提取氧气)”可知，去火星旅行启发了科学家们设计出可以提取氧气的机器人。故选B。 66．细节理解题。根据第二段“The compound, known as a catalyst(催化剂), is made entirely from elements found in Martian meteorites(陨石) — which means, if such a system could work reliably, space travelers would not need to bring oxygen or even the catalyst needed to produce it.(这种化合物被称为催化剂，完全由火星陨石中的元素制成——这意味着，如果这样的系统能够可靠地工作，太空旅行者将不需要携带氧气，甚至不需要制造氧气所需的催化剂)”以及第三段“But scientists have detected evidence of liquid water beneath the planet’s southern ice cap. To create the breathable gas, researchers wanted to find a way to break down this water into its hydrogen and oxygen molecules using materials found on Mars.(但科学家们已经发现了火星南部冰盖下存在液态水的证据。为了创造可呼吸的气体，研究人员希望找到一种方法，利用火星上发现的材料将这些水分解成氢和氧分子)”可知，在火星上提取氧气的基础是火星上存在水和催化剂。故选A。 67．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Their robot analyzed five meteorites that either came from Mars or had a composition similar to that of the Martian surface. Using a laser, it identified significant amounts of iron, nickel, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and manganese in the samples. From these six elements, the robot’s algorithm (算法) deter-mined it could produce more than 3.7 million possible molecules to break down water and form oxygen on Mars. According to the researchers, finding the best one from this extensive list would take roughly 2,000 years of human labor, but for the AI chemist, it took only weeks.(他们的机器人分析了五颗陨石，这些陨石要么来自火星，要么与火星表面的成分相似。利用激光，它在样品中发现了大量的铁、镍、钙、镁、铝和锰。根据这六种元素，机器人的算法确定它可以产生超过370万个可能的分子，在火星上分解水并形成氧气。根据研究人员的说法，从这个广泛的列表中找到最好的一个需要大约2000年的人类劳动，但对于人工智能化学家来说，只花了几周的时间)”可知，第四段主要讲了产生氧气的过程。故选C。 68．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Notably, the robot was able to carry out the entire process — analyzing the rock samples, identifying the Jest possible catalyst and producing it without human intervention.(值得注意的是，机器人能够完成整个过程——分析岩石样本，识别最可能的催化剂，并在没有人工干预的情况下生产)”可知，作者对“AI化学家”是支持态度。故选C。 （十八） （23-24高二下陕西西安铁一中学期末） Like many people over the past few years, I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. After a day of squinting (眯眼看) at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to“ read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of news has doubled as a result-but a recent-paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension. The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both at the University of Chicago, and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing. According to this view, we have two ways of assessing information. System 1 is intuitive (直觉的), relying on natural ability and feeling. It is quick, but likely exposed to misinformation. System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step. For decades, psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using. As one example, consider the following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark (方舟)? If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer—zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process. Keysar and Geipel’s brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form — seeing vs. hearing — of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: when answering these kinds of simple questions, participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud, rather than written. A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study. For this reason, I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop listening to novels. I am quite happy to go, with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break. 69．What does the author think of listening to audiobooks? A．It slows his reading progress. B．It is the only means of reading books for him. C．It consumes much time when listening to a book. D．It gives his eyes a break before screens. 70．Which of the following best describes System 2 model? A．Fairly reliable. B．Fully automatic. C．Question-centered. D．Emotion-involved. 71．Why is the Ark mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a view. C．To introduce a topic. D．To draw a conclusion. 72．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Listening to books comes at a price. B．Reading non-fiction books benefits. C．Critical thinking is a must in reading. D．Ways of processing information differ. 【答案】69．D 70．A 71．B 72．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要围绕作者使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历和体验展开，并引入了一项关于信息处理方式的研究，以此为基础探讨了有声书对阅读理解可能产生的影响。 69．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“After a day of squinting (眯眼看) at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to“ read with my ears” while my eyes are resting.(在眯着眼睛盯着笔记本电脑一天之后，我发现在眼睛休息的时候“用耳朵阅读”要舒服得多。)”可知，作者认为听有声读物会让他的眼睛在屏幕前休息一下。故选D。 70．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step.(系统2是分析性的，涉及逻辑推理的使用。这是精神上的要求。当它参与时，我们一步一步地思考材料。)”可知，System 2涉及使用逻辑推理进行信息处理，它要求精神上的努力，通过一步一步地思考材料来得出结论。因此，System 2的结果相对可靠。故选A。 71．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“As one example, consider the following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark (方舟)? If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer—zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process.(举个例子，考虑下面的问题：摩西带了多少种动物上了方舟？如果你回答了两个，你可能只考虑了问题的核心，即系统1思维。为了得到正确的答案——零，你需要更仔细地思考措辞，这将使你记住是诺亚建造了方舟，而不是摩西。这是一种分析过程。)”可知，作者提到方舟是为了举例说明一个观点，即System 1和System 2在处理信息时的不同方式。故选B。 72．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“After a day of squinting (眯眼看) at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to“ read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of news has doubled as a result-but a recent-paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension.(在眯着眼睛盯着笔记本电脑一天之后，我发现在眼睛休息的时候“用耳朵阅读”要舒服得多。因此，我对新闻的消费翻了一番——但最近的一篇论文让我怀疑，这是否会以我的理解力为代价。)”可知，作者通过分享自己使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历，以及引入关于信息处理方式的研究，因此作者意在表明听书可能会带来理解上的代价。故选A。 （十九） （23-24高二下陕西西安高新第一中学期末） Soot (煤) pollution is speeding up climate-driven melting in Antarctica, a new study suggests, raising questions about how to protect the delicate continent from the increasing number of humans who want to visit. “It really makes us question, is our presence really needed?” says Alia Khan, one of the authors of the new study. “We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melt.” Black carbon is the leftover thing from burning plants or fossil fuels. Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships (游轮), vehicles and airplanes, although some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe. The dark particles (微粒) coat white snow and absorb heat from the sun the way a black T-shirt does on a warm day. The blanket of dark bits speeds up melting that was already happening more quickly because of global warming. When snow and ice are uncovered, they reflect an enormous amount of sunlight before it can turn into heat. “These are the mirrors on our planet,” says Sonia Nagorski, a scientist at the University of Alaska Southeast. “When those mirrors are covered in a film of dark bits, they don’t send back that much light and heat. That means more heat is trapped on Earth, speeding up melting and contributing to global warming.” As a scientist who personally visits Antarctica every year, Khan says she is troubled by her own research results. On the one hand, she goes to Antarctica to collect crucial data about how quickly the snow and ice there are disappearing. “But then when we come to conclusions like this it really does make us think twice about how frequently we need to visit the continent,” she says, “and what kind of regulations should be placed on tourism as well.” That could mean requiring that cruise ships and vehicles be electric, for example, or limiting the number of visitors each year. 73．What is Khan’s attitude towards human actions in Antarctica according to paragraph 2? A．Angry and abusive. B．Cold and uninterested. C．Doubtful and anxious. D．Admiring and delighted. 74．What is the main cause of soot pollution in Antarctica? A．The quick melting of ice and snow. B．The emission from virous transport. C．The remaining parts of burning plants. D．The floating gases from other continents. 75．What do we know from Nagorski? A．The covered ice is less reflective. B．The melting speed of ice is slower than before. C．The dark blanket serves as a big mirror. D．The sunlight gets increasingly stronger recently. 76．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．What made our planet so polluted? B．Who is to blame for air pollution? C．Can electric vehicles save tourism? D．Are we welcome to the South Pole? 【答案】73．C 74．B 75．A 76．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类对南极洲的频繁考察，导致煤烟污染加速了南极洲气温的上升，加速了冰雪融化，人们对此情况反思，该如何降低对南极洲的考察频率从而减少对南极洲生态环境的破坏。 73．推理判断题。根据第二段““It really makes us question, is our presence really needed?” says Alia Khan, one of the authors of the new study. “We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melt.”(“这真的让我们质疑，我们的存在真的需要吗？”这项新研究的作者之一Alia Khan说。“我们在南极洲有相当大的黑碳足迹，这正在促进冰雪融化。”)”可知，Alia Khan的疑问可以看出他对人们去南极洲考察这一事实表示怀疑，而且他看到了人们到访南极洲产生的碳足迹使南极洲的冰雪融化，这让他感到焦虑。故选C项。 74．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships (游轮), vehicles and airplanes, although some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe.(南极洲的烟尘主要来自游轮、车辆和飞机的废气，尽管一些污染是从世界其他地区随风传播的。)”可知，南极洲煤烟的主要来源就是人们所使用的交通工具。故选B项。 75．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“When snow and ice are uncovered, they reflect an enormous amount of sunlight before it can turn into heat. “These are the mirrors on our planet,” says Sonia Nagorski, a scientist at the University of Alaska Southeast.(当雪和冰被揭开时，它们会在阳光变成热量之前反射大量的阳光。“这些是我们星球上的镜子，”阿拉斯加东南大学的科学家索尼娅·纳戈尔斯基（Sonia Nagorski）说。)”可以推断，冰雪被煤烟覆盖后，其反射阳光的效果就会降低。故选A项。 76．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Soot pollution is speeding up climate-driven melting in Antarctica, a new study suggests, raising questions about how to protect the delicate continent from the increasing number of humans who want to visit..(一项新的研究表明，煤烟污染正在加速南极洲的气候融化，这引发了人们对如何保护这片脆弱的大陆免受越来越多的想要到访那里的人的影响的问题。)”可知，人们在去南极洲考察的同时，却破坏了南极洲的生态环境，所以该文主要分析的是我们人类有必要去南极洲考察吗？故选D项。 （二十） （23-24高二下陕西渭南大荔期末） Individuals vary in how they react to anxiety. Some bury their heads in the sand and ignore the mounting sense of anxiety that seems to occupy the society. Others are in a watchful state and can’t get enough of the up-to-the-minute news and social media feeds. Martin Buber once stated that we related to three things around us: nature, our fellow men, and how you view the world. When we are in a burdened (忧虑的) state, we tend to take no notice of any of these. When we become unburdened from our depressed selves, we are able to discover the delights and wonders around and experience a deep sense of gratitude. At a time when news reports are merely a click away, people’s anxiety becomes even intenser. Because of 24/7 media, the international and the interpersonal have integrated in a way that we have never seen before. It seems that we’ve lost the capacity to maintain our inner peace—and that’s not just a matter of having opposing views about issues. It’s a matter of not having the patience to involve in delightful communication and to hear each other. Transforming the situation can't be achieved overnight. It’s not accidental, which must be approached with strength. It comes from the efforts to attain understanding and calm. Our age of anxiety presents us with challenges. But out of adversity comes opportunity. Never can we maintain calm and experience gratitude at a time when we are burdened, worried, and anxious. Like anything else, relaxation and calm take a bit of work. Attempt to limit your exposure to updates on the news and take a couple of moments to count your blessings—including the people in your life and the fortune from which you’ve benefited. As you may be aware, it is taking things for granted that robs you of the fruits of your labor. Praying for goodness and planting seeds of gratitude may be our only way out. 77．What might happen to a relaxed person? A．Spotting the beauty in the surroundings. B．Paying no attention to the state of mind. C．Getting on well with nature and fellows. D．Grasping the latest news items with care. 78．What makes people anxiety-stricken? A．The lack of peaceful talks. B．The information overload. C．The widespread false news. D．The opposing views online. 79．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Methods to overcome challenges and barriers. B．Steps to robbing people of their fruits of labor. C．Tips on limiting the exposure to news updates. D．Ways to ease anxiety and appreciate blessings. 80．Which might be a suitable title for the text? A．Take Nothing Online for Granted B．Watch Out for the Traps of Media C．Be Grateful in an Age of Anxiety D．Count Blessings Instead of Worries 【答案】77．A 78．B 79．D 80．C 【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要讲述了人们的焦虑情绪和信息过载以及如何在焦虑的时代中保持冷静和感激。 77．细节理解题。根据第二段“When we become unburdened from our depressed selves, we are able to discover the delights and wonders around and experience a deep sense of gratitude.(当我们从沮丧的自我中解脱出来时，我们就能发现周围的快乐和奇迹，并体验到一种深深的感激之情)”可知，一个放松的人可能会发现周围环境中的美好。故选A项。 78．细节理解题。根据第三段“At a time when news reports are merely a click away, people’s anxiety becomes even intenser. Because of 24/7 media, the international and the interpersonal have integrated in a way that we have never seen before. It seems that we’ve lost the capacity to maintain our inner peace—and that’s not just a matter of having opposing views about issues.(在一个新闻报道只需点击一下的时代，人们的焦虑变得更加强烈。由于全天候的媒体，国际和人际关系以一种我们从未见过的方式融合在一起。似乎我们已经失去了保持内心平静的能力——这不仅仅是对问题持相反观点的问题)”可知，由于24/7的媒体，国际和人际交流以前所未有的方式融合在一起，新闻报告也只是一次点击之遥，这使得人们的焦虑变得更加严重。因此，信息过载是导致人们焦虑的原因。故选B项。 79．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Our age of anxiety presents us with challenges. But out of adversity comes opportunity. Never can we maintain calm and experience gratitude at a time when we are burdened, worried, and anxious. Like anything else, relaxation and calm take a bit of work. Attempt to limit your exposure to updates on the news and take a couple of moments to count your blessings—including the people in your life and the fortune from which you’ve benefited. As you may be aware, it is taking things for granted that robs you of the fruits of your labor. Praying for goodness and planting seeds of gratitude may be our only way out.(我们这个焦虑的时代给我们带来了挑战。但祸不单行。当我们背负重担、忧心忡忡、焦虑不安的时候，我们永远无法保持冷静，体会感恩。像其他事情一样，放松和平静需要一些努力。尽量少看最新的新闻，花点时间数一数你的幸福——包括你生命中的人和你从中受益的财富。正如你可能已经意识到的，它是把事情视为理所当然，剥夺了你的劳动成果。祈求上天，播下感恩的种子，也许是我们唯一的出路)”可知，本段主要讲述了如何在焦虑的时代中缓解焦虑并感激生活中的美好。作者建议尝试限制接触新闻更新，花一些时间数数自己的幸福，包括生活中的人和从中受益的财富。因此，本段的主要内容是关于如何缓解焦虑和感激生活中的美好。故选D项。 80．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Martin Buber once stated that we related to three things around us: nature, our fellow men, and how you view the world. When we are in a burdened (忧虑的) state, we tend to take no notice of any of these. When we become unburdened from our depressed selves, we are able to discover the delights and wonders around and experience a deep sense of gratitude.(马丁·布伯(Martin Buber)曾经说过，我们与身边的三件事有关:自然、我们的同胞以及你如何看待世界。当我们处于负担重重的状态时，我们往往不会注意到这些。当我们从沮丧的自我中解脱出来时，我们就能发现周围的快乐和奇迹，并体验到一种深深的感激之情)”以及纵观全文可知，全文都在讨论如何在焦虑的时代中保持感恩之心，因此最适合的标题是C项“Be Grateful in an Age of Anxiety(在焦虑的时代中感恩)”。故选C项。 （二十一） （23-24高二下陕西咸阳期末） In a world where nearly 6 million fingerprint records of government employees are stolen in one computer hack, and where millions of people are victims of identity theft every year, the next step in cyber-security may well be mapping your brain. Researchers at Binghamton University are working on a biometric (生物特征的) system that records how your brain reacts to certain images. With a little more polishing, the scientists’ brainchild could become the way you get into a safe deposit box, your office or past scanners at the airport. It could replace the password for your online banking, your e-mail or your social media accounts. They started their project by measuring the brain waves of 30 subjects. The subjects were fitted with a cap that had 30 electrodes (电极) attached to it, and then shown various images and symbols — celebrity faces, words, pictures of food — on a computer screen in 200-lliscond bursts. The brain’s reaction was recorded. The idea is that every time a person needs to use a “password”, he or she goes through the same procedure, and the results are matched to their first-time reaction. If the “brainprint” is cracked — like what happened to the fingerprint records — then the system is merely reset by running another set of images and collecting a different set of brain waves. “Even if that was stolen, you could just cancel it and record one to something else”, says professor Laszlo. Laszlo and her team have shown that their system can be 100 percent accurate. So one of the most difficult parts of making the system practical already has been overcome. Now, they’re spending much time recording accurate brainprints with as few as three electrodes, which could make recording in the future as easy as wearing a pair of special gasses. They’re also working with cheaper materials and different methods to see if they can bring the cost down. 81．Why were the images and symbols shown to the subjects? A．To match brainprints with pictures. B．To imitate the brain’s reaction. C．To create their brainprints. D．To connect brain waves to electrodes. 82．What will happen when a brainprint fails? A．A new one will be set again. B．The same one will be ready beforehand. C．The users’ security will be threatened. D．The fingerprint record will replace it. 83．What are the researchers doing with the programme now? A．Improving its accuracy. B．Making it user-friendly. C．Recording more brainprints. D．Increasing the number of electrodes. 84．Where can you read the passage? A．In a biography. B．In a travel guide. C．In a fashion brochure. D．In a science magazine. 【答案】81．C 82．A 83．B 84．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了网络安全越来越重要，科学家也在研究新的网络安全密码。来自宾汉姆顿大学的研究人员发明了一种脑部扫描系统——脑纹。 81．推理判断题。根据第三段“The subjects were fitted with a cap that had 30 electrodes (电极) attached to it, and then shown various images and symbols — celebrity faces, words, pictures of food — on a computer screen in 200-lliscond bursts. The brain’s reaction was recorded.(受试者戴上一个有30个电极的帽子，然后在电脑屏幕上以20毫秒的速度显示出各种各样的图象和符号——名人的脸、文字、食物的图片。大脑的反应被记录下来)”可知，图象和符号被展示给受试者是为了记录大脑反应，创造脑纹。故选C。 82．细节理解题。根据第四段“If the “brainprint” is cracked — like what happened to the fingerprint records — then the system is merely reset by running another set of images and collecting a different set of brain waves.(如果“脑纹”像指纹记录一样受损，那么系统只需运行另一组图象并收集另一组脑电波就可以重置。)”可知，当一个脑纹失败时，新的将被重新设置。故选A。 83．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now, they’re spending much time recording accurate brainprints with as few as three electrodes, which could make recording in the future as easy as wearing a pair of special gasses. They’re also working with cheaper materials and different methods to see if they can bring the cost down.(现在他们花了很多时间只用三个电极记录精确的脑纹，这可能使未来的记录像戴一副特殊的眼镜一样容易。他们也在用更便宜的材料和不同的方法来观察是否能降低成本。)”可知，现在研究人员正在使这个程序更容易使用、成本更低，也就是说对用户更友好。故选B。 84．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Researchers at Binghamton University are working on a biometric (生物特征的) system that records how your brain reacts to certain images.(宾汉姆顿大学的研究人员正在研究一种生物识别系统，该系统可以记录大脑对特定图像的反应。)”可知，文章主要介绍了来自宾汉姆顿大学的研究人员发明了一种脑部扫描系统——脑纹，故可推知文章可能出现在科学杂志上，故选D。 （二十二） （23-24高二下陕西延安志丹期末） Landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters on the planet, causing billions of dollars of damage and devastating loss of life every year. By introducing a new paradigm (范例) for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations. Current predictive models rely on databases that do not generally include information on the type of failure of mapped landslides. By using the aerial view (鸟瞰图) and elevation data of landslide sites combined with machine learning, the researchers were able to achieve 80% — 94% percent accuracy in identifying landslide movements in diverse locations around the world. Specifically, the study introduces a method of examining slides, flows, and fails, finding distinct patterns. Researchers studied landslides around the world, like the 2008 disaster in Beichuan. China, to develop a new paradigm to understand their movements and failure types. “Our algorithm is not predicting landslides,” explained Malik, assistant professor in Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) School of Mathematic s and Statistics. “But the people who are in the business of predicting landslides need to know more information about them, like what caused them and what mechanisms they were.” Various locations were studied, including Italy, the United States, Denmark, Türkiye, and China. The wide range of countries helped confirm the strength of the findings, since they can be successfully used in diverse regions and climates. “It was quite exhilarating when we saw the success numbers,” said Malik, “We got the results, which are really good, but we need to be able to connect this to reality.” The hope is that this deeper understanding of failure movements will help those who work to predict deadly events and enhance the accuracy and reliability of hazard (危害) and risk assessment models, which will help save lives and reduce damage. 85．What is the new paradigm for? A．Predicting the occurrence of landslides. B．Evaluating the economic impact of landslides. C．Mapping the locations of landslides worldwide. D．Understanding landslide forms and damage types. 86．What is the advantage of the new method in landslides identification? A．It’s more convenient. B．It’s more economic. C．It’s more accurate. D．It’s easier to operate. 87．What does the underlined word “exhilarating” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Relaxing. B．Thrilling. C．Amusing. D．Confusing. 88．What is the best title for the text? A．The New Way to Help Predict Landslides B．The Economic Impact of Landslides Globally C．The Use of Machine Learning in Predicting Landslides D．The Urgency of Understanding the Shapes of Landslides 【答案】85．D 86．C 87．B 88．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是研究人员引入新的研究方法，帮助防止山体滑坡。 85．细节理解题。根据首段中的“By introducing a new paradigm (范例) for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations.(通过引入研究滑坡形状和破坏类型的新范例，一个全球研究团队为那些致力于预测滑坡和风险评估的人提供了帮助。)”可知，这种新范例是了解滑坡形式和破坏类型的。故选D项。 86．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“By using the aerial view (鸟瞰图) and elevation data of landslide sites combined with machine learning, the researchers were able to achieve 80% — 94% percent accuracy in identifying landslide movements in diverse locations around the world.(通过使用鸟瞰图和滑坡地点的高程数据与机器学习相结合，研究人员能够在识别世界各地不同地点的滑坡运动方面达到80%到94%的准确率。)”可知，通过这种新方法，研究者能在识别世界各地不同地点的滑坡运动方面达到80%-94%的准确率，由此可知，这种新方法的优势是更准确。故选C项。 87．词句猜测题。根据划线单词后的“when we saw the success numbers(当我们看到成功的数字时)”以及下文中的“We got the results, which are really good, but we need to be able to connect this to reality.(我们得到了结果，这真的很好，但我们需要能够将其与现实联系起来。)”可知，在看到成功的数字，得到了结果的时候，研究者们应该是激动高兴的，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“Thrilling (令人激动的)”意义相近。故选B项。 88．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“By introducing a new paradigm (范例) for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations.(通过引入一个研究滑坡形状和破坏类型的新范例，一个全球研究团队为那些从事滑坡预测和风险评估的人提供了帮助。)”以及下文中对新方法的分析以及在帮助预测滑坡优势的介绍可知，本文主要介绍的是一种帮助预测山体滑坡的新方法，所以标题“帮助预测滑坡的新方法”与本文的内容吻合，且概括了本文的主题。故选A项。 （二十三） （23-24高二下陕西汉中期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, how do you feel? Scared, anxious, excited or challenged? With many global challenges still ongoing, we are likely to face even more of the unknown, so we had better get accustomed to managing it. So how do we detect uncertainty and which part of the brain is responsible for it? Researchers have found that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) is the key chemical involved in our response to uncertainty. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays when we are faced with uncertain events, scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever (杠杆) down when they heard a high frequency noise. If they did this, they were rewarded with a drink of water. They were also trained to learn that they’d receive an unpleasant puff of air if the lever was activated when a low frequency noise was played. But the researchers added in an element of uncertainty by including a sound where the freq$$