内容正文:
第12讲 构词法
在阅读中遇到的“生词”有许多是由我们所熟悉的词通过与其他词合成或加词缀而产生的。当碰到这些生词的时候,我们只需要根据我们所认识的部分,加上前缀或后缀的含义,然后联系上下文,就不难猜到它们的含义了。因此,我们在日常的学习中要注意积累和归类常见的词缀。一般来说,前缀改变词根的意思,后缀改变词性。
一、前缀(——表示其对应含义):
词根 ——含义(例子)
co —— together一起 (e.g. co-operation)
anti —— against 相反(e.g. anti-Japanese War)
inter —— between 和(e.g. international)
re —— again再(e.g. reunion)
post —— after 之后 (e.g. post-war)
fore/ pre —— before 之前(e.g. precaution)
micro —— small 小,微(e.g. microwave)
macro —— big大(e.g. macroenvironment)
mono —— one单(e.g. monotonous)
poly/ multi —— many 多(e.g. polymer, multiple)
bi——two (e.g. biweekly)
tri——three (e.g. triangle)
dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- —— not (e.g. impossible)
注意:表示其他意义的前缀常用的还有a-(多构成表语形容词), auto- (自动), en- (使), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。
例如:alone单独的 autochart自动图表 enjoy使高兴 subway地铁 telephone电话
练习:请根据前缀猜出以下生词(加了下划线)
Anti-slavery__________ sleeplessness _________
heroism ___________ unlawful __________
foretell __________ unexplainable__________
regrettable __________ Microsoft __________
二、后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1) 构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。
练习:请根据以下所给词汇通过添加后缀组成新词
differ不同于→______________区别 write写→ 作家
Japan日本→______________日本人 act表演→ 女演员
mouth口→ 一口 music音乐→______________音乐家
(2) 构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使…化),-ize (使…成为)。
练习:请根据以下所给词汇通过添加后缀组成新词
wide→______________加宽 beauty→______________美化
pure→____________提纯
real→____________意识到 organ→____________组织
(3) 构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。
练习:请根据以下所给词汇通过添加后缀组成新词
nature自然→______________自然的 reason道理→______________有道理的
America美国→______________美国的 China中国→______________中国人的
gold金子→______________金的 east东→______________东方的
child孩子→______________孩子气的 snow雪→______________雪的
(4) 构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。
练习:请根据以下所给词汇通过添加后缀组成新词
angry生气的→______________生气地
to到→______________朝……,向……
east东方→______________向东
(5) 构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。
练习:请根据以下所给词汇通过添加后缀组成新词
six六→______________十六→______________第十六
four四→______________四十→______________第四十
应用实践:用所给汉语的适当形式填空
(1)重要,重要的
①Anybody can see the _________ of good health.
②It is __________ to see that the brakes on your bicycle work properly.
③More _______, the teacher should make the total meaning of the dialogue clear to the students before having them repeat it.
(2)发明,创造
①Necessity is the mother of __________.
②He __________ a story to explain why he was late.
It was absolutely new method __________ by himself.
(3)兴趣,使发生兴趣,有趣的,引起兴趣的
①Geology __________ him.
②He's a most __________ man.
③He did not seem at a________ in the subject.
④I will be most __________ to hear your personal views on the station there.
⑤Local colour added __________ to the novel.
(4)善良,好心,仁慈,和蔼
①I want to thank you for your_________ to me.
②The policeman treated the lost child_______.
③Taking a blind man across the street is a __________ act.
④Will you be so __________ as to answer a few questions?
(5)迟,晚;后来,最近,最新
①I was __________ getting up this morning.
②Tom came to school __________ and missed the first lesson.
③Nine months _________, they were divorced.
④They have equipped the office with the ___________ business machines.
⑤What have you been doing ___________.
(6)生命,生活,谋生;活的,活着的;生动的,活泼的
①Eat to __________, but do not __________ to eat.
②Because of all the arguments the meeting was a __________ one.
③Language is a __________ and continually changing thing.
④He earns his __________ by growing rice.
⑤Many people lost their ___________ in the accident.
(7)爱,喜爱;可爱,好看,美好
①How __________ your roses are looking.
②It was a __________ garden, with soft green grass.
③Though his income was small, he __________ to buy books.
(8)领导,领先,首先,领袖,领导人
①Our football team has a __________ of two goals.
②The blind man had a dog to ___________ him.
③What __________ you to think that?
④Our __________ led us through the forest.
What the country needs most is wise______.
(9)长,长的,长度
①What is the __________ of the movie?
②How __________ is the speech?
(10)运气,好运,幸运的,侥幸的
①Diligence is the mother of good _________.
②You are __________ than most women.
第12讲 构词法答案
练习:请根据前缀猜出以下生词
anti-slavery反奴隶制 sleeplessness失眠 heroism英雄主义
unlawful非法的
foretell预言 unexplainable不可解释的 regrettable可惜的
Microsoft 微软
后缀
differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人 act表演→actress女演员
mouth口→mouthful一口 music音乐→musician音乐家
wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织
nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的
angry生气的→angrily生气地 to到→towards朝……,向……
east东方→eastward向东
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
应用实践:用所给汉语的适当形式填空
(1)①importance ②important ③importantly
(2)①invention ②invented ③invented
(3)①interests ②interesting ③interested ④interested ⑤interest
(4)①kindness ②kindly ③kind ④kind
(5)①late ②late ③later ④latest ⑤lately
(6)①live, live ②lively ③living ④living ⑤lives
(7)①lovely ②lovely ③love ④loved
(8)①lead ②lead ③led ④leader ⑤leadership
(9)①length ②long
(10)①luck ②luckier
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