Unit 3 Sea Exploration Review useful structures（课件）- 【上好课】2024-2025学年高二英语同步精品课堂（人教版2019选择性必修第四册）

仓颉之初作书盖依类象形故谓之文其形声相益即谓之字文者物象之本字者言孳乳而浸多也著于竹帛谓之仓颉之初作书盖依类象形故谓之文其形声相益即谓之字文者物象之本字者言孳乳而 Review useful structures 新人教选必四 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 非谓语动词 过去分词 (done) 动词不定式 to do 现在分词/动名词(doing ) Lead-in： to do functions forms 1 主语 (subject) 2 宾语 (object) 3 表语 (predicative) 4 定语 (attribute) 5 状语 (adverbial) 6 宾补 (object complement) 1 一般式 2 进行式 3 完成式 4. 一些特殊情况 Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage. 1 As the subject (S) 2 As the predicative (P) 3 As the object (O) 4 As the object complement (OC) 5 As the attributive (Attr) 6 As the adverbial (Ad) To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilisations. Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east. Merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals. To reach out across the sea remains a strong desire today. (S) 主语 (OC) 宾语补足语 (Ad) 状语 (S) 主语 The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas. Trading has grown greatly in recent years, and will continue to do so in years to come. which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. There are still many other places left to explore. 1 As the subject (S) 2 As the predicative (P) 3 As the object (O) 4 As the object complement (OC) 5 As the attributive (Attr) 6 As the adverbial (Ad) (P) 表语 (O) 宾语 (Attr) 定语 (O) 宾语 (Attr) 定语 China has joined other nations on several expeditions to explore the Arctic. There is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects. The need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 1 As the subject (S) 2 As the predicative (P) 3 As the object (O) 4 As the object complement (OC) 5 As the attributive (Attr) 6 As the adverbial (Ad) (Attr) 定语 (Attr) 定语 (Ad) 状语 (Attr) 定语 (Attr) 定语 (OC) 宾语补足语 不定式的形式： 动词不定式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后 完成式 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 进行式 to be doing / 表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 完成进行式 to have been doing / 表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前一直进行 不定式的时态和语态： to do 表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作 _______ 发生或在其 _______ 发生。 I asked him to attend the meeting. The theme park, to be opened in 2025, will attract people all over the country. 同时 之后 Conclusion 1 一般式：to do / to be done He seems to be reading English poems. He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me overpassing him. to be doing 强调动作正在进行，或与谓语动词动作______________。 同时发生 进行式：to be doing Conclusion 2 He is said to have translated the book into English last year. He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was shopping yesterday. to have done 表示的动作在谓语动词 __________ 发生。 之前 完成式：to have done / to have been done Conclusion 3 Her son is known to have been studying abroad for a while. She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for many years. to have been doing 表示在谓语动词 _________________ __________。 之前一直在进行的 完成进行式：to have been doing Conclusion 4 动作 不定式句法功能： 1)三情况： 直接做主语 To keep smiling is healthy for you. 当主语过长时，为保持句子平衡，可用it作形式主语： It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer. 带wh-（特殊疑问词）+to do短语作主语(谓语用单数) When and where to start the programs ________(remain) unknown. remains 1.不定式作主语 (subject) 2).常考句型 It’s time to do sth. It take sb. some time to do sth. It +be + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth. ★for: adj.多为描述不定式行为的特征,特点 （important/ necessary / interesting 等.） ★of : adj. 多为描述主语的品质（kind / nice / friendly / wise / foolish 等.） Practice: 1.It is important ______us to live a low-carbon life. 2.It was generous ______him to contribute so much . for of (1).动名词（-ing分词）：表示一般的、抽象的、笼统的概念，或者一个已经完成的动作，强调的是事情本身 不定式（to do）：表示某一次具体的、特定的或将来的动作。 Flying is impossible in this area. 飞行在这个地区是不可能的。（泛指概念） It is impossible to fly over the Himalayas. 飞越喜马拉雅山是不可能的。（特指本次飞行） 名师点津：作 主语时，不定式与动名词的区别 (2)在某些句型中通常要用动名词短语作主语。 It is no use doing… It is no good doing… It is useless doing… It is worthwhile doing… (1).位于系动词之后 2.不定式作表语 (predicative) 状态“是” be 持续“继续或保持” keep, remain, stay, lie 表像“看起来像” seem, appear, look 感官 look,feel, smell, sound, taste 变化“变成......” become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 终止 prove“证明是，结果是” (2).句中如果主语部分有实义动词do的各种形式，作表语的动词不定式实际上是do的引申，即表示do所做的内容，这时动词不定式可省略to。 The least I can do is (to) write to you.我至少能做到的是给你写信。 前有do后省to (3)主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, proposal, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组, 表语用不定式说明其内容 My dream is to enter Beijing University. My idea is___________(climb) the mountain from the north. My suggestion is _____________(start) work at once. (4).带wh-疑问词+to do 也可做表语 Our difficulty is where_____________(find) a guide. to climb to start to find 2.不定式作表语 (predicative) 动名词（-ing分词）：表示一般的、抽象的、笼统的概念，或者一个已经完成的动作，强调的是事情本身 不定式（to do）：表示某一次具体的、特定的或将来的动作。 Her job is taking care of children. 她的工作是照料小孩。（泛指概念） Her job is to take care of the children. 她的工作是照料这些小孩。（特指本次的工作） 名师点津：作 表语 时，不定式与动名词的区别 一般说来，作主语和表语的非谓语动词形式应一致，即： 或同时为不定式，或同时为-ing分词。如： 眼见为实: Seeing is believing. /To see is to believe. 1） 动词+ to do decide/determine, learn , manage, try refuse, promise, pretend, agree want, help, choose, plan hope/wish/expect, offer, wait happen, threaten, fail, afford 2）有时和（特殊疑问词）wh-词+to do构成宾语. ① 下一步干什么你决定了吗?Have you decided ____________next? ②我不知道怎么做它。I didn’t know ______________it. what to do how to do 决定学好，（就）设法努力 拒绝承诺；（就）假装同意； 想要帮忙，（就）选好计划 希望关心；（就）主动等待 碰巧威胁，（也）不能付钱 3.不定式作宾语 (object) 3)动词+it+宾补+to do 此时，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的to do不定式 常用动词： make, find, feel, think, believe, consider 例1.我觉得回答这个问题很难 I think it hard to answer the question. 例2.我发现要吃完这顿饭是一个负担 I find it a burden to finish the meal/eat the whole food. ⚠当宾补是no use/no good/useless/worthwhile时， to do 应改为doing It is no use / no good / useless/ worthwhile doing… look forward to...期待，盼望…… object to...反对…… be devoted to...致力于…… be opposed to...反对…… adapt/adjust to...适应…… lead to...导致…… when it comes to... 名师点津：动词短语中含有介词to，宾语要用动名词（ving） 1)不定式作后置定语时，常表示将来的动作，翻译时常须在动词不定式前加“要”字。 2)不定式修饰的词： 抽象名词ability、 attempt、 chance、 courage、 decision、 effort、 failure、 promise、 way、 wish等 序数词、形容词最高级或the only/the last/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词 He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last _________ (leave) the school. But she gave up the chance _________ (go)abroad. I’ve got my wife and son _________ (look) after. Can you think up a good way _________ (deal)with the ever increasing prices？ to leave 4.不定式作定语 (attribute) to go to look to deal 不及物动词要加介词 1.As is known to us, Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut_______ (send) into space 破解：序数词修饰的名词后用不定式作后置定语，且send与逻辑主语astronaut是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式，故填to be sent 2.What is the best way for you________ (solve) this problem? 破解：the way for sb. to do sth.“某人做某事的方法”，不定式复合结构作后置定语。故填to solve 3.The airport_______(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 破解:根据时间状语next year可知，该动作将要发生，且complete与the airport之间为被动关系。故填to be completed 做目的状语，常用的结构 to do ; in order to do; so as to 以便于 ① As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. ② I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. 5. 不定式作状语 (adverbial) (2)做原因状语： 一般用在be+ adj. (表情感）后：说明产生这种情绪的原因. We were surprised to find that he had already left. She was disappointed to learn the news. 目的，结果， 原因，条件，方式等 高考链接：不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别 1. The old man returned home only to find that his daughter had got married. 2. He died from a sudden traffic accident，leaving his family even worse off恶化，每况愈下. 出乎意料 顺其自然 (3) 做结果状语 ： ①so/such......to do We are not so stupid to buy his words. ②enough to do He didn’t run fast enough to catch the train ③too......to do太......而不能 The tea is too hot to drink. ④only to do结果却...(高频考点) We hurried to the train station only ___________ the train had left. （tell） to be told 1) 动词 + 宾语 + to do sth. My mum asks me_________________two hours on a daily basis. to play the piano 常用的这类动词有： ask; allow; advise; want; tell; order; teach; expect, require; cause; force ; permit ; encourage; urge；enable；warn; forbid; get; invite; persuade 6. 不定式作宾补 (object complement) 2）动词+宾语+不带to的不定式 感官动词 使役动词 一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 五看：see, notice, watch, look at, observe let, make, have ◆但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原： They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen _______ suddenly from the tree. + sb do sth（不带to） to fall 感官动词的非谓语： 不带to的不定式(全过程) 现在分词(正在发生) 过去分词（表被动） 6. 不定式作宾补 (object complement) 3) 动词 + 宾语 + adj. + to do sth They believe him（to be） innocent. 常用的这类动词表示心理状态： believe、 find、 consider、 prove、 suppose、 think、 declare等 作宾语补足语的动词不定式往往是“to be＋形容词”，这时，这些动词后的to be通常可省略。 6. 不定式作宾补 (object complement) 名师点津：不定式主动表被动 不定式：能在句中找到动作的发出者 be adj+ to do 作定语：I have a question to ask you. 疑问代词+to do 作名词性从句:I don’t know what to do next. with + n. + to do (with复合结构) there be+名词+to do[主动表主观看法，被动表客观情况 There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.) There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.) There is nothing to see. (Nothing there is worth seeing.) There is nothing to be seen. (There is nothing.) 固搭： be to blame[该对某事负责]be to let[待出租] I noticed him go out.（notice与go out同时发生） I plan to attend the party to be held tomorrow. （attend的动作在plan后发生） They are reported to be working hard. （be reported与work同时发生） I am very glad to be working with you. （be glad与work同时发生） I’m very sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time. （keep发生在be sorry前） He is believed to have come.（come发生在believe前） 感官动词省略to be reported to do plan to do be adj. to do be believed to do 有时被理解并不是一件容易的事。 The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again. 那个男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。 No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。（harm是do的承受者，且发生在seem前） Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job. 不定式作主语，表被动to be done ask to do要求做某事 固搭：do harm to 非谓语在谓语之前 用完成不定式to have done 表被动to have been done 名师点津 （1）表示看法与想法的动词：seem/appear to do “似乎，好像做某事” 常用to have done表示该动作先于另一个动作发生。 此结构也常用以it作形式主语的结构代替。 He seems to have bought the new book.他好像已经买了那本新书。 ＝It seems that he has bought the new book. （2）表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划： want、intended（=meant）、 expected、 hoped、 promised等表示希望、期待、意图、欲求等的动词过去式+to have done， was (were)十to have done”，也是表示未实现的过去的决定 I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. (我原想来看你，但因事未果。) I expected to have met him here last night. (昨夜我以为在此可以见到他的。) We meant to have stayed there a week. (我们原打算在那里呆一个礼拜的。) I wanted to have seen you ever so much. (我真想能见到你。) I thought to have written a line to her, but forgot to do so. (我原想写封信给她的，不料忘记了)。 We were to have met at six o'clock. (我们原定六点见面的。) 表示希望、期待、意图、欲求等的动词过去式+to have done， was (were)十to have done”，表示未实现的过去的决定 名师点津 want、 need、 require作“需要”讲时，后常接动词不定式的被动形式或动词-ing形式的主动形式。 The house wants repairing/to be repaired. 这座房子需要修理了。 These flowers need watering/to be watered once a day. 这些花需要每天浇一次水。 Practise and apply： Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. 1 He / encouraged me / participate in the surfing competition 4 The UN peacekeeping force / aims / maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts ______________________________________________________ 2 The storm / seems / be getting closer ______________________________________________________ 3 Magellan / was the first person / sail around the world ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition. (OC) The storm seems to be getting closer. (P) Magellan was the first person to sail around the world. (Attr) (O) The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts. 8 It remains / be seen / whether or not his capsule can work 5 The crowd / stood / applaud / scientists / for their important ocean research work __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 6 It is a good idea / tax / plastic bottles / so that people use them less __________________________________________________________ 7 The Jiaolong manned submersible / is said / be able / reach 7 km underwater __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ The crowd stood to applaud the scientists for their important ocean research work. (Ad) It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less. (Attr) The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km under water. (O) (O) It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work. (O) Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. Far out in the ocean, where the water is as clear as glass, lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep _________ (measure). We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea, but actually it is not rare________ (see) the most unique flowers and plants __________ (dance) in the fast-moving water. In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle, which has walls of coral and a roof ______ (form) of beautiful shells. The mother of the king, a wise woman who is proud _____________ (be) born into the royal family, takes care of his six daughters. to measure to see dancing formed to have been Among the six sea-princesses, the youngest is the prettiest. Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the deepest sea, she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses ________ (play) all day long is ___________________ (swim) in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, feeding and touching the fish _________ (swim) up to their hands through the windows. They seem ___________ (not worry) about anything, except for the youngest, who ... not to worry to play swimming / to swim swimming What is the function of each infinitive? … a wise woman who is proud to have been born into the royal family,… … but actually it is not rare to see the most unique flowers … The ocean is too deep to measure. They seem not to worry about anything, except for the youngest, who ... The most common way for the princesses to play all day long is to swim in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, … (S)主语 (Ad) 状语 (Ad) 状语 (Attr) 定语 (P) 表语 (P) 表语 What is the Sea King’s castle like? The Sea King’s castle has walls of coral and a roof formed of beautiful shells. What is life like in the Sea King’s castle? What is the most common way for princesses to play? The most common way for the princesses to play all day long is to swim in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, feeding and touching the fish to swim up to their hands through the windows. Life in the castle is carefree. What do you think happens next? ... who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean, and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea. Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. Named after a mythical dragon, Jiaolong is China’s first manned deep-sea research submersible. It was developed by Chinese designers ________ (start) from 2002 and entered service in 2010, _______ (make) China the fifth country in the world with deep-sea exploration technology. In 2017, during a 138-day expedition that _______ (start) in February, the submersible’s mother ship, Xiangyanghong 09 sailed nearly 34,000 km into the South China Sea, the northwestern Indian Ocean, and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Jiaolong conducted 30 dives _______ (make) scientific investigations and __________ (collect) samples. starting making started making collecting The submersible made five dives in the Mariana Trench and the Yap Trench, both in the western Pacific Ocean. These operations have enabled scientists __________________ (better understand) geographical and biological conditions deep under the oceans. Right now, Jiaolong is undergoing maintenance before ________ (start) its next adventure. In 2020, Jiaolong will begin its first global deep-sea scientific exploration mission. It will have a new mother ship, which is _________ (name) Deep Sea No. 1. This grand mission is intended ______________ (strengthen) China’s capacity in ___________ (survey) deep-sea environments and will increase the nation’s influence in this field. surveying to better understand starting named to strengthen 仓颉之初作书盖依类象形故谓之文其形声相益即谓之字文者物象之本字者言孳乳而浸多也著于竹帛谓之仓颉之初作书盖依类象形故谓之文其形声相益即谓之字文者物象之本字者言孳乳而 Review useful structures 新人教选必四 Unit 3 Thank You ! $$