易错点13 阅读理解词义猜测题(五大易错点+五大类型突破+易错通关练)-备战2025年中考英语考试易错题(浙江专用)

易错点13 阅读理解词义猜测题 (五大易错点+五大类型突破+易错通关练) 目录 易错点分析 1 脱离文章语境 2 忽略逻辑关系 3 不熟悉构词法 4 易受母语干扰 5 缺乏背景知识 易错点突破 1 基于上下文语境猜测词义 2 根据构词法知识猜测词义 3 利用对比等关系猜测词义 4 依据定义与解释猜测词义 5 结合常识背景等猜测词义 易错点一：脱离文章语境 【问题表现】 学生在猜测词义时，没有充分考虑单词所在的上下文语境，仅凭对单词的表面印象或自己熟悉的词义来判断，导致错误。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The underlined word ‘novel’ in the sentence ‘This is a novel idea that I have never heard before.’ means .”时， 有些学生可能会直接选择“小说” 这个熟悉的词义，而忽略了语境中 “我以前从未听说过的” 这一描述，其实这里 “novel” 的意思是 “新奇的”。 【突破策略】 认真阅读单词所在的句子以及前后文，通过上下文提供的信息、逻辑关系等来推断词义。比如在上述例句中，根据 “我以前从未听说过” 可以推断出 “novel” 是形容这个想法很特别、新颖，而不是 “小说” 的意思。 易错点二：忽略逻辑关系 【问题表现】 未能准确把握上下文的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列等，从而无法正确推测词义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The word 'fails' here probably means .”(文章中的句子：He is very lazy. As a result, he often fails in his exams. )时， 如果学生没有理解 “因为懒惰，所以……” 这种因果关系，可能就不能准确猜出 “fails” 是 “不及格；失败” 的意思。 【突破策略】 学会识别表示逻辑关系的词，如 “but”“however”“therefore”“and”“or” 等。根据这些词所提示的逻辑关系来推断词义。例如，“and” 连接的两个词通常是相近或相关的意思，“but”“however” 等连接的则是相反的意思。在上述例子中，“as a result” 表示因果关系，因为懒惰，所以考试经常不及格，由此可推出 “fails” 的意思。 易错点三：不熟悉构词法 【问题表现】 对英语中的构词法，如前缀、后缀、合成词、派生词等不了解，不能通过分析单词的结构来猜测词义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The word 'unhappy' means .”时， 如果学生不知道 “un -” 是表示否定的前缀，就可能无法准确猜出 “unhappy” 是 “不开心的” 意思。 【突破策略】 掌握常见的构词法知识。比如，常见的否定前缀有 “un -”“in -”“dis -” 等；名词后缀有 “- tion”“- ment”“- er”“- or” 等，形容词后缀有 “- ful”“- less”“- able” 等。通过分析单词的结构，结合已知的词根和词缀的含义，来推测词义。对于 “unhappy”，知道 “happy” 是 “开心的”，“un -” 表示否定，就能猜出其意为 “不开心的”。 易错点四：易受母语干扰 【问题表现】 习惯用母语的思维和表达方式来理解英语单词的词义，忽略了英语单词在特定语境中的特殊含义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The underlined word 'tastes' means .”（文章中的句子：The Chinese food tastes delicious. ）时， 有些学生可能会受母语 “尝起来” 的影响，只想到用舌头品尝这个动作，而忽略了 “taste” 在这里是系动词，意为 “尝起来（有某种味道）”，后面接形容词作表语。 【突破策略】 培养英语思维，多阅读英语原文，了解英语单词在不同语境中的用法和含义。遇到词义猜测题时，不要直接将英语单词对应到母语的某个词，而是要根据英语的语言习惯和上下文来理解。像 “tastes” 在上述句子中，根据 “食物尝起来美味” 的语境，就能准确理解它作为系动词的含义。 易错点五：缺乏背景知识 【问题表现】 由于对文章涉及的主题或相关领域的背景知识不了解，影响对某些关键词词义的猜测。 【示例分析】 在一篇关于航天的文章中提到 “astronaut” 这个词（文章中的句子：The astronaut is going to space. ）如果学生对航天领域不了解，不知道 “astronaut” 是 “宇航员” 的意思，就很难猜出其词义。 【突破策略】 日常学习中要广泛阅读，拓宽知识面，了解不同领域的常见词汇和背景知识。对于一些常见的主题，如科技、文化、历史、环保等，要积累相关的词汇和背景信息。这样在遇到相关文章时，即使遇到生词，也能根据已有的背景知识和上下文来推测词义。对于 “astronaut”，如果学生知道航天相关知识，就容易猜出是 “进入太空的人”，即 “宇航员”。 基于上下文语境猜测词义 【题型特点】 要求学生根据生词所在的上下文语境，如句子中的其他词汇、短语、句子结构以及上下文的逻辑关系等来推断词义。 1.考查方式灵活：这类试题通常不会直接考查学生对单词本义的掌握，而是将生词置于具体的语境中，要求学生通过分析上下文来推断其在特定语境下的含义。例如，可能会给出一个含有生词的句子或段落，让学生根据周围的词汇、短语、句子结构以及上下文的逻辑关系等来猜测生词的意思。 2.语境线索丰富：上下文会提供多种线索帮助学生猜测词义，包括同义词、反义词、解释说明、举例、因果关系、转折关系、并列关系等。比如，通过 “and” 连接的两个词可能是同义词关系，“but” 连接的则可能是反义词关系；“such as”“for example” 等引导的内容是对前文的举例说明，有助于理解生词。 3.词汇范围广泛：考查的生词可以是名词、动词、形容词、副词等各种词性，涵盖日常生活、学习、科普、文化等多个领域的词汇，有些甚至是学生在课本中未学过但在阅读中可能遇到的词汇。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... probably means... What is the meaning of the underlined word “...” in the context? Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.忽略关键线索：学生可能会忽略一些重要的上下文线索，导致对词义的理解出现偏差。例如，在 “He was very lethargic today. He usually is active and energetic, but today he just lay on the couch and didn't want to do anything.” 中，如果忽略了 “but” 后面描述的与平时 “active and energetic” 相反的状态，就可能无法准确猜出 “lethargic” 是 “没精打采的；懒洋洋的” 意思。 2.脱离语境主观臆断：有些学生可能会根据自己对单词的固有印象或片面理解来猜测词义，而不考虑具体的语境。比如，看到 “bank” 就直接认为是 “银行” 的意思，而在 “He sat on the bank of the river. ” 这个句子中，结合 “river” 可知 “bank” 应是 “河岸” 的意思。 3.对复杂语境理解困难：当上下文语境较为复杂，涉及多个句子或多种逻辑关系时，学生可能难以理清头绪，准确把握生词的含义。例如，在 “Due to the inclement weather, the outdoor activity was cancelled. The sky was overcast, the wind was howling, and it was raining heavily.” 中，需要综合 “天气导致活动取消” 以及后面具体描述的恶劣天气状况，才能猜出 “inclement” 是 “恶劣的” 意思，这对学生的语境分析能力要求较高。 【突破策略】 仔细阅读生词前后的句子，分析句子之间的逻辑关系，寻找能够提示词义的线索。比如，“because”“so” 等词提示因果关系，“but”“however” 等词提示转折关系，“and”“or” 等词提示并列关系。同时，注意文中的解释说明、举例等内容，它们也有助于理解生词的含义。 1.精读上下文：仔细阅读生词所在的句子以及前后的句子，全面理解上下文的内容，不要只关注局部信息。例如，在句子 “She was so parsimonious that she never wasted a single penny.” 中，仅从 “never wasted a single penny” 就可以推测出 “parsimonious” 是形容人在花钱方面很节俭的意思。 2.分析逻辑关系：确定上下文之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列、递进等。如 “Although he is wealthy, he is very humble.” 中，“although” 表明前后是转折关系，由此可猜出 “humble” 与 “wealthy” 所表达的物质层面的丰富不同，是形容人的品质，且与 “wealthy” 形成对比，进而推出是 “谦逊的” 意思。 3.利用解释说明：注意文中对生词的直接解释或暗示。有时作者会用 “that is”“in other words”“means” 等短语引出对生词的解释，或者通过定语从句、同位语等对生词进行说明。例如，“A meteorologist is a person who studies the weather. ” 通过 “who studies the weather” 这个定语从句，很容易理解 “meteorologist” 是 “气象学家” 的意思。 1 In many countries, tattoos are in fashion （时尚）. On TV you can often see a famous actor or musician with a tattoo on his arm or foot. Many sports players have them, too. In the US, tattoos are very popular. Forty percent of Americans aged between 26 and 40 have a tattoo, and 60 percent of customers in US tattoo parlors are women. These people are often professional people like doctor, teachers and lawyers. However, tattoos are not modern. In fact, they are very old in human history. For example, archaeologists* found a human in ice from 5,000 years ago. He had 57 tattoos on his back, ankles, legs, knees and feet. Tattoos were used for many different reasons. In ancient Egypt, people got tattoos because they were “beautiful”. But in ancient Rome, tattoos were negative and put on criminals* and prisoners. In India, tattoos were religious *. In the 16th and 17th century, European sailors arrived on the islands of Polynesia. They saw tattoos for the first time. The people on the islands had tattoos on their shoulders, chests, backs and legs. Often the tattoos were of animals or natural features like a river or a mountain. The European sailors liked them and made their own tattoos, so the idea traveled to Europe. Tattoos in Polynesia are still important today. They show information about a person’s history, their island or their job. So is there a connection between traditional tattoos and fashionable tattoos? And can you call tattoos a fashion? Chris Rainier is an expert in tattoos and his book Ancient Marks has photos of tattoos from all over the world. He thinks people in modern societies often have tattoos because they are a connection to the traditional world. But tattoos aren’t a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you can’t put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent* and for life. 1．When were tattoos brought to Europe? A．5,000 years ago. B．60 years ago. C．Until recently. D．In the 16th and 17th century. 2．What does the underlined word “parlors” mean? A．school. B．stores. C．factories. D．theaters. 3．What’s the Chris’s opinion about tattoos? A．Tattoos are religious in modern societies. B．Tattoos connect tradition with fashion. C．Tattoos are a fashion among famous people. D．Tattoos show information about a person’s hobby. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Tattoos’ History. B．Tattoos in Polynesia. C．Tattoos on a Human in Ice. D．Tattoos in Fashion and for Life. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【解析】在很多国家，纹身是时尚的，在美国纹身非常的流行。这篇短文介绍了纹身的历史以及纹身在现代生活和传统生活的意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“In the 16th and 17th century, European sailors arrived on the islands of Polynesia. They saw tattoos for the first time…. The European sailors liked them and made their own tattoos, so the idea traveled to Europe.”可知，在16和17世纪，欧洲的水手到达了波利尼西亚，他们第一次看到了纹身，非常喜欢，把这个想法带到了欧洲。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据单词所在句子“Forty percent of Americans aged between 26 and 40 have a tattoo, and 60 percent of customers in US tattoo parlors are women.”可知，customers意为“顾客”，由此可猜测parlors应该是纹身店。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Chris Rainier is an expert in tattoos and his book Ancient Marks has photos of tattoos from all over the world. He thinks people in modern societies often have tattoos because they are a connection to the traditional world.”可知，Chris认为现代社会的纹身与传统世界有一种联系。故选B。 4．标题归纳题。本文主要讲述的是纹身文化的研究、纹身在现代生活和传统生活的意义。D项 “纹身时尚和生活意义”符合文意。故选D。 2 Easter Island’s large and mysterious stone statues have made it world famous. These statues, which look like humans with huge stone cylinders balancing on their heads like hats, attract tourists coming from all over the world. The tourists come to see these works of ancient art carved by the early inhabitants of the island. They come to see the mystery that has baffled scientists for decades. Easter Island is located in a remote part of the South Pacific Ocean about 2,300 miles west of Chile. The island covers just 45 square miles and its Polynesian name is Rapa Nui. On Easter Sunday, 1722, a Dutch explorer named Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see Easter Island. The original Polynesian inhabitants of the island arrived centuries earlier. Scientists believe they carved these statues to honor their ancestors. The rock used for the making of the statues came from Rano Raraku, the extinct volcano that formed the island. The early Polynesians carved the statues within the holes of the volcano using only stone tools. Then they moved these huge statues to various destinations throughout the island. These 600 statues range in height from10-40 feet. Some of them weigh as much as 50 tons. How could the early Polynesians lift hundreds of heavy statues out of the volcano? How did they move them across the island to their various locations? All of these questions, as well as many others, remain unanswered. The early islanders probably worshiped these eyeless giants until sometime around 1670. In 1680, a war broke out between two groups of islanders. The victors of the war and ancestors of the present inhabitants, broke down many of the statues. In most cases, they broke the necks of the statues. Now 15 of the statues on Easter Island have been repaired to their original positions on their stone platforms. Even today, using modern tools and machinery, putting up such large statues and balancing cylinders on top of their head present a challenging task. 1．The underlined word “baffled” in the first paragraph means ________. A．puzzled B．encouraged C．pleased D．troubled 2．What do we know about Easter Island? A．It is in the center of Chile. B．It is located in the North Pacific Ocean. C．It was named after a Dutch explorer. D．Europeans landed there after Polynesians. 3．Scientists are still uncertain about ________. A．why people built the statues B．where people made the statues C．how people transported the statues D．how many statues there are on the island 4．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Early history of Easter Island B．Art of carving in Easter Island C．Mysterious statues in Easter Island D．Easter Island, a must-visit destination 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【解析】文章大意：本文在告诉人们一些关于复活节岛的事情。复活节岛的大而神秘的石头雕像闻名世界，这些雕像的肖像看起来像人类，巨大的石柱像帽子一样顶在头上，吸引了来自世界各地的游客。游客们来这里是为了看岛上早期居民雕刻的这些古代艺术品。 1．词义猜测题。根据“They come to see the mystery that has baffled scientists for decades.”他们来这里是为了了解那个……历史学家几十年的谜团，由此可知“baffled”应是“困惑、迷惑”，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“On Easter Sunday, 1722, a Dutch explorer named Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see Easter Island. The original Polynesian inhabitants of the island arrived centuries earlier.”在1722年复活节的星期天，一位名叫雅各布·罗格文的荷兰探险家是第一个看到复活节岛的欧洲人。岛上最初的波利尼西亚居民几个世纪前就来到了这里。可知，欧洲人在波利尼西亚人之后登陆那里，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“How could the early Polynesians lift hundreds of heavy statues out of the volcano? How did they move them across the island to their various locations? All of these questions, as well as many others, remain unanswered.”早期的波利尼西亚人怎么能把数百尊沉重的雕像从火山中抬出来呢?他们是如何把他们从岛上转移到不同地点的?所有这些问题，以及其他许多问题，仍然没有答案。可知科学家们现在仍然不知道雕像是怎样运输的，故选C。 4．标题归纳题。根据“Easter Island’s large and mysterious stone statues have made it world famous. These statues, which look like humans with huge stone cylinders balancing on their heads like hats, attract tourists coming from all over the world.”复活节岛巨大而神秘的石像使它闻名于世。这些雕像的肖像看起来像人，巨大的石柱像帽子一样顶在头上，吸引了来自世界各地的游客。结合文章内容，可知本文主要介绍了一些复活节岛上的神秘雕像，故选C。 根据构词法猜测词义 【题型特点】 通过分析单词的词根、词缀来推测词义，考查学生对英语构词法知识的掌握程度。 1.考查词汇的构词规律：主要考查学生对英语单词常见构词法的掌握，如派生、合成、转化等。通过给出一个包含不熟悉单词的句子或段落，要求学生依据构词法知识来推断该词的含义。 2.涉及多种词性变化：考查的词汇可以是名词、动词、形容词或副词等不同词性，通过添加前缀、后缀或改变词形来构成新的单词，让学生判断其意义和词性的变化。 3.强调基础知识运用：需要学生具备一定的词根、词缀知识以及对常见构词方式的理解，能够识别单词的组成部分，并根据这些信息推测词义。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... is closest in meaning to... What is the meaning of the underlined word “...” according to the passage? 【易错分析】 1.词缀理解不准确：学生可能对一些词缀的含义掌握不精确，导致猜错词义。例如，把 “dis -” 这个前缀只理解为 “不”，而忽略了它还有 “分开；远离” 等含义，在遇到 “disrupt”（扰乱；使中断）这个词时，就可能无法准确猜出其意思。 2.忽略词根变化：有些单词在构词过程中，词根可能会发生变形，但学生如果没有注意到这一点，就难以正确推测词义。如 “receive” 中的 “ - ceive” 是 “拿；取” 的意思，与 “conceive”（构思；怀孕）、“perceive”（察觉；感知）等词的词根有相似之处，但形式有所不同，如果不熟悉这种变化，就不易理解这些词的含义。 3.受相似词干扰：英语中有一些词的词形相似，但构词方式和含义不同，学生容易混淆。例如，“economic”（经济的）和 “economical”（节约的；经济实惠的），虽然都与 “economy”（经济）有关，但后缀不同，词义也有差别，如果不仔细区分，就可能会猜错词义。 【突破策略】 系统学习并牢记常见的构词法知识，包括各种前缀、后缀和词根的含义。遇到生词时，先尝试分析其结构，看是否能通过构词法来推测词义。同时，要注意积累一些特殊的构词情况，避免一概而论。 1.识别构词成分：首先要判断单词是通过哪种构词法构成的，确定其词根、前缀或后缀。例如，“unhappy” 这个词，“un -” 是表示否定的前缀，“happy” 是词根，所以可以猜出 “unhappy” 是 “不开心的” 意思。 2.结合常见词缀含义：牢记一些常见前缀和后缀的意义，如 “re -” 表示 “再一次；重新”，“ - ful” 表示 “充满…… 的”，“ - less” 表示 “没有…… 的” 等。如 “rebuild”，根据 “re -” 和 “build”（建造）的意思，可推出是 “重建” 的意思；“careless” 由 “care”（小心）和 “ - less” 构成，意为 “粗心的”。 3.考虑词性变化：注意构词法对词性的影响。比如，动词 “beauty” 加上后缀 “ - ful” 变成形容词 “beautiful”，意思是 “美丽的”；名词 “work” 加上后缀 “ - er” 变成名词 “worker”，表示 “工作的人” 即 “工人”。 1 Three-two-one, fire!                    At the moment of 9:43 a.m., on Tuesday, June 23rd, 2020, at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center (卫星发射中心) in Sichuan Province, the last satellite of the third-generation network (第三代导航系统) was sent into space. It is the 55th member in the family of BeiDou. It belongs to China’s Beidou Narigation Satellite System (BDS北斗卫星导航系统). So far, 59 satellites, including the first four test ones, have been launched from Xichang. With the development of China, we have already owned three other famous satellite launch centers-Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Wenchang. After a period of tests in space, this new satellite has started to work with other Beidou satellites together. It is designed to work for at least 12 years. So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS. It was a new milestone in the nation’s space research work. The launch showed our country has completed our largest space-based system. It’s one of four global navigation networks; including the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS and the European Union’s Galileo. BDS has been widely used as public resources in our daily life. It has been shared by the whole world. It will offer more services around the world. BDS is the common wealth of the development of human beings. 1．How many members are there in the family of Beidou? A．4. B．55. C．59. D．114. 2．What does the underlined word “milestone” mean in Chinese? A．记录 B．事业 C．里程碑 D．起点 3．GLONASS belongs to_________. A．China B．the United States C．Russia D．the European Union 4．According to the passage, what can we know? A．The last satellite of BDS was launched at 9:43 pm, June 23rd, 2020. B．The new satellite is designed to work for at most 12 years. C．BDS is shared only by China as public resources. D．So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【解析】2020年6月23日9点43分，北斗卫星导航系统第55颗卫星在西昌卫星发射中心成功送入太空。这次发射表明我国已经完成了我国最大的太空系统，是四个全球导航系统之一。北斗系统将为全世界提供更多服务，是人类发展的共同财富。 1．细节理解题。根据“It is the 55th member in the family of BeiDou.”可知，它是北斗家族的第55个成员。所以北斗家族有55个成员，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。分析“So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS. It was a new milestone in the nation’s space research work.”可知，目前中国已建成北斗系统第三代网络。这是我国空间研究工作的一个新的里程碑。所以此处milestone的意思是“里程碑”，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Russia’s GLONASS”可知，GLONASS属于俄罗斯，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS.”可知，目前中国已建成北斗系统第三代网络。故选D。 2 The little girl came home from school. She surprised her mother by saying, “I love my teacher! My teacher won’t let me be bad.” She told her mother that she had been talking in class and that her teacher had made her stand at the back of the room for 5 minutes. It was a small punishment. The teacher later explained, ”You are a good girl and I want you to be a good student, so won’t let you be bad.” Keeping discipline (纪律)  in classroom is one of a teacher’s most important and difficult jobs. When students obey the rules, it will be easier to focus on the lessons. If students are talking or playing on their phones, it will become a big problem. So sometimes, teachers have to be strict. Some small punishments are allowed at school, including saying angry words about some students’ bad behaviors. Making students stand at the back of the room to think about their own mistakes is another way to punish the students who break the rules. What teachers mustn’t do is to hit students. This has been illegal in China since 1986. Recently, the government says it plans to come out new guidelines (指导方针) for teachers on what they can and can’t do to discipline students. Physical punishment, of course, is out. However, teachers should still have the power to use proper punishments when students behave badly or disobey the school rules. Remember, if a teacher is strict, it’s not because he or she likes being cruel. It’s because he or she loves you. Just like the little girl’s teacher, your teacher won’t let you be bad. 1．The writer leads in the topic by ________. A．comparing B．explaining C．giving examples D．listing numbers 2．The underlined word “illegal ” in Paragraph 2 means ________. A．违法的 B．忌讳的 C．守法的 D．允许的 3．The purpose of the writing shows that ________. A．physical punishment is out B．hitting students is not allowed in school C．it’s difficult to keep discipline in the classroom D．teachers are strict because they won’t let you be bad 4．The passage probably comes from ________ column (栏目) of a newspaper. A．law B．education C．science D．health 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【解析】这篇短文主要讲述了对“老师应不应该对学生有适当的惩罚”的话题进行分析和阐述，并且在最后提出对学适当进行惩罚是可以接受的，同时也解释了老师惩罚学生是为了不让学生变坏。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The little girl came home from school. She surprised her mother by saying, “I love my teacher! My  teacher won’t let me be bad.” She told her mother that she had been talking in class and that her teacher had made her stand at the back of the room for 5 minutes. It was a small punishment. The teacher later explained, ”You are a good girl and I want you to be a good student, so won’t let you be bad.””可知，作者通过举小女孩的例子，老师对她小小的惩罚。让她知道课上学生们要遵守纪律来引出文章的话题。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文“What teachers mustn’t do is to hit students.”可知，此处是说老师打学生是违法的。此处illegal是形容词，违法的。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据文中“Remember, if a teacher is strict, it’s not because he or she likes being cruel. It’s because he or she loves you. Just like the little girl’s teacher, your teacher won’t let you be bad.”可知，这篇短文主要是想告诉我们，老师很严格，因为他们不会让你变坏。故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读整篇短文可知，老师应该对学生们有适当的惩罚，因为他们不会让学生们变坏。这是一篇关于教育的文章。故选B。 利用对比等关系猜测词义 【题型特点】 文章中通过将生词与已知的事物进行对比或类比，从而暗示生词的词义。 1.对比关系明显：试题中会出现明显的对比信息，通过诸如 “but”“however”“while”“although”“instead of” 等表示转折或对比的连词、短语，将生词与已知信息联系起来，形成对比关系，让学生根据这种关系来推测生词的含义。 2.涉及多种对比形式：对比可以是同一事物不同方面的对比，也可以是不同事物之间的对比。例如，可能是一个人在不同时期的状态对比，或者是两种不同观点、两种相反行为的对比等。 3.考查逻辑推理能力：要求学生能够理解上下文的逻辑关系，通过分析对比双方的特点、性质等，推断出生词的大致含义，重点考查学生的逻辑推理和分析能力。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... probably means... Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.忽视对比信号词：学生可能因为阅读不仔细，没有注意到文中的对比关系信号词，从而无法发现对比线索，导致不能正确猜测词义。例如，在 “Although he looks strong, he is actually quite frail.” 中，若忽略 “Although”，就难以意识到 “strong” 与 “frail” 是对比关系，进而无法猜出 “frail” 是 “虚弱的” 意思。 2.对比关系理解错误：有时对比关系较为复杂，可能不是简单的直接对立，学生可能会错误理解对比的内容和逻辑关系。比如，“Unlike his brother, who is very outgoing, Tom is quite reserved.” 这里 “unlike” 表示对比，但学生可能会错误地认为 “reserved” 是与 “outgoing” 完全相反的意思，而实际上 “reserved” 更侧重于 “内向、矜持”，并非绝对的 “不外向”，这种细微的差别需要学生准确把握。 3.脱离语境猜测：部分学生可能仅根据自己对对比词的一般理解来猜测生词词义，而不结合具体语境进行分析。例如，看到 “contrast” 引导的对比，就直接认为对比的两个词是绝对的反义词，而忽略了语境中可能存在的特殊情况或限定条件，导致猜测的词义与文章实际表达的意思不符。 【突破策略】 注意文中出现的表示对比或类比的词语和句子结构，如 “like”“as... as”“unlike”“while” 等。通过分析对比或类比的对象之间的关系，找出与生词对应的已知事物的特征，从而推测生词的词义。同时，要依据原文信息进行合理推测，避免过度推断。 1.确定对比关系词：首先要在文中找到表示对比关系的词或短语，这些是解题的关键信号。如看到 “while”，就要意识到其前后内容可能存在对比。 2.分析对比内容：仔细对比生词所在句子与另一个与之形成对比的句子的内容，找出两者之间的差异和对立点。例如，在 “She is usually talkative, but today she is rather reticent.” 中，“but” 表明前后对比，“talkative” 意为 “健谈的”，那么 “reticent” 就与 “健谈的” 相反，可推测出是 “沉默寡言的” 意思。 3.合理推断词义：根据对比双方的逻辑关系，结合已知信息，合理推断生词的含义。如果对比的一方是具体的行为或特征，那么另一方往往是相反的行为或特征。 易错点分析 1 Many Chinese students are trying their best to pass English tests like the TOEFL and IELTS. At the same time, many non-native (非本土的) Chinese speakers are struggling to learn Chinese and pass the HSK. The HSK is the official test for non-native Chinese speakers. Passing it can give them new work or education opportunities. It has been offered since 1992. Each of the exam’s six levels include three parts: listening, grammar practice and reading. In 2018, the HSK was taken 6.8 million times, up 4.6 percent from 2017, according to the Ministry of Education. Schools in countries around the world are starting to offer more Chinese language programs. That’s because economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries are continuing to increase,  China Daily reported. For example, the Zambian government has already rolled out Manndarin (推出普通话) classes in over 1,000 secondary schools since May, 2020. It has become the largest Chinese language program in Africa. Zambia will become the fourth country on the continent—after Kenya, Uganda and South Africa-to offer Chinese language programs in its schools. In the year of 2019, Russian middle school students started to take Chinese as an elective (选修的) foreign language on Russia’s national college entrance exam. “I am fascinated with China’s history, culture and language, as well as its economic development. I think studying in China could offer me some great job opportunities”, Patcharamai Sawanaporn, 26, a Thai graduate student in Beijing, told China Daily. 1．What do we know about the HSK test? A．Each level of the test includes three parts. B．It is harder to pass than TOEFL or IELTS. C．Over 4.6 million foreigners took the test in 2017. D．All foreigners who come to China are required to take it. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in Para.2 refer to? A．Thai graduates. B．Chinese students. C．Non-native Chinese speakers. D．Russian students. 3．According to China Daily, more countries are promoting Chinese because of ________. A．the increasing number of Chinese overseas students B．the rapid development of Chinese language programs C．the fact that Chinese is one of the UN’s official languages D．the increasing economic and cultural exchanges with China 4．The passage is written to ________. A．explain what the HSK test is B．offer advice for taking the HSK test C．prove that Chinese is not difficult to learn D．show that more people are learning Chinese 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了当下全球流行的汉语热。 1．细节理解题。根据“Each of the exam’s six levels include three parts: listening, grammar practice and reading”可知，每个考试都包含三部分，故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据“The HSK is the official test for non-native Chinese speakers. Passing it can give them new work or education opportunities”可知，通过这个考试可以给非汉语母语人士提供新的机会和教育机会，所以them指代“Non-native Chinese speakers”，故填C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Schools in countries around the world are starting to offer more Chinese language programs. That’s because economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries are continuing to increase”可知，更多的国家正在推广汉语，是因为与中国日益增加的经济和文化交流，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据“At the same time, many non-native (非本土的) Chinese speakers are struggling to learn Chinese and pass the HSK”“In 418, the HSK was taken 6.8 million times, up 4.6percent from 417, according to the Ministry of Education”及“Schools in countries around the world are starting to offer more Chinese language programs”可知，作者写本文的目的是想告诉读者，越来越多的人在学汉语，故选D。 2 Members of a native community in the arctic areas of Sweden say their reindeer (驯鹿) are facing possible starvation (饥饿) from unusual weather related to climate change. The Sami indigenous community takes care of about 8,000 reindeer throughout the year. The animals are moved between traditional feeding areas in high mountains near Norway in the summer and forests farther east in the winter. Community member Niila Inga is worried about his reindeer. He said climate change has affected the area’s weather activity and created food shortages. “If we don’t find better areas for them where they can graze and find food, then the reindeer will starve to death,” Inga said. He demonstrated the problem by reaching down into the snow and pulling up a hard piece of ice close to the soil. The area received unusual snowfall early in the fall, followed by rain that froze (结冰). Inga said this keeps the plants that reindeer eat under a thick cover of ice. Some of the hungry reindeer have now moved away from their traditional migration (迁徙) areas in search of food. Community members say half the reindeer moved towards the east as planned. But the rest headed back to the mountains, where they face the risk of attacks by other animals or being caught in an avalanche. Older members of the Sami community say that in the past, they only encountered bad winters about once every ten years. But now, Inga says “extreme and strange weathers are getting more and more normal,” happening several times a year. Snowfall is normal for the area. But as temperatures increase, rain can also fall, creating a “rain-on-snow” effect. When this happens, food stays underneath the ice where the reindeer cannot reach it. This causes the animals to grow weaker and struggle to make it through the winter. Weather changes have hit the Sami community hard. Sanna Vannar is president of the Swedish Sami Youth organization. The group made an action to force the European Union (EU) to reduce human-caused greenhouse gases. “We’ve said we don’t want money because we can’t buy better weather with money,” Vannar said. “We’ve said we need the EU to take action and they need to do it now.” 1．What problem are the reindeer facing now? A．Hot weather. B．Food shortage. C．The risk of migration. D．The loss of their home. 2．What does the underlined word “graze” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Eat grass. B．Give birth. C．Have a sleep. D．Move around. 3．Why did some reindeer move towards the east? A．To escape being attacked by other animals. B．To find a warmer place for winter. C．To escape from natural risks. D．To search for food. 4．What’s the purpose of the Swedish Sami Youth by making an action? A．To get some money. B．To join the European Union. C．To improve weather conditions. D．To protect the soil of the arctic areas. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了气候变化影响了瑞典北极地区的天气活动，造成了粮食短缺，因此驯鹿正面临饥饿。作者呼吁欧盟采取行动。 1．细节理解题。根据“Members of a native community in the arctic areas of Sweden say their reindeer are facing possible starvation from unusual weather related to climate change.”可知驯鹿正面临着食物短缺问题。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“If we don’t find better areas for them where they can graze and find food, then the reindeer will starve to death”可知驯鹿如果不吃东西就会饿死，因此可知“graze”与吃东西有关，结合选项可知意为“吃草”。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“Some of the hungry reindeer have now moved away from their traditional migration areas in search of food.”可知驯鹿向东迁徙是为了寻找食物。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“Sanna Vannar is president of the Swedish Sami Youth organization. The group made an action to force the European Union (EU) to reduce human-caused greenhouse gases.”及“We’ve said we don’t want money because we can’t buy better weather with money”可知这一组织采取行动是为了改善气候条件。故选C。 依据定义与解释猜测词义 【题型特点】 文章中对生词直接给出定义、解释或说明，学生需要根据这些内容来理解生词的含义。 1.有明确的定义或解释：文章中会对需要猜测的生词给出明确的定义或解释，通常以 “be defined as”“be known as”“mean”“refer to” 等短语引出定义，或者通过同位语、定语从句、破折号、冒号等语法结构对生词进行解释说明。 2.解释内容具体详细：用来解释生词的内容一般比较具体，会从生词的性质、特征、功能、用途等方面进行描述，以便学生能够根据这些信息准确理解生词的含义。 考查对解释信息的理解：重点考查学生能否识别并理解文章中给出的定义或解释信息，以及能否将这些信息与所考查的生词建立正确的联系，从而准确猜测词义。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... is defined as... According to the passage, the term “...” refers to... 【易错分析】 1.忽略解释标志：学生在阅读时可能粗心大意，没有注意到文中的定义或解释标志，从而错过关键信息，无法正确猜测词义。比如，在 “Diabetes, a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, is becoming more and more common.” 中，若忽略了 “a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels” 这个对 “diabetes” 的解释，就很难猜出其意为 “糖尿病”。 2.关键信息提取不准确：可能无法准确从解释内容中提取关键信息，或者对关键信息的理解出现偏差。例如，对于 “Metamorphosis refers to the process by which an animal changes its form or structure during its life cycle.”，如果学生没有抓住 “changes its form or structure” 这个关键信息，就可能误解 “metamorphosis” 的含义。 3.脱离语境判断：仅仅根据定义或解释猜测词义，而不考虑上下文语境，可能会选择一个与文章实际意思不符的选项。因为有些词在不同语境中可能有不同的侧重点或具体含义，需要结合上下文来准确把握。例如，“bank” 一词有 “银行”“河岸” 等意思，在 “He sat on the bank of the river. ” 这句话中，根据 “of the river” 这个语境，可确定 “bank” 是 “河岸” 的意思，而不是 “银行”。 【突破策略】 仔细阅读文章，留意那些对生词进行解释说明的句子，通常会使用 “is”“means”“that is”“in other words” 等标志性词语来引出定义或解释。对于解释内容中出现的不熟悉的词汇，可以进一步根据上下文或已有的知识进行理解，以准确把握生词的词义。 1.寻找定义或解释标志：首先要留意文中是否有表示定义或解释的标志性词语、短语或语法结构。如看到 “be called”“that is”“in other words” 等，就要意识到后面可能是对前面生词的解释。 2.提取关键信息：从定义或解释的内容中提取关键信息，明确生词的主要特征、属性等。例如，在 “Anthropology is the scientific study of man.” 中，“the scientific study of man” 就是 “anthropology” 的定义关键信息，由此可知 “anthropology” 是 “人类学” 的意思。 结合上下文验证：将猜测出的词义代入原文中，结合上下文语境进行验证，看是否符合文章的逻辑和语义。 1 I decided to explore the island and set off cautiously in case I was attacked. I found a road with tracks of human feet as well as of cows and horses. Suddenly, I saw some strange disgusting creatures with long hair. They were dirty and smelly. They were about to attack me when all of them ran off as an impressive grey horse came close. Later, another large horse arrived and they began talking about me. They made horsey sounds which were only understood by themselves and kept examining me and touching my clothes and body. I repeatedly heard the word “Yahoo” in their conversation. I had the impression that these horses were extremely intelligent as they communicated in a logical manner. The horses indicated that they wanted to take me somewhere. I followed them to a large wooden building. To my surprise, there weren’t any humans but horses inside. Again, as they spoke about me, the word “Yahoo” was constantly repeated.   One horse took me outside. Here there were three of the smelly creatures who tried to attack me earlier. The horse put me near the creature and I was aware that it wanted to compare me with them. At first I felt insulted(侮辱的) to be compared with these dirty ones but when I looked closer, I discovered that they were exactly like me — They were my own kind.    ________. However, what the horses didn’t understand was why I was so similar to them. Even I didn’t want to associate with these creatures. I immediately understood that I preferred the company of horses. 1．What did I think of the horses? A．They were dirty and smelly. B．There were afraid of me. C．They were intelligent enough to communicate with each other. D．They wanted to kill me for food. 2．What does the word “disgusting” mean in the passage? A．horrible B．gentle C．violent D．wonderful 3．Which of the following sentence is suitable for the blank? A．These creatures would be attacked by the horses. B．The creatures and I were surely the same. C．The creatures were the Yahoos, which mean humans. D．The horses would protect me from attacks. 4．Why did I say “I preferred the company of horses”? A．Because the number of horses were larger than those of the other creatures. B．Because some horses would look after the young in a gentle way. C．Because the horses are more good-looking than the other creatures. D．Because horses are more intelligent and I felt safer to stay with them. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，来自于《格列佛游记》中关于慧骃国的节选。 1．细节理解题。根据原文“I had the impression that these horses were extremely intelligent as they communicated in a logical manner”可知，因为马的沟通方式很有逻辑性，所以作者认为它们很聪明。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据下文“They were dirty and smelly”可知，这些长发生物又脏又臭，所以可推断disgusting有“恶心的、可恶的”之意。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据上文“as they spoke about me, the word “Yahoo” was constantly repeated … They were my own kind”可知，作者此处发现，马口中所说的Yahoo是指和作者一样的人类。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据原文“I had the impression that these horses were extremely intelligent as they communicated in a logical manner … Here there were three of the smelly creatures who tried to attack me earlier”可知，这些马很聪明，并且那些同为人类的生物想袭击作者，所以作者更愿意跟马呆在一起。故选D。 2 If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language? According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter（脑灰质）. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the effect is greater, the younger people learn a second language. A team led by Dr Andrea Michelle, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learned a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density（密度）in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference is. “Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists. It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn. Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales has researched the link between bilingualism and math skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible（灵活的）,” he said, “You are actually going beyond（超出） language and have a better understanding of different ideas." The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and thirty-four. Reading, writing and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists. 1．If people learn other languages, what will be changed? A．white matter B．grey matter C．exercise D．muscles 2．What does the underlined word “bilingual” probably mean in Chinese? A．双语学习者 B．词汇学 C．口语交际 D．实用语法 3．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A．Leaning other languages can make you become smarter. B．A second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. C．Learning other languages can change grey matter which processes information. D．Grey matter density in the brain was worse in bilinguals than that in people without a second language. 4．In the last two paragraphs, the writer wants to tell us that ________. A．Italian is the best choice for you to learn as a second language B．learning a second language is the same as studying math C．early learning of a second language helps you a lot in studying other subjects D．you’d better choose the ages between two and thirty-four to learn a second language 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】短文大意：本文介绍了英国一所大学的一项新研究，发现学习第二语言时人的大脑灰质密度会发生更大的变化，对阅读、写作和理解都有很大帮助，所以，学习第二语言可以提高人的智力，早期学习第二语言也可以对你学习其他科目有帮助。 1．细节理解题。根据“Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter”可知，学习其他语言会改变大脑灰质，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learned a second language before the age of five”可知，与一组很早就学会了第二语言的进行了比较，这些人不但会英语，还会其他语言，所以可推断出bilinguals表示“双语学习者”，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“Scans showed that grey matter density（密度）in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language”可知，双语者的大脑灰质密度比不懂第二语言的人要高，D表述错误，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better”及全段的内容，可知，作者通过最后两段想告诉我们，早期学习第二语言对你学习其他科目有很大帮助，故选C。 结合常识和背景等猜测词义 【题型特点】 借助学生已有的生活常识、文化背景知识以及对某一领域的了解来推测生词的含义。 1.与常识相关：试题中出现的生词往往可以通过学生已有的生活常识、学科知识或社会文化背景来推测其含义。这些常识可能涉及到自然科学、历史地理、日常生活、文化习俗等多个领域。 2.灵活性较强：不像其他一些题型有较为明显的线索或固定的模式，这类题需要学生灵活运用自己的知识储备，将常识与文章内容相结合进行判断，对学生的综合素养要求较高。 3.上下文线索较少：文章中对生词的直接提示信息可能相对较少，主要依靠学生自身积累的常识和背景知识来填补信息空缺，从而理解生词的大致意思。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” probably mean? The word “...” in the passage most likely refers to... Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.常识储备不足：如果学生缺乏相关的常识和背景知识，就很难准确猜测出生词的含义。例如，对于不了解生物学中 “photosynthesis”（光合作用）概念的学生，在遇到相关文章时，就难以通过常识来理解这个词的意思。 2.误判常识关联：学生可能会错误地将一些不相关的常识与生词联系起来，导致猜测错误。比如，看到 “mummy” 一词，可能会联想到日常生活中的 “妈妈”，而忽略了在考古学或古埃及文化背景下，“mummy” 通常指 “木乃伊”。 3.过度依赖常识：虽然常识很重要，但不能完全脱离文章上下文来单纯依靠常识判断。有些生词的含义可能在特定语境中有特殊的引申或变化，如果不结合上下文进行分析，可能会得出错误的结论。例如，“table” 通常指 “桌子”，但在 “table a proposal” 这个短语中，“table” 的意思是 “搁置（提案）”，如果只根据常识理解为 “桌子”，就无法正确理解句子的意思。 【突破策略】 平时要多积累各种常识和背景知识，包括自然科学、历史文化、社会生活等方面。在阅读时，当遇到生词且通过上下文等方法难以猜测词义时，尝试联系相关的常识和背景知识进行思考。同时，要注意纠正自己错误的常识，确保依据准确的知识来推测词义。 1.调动相关常识：首先要根据生词所在的语境，迅速调动自己头脑中与之相关的常识和背景知识。例如，文章提到 “astronaut”，学生可以联想到与太空探索相关的知识，知道 “astronaut” 是 “宇航员” 的意思。 2.结合上下文验证：将根据常识推测出的词义代入到文章的上下文中，看是否符合逻辑和语义。如果代入后文章内容通顺、合理，那么这个猜测很可能是正确的。比如，在描述太空任务的文章中，提到 “astronauts conduct experiments in space”，将 “astronauts” 理解为 “宇航员”，与后文 “在太空进行实验” 的内容相契合。 3.排除干扰选项：有些选项可能会故意设置一些与常识相关但不符合文章语境的干扰项。学生需要仔细分析每个选项，根据常识和上下文来排除那些明显错误的选项，提高答题的准确率。 1 China is a nation of etiquette (礼仪). Chinese people are among the most hospitable (好客的) people in the world. If foreigners visit a Chinese family, they would be surprised at the warmth that they would receive as guests. When you visit a Chinese family, the host usually makes tea for you. Then he will serve you snacks like biscuits or candy. Someone in the family will also chat with you, never letting you feel lonely. At the same time, other family members will prepare a meal for you. Chinese people treat their guests with a big meal. They always present more food than the guest can eat. At table, guests are supposed to start eating first. Perhaps one of the things that surprises a Western guest most is that the Chinese host likes to pick up food for visitors, which won’t happen at Western tables. The Chinese family go out of their way to make you feel at home. As you are done eating, the host usually says, “It seems that you didn’t eat much. Please have more.” Being warm and hospitable has long been an important part of Chinese culture and tradition. As Confucius (孔子) said thousands of years ago: To meet friends from afar. How happy we are! 1．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．Chinese people are more hospitable than the other people. B．Foreigners would be surprised when eating Chinese food. C．Chinese people like having meals as guests with foreigners. D．Foreigners will be treated warmly when visiting a Chinese family. 2．When foreigners visit a Chinese family, they will feel _________. A．at home B．lonely C．tired D．at a loss 3．Why are guests supposed to start eating first? A．Because they are hungrier than the host. B．Because it’s one of the Chinese table manners. C．Because the host is busy preparing the meal. D．Because it’s one of the Western table manners. 4．What does the underlined phrase “go out of their way” mean in Paragraph 3? A．get in their way B．rush out of their house C．have no way D．try their best 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文主要讲了中国人的热情好客的文化习俗。 1．推理判断题。根据“If foreigners visit a Chinese family, they would be surprised at the warmth that they would receive as guests”可知，外国人在拜访中国家庭时会受到热情的对待，所以D表述正确，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“The Chinese family go out of their way to make you feel at home”可知，当外国人拜访中国家庭时，他们会有宾至如归的感觉，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“At table, guests are supposed to start eating first”及常识，可知，因为这是中国餐桌礼仪之一，故选B。 4．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的描述，在饭桌上，中国人会让客人先吃，而且会为客人夹菜，所做的这一切就是为了努力让客人有宾至如归的感觉，所以go out of their way表示“尽力做某事”，故选D。 2 A few days ago, I received a letter from my Aunt Loraine. It was a handwritten letter thanking me for some Shanghai cookies I had sent her. Aunt Lorraine is ninety-one years old and she has wonderful manners. That is why she sent me the “thank you” letter. She also has wonderful handwriting. Her penmanship (书法) is smooth. It is a pleasure to read. Aunt Lorraine was educated half a century ago. At that time, penmanship was considered an important skill. Now, it is the age of e-mail and social media. Few people have the time or hope to practice their penmanship or write letters by hand. This is not good. in my view, good penmanship still counts. This is especially true in school. If you want to get good grades, keeping your writing clean and beautiful will be important. Your writing might be full of good ideas. However, terrible handwriting can turn an A into a B．Awful handwriting can get you a D! Good penmanship has other advantages, too. Since it's a skill, it trains your brain and develops your learning abilities. It also helps you organize your thoughts. And, believe it or not, that slow process of pushing a pen along paper improves your reading, spelling and even your pronunciation of English. Apart from all these educational advantages, good penmanship also has personal advantages.  A beautifully written letter to a friend is something he or she will treasure forever. A letter that looks as if a chicken bad danced across the paper will be quickly thrown away. I have kept the letter from my Aunt Lorraine. It's a great treasure! 1．Why did Aunt Lorraine write a letter to the author? A．To express her thanks. B．To show her wonderful manners. C．To make herself pleased. D．To set a good example to the author. 2．According to the author,which of the following is NOT the advantage of good handwriting? A．Getting good grades on your writing. B．Organizing your thoughts. C．Making your writing full of good ideas. D．Improving your English pronunciation. 3．The underlined part in the last paragraph is used to describe ________. A．a boring letter B．a great treasure C．bad handwriting D．good penmanship 4．What does the author want to do by writing this article? A．To express the importance of clean and beautiful handwriting. B．To share her pleasure of hearing from her aunt. C．TO talk about her experiences of practicing penmanship. D．To encourage people to write litters by hand instead of e-mailing. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文作者通过介绍洛琳姨妈的手写信，强调了重视干净漂亮的书法的重要性。 1．细节判断题。根据“I received a letter from my Aunt Loraine. It was a handwritten letter thanking me for some Shanghai cookies I had sent her”，可知是感谢“我”寄给她的一些上海饼干；To express her thanks“来表达她的谢意”符合题意，故选A。 2．细节理判断。根据“Your writing might be full of good ideas. However, terrible handwriting can turn an A into a B”可知，充满了好主意的书写不是好的书写的优点，故选C。 3．句意理解题。根据上文“A beautifully written letter to a friend is something he or she will treasure forever”，可知这里是和好书写作对比，形容不好的书写像小鸡跳舞一样，故选C。 4．主旨理解题。根据短文内容，结合“Apart from all these educational advantages, good penmanship also has personal advantages”，可知干净漂亮的书写很重要；To express the importance of clean and beautiful handwriting“表达干净漂亮的书法的重要性 ”符合文意，故选A。 1 / 17 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 易错点13 阅读理解词义猜测题 (五大易错点+五大类型突破+易错通关练) 目录 易错点分析 1 脱离文章语境 2 忽略逻辑关系 3 不熟悉构词法 4 易受母语干扰 5 缺乏背景知识 易错点突破 1 基于上下文语境猜测词义 2 根据构词法知识猜测词义 3 利用对比等关系猜测词义 4 依据定义与解释猜测词义 5 结合常识背景等猜测词义 易错点一：脱离文章语境 【问题表现】 学生在猜测词义时，没有充分考虑单词所在的上下文语境，仅凭对单词的表面印象或自己熟悉的词义来判断，导致错误。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The underlined word ‘novel’ in the sentence ‘This is a novel idea that I have never heard before.’ means .”时， 有些学生可能会直接选择“小说” 这个熟悉的词义，而忽略了语境中 “我以前从未听说过的” 这一描述，其实这里 “novel” 的意思是 “新奇的”。 【突破策略】 认真阅读单词所在的句子以及前后文，通过上下文提供的信息、逻辑关系等来推断词义。比如在上述例句中，根据 “我以前从未听说过” 可以推断出 “novel” 是形容这个想法很特别、新颖，而不是 “小说” 的意思。 易错点二：忽略逻辑关系 【问题表现】 未能准确把握上下文的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列等，从而无法正确推测词义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The word 'fails' here probably means .”(文章中的句子：He is very lazy. As a result, he often fails in his exams. )时， 如果学生没有理解 “因为懒惰，所以……” 这种因果关系，可能就不能准确猜出 “fails” 是 “不及格；失败” 的意思。 【突破策略】 学会识别表示逻辑关系的词，如 “but”“however”“therefore”“and”“or” 等。根据这些词所提示的逻辑关系来推断词义。例如，“and” 连接的两个词通常是相近或相关的意思，“but”“however” 等连接的则是相反的意思。在上述例子中，“as a result” 表示因果关系，因为懒惰，所以考试经常不及格，由此可推出 “fails” 的意思。 易错点三：不熟悉构词法 【问题表现】 对英语中的构词法，如前缀、后缀、合成词、派生词等不了解，不能通过分析单词的结构来猜测词义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The word 'unhappy' means .”时， 如果学生不知道 “un -” 是表示否定的前缀，就可能无法准确猜出 “unhappy” 是 “不开心的” 意思。 【突破策略】 掌握常见的构词法知识。比如，常见的否定前缀有 “un -”“in -”“dis -” 等；名词后缀有 “- tion”“- ment”“- er”“- or” 等，形容词后缀有 “- ful”“- less”“- able” 等。通过分析单词的结构，结合已知的词根和词缀的含义，来推测词义。对于 “unhappy”，知道 “happy” 是 “开心的”，“un -” 表示否定，就能猜出其意为 “不开心的”。 易错点四：易受母语干扰 【问题表现】 习惯用母语的思维和表达方式来理解英语单词的词义，忽略了英语单词在特定语境中的特殊含义。 【示例分析】 在分析题目“The underlined word 'tastes' means .”（文章中的句子：The Chinese food tastes delicious. ）时， 有些学生可能会受母语 “尝起来” 的影响，只想到用舌头品尝这个动作，而忽略了 “taste” 在这里是系动词，意为 “尝起来（有某种味道）”，后面接形容词作表语。 【突破策略】 培养英语思维，多阅读英语原文，了解英语单词在不同语境中的用法和含义。遇到词义猜测题时，不要直接将英语单词对应到母语的某个词，而是要根据英语的语言习惯和上下文来理解。像 “tastes” 在上述句子中，根据 “食物尝起来美味” 的语境，就能准确理解它作为系动词的含义。 易错点五：缺乏背景知识 【问题表现】 由于对文章涉及的主题或相关领域的背景知识不了解，影响对某些关键词词义的猜测。 【示例分析】 在一篇关于航天的文章中提到 “astronaut” 这个词（文章中的句子：The astronaut is going to space. ）如果学生对航天领域不了解，不知道 “astronaut” 是 “宇航员” 的意思，就很难猜出其词义。 【突破策略】 日常学习中要广泛阅读，拓宽知识面，了解不同领域的常见词汇和背景知识。对于一些常见的主题，如科技、文化、历史、环保等，要积累相关的词汇和背景信息。这样在遇到相关文章时，即使遇到生词，也能根据已有的背景知识和上下文来推测词义。对于 “astronaut”，如果学生知道航天相关知识，就容易猜出是 “进入太空的人”，即 “宇航员”。 基于上下文语境猜测词义 【题型特点】 要求学生根据生词所在的上下文语境，如句子中的其他词汇、短语、句子结构以及上下文的逻辑关系等来推断词义。 1.考查方式灵活：这类试题通常不会直接考查学生对单词本义的掌握，而是将生词置于具体的语境中，要求学生通过分析上下文来推断其在特定语境下的含义。例如，可能会给出一个含有生词的句子或段落，让学生根据周围的词汇、短语、句子结构以及上下文的逻辑关系等来猜测生词的意思。 2.语境线索丰富：上下文会提供多种线索帮助学生猜测词义，包括同义词、反义词、解释说明、举例、因果关系、转折关系、并列关系等。比如，通过 “and” 连接的两个词可能是同义词关系，“but” 连接的则可能是反义词关系；“such as”“for example” 等引导的内容是对前文的举例说明，有助于理解生词。 3.词汇范围广泛：考查的生词可以是名词、动词、形容词、副词等各种词性，涵盖日常生活、学习、科普、文化等多个领域的词汇，有些甚至是学生在课本中未学过但在阅读中可能遇到的词汇。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... probably means... What is the meaning of the underlined word “...” in the context? Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.忽略关键线索：学生可能会忽略一些重要的上下文线索，导致对词义的理解出现偏差。例如，在 “He was very lethargic today. He usually is active and energetic, but today he just lay on the couch and didn't want to do anything.” 中，如果忽略了 “but” 后面描述的与平时 “active and energetic” 相反的状态，就可能无法准确猜出 “lethargic” 是 “没精打采的；懒洋洋的” 意思。 2.脱离语境主观臆断：有些学生可能会根据自己对单词的固有印象或片面理解来猜测词义，而不考虑具体的语境。比如，看到 “bank” 就直接认为是 “银行” 的意思，而在 “He sat on the bank of the river. ” 这个句子中，结合 “river” 可知 “bank” 应是 “河岸” 的意思。 3.对复杂语境理解困难：当上下文语境较为复杂，涉及多个句子或多种逻辑关系时，学生可能难以理清头绪，准确把握生词的含义。例如，在 “Due to the inclement weather, the outdoor activity was cancelled. The sky was overcast, the wind was howling, and it was raining heavily.” 中，需要综合 “天气导致活动取消” 以及后面具体描述的恶劣天气状况，才能猜出 “inclement” 是 “恶劣的” 意思，这对学生的语境分析能力要求较高。 【突破策略】 仔细阅读生词前后的句子，分析句子之间的逻辑关系，寻找能够提示词义的线索。比如，“because”“so” 等词提示因果关系，“but”“however” 等词提示转折关系，“and”“or” 等词提示并列关系。同时，注意文中的解释说明、举例等内容，它们也有助于理解生词的含义。 1.精读上下文：仔细阅读生词所在的句子以及前后的句子，全面理解上下文的内容，不要只关注局部信息。例如，在句子 “She was so parsimonious that she never wasted a single penny.” 中，仅从 “never wasted a single penny” 就可以推测出 “parsimonious” 是形容人在花钱方面很节俭的意思。 2.分析逻辑关系：确定上下文之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列、递进等。如 “Although he is wealthy, he is very humble.” 中，“although” 表明前后是转折关系，由此可猜出 “humble” 与 “wealthy” 所表达的物质层面的丰富不同，是形容人的品质，且与 “wealthy” 形成对比，进而推出是 “谦逊的” 意思。 3.利用解释说明：注意文中对生词的直接解释或暗示。有时作者会用 “that is”“in other words”“means” 等短语引出对生词的解释，或者通过定语从句、同位语等对生词进行说明。例如，“A meteorologist is a person who studies the weather. ” 通过 “who studies the weather” 这个定语从句，很容易理解 “meteorologist” 是 “气象学家” 的意思。 1 In many countries, tattoos are in fashion （时尚）. On TV you can often see a famous actor or musician with a tattoo on his arm or foot. Many sports players have them, too. In the US, tattoos are very popular. Forty percent of Americans aged between 26 and 40 have a tattoo, and 60 percent of customers in US tattoo parlors are women. These people are often professional people like doctor, teachers and lawyers. However, tattoos are not modern. In fact, they are very old in human history. For example, archaeologists* found a human in ice from 5,000 years ago. He had 57 tattoos on his back, ankles, legs, knees and feet. Tattoos were used for many different reasons. In ancient Egypt, people got tattoos because they were “beautiful”. But in ancient Rome, tattoos were negative and put on criminals* and prisoners. In India, tattoos were religious *. In the 16th and 17th century, European sailors arrived on the islands of Polynesia. They saw tattoos for the first time. The people on the islands had tattoos on their shoulders, chests, backs and legs. Often the tattoos were of animals or natural features like a river or a mountain. The European sailors liked them and made their own tattoos, so the idea traveled to Europe. Tattoos in Polynesia are still important today. They show information about a person’s history, their island or their job. So is there a connection between traditional tattoos and fashionable tattoos? And can you call tattoos a fashion? Chris Rainier is an expert in tattoos and his book Ancient Marks has photos of tattoos from all over the world. He thinks people in modern societies often have tattoos because they are a connection to the traditional world. But tattoos aren’t a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you can’t put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent* and for life. 1．When were tattoos brought to Europe? A．5,000 years ago. B．60 years ago. C．Until recently. D．In the 16th and 17th century. 2．What does the underlined word “parlors” mean? A．school. B．stores. C．factories. D．theaters. 3．What’s the Chris’s opinion about tattoos? A．Tattoos are religious in modern societies. B．Tattoos connect tradition with fashion. C．Tattoos are a fashion among famous people. D．Tattoos show information about a person’s hobby. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Tattoos’ History. B．Tattoos in Polynesia. C．Tattoos on a Human in Ice. D．Tattoos in Fashion and for Life. 2 Easter Island’s large and mysterious stone statues have made it world famous. These statues, which look like humans with huge stone cylinders balancing on their heads like hats, attract tourists coming from all over the world. The tourists come to see these works of ancient art carved by the early inhabitants of the island. They come to see the mystery that has baffled scientists for decades. Easter Island is located in a remote part of the South Pacific Ocean about 2,300 miles west of Chile. The island covers just 45 square miles and its Polynesian name is Rapa Nui. On Easter Sunday, 1722, a Dutch explorer named Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see Easter Island. The original Polynesian inhabitants of the island arrived centuries earlier. Scientists believe they carved these statues to honor their ancestors. The rock used for the making of the statues came from Rano Raraku, the extinct volcano that formed the island. The early Polynesians carved the statues within the holes of the volcano using only stone tools. Then they moved these huge statues to various destinations throughout the island. These 600 statues range in height from10-40 feet. Some of them weigh as much as 50 tons. How could the early Polynesians lift hundreds of heavy statues out of the volcano? How did they move them across the island to their various locations? All of these questions, as well as many others, remain unanswered. The early islanders probably worshiped these eyeless giants until sometime around 1670. In 1680, a war broke out between two groups of islanders. The victors of the war and ancestors of the present inhabitants, broke down many of the statues. In most cases, they broke the necks of the statues. Now 15 of the statues on Easter Island have been repaired to their original positions on their stone platforms. Even today, using modern tools and machinery, putting up such large statues and balancing cylinders on top of their head present a challenging task. 1．The underlined word “baffled” in the first paragraph means ________. A．puzzled B．encouraged C．pleased D．troubled 2．What do we know about Easter Island? A．It is in the center of Chile. B．It is located in the North Pacific Ocean. C．It was named after a Dutch explorer. D．Europeans landed there after Polynesians. 3．Scientists are still uncertain about ________. A．why people built the statues B．where people made the statues C．how people transported the statues D．how many statues there are on the island 4．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Early history of Easter Island B．Art of carving in Easter Island C．Mysterious statues in Easter Island D．Easter Island, a must-visit destination 根据构词法猜测词义 【题型特点】 通过分析单词的词根、词缀来推测词义，考查学生对英语构词法知识的掌握程度。 1.考查词汇的构词规律：主要考查学生对英语单词常见构词法的掌握，如派生、合成、转化等。通过给出一个包含不熟悉单词的句子或段落，要求学生依据构词法知识来推断该词的含义。 2.涉及多种词性变化：考查的词汇可以是名词、动词、形容词或副词等不同词性，通过添加前缀、后缀或改变词形来构成新的单词，让学生判断其意义和词性的变化。 3.强调基础知识运用：需要学生具备一定的词根、词缀知识以及对常见构词方式的理解，能够识别单词的组成部分，并根据这些信息推测词义。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... is closest in meaning to... What is the meaning of the underlined word “...” according to the passage? 【易错分析】 1.词缀理解不准确：学生可能对一些词缀的含义掌握不精确，导致猜错词义。例如，把 “dis -” 这个前缀只理解为 “不”，而忽略了它还有 “分开；远离” 等含义，在遇到 “disrupt”（扰乱；使中断）这个词时，就可能无法准确猜出其意思。 2.忽略词根变化：有些单词在构词过程中，词根可能会发生变形，但学生如果没有注意到这一点，就难以正确推测词义。如 “receive” 中的 “ - ceive” 是 “拿；取” 的意思，与 “conceive”（构思；怀孕）、“perceive”（察觉；感知）等词的词根有相似之处，但形式有所不同，如果不熟悉这种变化，就不易理解这些词的含义。 3.受相似词干扰：英语中有一些词的词形相似，但构词方式和含义不同，学生容易混淆。例如，“economic”（经济的）和 “economical”（节约的；经济实惠的），虽然都与 “economy”（经济）有关，但后缀不同，词义也有差别，如果不仔细区分，就可能会猜错词义。 【突破策略】 系统学习并牢记常见的构词法知识，包括各种前缀、后缀和词根的含义。遇到生词时，先尝试分析其结构，看是否能通过构词法来推测词义。同时，要注意积累一些特殊的构词情况，避免一概而论。 1.识别构词成分：首先要判断单词是通过哪种构词法构成的，确定其词根、前缀或后缀。例如，“unhappy” 这个词，“un -” 是表示否定的前缀，“happy” 是词根，所以可以猜出 “unhappy” 是 “不开心的” 意思。 2.结合常见词缀含义：牢记一些常见前缀和后缀的意义，如 “re -” 表示 “再一次；重新”，“ - ful” 表示 “充满…… 的”，“ - less” 表示 “没有…… 的” 等。如 “rebuild”，根据 “re -” 和 “build”（建造）的意思，可推出是 “重建” 的意思；“careless” 由 “care”（小心）和 “ - less” 构成，意为 “粗心的”。 3.考虑词性变化：注意构词法对词性的影响。比如，动词 “beauty” 加上后缀 “ - ful” 变成形容词 “beautiful”，意思是 “美丽的”；名词 “work” 加上后缀 “ - er” 变成名词 “worker”，表示 “工作的人” 即 “工人”。 1 Three-two-one, fire!                    At the moment of 9:43 a.m., on Tuesday, June 23rd, 2020, at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center (卫星发射中心) in Sichuan Province, the last satellite of the third-generation network (第三代导航系统) was sent into space. It is the 55th member in the family of BeiDou. It belongs to China’s Beidou Narigation Satellite System (BDS北斗卫星导航系统). So far, 59 satellites, including the first four test ones, have been launched from Xichang. With the development of China, we have already owned three other famous satellite launch centers-Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Wenchang. After a period of tests in space, this new satellite has started to work with other Beidou satellites together. It is designed to work for at least 12 years. So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS. It was a new milestone in the nation’s space research work. The launch showed our country has completed our largest space-based system. It’s one of four global navigation networks; including the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS and the European Union’s Galileo. BDS has been widely used as public resources in our daily life. It has been shared by the whole world. It will offer more services around the world. BDS is the common wealth of the development of human beings. 1．How many members are there in the family of Beidou? A．4. B．55. C．59. D．114. 2．What does the underlined word “milestone” mean in Chinese? A．记录 B．事业 C．里程碑 D．起点 3．GLONASS belongs to_________. A．China B．the United States C．Russia D．the European Union 4．According to the passage, what can we know? A．The last satellite of BDS was launched at 9:43 pm, June 23rd, 2020. B．The new satellite is designed to work for at most 12 years. C．BDS is shared only by China as public resources. D．So far, China has completed the third-generation network of China’s BDS. 2 The little girl came home from school. She surprised her mother by saying, “I love my teacher! My teacher won’t let me be bad.” She told her mother that she had been talking in class and that her teacher had made her stand at the back of the room for 5 minutes. It was a small punishment. The teacher later explained, ”You are a good girl and I want you to be a good student, so won’t let you be bad.” Keeping discipline (纪律)  in classroom is one of a teacher’s most important and difficult jobs. When students obey the rules, it will be easier to focus on the lessons. If students are talking or playing on their phones, it will become a big problem. So sometimes, teachers have to be strict. Some small punishments are allowed at school, including saying angry words about some students’ bad behaviors. Making students stand at the back of the room to think about their own mistakes is another way to punish the students who break the rules. What teachers mustn’t do is to hit students. This has been illegal in China since 1986. Recently, the government says it plans to come out new guidelines (指导方针) for teachers on what they can and can’t do to discipline students. Physical punishment, of course, is out. However, teachers should still have the power to use proper punishments when students behave badly or disobey the school rules. Remember, if a teacher is strict, it’s not because he or she likes being cruel. It’s because he or she loves you. Just like the little girl’s teacher, your teacher won’t let you be bad. 1．The writer leads in the topic by ________. A．comparing B．explaining C．giving examples D．listing numbers 2．The underlined word “illegal ” in Paragraph 2 means ________. A．违法的 B．忌讳的 C．守法的 D．允许的 3．The purpose of the writing shows that ________. A．physical punishment is out B．hitting students is not allowed in school C．it’s difficult to keep discipline in the classroom D．teachers are strict because they won’t let you be bad 4．The passage probably comes from ________ column (栏目) of a newspaper. A．law B．education C．science D．health 利用对比等关系猜测词义 【题型特点】 文章中通过将生词与已知的事物进行对比或类比，从而暗示生词的词义。 1.对比关系明显：试题中会出现明显的对比信息，通过诸如 “but”“however”“while”“although”“instead of” 等表示转折或对比的连词、短语，将生词与已知信息联系起来，形成对比关系，让学生根据这种关系来推测生词的含义。 2.涉及多种对比形式：对比可以是同一事物不同方面的对比，也可以是不同事物之间的对比。例如，可能是一个人在不同时期的状态对比，或者是两种不同观点、两种相反行为的对比等。 3.考查逻辑推理能力：要求学生能够理解上下文的逻辑关系，通过分析对比双方的特点、性质等，推断出生词的大致含义，重点考查学生的逻辑推理和分析能力。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... probably means... Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.忽视对比信号词：学生可能因为阅读不仔细，没有注意到文中的对比关系信号词，从而无法发现对比线索，导致不能正确猜测词义。例如，在 “Although he looks strong, he is actually quite frail.” 中，若忽略 “Although”，就难以意识到 “strong” 与 “frail” 是对比关系，进而无法猜出 “frail” 是 “虚弱的” 意思。 2.对比关系理解错误：有时对比关系较为复杂，可能不是简单的直接对立，学生可能会错误理解对比的内容和逻辑关系。比如，“Unlike his brother, who is very outgoing, Tom is quite reserved.” 这里 “unlike” 表示对比，但学生可能会错误地认为 “reserved” 是与 “outgoing” 完全相反的意思，而实际上 “reserved” 更侧重于 “内向、矜持”，并非绝对的 “不外向”，这种细微的差别需要学生准确把握。 3.脱离语境猜测：部分学生可能仅根据自己对对比词的一般理解来猜测生词词义，而不结合具体语境进行分析。例如，看到 “contrast” 引导的对比，就直接认为对比的两个词是绝对的反义词，而忽略了语境中可能存在的特殊情况或限定条件，导致猜测的词义与文章实际表达的意思不符。 【突破策略】 注意文中出现的表示对比或类比的词语和句子结构，如 “like”“as... as”“unlike”“while” 等。通过分析对比或类比的对象之间的关系，找出与生词对应的已知事物的特征，从而推测生词的词义。同时，要依据原文信息进行合理推测，避免过度推断。 1.确定对比关系词：首先要在文中找到表示对比关系的词或短语，这些是解题的关键信号。如看到 “while”，就要意识到其前后内容可能存在对比。 2.分析对比内容：仔细对比生词所在句子与另一个与之形成对比的句子的内容，找出两者之间的差异和对立点。例如，在 “She is usually talkative, but today she is rather reticent.” 中，“but” 表明前后对比，“talkative” 意为 “健谈的”，那么 “reticent” 就与 “健谈的” 相反，可推测出是 “沉默寡言的” 意思。 3.合理推断词义：根据对比双方的逻辑关系，结合已知信息，合理推断生词的含义。如果对比的一方是具体的行为或特征，那么另一方往往是相反的行为或特征。 易错点分析 1 Many Chinese students are trying their best to pass English tests like the TOEFL and IELTS. At the same time, many non-native (非本土的) Chinese speakers are struggling to learn Chinese and pass the HSK. The HSK is the official test for non-native Chinese speakers. Passing it can give them new work or education opportunities. It has been offered since 1992. Each of the exam’s six levels include three parts: listening, grammar practice and reading. In 2018, the HSK was taken 6.8 million times, up 4.6 percent from 2017, according to the Ministry of Education. Schools in countries around the world are starting to offer more Chinese language programs. That’s because economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries are continuing to increase,  China Daily reported. For example, the Zambian government has already rolled out Manndarin (推出普通话) classes in over 1,000 secondary schools since May, 2020. It has become the largest Chinese language program in Africa. Zambia will become the fourth country on the continent—after Kenya, Uganda and South Africa-to offer Chinese language programs in its schools. In the year of 2019, Russian middle school students started to take Chinese as an elective (选修的) foreign language on Russia’s national college entrance exam. “I am fascinated with China’s history, culture and language, as well as its economic development. I think studying in China could offer me some great job opportunities”, Patcharamai Sawanaporn, 26, a Thai graduate student in Beijing, told China Daily. 1．What do we know about the HSK test? A．Each level of the test includes three parts. B．It is harder to pass than TOEFL or IELTS. C．Over 4.6 million foreigners took the test in 2017. D．All foreigners who come to China are required to take it. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in Para.2 refer to? A．Thai graduates. B．Chinese students. C．Non-native Chinese speakers. D．Russian students. 3．According to China Daily, more countries are promoting Chinese because of ________. A．the increasing number of Chinese overseas students B．the rapid development of Chinese language programs C．the fact that Chinese is one of the UN’s official languages D．the increasing economic and cultural exchanges with China 4．The passage is written to ________. A．explain what the HSK test is B．offer advice for taking the HSK test C．prove that Chinese is not difficult to learn D．show that more people are learning Chinese 2 Members of a native community in the arctic areas of Sweden say their reindeer (驯鹿) are facing possible starvation (饥饿) from unusual weather related to climate change. The Sami indigenous community takes care of about 8,000 reindeer throughout the year. The animals are moved between traditional feeding areas in high mountains near Norway in the summer and forests farther east in the winter. Community member Niila Inga is worried about his reindeer. He said climate change has affected the area’s weather activity and created food shortages. “If we don’t find better areas for them where they can graze and find food, then the reindeer will starve to death,” Inga said. He demonstrated the problem by reaching down into the snow and pulling up a hard piece of ice close to the soil. The area received unusual snowfall early in the fall, followed by rain that froze (结冰). Inga said this keeps the plants that reindeer eat under a thick cover of ice. Some of the hungry reindeer have now moved away from their traditional migration (迁徙) areas in search of food. Community members say half the reindeer moved towards the east as planned. But the rest headed back to the mountains, where they face the risk of attacks by other animals or being caught in an avalanche. Older members of the Sami community say that in the past, they only encountered bad winters about once every ten years. But now, Inga says “extreme and strange weathers are getting more and more normal,” happening several times a year. Snowfall is normal for the area. But as temperatures increase, rain can also fall, creating a “rain-on-snow” effect. When this happens, food stays underneath the ice where the reindeer cannot reach it. This causes the animals to grow weaker and struggle to make it through the winter. Weather changes have hit the Sami community hard. Sanna Vannar is president of the Swedish Sami Youth organization. The group made an action to force the European Union (EU) to reduce human-caused greenhouse gases. “We’ve said we don’t want money because we can’t buy better weather with money,” Vannar said. “We’ve said we need the EU to take action and they need to do it now.” 1．What problem are the reindeer facing now? A．Hot weather. B．Food shortage. C．The risk of migration. D．The loss of their home. 2．What does the underlined word “graze” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Eat grass. B．Give birth. C．Have a sleep. D．Move around. 3．Why did some reindeer move towards the east? A．To escape being attacked by other animals. B．To find a warmer place for winter. C．To escape from natural risks. D．To search for food. 4．What’s the purpose of the Swedish Sami Youth by making an action? A．To get some money. B．To join the European Union. C．To improve weather conditions. D．To protect the soil of the arctic areas. 依据定义与解释猜测词义 【题型特点】 文章中对生词直接给出定义、解释或说明，学生需要根据这些内容来理解生词的含义。 1.有明确的定义或解释：文章中会对需要猜测的生词给出明确的定义或解释，通常以 “be defined as”“be known as”“mean”“refer to” 等短语引出定义，或者通过同位语、定语从句、破折号、冒号等语法结构对生词进行解释说明。 2.解释内容具体详细：用来解释生词的内容一般比较具体，会从生词的性质、特征、功能、用途等方面进行描述，以便学生能够根据这些信息准确理解生词的含义。 考查对解释信息的理解：重点考查学生能否识别并理解文章中给出的定义或解释信息，以及能否将这些信息与所考查的生词建立正确的联系，从而准确猜测词义。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” mean in the passage? The word “...” in Paragraph... is defined as... According to the passage, the term “...” refers to... 【易错分析】 1.忽略解释标志：学生在阅读时可能粗心大意，没有注意到文中的定义或解释标志，从而错过关键信息，无法正确猜测词义。比如，在 “Diabetes, a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, is becoming more and more common.” 中，若忽略了 “a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels” 这个对 “diabetes” 的解释，就很难猜出其意为 “糖尿病”。 2.关键信息提取不准确：可能无法准确从解释内容中提取关键信息，或者对关键信息的理解出现偏差。例如，对于 “Metamorphosis refers to the process by which an animal changes its form or structure during its life cycle.”，如果学生没有抓住 “changes its form or structure” 这个关键信息，就可能误解 “metamorphosis” 的含义。 3.脱离语境判断：仅仅根据定义或解释猜测词义，而不考虑上下文语境，可能会选择一个与文章实际意思不符的选项。因为有些词在不同语境中可能有不同的侧重点或具体含义，需要结合上下文来准确把握。例如，“bank” 一词有 “银行”“河岸” 等意思，在 “He sat on the bank of the river. ” 这句话中，根据 “of the river” 这个语境，可确定 “bank” 是 “河岸” 的意思，而不是 “银行”。 【突破策略】 仔细阅读文章，留意那些对生词进行解释说明的句子，通常会使用 “is”“means”“that is”“in other words” 等标志性词语来引出定义或解释。对于解释内容中出现的不熟悉的词汇，可以进一步根据上下文或已有的知识进行理解，以准确把握生词的词义。 1.寻找定义或解释标志：首先要留意文中是否有表示定义或解释的标志性词语、短语或语法结构。如看到 “be called”“that is”“in other words” 等，就要意识到后面可能是对前面生词的解释。 2.提取关键信息：从定义或解释的内容中提取关键信息，明确生词的主要特征、属性等。例如，在 “Anthropology is the scientific study of man.” 中，“the scientific study of man” 就是 “anthropology” 的定义关键信息，由此可知 “anthropology” 是 “人类学” 的意思。 结合上下文验证：将猜测出的词义代入原文中，结合上下文语境进行验证，看是否符合文章的逻辑和语义。 1 I decided to explore the island and set off cautiously in case I was attacked. I found a road with tracks of human feet as well as of cows and horses. Suddenly, I saw some strange disgusting creatures with long hair. They were dirty and smelly. They were about to attack me when all of them ran off as an impressive grey horse came close. Later, another large horse arrived and they began talking about me. They made horsey sounds which were only understood by themselves and kept examining me and touching my clothes and body. I repeatedly heard the word “Yahoo” in their conversation. I had the impression that these horses were extremely intelligent as they communicated in a logical manner. The horses indicated that they wanted to take me somewhere. I followed them to a large wooden building. To my surprise, there weren’t any humans but horses inside. Again, as they spoke about me, the word “Yahoo” was constantly repeated.   One horse took me outside. Here there were three of the smelly creatures who tried to attack me earlier. The horse put me near the creature and I was aware that it wanted to compare me with them. At first I felt insulted(侮辱的) to be compared with these dirty ones but when I looked closer, I discovered that they were exactly like me — They were my own kind.    ________. However, what the horses didn’t understand was why I was so similar to them. Even I didn’t want to associate with these creatures. I immediately understood that I preferred the company of horses. 1．What did I think of the horses? A．They were dirty and smelly. B．There were afraid of me. C．They were intelligent enough to communicate with each other. D．They wanted to kill me for food. 2．What does the word “disgusting” mean in the passage? A．horrible B．gentle C．violent D．wonderful 3．Which of the following sentence is suitable for the blank? A．These creatures would be attacked by the horses. B．The creatures and I were surely the same. C．The creatures were the Yahoos, which mean humans. D．The horses would protect me from attacks. 4．Why did I say “I preferred the company of horses”? A．Because the number of horses were larger than those of the other creatures. B．Because some horses would look after the young in a gentle way. C．Because the horses are more good-looking than the other creatures. D．Because horses are more intelligent and I felt safer to stay with them. 2 If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language? According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter（脑灰质）. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the effect is greater, the younger people learn a second language. A team led by Dr Andrea Michelle, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learned a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density（密度）in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference is. “Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists. It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn. Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales has researched the link between bilingualism and math skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible（灵活的）,” he said, “You are actually going beyond（超出） language and have a better understanding of different ideas." The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and thirty-four. Reading, writing and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists. 1．If people learn other languages, what will be changed? A．white matter B．grey matter C．exercise D．muscles 2．What does the underlined word “bilingual” probably mean in Chinese? A．双语学习者 B．词汇学 C．口语交际 D．实用语法 3．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A．Leaning other languages can make you become smarter. B．A second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. C．Learning other languages can change grey matter which processes information. D．Grey matter density in the brain was worse in bilinguals than that in people without a second language. 4．In the last two paragraphs, the writer wants to tell us that ________. A．Italian is the best choice for you to learn as a second language B．learning a second language is the same as studying math C．early learning of a second language helps you a lot in studying other subjects D．you’d better choose the ages between two and thirty-four to learn a second language 结合常识和背景等猜测词义 【题型特点】 借助学生已有的生活常识、文化背景知识以及对某一领域的了解来推测生词的含义。 1.与常识相关：试题中出现的生词往往可以通过学生已有的生活常识、学科知识或社会文化背景来推测其含义。这些常识可能涉及到自然科学、历史地理、日常生活、文化习俗等多个领域。 2.灵活性较强：不像其他一些题型有较为明显的线索或固定的模式，这类题需要学生灵活运用自己的知识储备，将常识与文章内容相结合进行判断，对学生的综合素养要求较高。 3.上下文线索较少：文章中对生词的直接提示信息可能相对较少，主要依靠学生自身积累的常识和背景知识来填补信息空缺，从而理解生词的大致意思。 【提问方式】 What does the underlined word “...” probably mean? The word “...” in the passage most likely refers to... Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ 【易错分析】 1.常识储备不足：如果学生缺乏相关的常识和背景知识，就很难准确猜测出生词的含义。例如，对于不了解生物学中 “photosynthesis”（光合作用）概念的学生，在遇到相关文章时，就难以通过常识来理解这个词的意思。 2.误判常识关联：学生可能会错误地将一些不相关的常识与生词联系起来，导致猜测错误。比如，看到 “mummy” 一词，可能会联想到日常生活中的 “妈妈”，而忽略了在考古学或古埃及文化背景下，“mummy” 通常指 “木乃伊”。 3.过度依赖常识：虽然常识很重要，但不能完全脱离文章上下文来单纯依靠常识判断。有些生词的含义可能在特定语境中有特殊的引申或变化，如果不结合上下文进行分析，可能会得出错误的结论。例如，“table” 通常指 “桌子”，但在 “table a proposal” 这个短语中，“table” 的意思是 “搁置（提案）”，如果只根据常识理解为 “桌子”，就无法正确理解句子的意思。 【突破策略】 平时要多积累各种常识和背景知识，包括自然科学、历史文化、社会生活等方面。在阅读时，当遇到生词且通过上下文等方法难以猜测词义时，尝试联系相关的常识和背景知识进行思考。同时，要注意纠正自己错误的常识，确保依据准确的知识来推测词义。 1.调动相关常识：首先要根据生词所在的语境，迅速调动自己头脑中与之相关的常识和背景知识。例如，文章提到 “astronaut”，学生可以联想到与太空探索相关的知识，知道 “astronaut” 是 “宇航员” 的意思。 2.结合上下文验证：将根据常识推测出的词义代入到文章的上下文中，看是否符合逻辑和语义。如果代入后文章内容通顺、合理，那么这个猜测很可能是正确的。比如，在描述太空任务的文章中，提到 “astronauts conduct experiments in space”，将 “astronauts” 理解为 “宇航员”，与后文 “在太空进行实验” 的内容相契合。 3.排除干扰选项：有些选项可能会故意设置一些与常识相关但不符合文章语境的干扰项。学生需要仔细分析每个选项，根据常识和上下文来排除那些明显错误的选项，提高答题的准确率。 1 China is a nation of etiquette (礼仪). Chinese people are among the most hospitable (好客的) people in the world. If foreigners visit a Chinese family, they would be surprised at the warmth that they would receive as guests. When you visit a Chinese family, the host usually makes tea for you. Then he will serve you snacks like biscuits or candy. Someone in the family will also chat with you, never letting you feel lonely. At the same time, other family members will prepare a meal for you. Chinese people treat their guests with a big meal. They always present more food than the guest can eat. At table, guests are supposed to start eating first. Perhaps one of the things that surprises a Western guest most is that the Chinese host likes to pick up food for visitors, which won’t happen at Western tables. The Chinese family go out of their way to make you feel at home. As you are done eating, the host usually says, “It seems that you didn’t eat much. Please have more.” Being warm and hospitable has long been an important part of Chinese culture and tradition. As Confucius (孔子) said thousands of years ago: To meet friends from afar. How happy we are! 1．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．Chinese people are more hospitable than the other people. B．Foreigners would be surprised when eating Chinese food. C．Chinese people like having meals as guests with foreigners. D．Foreigners will be treated warmly when visiting a Chinese family. 2．When foreigners visit a Chinese family, they will feel _________. A．at home B．lonely C．tired D．at a loss 3．Why are guests supposed to start eating first? A．Because they are hungrier than the host. B．Because it’s one of the Chinese table manners. C．Because the host is busy preparing the meal. D．Because it’s one of the Western table manners. 4．What does the underlined phrase “go out of their way” mean in Paragraph 3? A．get in their way B．rush out of their house C．have no way D．try their best 2 A few days ago, I received a letter from my Aunt Loraine. It was a handwritten letter thanking me for some Shanghai cookies I had sent her. Aunt Lorraine is ninety-one years old and she has wonderful manners. That is why she sent me the “thank you” letter. She also has wonderful handwriting. Her penmanship (书法) is smooth. It is a pleasure to read. Aunt Lorraine was educated half a century ago. At that time, penmanship was considered an important skill. Now, it is the age of e-mail and social media. Few people have the time or hope to practice their penmanship or write letters by hand. This is not good. in my view, good penmanship still counts. This is especially true in school. If you want to get good grades, keeping your writing clean and beautiful will be important. Your writing might be full of good ideas. However, terrible handwriting can turn an A into a B．Awful handwriting can get you a D! Good penmanship has other advantages, too. Since it's a skill, it trains your brain and develops your learning abilities. It also helps you organize your thoughts. And, believe it or not, that slow process of pushing a pen along paper improves your reading, spelling and even your pronunciation of English. Apart from all these educational advantages, good penmanship also has personal advantages.  A beautifully written letter to a friend is something he or she will treasure forever. A letter that looks as if a chicken bad danced across the paper will be quickly thrown away. I have kept the letter from my Aunt Lorraine. It's a great treasure! 1．Why did Aunt Lorraine write a letter to the author? A．To express her thanks. B．To show her wonderful manners. C．To make herself pleased. D．To set a good example to the author. 2．According to the author,which of the following is NOT the advantage of good handwriting? A．Getting good grades on your writing. B．Organizing your thoughts. C．Making your writing full of good ideas. D．Improving your English pronunciation. 3．The underlined part in the last paragraph is used to describe ________. A．a boring letter B．a great treasure C．bad handwriting D．good penmanship 4．What does the author want to do by writing this article? A．To express the importance of clean and beautiful handwriting. B．To share her pleasure of hearing from her aunt. C．TO talk about her experiences of practicing penmanship. D．To encourage people to write litters by hand instead of e-mailing. 1 / 17 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$