专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（山东专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语一模试题分类汇编

学科网（北京）股份有限公司 专题02 说明文 （一) （2025·山东菏泽·一模） Disastrous floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but as cities expand, and more and more land is under concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channelled away by storm drains and sewerage (雨污排水) systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases. Could the way that cities are growing be making things worse? Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding? Chinese landscape architect Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. Early in 2013, he proposed the concept of “sponge (海绵) cities”, which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge - reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts (涵洞) around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated pollutants which used to be washed into the sea. Auckland has taken a natural approach, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has installed blue-green roofs on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers beneath which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people to water plants or wash toilets. Advanced software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to maximize the system’s ability to absorb rainwater. Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city approach as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding. 1．What may cause the risk of city flooding? A．The city size. B．The city design. C．The city location. D．The city population. 2．Which of the following fail to serve as “sponge”? A．Riverside parks. B．Ponds. C．Blue-green roofs. D．Culverts. 3．What can be inferred about the sponge city approach from the last paragraph? A．It uses boxing with nature. B．It works well without doubt. C．Its further function needs testing. D．It is sufficient for future flooding. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．How sponge cities could prevent floods. B．Why the concept of “sponge cities” was proposed. C．Why floods are becoming more and more common. D．How the natural approach combines with high-tech method. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了全球洪水频发的原因以及如何通过“海绵城市”的设计来减少洪水风险。文章还介绍了自然方法和高科技方法在城市防洪中的应用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but as cities expand, and more and more land is under concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channelled away by storm drains and sewerage (雨污排水) systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases.(气候变暖导致降雨量增加，但随着城市扩张，越来越多的土地被混凝土或铺装覆盖，吸收的水量减少，更多的水需要通过排水系统排出。当这些系统不堪重负时，突发洪水的风险增加)”可知，城市设计（如混凝土覆盖和排水系统）是导致洪水风险增加的主要原因。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts (涵洞) around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks.(新西兰的奥克兰在一项研究中被评为最“海绵”的城市。它用绿色河岸和相连的公园取代了奥克利溪周围的混凝土涵洞)”可知，涵洞（culverts）是混凝土结构，不具备“海绵”功能。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding.(有人质疑，面对全球降雨量增加，自然方法是否足够。还有待观察的是，扩大规模和与现代技术结合是否能帮助自然方法拯救更多人免受洪水侵袭)”可推知，海绵城市方法的进一步功能需要测试。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文并根据第二段“Early in 2013, he proposed the concept of “sponge (海绵) cities”, which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge - reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world.(早在2013年，他就提出了“海绵城市”的概念，即像海绵一样吸水，减少突发洪水的风险。鼓励使用自然解决方案，利用河边公园和池塘来吸收洪水。受此启发的方法已被世界各地的城市采用)”可知，短文重点介绍了“海绵城市”的概念及其在城市防洪中的应用，包括自然方法和高科技方法。故选A。 （二) （2025·山东青岛·一模） Bacteria (细菌) know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d truly prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1 – 2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. “Having said that, there is a possibility that if you use a sponge to wipe up raw meat that you could have some of those disease-causing bacteria on there, and studies have found that those bacteria can be separated from kitchen sponges.” This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．How sponges are exactly structured. B．What encourages bacterial growth. C．How bacteria react to the environment. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Relatively harmless. B．Poorly adaptive, C．Surprisingly unpleasant. D．Widely distributed. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Proofs of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to control bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了细菌在厨房海绵中的生存情况，包括细菌的生长环境、种类、对人类的潜在影响以及海绵的特殊结构如何成为细菌生长的理想场所。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Bacteria (细菌) know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d truly prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life.(细菌知道如何在地球上的各个地方顽强生存。不过，要是问它们最想在哪里定居，厨房海绵可能会高居榜首。没错，事实证明，我们用来清洗盘子的这个工具，温暖、潮湿，还满是富有营养的食物碎屑，其实充满了微小的生命。)”可知，大多数细菌它们真正想在哪里定居，厨房海绵可能会排在首位，事实证明，我们用来清洗盘子的这个温暖、潮湿且充满营养食物碎屑的工具，充满了微小的生命（细菌）。由此可知，厨房海绵是细菌的好家园。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth.(他发现，海绵上那些大小各异的孔隙对于促进细菌生长至关重要。)”可知，Lingchong You发现不同大小孔隙的海绵对促进细菌生长起着重要作用，也就是他发现了什么能促进细菌生长。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1 – 2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan.(2017年，食品安全领域的教授Jennifer Quinlan和她的同事们从100个家庭中收集了厨房海绵，发现这些海绵中只有1%到2%含有与人类食物中毒相关的细菌，而且确实含有有害细菌的海绵中，有害细菌的含量也很少。Quinlan说：“海绵上绝大多数细菌不会致病，它们只是会让海绵产生异味。)”可知，Quinlan 认为海绵上绝大多数细菌不会引发疾病，只有极少数海绵含有与人类食物中毒有关的细菌，而且这些细菌的含量也很少，所以她认为海绵上的细菌相对无害。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case.(事情还不止如此。如果危险的细菌碰巧来到了海绵上，海绵特殊的构造会使它成为这些细菌生长和繁殖的理想场所。而且有证据表明情况确实如此。)”可知，由于最后一段提到有证据表明危险细菌会在海绵上生长繁殖，所以接下来很可能会讨论细菌威胁的证据具体是什么。故选A。 （三) （2025·山东德州·一模） In a growing number of schools, educators believe that having students take part by starting with practical problems is a great motivator. Project-based learning that freely crosses disciplines provides an education superior to the traditional “maths at age nine, history at ten, literature at eleven” structure. Examples of projects applicable to the here and now are as follows: Soil Superheroes ProjectKing Middle School, Maine African Wildlife DNA ProjectHigh Tech High, California Seventh graders learn about soil bacteria (细菌) by creating multimedia information brochures. They consult professional microbiologists and cartoonists, conduct research, and then distribute their works to local garden centers and flower shops. An eleventh grade biology class uses DNA to help protect African wildlife. The students share their findings with wildlife-protection officials and have traveled to Tanzania to lead bushmeat-identification workshops. Water Wheel ProjectFerryway School, Massachusetts Bridge ProjectKentucky Elementary School, Ohio Fifth-graders explore history, science, technology, and engineering by designing their own water wheels. By the time they visit the nearby Saugus Iron Works, which dates back to the 1640s, they’ve already tested and mastered the centuries-old technology. Students conduct surveys, do research, build models and take field trips with the goal of determining the best kind of new bridge to build over the Ohio River. Students don’t restrict themselves to one discipline but rather look into maths, literature, history, science — whatever is appropriate to the study. 1．What is the characteristic of project-based learning? A．Following strict disciplines. B．Engaging in real-world issues. C．Starting subjects at different ages. D．Adopting teacher-centered class modes. 2．Which project includes a field trip to a historic site? A．Soil Superheroes Project. B．African Wildlife DNA Project. C．Water Wheel Project. D．Bridge Project. 3．What is highlighted in Bridge Project? A．Convenience. B．Integration. C．Efficiency. D．Popularity. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了四个“项目式学习”的示例。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a growing number of schools, educators believe that having students take part by starting with practical problems is a great motivator. Project-based learning that freely crosses disciplines provides an education superior to the traditional ‘maths at age nine, history at ten, literature at eleven’ structure.(在越来越多的学校里，教育工作者相信让学生从实际问题开始参与是一个很大的动力。以项目为基础的自由跨学科学习提供了优于传统‘9岁数学，10岁历史，11岁文学’结构的教育)”可知，“项目式学习”的特点是参与现实世界的问题，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据Water Wheel Project部分中“Fifth-graders explore history, science, technology, and engineering by designing their own water wheels. By the time they visit the nearby Saugus Iron Works, which dates back to the 1640s, they’ve already tested and mastered the centuries-old technology.(五年级学生通过设计自己的水车来探索历史、科学、技术和工程。当他们参观附近可追溯到17世纪40年代的索格斯钢铁厂时，他们已经测试并掌握了这项有数百年历史的技术)”可知，该项目涉及对历史遗迹的实地考察，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据Bridge Project部分中“Students don’t restrict themselves to one discipline but rather look into maths, literature, history, science — whatever is appropriate to the study.(学生们不局限于一门学科，而是研究数学、文学、历史、科学——任何适合学习的学科)”可知，该项目强调不同学科的融合，故选B。 （四) （2025·山东泰安·一模） Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. One behavior that researchers have focused on recently is photo editing, which involves altering one's appearance in pictures before posting them on social media. While some studies have suggested that photo editing is linked to negative outcomes such as seeing oneself as an object and having low self-esteem, the relationship between these factors is not well understood. Phillip Ozimek and his colleagues conducted a study with 403 young adults recruited through social media platforms to investigate the potential risks associated with photo editing on social media. Participants completed an online survey that included questions about their social media use, photo editing behavior, self-perception as an object, comparisons of physical appearance, self-esteem (自尊), and other relevant factors. To measure photo editing behavior, participants reported how often they edited their selfies before posting them on social media. To assess self-perception as an object and comparisons of physical appearance, participants answered questions about how much they monitored their bodies and compared themselves to others' looks. Finally, participants' self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one's worth on appearance, especially among vulnerable groups like teenagers. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. Although the study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues highlighted the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. 1．What were the participants asked to do in the study? A．Fill in a questionnaire about self-worth. B．Compare their looks with others. C．Edit their selfies before posting. D．See themselves as an object. 2．What does the word “vulnerable” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Hardly protected. B．Particularly strong. C．Easily influenced. D．Mostly independent. 3．From the passage, what can we infer? A．The higher levels of photo editing, the higher self-esteem. B．Reducing the overuse of social media might be beneficial to well-being. C．Photo editing is the only behavior that affects mental health on social media. D．The study has completely worked out the problem of the overuse of social media. 4．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce the popularity of social media. B．To explain the detailed process of a study on photo editing. C．To show teenagers are the most vulnerable group in using social media. D．To explore the relationship between photo editing and negative mental states. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体中照片编辑行为与心理健康之间的关系。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“Finally, participants' self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. (最后，参与者的自尊是通过一份评估他们整体自我价值感的问卷来衡量的。)”可知参与者在研究中被要求填写一份关于自我价值的问卷。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one's worth on appearance (研究人员表示，照片编辑行为可能会导致人们将自己视为一个对象，并将自己的价值建立在外表上)”和especially可知尤其是年轻人，心理和认知还不够成熟，容易受到外界的影响，所以vulnerable意思是“容易受影响的”，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. (旨在减少过度使用社交媒体或促进更健康地使用社交媒体的干预措施可能对年轻人的心理健康产生积极影响。)”可推断出减少过度使用社交媒体可能对幸福有益，故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其第一段“Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. (如今，数以百万计的人广泛使用社交媒体来联系和分享他们的生活。然而，研究表明，过度使用社交媒体可能会导致抑郁和焦虑等心理健康问题。)”可知文章开头指出过度使用社交媒体可能导致心理健康问题，接着重点介绍了Phillip Ozimek及其同事关于社交媒体上照片编辑行为与心理健康之间关系的研究，包括研究的过程、结果以及结论等，目的是探讨照片编辑与消极心理状态之间的关系，故选D。 （五) （2025·山东济宁·一模） A newly described species of tardigrades, also known as water bears, is giving scientists insights into what makes these tiny creatures so resistant to radiation. Tardigrades, mostly less than l millimeter in length with their sausage-shaped bodies and four pairs of short, unjointed legs, have long interested scientists with their ability to withstand extreme conditions, including radiation. There are around 1,500 known tardigrade species, but only a handful are well-studied. Now, Lingqiang Zhang, a biologist at the Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, and his coworkers have sequenced (测序) the genetic group of a species new to science, and revealed some secrets of their radiation-resisting powers. Around six years ago, Zhang and his coworkers ventured into Funiu Mountain in China’s Henan province to collect moss samples. Back in the laboratory and under the microscope, they identified a previously undocumented species of tardigrade, which they named Hypsibius henanensis. When the researchers exposed H. henanensis to radiation levels of 200 and 2, 000 grays — far beyond what would be survivable for humans — they found one of the genes, called TRIDI, edits a protein that helps to repair double-strand breaks in DNA by gathering specialized proteins at sites of damage. “This is a new gene that, to my knowledge, no one was studying, ” says Bob Goldstein, a cell biologist at the University of North Carolina. The researchers also estimate that 0.5 — 3.1% of the tardigrade’s genes were acquired from other organisms through a process known as horizontal gene transfer (转移) . A gene called DODA1, which seems to have been acquired from bacteria, enables tardigrades to produce betalains, which can mop up some of the harmful reactive chemicals that radiation causes to form inside cells. The researchers believe their insights could be used to help protect astronauts from radiation during space missions, clean up nuclear pollution or improve cancer treatment. “We are still lacking knowledge of different tardigrade species out there. These animals have “a source of protectants that will probably keep pouring out more that will be useful and interesting to understand,” says Goldstein. 1．What makes tardigrades so appealing to scientists? A．Their survival ability. B．Their odd appearance. C．Their species diversity. D．Their large population. 2．What can TRIDI in tardigrades do? A．Produce protective substances. B．Acquire external genes. C．Facilitate protein exchanges. D．Repair damaged DNA． 3．What does the underlined phrase “mop up” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Distribute. B．Remove. C．Mirror. D．Activate. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title? A．Tardigrades: The Reemerging Species. B．Tardigrades: Tiny Giants with Ancient Origins. C．Discovering New Tardigrade Species in China. D．Unlocking Tardigrades’ Radiation Defense. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了缓步动物耐受极端环境（包括辐射）的能力让科学家感兴趣，为此展开了研究，发现了它们可以抵抗辐射背后的原因在于它们的基因。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tardigrades, mostly less than l millimeter in length with their sausage-shaped bodies and four pairs of short, unjointed legs, have long interested scientists with their ability to withstand extreme conditions, including radiation.(缓步动物大多身长不到1毫米，身体呈香肠状，有四对短而无节的腿。长期以来，科学家们一直对它们耐受极端环境（包括辐射）的能力感兴趣)”可知，缓步动物的生存能力吸引了科学家。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“When the researchers exposed H. henanensis to radiation levels of 200 and 2, 000 grays—far beyond what would be survivable for humans — they found one of the genes, called TRIDI, edits a protein that helps to repair double-strand breaks in DNA by gathering specialized proteins at sites of damage.(当研究人员将河南人暴露在200和2000格雷的辐射水平（远远超过人类的生存能力）下时，他们发现其中一个被称为TRIDI的基因可以编辑一种蛋白质，这种蛋白质通过在受损部位收集专门的蛋白质来帮助修复DNA中的双链断裂)”可知，缓步动物体内的TRIDI能修复受损的DNA。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第一段“A newly described species of tardigrades, also known as water bears, is giving scientists insights into what makes these tiny creatures so resistant to radiation.(一种新发现的缓步动物，也被称为水熊，让科学家们了解了是什么让这些微小的生物如此抵抗辐射)”；划线词上文“A gene called DODA1, which seems to have been acquired from bacteria, enables tardigrades to produce betalains(一种名为DODA1的基因似乎是从细菌中获得的，它使缓步动物能够产生β素)”以及后文“some of the harmful reactive chemicals that radiation causes to form inside cells(……辐射导致细胞内形成的一些有害的反应性化学物质)”可知，水熊虫可以抵抗辐射，说明其基因中产生的β素可以去除辐射导致细胞内形成的一些有害的反应性化学物质，从而抵抗辐射。故划线词意思是“去除”。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A newly described species of tardigrades, also known as water bears, is giving scientists insights into what makes these tiny creatures so resistant to radiation.(一种新发现的缓步动物，也被称为水熊，让科学家们了解了是什么让这些微小的生物如此抵抗辐射)”结合文章主要说明了缓步动物耐受极端环境（包括辐射）的能力让科学家感兴趣，为此展开了研究，发现了它们可以抵抗辐射背后的原因在于它们的基因。可知，D选项“解锁缓步动物的辐射防御”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （六) （2025·山东济宁·一模） The growing interaction between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping a new way of thinking, known as System 0. This new cognitive (认知的) framework exists outside the human mind and works as an external “thinking assistant”. System 0 works alongside the two established models of human thought: System l, which is fast, intuitive (直觉的) , and automatic, and System 2, which is slower, more analytical, and reflective. Just as an external drive allows us to store data that are not present on the computer, and we can work by connecting our drive to a PC wherever we are, AI, with its powerful processing and data-handling capabilities, can represent an external circuit to the human brain capable of enhancing it. Hence the idea of System 0, which is essentially a form of “external” thinking that relies on the capabilities of AI. By managing enormous amounts of data, AI can process information and provide suggestions based on complex algorithms (算法) . However, unlike intuitive or analytical thinking, System 0 can perform calculations, make predictions, and generate responses without truly “understanding” the content of the data it works with. The integration of system 0 into human cognition raises some concerns. One of the most pressing ones is the potential damage to our critical thinking and reasoning abilities. If we blindly trust the output of system 0 without questioning it, we risk losing our ability to think independently, leading to a weaker capacity for innovation and creativity. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the potential benefits of system 0 in increasing our cognitive capabilities and addressing complex challenges that may be beyond the capacity of human intelligence alone. Despite the polarized visions on the topic of the evolution of AI, we recommend that this revolutionary system be the object of a deep, shared reflection on how we plan to integrate it into the future of human thought. To ensure that AI remains a tool to enhance — rather than decrease — our cognitive autonomy, clear boundaries must be established. 1．What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To state AI’s influence on daily life. B．To introduce a new cognitive model. C．To compare three thinking systems. D．To discuss AI’s role in decision-making. 2．Which can best describe the essence of System 0? A．A deep meaning seeker. B．An analytical thinking pioneer. C．A smart decision-maker. D．An external cognitive enhancer. 3．What is the author’s tone carried in paragraph 4? A．Pushy. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Dismissive. 4．What will the follow-up paragraph most probably talk about? A．Moral dilemmas in human-AI integration. B．Possibly promising prospects of System 0. C．Technical challenges in sharpening System 0. D．Specific guidelines on using System 0 critically. 【答案】1．B 3．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的认知模型——系统0，介绍了其本质以及工作原理等情况。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The growing interaction between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping a new way of thinking, known as System 0. This new cognitive (认知的) framework exists outside the human mind and works as an external “thinking assistant”. System 0 works alongside the two established models of human thought: System l, which is fast, intuitive (直觉的) , and automatic, and System 2, which is slower, more analytical, and reflective.(人类与人工智能（AI）之间日益增长的互动正在形成一种新的思维方式，即系统0。这个新的认知框架存在于人类思维之外，作为一个外部的“思维助手”。系统0与两种已建立的人类思维模式一起工作：快速、直觉和自动的系统1，以及较慢、更善于分析和反思的系统2)”可知，第1段的目的是介绍一种新的认知模型——系统0。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Hence the idea of System 0, which is essentially a form of “external” thinking that relies on the capabilities of AI.(因此就有了System 0的概念，它本质上是一种依赖于AI能力的“外部”思维形式)”可知，系统0的本质是外部认知增强剂。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The integration of system 0 into human cognition raises some concerns. One of the most pressing ones is the potential damage to our critical thinking and reasoning abilities. If we blindly trust the output of system 0 without questioning it, we risk losing our ability to think independently, leading to a weaker capacity for innovation and creativity. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the potential benefits of system 0 in increasing our cognitive capabilities and addressing complex challenges that may be beyond the capacity of human intelligence alone.(将系统0整合到人类认知中引起了一些关注。其中最紧迫的是对我们批判性思维和推理能力的潜在损害。如果我们盲目相信系统0的产出而不去质疑它，我们就有可能失去独立思考的能力，从而导致创新和创造能力的削弱。与此同时，重要的是要认识到系统0在提高我们的认知能力和解决可能超出人类智能能力的复杂挑战方面的潜在好处)”可知，作者在第4段提到了盲目相信系统0导致的问题，以及系统0的优点，即作者的语气是客观的。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To ensure that AI remains a tool to enhance — rather than decrease — our cognitive autonomy, clear boundaries must be established.(为了确保人工智能仍然是增强而不是降低我们认知自主性的工具，必须建立明确的界限)”可知，接下来的段落最有可能讨论严格使用系统0的具体指导方针。故选D。 （七) （2025·山东聊城·一模） Wearable trackers and monitors (such as smart watches) are increasingly popular and sophisticated. Wearables are playing an increasing role in managing and detecting conditions like atrial fibrillation (心房颤动), the most common heart rhythm problem. For many people, the sense that they are receiving reliable, objective and personalized health data can encourage feelings of confidence, safety and assurance, especially when combined with symptom trackers or patient diaries. This may allow patients to self-manage their condition at home with their families, rather than spending time in hospital — reducing anxiety and stress. In a clinical setting, data may also encourage patients to take part in shared decision-making. Interpreting health data together with doctors or other health-care professionals, they can develop goals and action plans, including when to seek help, and when to go to hospital. Patients who understand their condition tend to report fewer atrial fibrillation symptoms. However, a study examined the behavior and well-being of 172 people with atrial fibrillation over a nine-month period. It found the 83 people who used wearable to monitor their condition were more worried about their symptoms and treatment, with one in five experiencing “intense anxiety”. Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions. Some people also describe being a “prisoner of the numbers”. They feel they “need to keep checking the device to know how they were doing, leading to the device dominating their lives”. The volume and frequency of notifications (通知), alarms and vibrations from wearable devices can be overwhelming and make people worry about their health. Information overload can also discourage self-management, with notifications instead prompting people to seek health advice more often than they otherwise would. It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．Usage of personalized health data. B．Benefits of wearing wearables. C．How to manage health condition at home. D．When to seek medical attention. 2．What can we infer from the study? A．About 89 people were healthy. B．Wearables monitor people’s condition accurately. C．About 35 people experienced intense anxiety. D．Wearables can make people’s condition worse. 3．What does the underlined phrase “ a catch-22 situation” in paragraph 5 mean? A．A dilemma. B．A reality. C．A category. D．A phenomenon. 4．What might be a suitable title for the text? A．Digital Devices Are Irreplaceable in Life B．Being Monitored Is Good for Our Health C．Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides D．Wearables Lead People to be More Anxious 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了可穿戴设备在管理和检测心房颤动等心脏状况方面的作用，同时指出了使用这些设备可能带来的焦虑问题，并探讨了其利弊。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段内容可知，该段落第一句指出可穿戴设备在管理和检测诸如心房颤动这类病症方面正发挥着越来越重要的作用。接着详细阐述了可穿戴设备带来的好处：对于许多人来说，接收可靠、客观且个性化的健康数据能让他们产生自信、安全感和安心感，还能让患者与家人一起在家中自行管理病情，减少焦虑和压力；在临床环境中，数据能促使患者参与共同决策，与医生一起解读数据制定目标和计划，了解病情的患者报告的心房颤动症状也更少。由此可知，本段主要介绍可穿戴设备在健康管理等方面带来的各种益处。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions.(慢性焦虑会导致压力、倦怠以及身体健康状况不佳，而这些反过来又会加剧心脏疾病。)”可知，使用可穿戴设备带来的慢性焦虑会导致压力、倦怠和身体健康不佳，进而加剧心脏疾病，也就意味着可穿戴设备可能会使人们的病情恶化。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions(可穿戴设备或许能帮助你更好地管理慢性心脏病，但佩戴它却可能让你感到焦虑，而焦虑对那些病症是有害的。)”可知，可穿戴设备一方面可能帮助更好地管理慢性心脏病，另一方面佩戴它又可能让人焦虑，而焦虑对病情有害。这呈现出了一种两难的境地。由此可知，“a catch-22 situation”意思是“左右为难的处境，两难的局面”。选项A“A dilemma”，意为“困境、两难境地”与此相符。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions.(这是一种两难的境地：可穿戴设备或许能帮助你更好地管理慢性心脏病，但佩戴它却可能让你感到焦虑，而焦虑对那些病症是有害的。)”以及全文内容可知，文章开篇先介绍了可穿戴设备在管理和检测疾病方面越来越受欢迎且发挥着重要作用，接着阐述了它带来的诸多好处，如让患者产生自信、安全感，能在家自行管理病情，促进患者参与共同决策等；然后又通过研究指出可穿戴设备会使部分人产生焦虑，甚至导致病情恶化，还会让人感觉被设备主宰生活、信息过载等问题。选项C“Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides(可穿戴设备就像一枚有两面的硬币)”形象地表达出可穿戴设备既有利又有弊的特点，符合文章主旨。故选C。 （八) （2025·山东淄博·一模） The emergence of de-inking printers represents an advancement of printing technology and paper recycling, addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. For decades, conventional printing processes have been linked to substantial paper waste, with millions of tons of paper being consumed annually-often used just once before being thrown away. The innovative de-inking printer operates through a combination of advanced technologies. Using an advanced sensor system, it first identifies the presence of ink on the surface of the paper. Subsequently, a high-intensity laser (激光) is precisely directed to target and vaporize (汽化) ink effectively, removing them without causing any damage to the paper fibers. One of the most remarkable advantages of this technology lies in its potential to reduce overall paper consumption. By enabling the reuse of printed materials through effective ink removal, it significantly reduces the demand for newly produced paper. This shift not only preserves natural resources but also plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions associated with the paper production. From an economic perspective (角度), the adoption of de-inking printers presents long-term financial advantages. Although the initial investment in purchasing and installing the printer may be relatively high, the long-term savings from reduced paper and ink purchases can be substantial. However, the widespread adoption of de-inking printers is not without its challenges. The technology requires further improvements to enhance de-inking efficiency and ensure that the quality of recycled paper meets industry standards. Additionally, there exists a significant barrier in terms of user acceptance: many individuals and organizations remain accustomed to using new paper and may be reluctant to recycled alternatives, even when they are of comparable quality. In conclusion, the de-inking printer stands as a ray of hope for achieving a more sustainable future within the printing industry. With continued technological advancements and growing environmental awareness, this technology has the potential to transform the industry, contributing to a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient world. 1．What is the de-inking printer aimed at? A．Recycling the used ink. B．Producing recyclable paper. C．Improving the printing speed. D．Reducing the waste of resources. 2．How does the de-inking printer remove ink from paper? A．By adding chemicals into the ink. B．By combining sensors and lasers. C．By converting paper into new materials. D．By using laser to burn letters on the paper. 3．What blocks the broad application of de-inking printer? A．It can only be used with special ink. B．It is too large to be used in most offices. C．People are unwilling to use recycled paper. D．Users find it complex to understand. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards de-inking printer? A．Optimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Neutral. D．Negative. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了去墨打印机的相关信息，包括其工作原理、优势、经济角度的考虑以及面临的挑战等。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The emergence of de-inking printers represents an advancement of printing technology and paper recycling, addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time.(去墨打印机的出现代表了印刷技术和纸张回收利用方面的一项进步，它解决了我们这个时代最为紧迫的环境挑战之一)”可知，去墨打印机的目标是减少资源浪费。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Using an advanced sensor system, it first identifies the presence of ink on the surface of the paper. Subsequently, a high-intensity laser is precisely directed to target and vaporize ink effectively, removing them without causing any damage to the paper fibers.(它首先使用先进的传感器系统识别纸张表面的墨水。随后，精确地将高强度激光对准目标，有效地汽化墨水，将其去除，而不会损坏纸张纤维)”可知，去墨打印机通过结合传感器和激光来从纸上去除墨水。故选B。 30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Additionally, there exists a significant barrier in terms of user acceptance: many individuals and organizations remain accustomed to using new paper and may be reluctant to recycled alternatives, even when they are of comparable quality.(此外，在用户接受度方面存在重大障碍：许多个人和组织仍然习惯于使用新纸，即使回收纸的质量相当，他们也可能不愿意使用回收替代品)”可知，人们不愿意使用回收纸阻碍了去墨打印机的广泛应用。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, the de-inking printer stands as a ray of hope for achieving a more sustainable future within the printing industry. With continued technological advancements and growing environmental awareness, this technology has the potential to transform the industry, contributing to a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient world.(总之，去墨打印机是实现印刷行业更可持续未来的一线希望。随着技术的不断进步和环保意识的增强，这项技术有潜力改变整个行业，为构建一个更加环保和资源高效的世界做出贡献)”可知，作者对去墨打印机的态度是乐观的。故选A。 （九) （2025·山东淄博·一模） We take our speech abilities for granted. Most people do not stop to think of how other animals and insects communicate with each other. Ants are amazing creatures that have a tireless work pattern and complex social structure. To achieve this, they must have some ways of communicating with each other. Obviously, ants do not speak as we do, so how do they communicate? Ants communicate by releasing pheromones (信息素) that function outside of the body to send chemical messages to the ant that receives it and by touching their antennae (触角) to feel and smell each other. The best example that we can see very clearly is that ants find food sources and drop pheromones on their ways. By using their antennae to detect pheromone trails and following a sweeping pattern, they encounter a trail. Once the pheromone trail is found, they follow it with one antenna on either side of the path, ensuring they keep on track. This allows other ants to follow the pheromones. The result of these pheromone paths is long lines of ants, marching one behind each other to collect food. The queen ant uses pheromones to signal. As the queen ages, she gives off pheromones that tell the ant colony that she is dying. They begin feeding and preparing a pupa (蛹) to be the new queen. When ants greet each other with their antennae, they can tell if they are friends or foes and what function each ant fulfills in the nest. Scientists know that this is possible, but they are still trying to identify which pheromones share this information. Ants also give off pheromones that identify the nest they belong to, their social status, and their maturity. The more researchers study ants, the more they discover about their ability to translate information to one another, learn, form collective memories and sound alarms. Ants are truly amazing communicators. 1．How could ants communicate according to the text? A．By attracting companions via sounds. B．By sending alarm signals to the queen. C．By identifying pheromones with antennae. D．By keeping on the same track. 2．What is the function of the pheromone trail? A．To spot enemies in the ant colony. B．To help companions find food sources. C．To keep the orders of the ant community. D．To enable ants to communicate with humans. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Ants have no collective memories. B．Ants’ alarm-sounding ability is unique. C．Researchers have identified the types of pheromones. D．More secrets on ants’ communication remain unknown. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Insight into Ants’ Communication. B．The Secret of Touching Antennae. C．The Research on Ants’ Memories. D．The Amazing World of Ants. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了蚂蚁如何通过释放信息素和使用触角进行交流，以及科学家对此的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Ants communicate by releasing pheromones (信息素) that function outside of the body to send chemical messages to the ant that receives it and by touching their antennae (触角) to feel and smell each other.(蚂蚁通过释放体外起作用的信息素来向接收信息的蚂蚁发送化学信息，并通过触摸它们的触角来感觉和闻对方的味道进行交流。)”可知，蚂蚁通过触角识别信息素来交流。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The result of these pheromone paths is long lines of ants, marching one behind each other to collect food.(这些信息素路径的结果是长长的蚂蚁队伍，它们一个接一个地行进去收集食物。)”可知，信息素轨迹的功能是帮助同伴找到食物来源。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The more researchers study ants, the more they discover about their ability to translate information to one another, learn, form collective memories and sound alarms. Ants are truly amazing communicators.(研究人员对蚂蚁的研究越多，他们就越能发现蚂蚁相互传递信息、学习、形成集体记忆和发出警报的能力。蚂蚁真是令人惊叹的交流者。)”可推知，蚂蚁交流的更多秘密仍然未知。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了蚂蚁如何通过释放信息素和使用触角进行交流，以及科学家对此的研究，所以选项A“对蚂蚁交流的洞察”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 （十) （2025·山东淄博·一模） Earlier this year, Bad Bunny rejected a saying that he was about to release a new song with Justin Bieber. But last month, a song featuring what sounded like his and Bieber’s voices started spreading on TikTok, gaining millions of likes. Bad Bunny hadn’t lied, though: the song was created with AI. An artist named FlowGPT had used AI technology to recreate the voices of Bad Bunny, Bieber and Daddy Yankee. Bad Bunny himself hated it, discouraging his fans from listening. But many fans of all three stars loved it all the same. The song and the polarized reactions to it show how AI has stormed the music industry in a troublesome way. Over the past couple of years, advancements in machine learning have made it possible for anyone sitting in their homes to reproduce the sound of their favourite musicians. Some boosters argue that these advancements will allow anyone with an idea to create music. But some artists have reacted with anger that something so personal as their voice or musical style could be commercialised for someone else’s gain. The push-and-pull between protecting artists, driving innovations, and determining the supportive roles for man and machine in music creation will be explored for years to come. The singer-songwriter Holly Herndon is among the artists trying to get ahead of these changes. She created an imitation of her own voice called Holly+, allowing anyone to transform their own voice into hers. The purpose of the project is not to force other artists to also surrender (让出) their voices, but to encourage them to also take on an active role in these larger conversations. “I think it’s an opportunity to rethink what the role of the artist is,” she tells TIME. “There’s a way to still have some control over the digital version of yourself, but be more playful and less strict.” 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a survey. C．By citing an incident. D．By sharing a song. 2．What does the underlined phrase “The push-and-pull” in paragraph 3 mean? A．The competition. B．The responsibility. C．The equality. D．The balance. 3．What is the purpose of creating Holly+? A．To involve artists in AI discussions. B．To challenge artists’ traditional role. C．To commercially use the digital voice. D．To offer ideas for fans’ music creation. 4．What does the text mainly convey about AI music? A．Its popularity. B．Its controversy. C．Its feature. D．Its profit. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了AI技术在音乐领域的应用所引发的争议，包括艺术家对此的不同反应以及一位歌手主动适应这一变化的尝试。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Earlier this year, Bad Bunny rejected a saying that he was about to release a new song with Justin Bieber. But last month, a song featuring what sounded like his and Bieber’s voices started spreading on TikTok, gaining millions of likes. Bad Bunny hadn’t lied, though: the song was created with AI. An artist named FlowGPT had used AI technology to recreate the voices of Bad Bunny, Bieber and Daddy Yankee. Bad Bunny himself hated it, discouraging his fans from listening. But many fans of all three stars loved it all the same.(今年早些时候，Bad Bunny否认了他即将与Justin Bieber发行一首新歌的说法。但上个月，一首听起来像是他和Bieber的声音的歌曲开始在TikTok上传播，获得了数百万个赞。然而，Bad Bunny并没有说谎：这首歌是用人工智能创作的。一位名叫FlowGPT的艺术家利用人工智能技术重现了Bad Bunny、Bieber和Daddy Yankee的声音。Bad Bunny本人很讨厌这首歌，劝阻粉丝不要听。但三位明星的许多粉丝仍然喜欢它。这首歌以及人们对它的两极化反应表明，人工智能以一种令人不安的方式席卷了音乐行业。)”可知，作者是通过讲述Bad Bunny、Justin Bieber和一首由AI创作的歌曲的事件来引入关于AI在音乐产业中引发争议的话题的。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文“Some boosters argue that these advancements will allow anyone with an idea to create music. But some artists have reacted with anger that something so personal as their voice or musical style could be commercialised for someone else’s gain. (一些支持者认为，这些进步将使得任何有想法的人都能创作音乐。但一些艺术家对此表示愤怒，因为他们认为像自己的声音或音乐风格这样私人的东西竟然能被商业化，以供他人获利。)”可知，在未来几年里，将在保护艺术家权益、推动创新以及确定人和机器在音乐创作中的辅助角色之间探索平衡。由此可知，The push-and-pull意为“平衡”。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The purpose of the project is not to force other artists to also surrender their voices, but to encourage them to also take on an active role in these larger conversations.(这个项目的目的不是强迫其他艺术家也放弃他们的声音，而是鼓励他们也在这些更大的对话中发挥积极作用。)”可知，创建Holly+的目的是鼓励艺术家积极参与关于AI技术的讨论。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了AI技术在音乐领域的应用所引发的争议，包括艺术家对此的不同反应以及一位歌手主动适应这一变化的尝试。由此可知，本文主要传达了关于AI音乐的争议。故选B。 （十一) （2025·山东德州·一模） Some of the world’s 7,000 languages disappear annually and many are endangered for not being spoken widely in formal settings like schools. A quiet fightback is under way in communities that feel their traditions are drowned out by the dominance of the most globally spoken languages. Tochi Precious, a Nigerian, says, “It pains me to see a language dying off, because it’s not just about the language, but about the history and culture associated with it.” It was the community aspect that brought her to join efforts to save Igbo, an endangered African language. Ensuring there’s a substantial record of words and meanings, and how it is written and used is key, according to campaigners like Precious, who aid others in their languages’ protection through the organisation Wikitongues. Amrit Sufi, an Indian speaking Angika, records videos and uploads them to preserve its oral culture via Wikitongues, too. “It’s urgent to document and make it accessible, not just stored in a library,” she says. “Oral culture is disappearing as new generations are more subject to consuming industry-produced music rather than sitting in groups and singing. They’re ashamed to speak it due to a perceived dishonor attached to it, seeing Angika beneath dominant languages.” Wikitongues focuses on helping document languages using collective resources such as dictionaries and alternative-language Wikipedia entries. Wikipedia is favoured by language activists as a way to upload media and build effective and affordable dictionaries. There are moves to use artificial intelligence to document languages by processing texts and feeding them into chatbots. Many activists create books, videos and recordings. Community radio stations also have a long record of providing services in local languages. Despite such preservation, activists then have to persuade people to use a language — a major challenge. “While Igbo is one of Nigeria’s largest languages, parents believe only English is useful for children’s future, insisting that if they don’t speak English, they appear ignorant and don’t belong,” Precious says. “But efforts to save it have worked — the language is flowering again.” 1．How do Precious and Sufi help prevent language loss? A．Through national programs. B．Through word of mouth. C．Through mass music formats. D．Through Internet technology. 2．What may be the reason for the downfall of Angika according to Sufi? A．Decline in population. B．Lack of job-market demands. C．Prejudice against Angika. D．Absence of formal education. 3．What is the toughest thing facing activists about an endangered language? A．Promoting its use. B．Building community cooperation. C．Obtaining financial support. D．Getting advanced recording devices. 4．What is Precious’ attitude towards the Igbo rescue move? A．Skeptical. B．Positive. C．Pessimistic. D．Uncaring. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界上每年都有语言消失，为此有人通过互联网技术来防止语言丧失。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Ensuring there’s a substantial record of words and meanings, and how it is written and used is key, according to campaigners like Precious, who aid others in their languages’ protection through the organisation Wikitongues.(像Precious这样的活动人士通过维基语言组织帮助其他人保护他们的语言，他们表示，确保有大量的单词和含义记录，以及如何书写和使用是关键)”以及第三段“Amrit Sufi, an Indian speaking Angika, records videos and uploads them to preserve its oral culture via Wikitongues, too.(Amrit Sufi，一个说Angika语的印度人，也通过维基语言录制视频并上传，以保存其口头文化)”可知，Precious和Sufi通过互联网技术帮助防止语言丧失。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“They’re ashamed to speak it due to a perceived dishonor attached to it, seeing Angika beneath dominant languages.(他们羞于说这句话，因为他们觉得这是一种耻辱，认为安吉卡在主流语言之下)”可知，Sufi认为对安吉卡的偏见导致了安吉卡的衰败。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Despite such preservation, activists then have to persuade people to use a language — a major challenge.(尽管有这样的保护，活动人士还必须说服人们使用一种语言——这是一个重大挑战)”可知，对于濒危语言，活动人士面临的最大难题是促进其使用。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But efforts to save it have worked — the language is flowering again.(但拯救它的努力取得了成效——这种语言再次开花结果)”可知，Precious对伊博人的救援行动持积极态度。故选B。 （十二) （2025·山东泰安·一模） The brains of lonely individuals respond to video stimuli (刺激) in unique ways dissimilar from their peers (同龄人), while the brains of less lonely people respond similarly to others’, suggesting that lonely individuals may process the world differently, which could worsen or even lead to their loneliness. Elisa Baek led the investigation when she was a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA．She and her colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (功能性磁共振成像) to record the brains of 66 college students as they watched a collection of 14 short videos during a 90-minute session. The videos included sparkles from sporting events, footage from documentaries, and emotional illustrations of human life. After going through the lengthy scans, the students subsequently completed an extensive questionnaire intended to measure how lonely they felt. Back and her co-authors divided the students into “lonely” and “nonlonely” groups, determined by their scores from the survey. They then conducted a thorough statistical analysis in which each individual’s brain imaging results were compared to every other individual’s. They found that the lonelier a person was, the more distinct their brain imaging results were compared to those of the other volunteers. The results held even when controlling for the number of friends each participant reported, reconfirming prior research showing that anyone can be lonely regardless of their social connections. “These findings raise the possibility that being surrounded mostly by people who view the world differently from oneself may be a risk factor for loneliness (even if one socialises regularly with them),” the researchers wrote. This could factor into why people tend to silo (封闭) themselves within friend groups and communities which share their views, a near universal trend that plays out in our online lives as well, often in a more extreme manner. A key question left unresolved is whether the unique brain processing observed in lonely individuals is a cause or an effect of their feelings of disconnection. A long-term study in which participants come into the lab for repeated scans over months or even years could provide an answer. 1．What can we learn about lonely people from the investigation? A．They get along well with their peers. B．They perceive the world differently. C．They seek diversity in social interactions. D．They process information with great accuracy. 2．How were the participants categorized? A．By their questionnaire scores. B．By their social performances. C．By the number of their friends. D．By the results of their brain imaging. 3．Who of the following is more likely to suffer loneliness? A．Allen who has few online friends. B．Bruce who walks in nature habitually. C．Cindy who watches short videos every day. D．Daisy who hardly shares her friends’ views. 4．What will future studies focus on? A．The downside of social disconnection. B．The feelings of lonely and less lonely individuals. C．The connection between brain processing and loneliness. D．The influence of various world views on lonely individuals. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现，孤独者的大脑对视频刺激的反应方式与其他人不同，这表明他们可能以不同的方式感知世界，未来的研究可能会进一步探讨大脑处理与孤独感之间的因果关系。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The brains of lonely individuals respond to video stimuli (刺激) in unique ways dissimilar from their peers (同龄人), while the brains of less lonely people respond similarly to others’, suggesting that lonely individuals may process the world differently, which could worsen or even lead to their loneliness. (孤独者的大脑对视频刺激的反应方式与他们的同龄人不同，而较不孤独的人的大脑反应则与他人相似，这表明孤独者可能以不同的方式处理世界，这可能会加剧甚至导致他们的孤独感)”可知，孤独者感知世界的方式不同。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“After going through the lengthy scans, the students subsequently completed an extensive questionnaire intended to measure how lonely they felt.(在经历了漫长的扫描后，学生们随后完成了一份广泛的问卷，旨在衡量他们的孤独感)”和第三段中“Back and her co-authors divided the students into “lonely” and “nonlonely” groups, determined by their scores from the survey. (Back和她的合著者根据学生的问卷调查分数，将他们分为“孤独”和“不孤独”两组)”可知，研究人员根据参与者的问卷得分对他们进行分类。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“These findings raise the possibility that being surrounded mostly by people who view the world differently from oneself may be a risk factor for loneliness (even if one socialises regularly with them) (这些发现提出了一种可能性，即主要被与自己世界观不同的人包围可能是孤独的一个风险因素，即使一个人经常与他们社交)”可知，周围的人主要是与自己世界观不同的人可能会让人有孤独的风险。因此，和朋友意见相左的Daisy更可能感到孤独。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“A key question left unresolved is whether the unique brain processing observed in lonely individuals is a cause or an effect of their feelings of disconnection. A long-term study in which participants come into the lab for repeated scans over months or even years could provide an answer. (一个尚未解决的关键问题是，在孤独个体中观察到的独特大脑处理方式是他们与外界疏离感的原因还是结果。一项长期研究，即让参与者在数月甚至数年内多次到实验室进行扫描，可能会提供答案)”可知，未来研究的重点将集中在大脑处理方式与孤独感之间的联系。故选C项。 （十三) （2025·山东德州·一模） A garden constructed with “humble” clay fashioned into 3D-printed bricks has claimed the first green medal at the Chelsea Flower Show for being the most environmentally sustainable design. The Chelsea Flower Show, a celebrated global event held annually at Chelsea, London, has been a cornerstone of the gardening calendar since 1913. It began as a way to showcase the latest trends in gardening and plant varieties. The Environmental Innovation Award is the first of its sort and goes along with the gold, silver and bronze medals awarded to the most attractive and interesting gardens. Giulio Giorgi, a first-time Chelsea designer, stated he created the green-medal-winning garden with no concrete. Most gardens contain concrete in some form and the materials they are built from often generate the highest carbon footprint. While the employment of pollinator-friendly plants, wild areas and sensible use of water are well-known easy ways to make a garden more sustainable, Giorgi said it was crucial to focus on the building materials as their carbon footprint was often overlooked. “We typically use a lot of metal, glue, cement and then all the energy we have to put in to build the gardens. The material in our garden is low-temperature-fired clay, a resource that can be found pretty much everywhere. We made this clay into 3D-printed bricks, connecting ancient tradition with novel practices so carbon emissions are the lowest possible, if any. The bricks, peppered with tiny holes, can absorb water and release it when drought strikes plants,” said Giorgi. Judges considered end-of-life plans for the gardens and whether materials could be reused. The 3D-printed nature of Giorgi’s garden means it can easily be taken apart and put together again. As a result, when it is relocated to RHS Garden Wisley, where it will live on after the show as an educational facility, the carbon emissions will be low as no materials will be wasted. 1．What do we know about the Chelsea Flower Show? A．It values sustainability as well as appeal. B．Its initial aim was to encourage outdoor fitness. C．It requires competing gardens to be concrete-free. D．It has a long-standing tradition of championing greenness. 2．What advantage does clay have over other building materials according to Giorgi? A．It catches fire less easily. B．It’s more durable and absorbent. C．It takes less labor to produce. D．It’s eco-friendly and more available. 3．What will become of Giorgi’s garden after the show? A．It’ll be sold publicly. B．It’ll serve as an urban landmark. C．It’ll be turned into a school. D．It’ll come into play in another spot. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Clay Bricks: Recyclable Building Material B．Chelsea Flower Show: Celebration of Gardening C．Garden with Clay Bricks: Winner of Green Medal D．Giulio Giorgi: Designer Enthusiastic about High-Tech 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍一个用“普通”粘土制成的3D打印砖建造的花园在切尔西花展上获得了第一枚绿色奖章。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A garden constructed with ‘humble’ clay fashioned into 3D-printed bricks has claimed the first green medal at the Chelsea Flower Show for being the most environmentally sustainable design.(一个用‘普通’粘土制成的3D打印砖建造的花园在切尔西花展上获得了第一枚绿色奖章，因为它是最环保的可持续设计)”和第二段中“The Environmental Innovation Award is the first of its sort and goes along with the gold, silver and bronze medals awarded to the most attractive and interesting gardens.(环境创新奖是首个此类奖项，并与最具吸引力和最有趣的花园一起获得金，银和铜奖)”可知，切尔西花展重视可持续性和外观，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Most gardens contain concrete in some form and the materials they are built from often generate the highest carbon footprint.(大多数花园都含有某种形式的混凝土，而建造它们的材料通常会产生最高的碳足迹)”和第五段中“The material in our garden is low-temperature-fired clay, a resource that can be found pretty much everywhere.(我们花园里的材料是低温烧制的粘土，一种随处可见的资源)”可知，与混凝土相比，黏土更环保且容易获取，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The 3D-printed nature of Giorgi’s garden means it can easily be taken apart and put together again. As a result, when it is relocated to RHS Garden Wisley, where it will live on after the show as an educational facility, the carbon emissions will be low as no materials will be wasted.(Giorgi的花园是3D打印的，这意味着它可以很容易地拆开再组装起来。因此，当它被搬迁到RHS Garden Wisley时，它将在展览结束后作为一个教育设施存在，碳排放将很低，因为没有材料浪费)”可知， Giorgi的花园在展览结束后会被搬迁到另一个地方发挥作用，故选D。 44．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“A garden constructed with ‘humble’ clay fashioned into 3D-printed bricks has claimed the first green medal at the Chelsea Flower Show for being the most environmentally sustainable design.(一个用‘普通’粘土制成的3D打印砖建造的花园在切尔西花展上获得了第一枚绿色奖章，因为它是最环保的可持续设计)”可知，文章主要讲述一个用“普通”粘土制成的3D打印砖建造的花园在切尔西花展上获得了第一枚绿色奖章，C项“粘土砖花园：绿色奖章获得者”为最佳标题，故选C。 （十四) （2025·山东菏泽·一模） The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one’s worth on appearance, especially among sensitive groups like young adults. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. The study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues. Firstly, the data was collected through self-report measures, which may be biased (偏见). Secondly, the study design was cross-sectional, which means causality (因果) cannot be determined. Lastly, the sample size was relatively small and not representative of the entire population of young adults who use social media. This study highlights the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions aimed at reducing excessive (过度的) social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. “Reality is harder to understand as it appears on the surface,” the researchers wrote. “The description of reality is a constructive attempt which is up to hidden issues of the editors. The description of reality is usually not a documentary but part of a narrative which the photo editor intends to project on the public screen.” “By understanding the underlying narrative, the contrast between natural appearance and edited photo of it is getting obvious. Because photo editing is likely to be popular in the future, the focus of psycho-education as part of a psychological intervention technique should be a sensibilization for the widespread use of corresponding techniques.” 1．What does the study show according to the text? A．The effect of social media on physical appearance. B．The comparison of adults’ mental health outcomes. C．The relationship between photo editing behavior and self-esteem. D．The difference between self-perception and physical appearance. 2．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 3 focus on? A．Its limitations. B．Its measures. C．Its subjects. D．Its objectives. 3．What does the underlined word “editors” in paragraph 5 probably refer to? A．Researchers. B．Educators. C．Young adults. D．News reporters. 4．In which column can we probably read the text? A．Psychology. B．History. C．Novel. D．Entertainment. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了照片编辑行为与年轻成年人自我感知、外貌比较和自尊之间的关系，并指出该研究存在局限性，同时强调了进一步研究社交媒体使用对心理健康影响的必要性。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem.(数据显示，在年轻人中，高水平的照片编辑与提高作为对象的自我认知和更多的外表比较有关。这些因素反过来又与较低的自尊心有关)”可知，这项研究表明了照片编辑行为与自尊的关系。故选C项。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“The study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues.(正如Ozimek和他的同事们所承认的那样，这项研究有一些局限性)”可知，第三段主要讨论了研究的局限性。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第五段“The description of reality is a constructive attempt which is up to hidden issues of the editors.(对现实的描述是一种建设性的尝试，这取决于编辑的隐蔽性问题)”和第三段“Lastly, the sample size was relatively small and not representative of the entire population of young adults who use social media.(最后，样本量相对较小，不能代表使用社交媒体的整个年轻人群体)”可知，划线词指的是进行照片编辑的人，这些人可能是年轻人群体，因为他们更可能频繁使用社交媒体并进行照片编辑。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。分析全文内容可知，文本主要讨论了照片编辑行为与自我感知、外貌比较以及自尊之间的关系，并提到了心理健康问题。这些内容与心理学领域密切相关。由此推知，这篇文章最可能出现在心理学专栏。故选A项。 （十五) （2025·山东临沂·一模） Statistics show that the market value of global Extended Reality (XR) industry has gone beyond $20.4 billion. XR, an umbrella term including technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), refers to real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions generated by wearable devices and computer technology. As XR technologies become more mature, they have been gradually applied in more scenarios (场景) that are closely related to the daily life of ordinary people, and have seen new consumer markets in recent years. The application of XR technologies has made it possible for users to “travel to the past” and “wander in the universe” through virtual trips. An XR experience store in Shenzhen, recently launched a program e for citizens, which involved digital tours to the Jurassic period (侏罗纪) and outer space. XR technologies have also been integrated into the application scenarios concerning smart tourism projects. XR technologies can help tourist attractions launch systems that enable visitors to better learn about faraway places and remote times in immersive (沉浸式的) scenes, as well as tourist guide systems and other systems that bring wonderful experiences for visitors through VR or AR glasses, mobile apps and browsers. Compared with offline tours, scenarios reproduced by XR technologies can enrich the experiences of users. China’s Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies, enabling singers who couldn’t be present at the gala to give performances remotely. The XR industry is full of possibilities, and the 5G technology is considered a catalyst (催化剂) for further stimulating its potential. Last January, the branch of China Mobile, a major Chinese telecommunications operator in Zhengzhou, built the province’s first “5G+XR” commercial complex in shopping mall. Industry insiders pointed out that with constant progress being made in the large-scale deployment of the 5G network and its innovative applications, the “5G+XR” model is producing a large number of new application scenarios including social networking, office work, entertainment, exhibition and education, which will provide broad development space for the XR industry. 1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The historical development of XR technologies. B．The XR technologies and their commercial value. C．The challenges faced by the XR industry in the global market. D．The comparison between XR and other emerging technologies. 2．How does XR help in daily life? A．Help visitors better plan their travel routes. B．Take users to travel in outer space in person. C．Let singers in different places share the same stage. D．Make tourist attractions more environmentally friendly. 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the “5G+XR” model? A．It has been widely used in Zhengzhou. B．It will lead to more people to fail to socialize. C．It will create many new opportunities for people. D．It has made traditional shopping malls disappear. 4．How does the writer introduce the use of XR technologies in the text? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By explaining reasons. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】这篇文章是一篇说明文。主要介绍了扩展现实（XR）技术的定义、应用场景以及其与5G技术的结合所带来的潜力。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段前二句“Statistics show that the market value of global Extended Reality (XR) industry has gone beyond $20.4 billion. XR, an umbrella term including technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), refers to real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions generated by wearable devices and computer technology. (统计数据显示，全球扩展现实（XR）行业的市场价值已超过204亿美元。XR是一个涵盖虚拟现实（VR）、增强现实（AR）和混合现实（MR）等技术的总称，指的是通过可穿戴设备和计算机技术生成的虚实结合环境和人机交互。)”可知，本段主要介绍了XR市场价值和它包含了那些技术，也就是XR的技术及其商业价值。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“China’s Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies, enabling singers who couldn’t be present at the gala to give performances remotely. (去年的中国春节联欢晚会采用了XR技术，使得无法到场的歌手能够远程表演。)”可知，XR技术可以让不同地方的歌手共享同一个舞台，这是生活中运用XR技术的一个例子。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Industry insiders pointed out that with constant progress being made in the large-scale deployment of the 5G network and its innovative applications, the “5G+XR” model is producing a large number of new application scenarios including social networking, office work, entertainment, exhibition and education, which will provide broad development space for the XR industry. (业内人士指出，随着5G网络大规模部署及其创新应用的不断推进，“5G+XR”模式正在产生大量新的应用场景，包括社交、办公、娱乐、展览和教育，这将为XR行业提供广阔的发展空间。)”可知，“5G+XR”模式将应用于多种新场景，能给人们创造许多新的机会。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“An XR experience store in Shenzhen, recently launched a program for citizens, which involved digital tours to the Jurassic period and outer space. (深圳的一家XR体验店最近为市民推出了一个项目，其中包括侏罗纪时期和外太空的数字之旅。)”，第三段第二句“XR technologies can help tourist attractions launch systems that enable visitors to better learn about faraway places and remote times in immersive (沉浸式的) scenes, as well as tourist guide systems and other systems that bring wonderful experiences for visitors through VR or AR glasses, mobile apps and browsers. (XR技术可以帮助旅游景区推出系统，让游客通过沉浸式场景更好地了解远方的地方和遥远的年代，同时还能通过VR或AR眼镜、移动应用程序和浏览器等设备，为游客带来精彩的体验，例如旅游导览系统和其他相关系统。)”，以及第四段“China’s Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies, enabling singers who couldn’t be present at the gala to give performances remotely. (去年的中国春节联欢晚会采用了XR技术，使得无法到场的歌手能够远程表演。)”可知，作者通过列举XR技术在深圳的体验店、智能旅游项目以及春节联欢晚会中的应用，介绍了XR技术的使用。这是通过举例来介绍XR技术的应用。故选B项。 （十六) （2025·山东日照·一模） Why are we so sure that the way we see people, situations and politics is accurate, and the way other people see them is foolishly wrong? The answer, according to new research by UCLA psychology professor Matthew Lieberman, lies in a region of the brain he calls the “gestalt cortex,” which helps people make sense of information that is unclear or incomplete — and dismiss alternative interpretations. People often mistake their own understanding of people and events as objective truth, rather than as merely their own interpretation. That phenomenon, called “naive realism,” leads people to believe that they should have the final word on the world around them. “The evidence from neural data is clear that the gestalt cortex is central to how we construct our version of reality,” Lieberman said. Mental acts that are organized, effortless and based on our experiences tend to occur in the gestalt cortex. For example, a person might see someone else smiling and without giving it any apparent thought, perceive that the other person is happy. Because those inferences are immediate and effortless, they typically feel more like “seeing reality” — even though happiness is an internal psychological state — than they do like “thinking,” Lieberman said. “We believe we have merely witnessed things as they are, which makes it more difficult to appreciate, or even consider, other perspectives,” he said. “The mind emphasizes its best answer and rejects the rest of solutions. The mind may initially process the world like a democracy (民主国家) where every alternative interpretation gets a vote, but it quickly ends up like an authoritarian regime (独裁政体) where one interpretation rules with an iron fist and disagreement is removed. In selecting one interpretation, the gestalt cortex literally abandons others.” The gestalt cortex is located behind the ear, and it is situated between the parts of the brain responsible for processing vision, sound and touch; those parts are connected by a structure called the temporoparietal junction, which is part of the gestalt cortex. In the new study, Lieberman proposes that the temporoparietal junction is central to conscious experience and that it helps organize and integrate psychological features of situations that people see so they can make sense of them effortlessly. 1．What does Lieberman’s study focus on? A．Why people tend to think they are right. B．Why people often misunderstand others. C．How people perceive the world differently. D．How people treat alternative interpretations. 2．What does “naive realism” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Trusting others’ opinions blindly. B．Drawing inferences reasonably. C．Avoiding similar interpretations. D．Confusing personal views with facts. 3．How does the gestalt cortex handle conflicting interpretations? A．It dismisses the false ones. B．It prioritizes one over the others. C．It analyses their differences. D．It develops them into a new idea. 4．What is the key role of the temporoparietal junction according to Lieberman? A．Locating the position of the gestalt cortex. B．Controlling voluntary physical movement. C．Integrating senses for easy comprehension. D．Storing long-term memories of social events. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】这篇文章是说明文，文章主要介绍了加州大学洛杉矶分校心理学教授马修・利伯曼的研究，指出人们常确信自己对人、事和政治的看法准确，他人看法错误，这源于大脑 “格式塔皮层”。该皮层处理信息时起初类似民主方式，后强调一种解释并排除其他，让人将个人理解当客观事实，产生 “朴素现实主义”，同时还说明了大脑 “格式塔皮层”的颞顶联合区在意识体验和理解情境中的作用 。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Why are we so sure that the way we see people, situations and politics is accurate, and the way other people see them is foolishly wrong? The answer, according to new research by UCLA psychology professor Matthew Lieberman, lies in a region of the brain he calls the ‘gestalt cortex,’ which helps people make sense of information that is unclear or incomplete — and dismiss alternative interpretations.(为什么我们如此确信我们对人、情境和政治的看法是准确的，而其他人的看法是愚蠢的错误？根据UCLA心理学教授Matthew Lieberman的最新研究，答案在于他称之为‘格式塔皮层’的大脑区域，它帮助人们理解模糊或不完整的信息，并摒弃其他解释)”可知，Lieberman的研究聚焦于人们如何处理和选择不同的解释。选项A为移易混项，文章确实提到人们倾向于认为自己是正确的，但这并不是研究的核心焦点。研究的核心在于人们如何处理和理解信息，而不仅仅是为什么他们认为自己是对的。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“People often mistake their own understanding of people and events as objective truth, rather than as merely their own interpretation. That phenomenon, called ‘naive realism,’ leads people to believe that they should have the final word on the world around them. (人们常常会把自己对他人和事件的理解错当成客观事实，而不只是把它当作自己的解读。这种现象就被称为‘ 朴素现实主义’，使人们相信他们对周围世界的看法应该是最终的结论)”可知，“naive realism”指的是人们混淆个人观点与事实，把自己对人和事件的理解错当成客观事实。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The mind emphasizes its best answer and rejects the rest of solutions. The mind may initially process the world like a democracy (民主国家) where every alternative interpretation gets a vote, but it quickly ends up like an authoritarian regime (独裁政体) where one interpretation rules with an iron fist and disagreement is removed. In selecting one interpretation, the gestalt cortex literally abandons others. (大脑会强调它认为的最佳答案，并且拒绝其他的解决方案。大脑最初处理这个世界的方式可能就像一个民主国家，在那里每一种不同的解释都有投票权，但很快它就会变得像一个独裁政体，在其中一种解释以强硬手段占据主导地位，而不同意见则被排除掉。在选择一种解释时，格式塔皮层实际上就抛弃了其他的解释)”可知，面对多种冲突解释，格式塔皮层先给予各种解释表达机会，随后优先选择一种并舍弃其他。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Lieberman proposes that the temporoparietal junction is central to conscious experience and that it helps organize and integrate psychological features of situations that people see so they can make sense of them effortlessly. (利伯曼提出，颞顶联合区在有意识的体验中处于核心地位，并且它有助于组织和整合人们所看到的各种情境的心理特征，这样人们就能毫不费力地理解这些情境)”可知，颞顶联合区在有意识体验中处于核心地位，关键作用是整合感官信息，帮助人们轻松理解情境。故选C项。 （十七) （2025·山东日照·一模） One swallow may not make a summer but seeing or hearing birds does improve mental wellbeing, previous research has found. The study, led by academics from King’s College London, also found that everyday encounters with birds boosted the mood of people with depression, as well as the wider population. The researchers said the findings suggested that visits to places with a wealth of bird life, such as parks and canals, could be prescribed (开处方) by doctors to treat mental health conditions. They added their findings also highlighted the need to better protect the environment and improve biodiversity in urban, suburban and rural areas in order to preserve bird habitats. To get more reliable results, the researchers tracked 1,292 participants’ everyday encounters with birds last year. Over the course of two weeks, the participants, from the UK, Europe, the US, China and Australia, were reminded at random intervals to record how they were feeling, including whether they were happy or stressed, whether they could see trees, and whether they could see or hear birds. The researchers found that participants’ average mental wellbeing scores increased when they saw or heard birds, including among those who have depression. However, this positive effect did not continue if the participants did not encounter birds during the subsequent assessment of their mood, which indicated a possible causal link effect of bird life on mental wellbeing. Andrea Mechelli, professor of early intervention in mental health at King’s College London, said, “We need to create and support environments, particularly urban environments, where bird life is a constant feature. The positive effect of bird encounters on people with depression is significant because many interventions that help so-called ‘healthy people’ don’t work for individuals with mental health issues.” He added, “We know exercise makes everyone feel better. But it’s incredibly challenging to motivate someone with depression to exercise. Whereas contact with bird life is something that, perhaps, is workable.” 1．What’s the greatest significance of the study done by King’s College London? A．It was conducted by professional academics. B．It encourages people to take more exercise. C．It brings new insight to the treatment of depression. D．It first proves the relationship between nature and mental health. 2．Why did the study have such a wide area coverage? A．To get more accurate results. B．To find more depressed people. C．To prove previous studies wrong. D．To publicize their research strength. 3．What makes the study imperfect? A．The duration of the study. B．The number of participants. C．The unavailability of the desired result. D．The temporariness of the positive effect. 4．What is Mechelli’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Satisfied. C．Worried. D．Uncaring. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了伦敦国王学院的学者们的一项新发现：每天与鸟类接触会改善抑郁症患者的情绪。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The study, led by academics from King’s College London, also found that everyday encounters with birds boosted the mood of people with depression, as well as the wider population.(这项由伦敦国王学院的学者领导的研究还发现，每天与鸟类接触可以改善抑郁症患者以及更广泛人群的情绪)”可知，这项研究为抑郁症的治疗带来了新的见解。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“To get more reliable results, the researchers tracked 1,292 participants’ everyday encounters with birds last year.(为了得到更可靠的结果，研究人员去年追踪了1292名参与者与鸟类的日常接触)”可推知，这次研究覆盖面广的原因是想要得到更准确的结果。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“However, this positive effect did not continue if the participants did not encounter birds during the subsequent assessment of their mood, which indicated a possible causal link effect of bird life on mental wellbeing.(然而，如果参与者在随后的情绪评估中没有遇到鸟类，这种积极影响就不会持续下去，这表明鸟类生活对心理健康可能存在因果关系)”可知，这项研究的不足之处是这种积极的影响不会持续下去。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The positive effect of bird encounters on people with depression is significant(鸟类邂逅对抑郁症患者的积极影响是显著的)”及“Whereas contact with bird life is something that, perhaps, is workable.(而与鸟类接触也许是可行的)”可知，Mechelli认为这项研究的结果很有意义。由此推知，他对这项研究很满意。故选B。 1 / 37 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 专题02 说明文 （一) （2025·山东菏泽·一模） Disastrous floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but as cities expand, and more and more land is under concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channelled away by storm drains and sewerage (雨污排水) systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases. Could the way that cities are growing be making things worse? Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding? Chinese landscape architect Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. Early in 2013, he proposed the concept of “sponge (海绵) cities”, which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge - reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts (涵洞) around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated pollutants which used to be washed into the sea. Auckland has taken a natural approach, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has installed blue-green roofs on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers beneath which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people to water plants or wash toilets. Advanced software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to maximize the system’s ability to absorb rainwater. Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city approach as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding. 1．What may cause the risk of city flooding? A．The city size. B．The city design. C．The city location. D．The city population. 2．Which of the following fail to serve as “sponge”? A．Riverside parks. B．Ponds. C．Blue-green roofs. D．Culverts. 3．What can be inferred about the sponge city approach from the last paragraph? A．It uses boxing with nature. B．It works well without doubt. C．Its further function needs testing. D．It is sufficient for future flooding. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．How sponge cities could prevent floods. B．Why the concept of “sponge cities” was proposed. C．Why floods are becoming more and more common. D．How the natural approach combines with high-tech method. （二) （2025·山东青岛·一模） Bacteria (细菌) know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d truly prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1 – 2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. “Having said that, there is a possibility that if you use a sponge to wipe up raw meat that you could have some of those disease-causing bacteria on there, and studies have found that those bacteria can be separated from kitchen sponges.” This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．How sponges are exactly structured. B．What encourages bacterial growth. C．How bacteria react to the environment. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Relatively harmless. B．Poorly adaptive, C．Surprisingly unpleasant. D．Widely distributed. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Proofs of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to control bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. （三) （2025·山东德州·一模） In a growing number of schools, educators believe that having students take part by starting with practical problems is a great motivator. Project-based learning that freely crosses disciplines provides an education superior to the traditional “maths at age nine, history at ten, literature at eleven” structure. Examples of projects applicable to the here and now are as follows: Soil Superheroes ProjectKing Middle School, Maine African Wildlife DNA ProjectHigh Tech High, California Seventh graders learn about soil bacteria (细菌) by creating multimedia information brochures. They consult professional microbiologists and cartoonists, conduct research, and then distribute their works to local garden centers and flower shops. An eleventh grade biology class uses DNA to help protect African wildlife. The students share their findings with wildlife-protection officials and have traveled to Tanzania to lead bushmeat-identification workshops. Water Wheel ProjectFerryway School, Massachusetts Bridge ProjectKentucky Elementary School, Ohio Fifth-graders explore history, science, technology, and engineering by designing their own water wheels. By the time they visit the nearby Saugus Iron Works, which dates back to the 1640s, they’ve already tested and mastered the centuries-old technology. Students conduct surveys, do research, build models and take field trips with the goal of determining the best kind of new bridge to build over the Ohio River. Students don’t restrict themselves to one discipline but rather look into maths, literature, history, science — whatever is appropriate to the study. 1．What is the characteristic of project-based learning? A．Following strict disciplines. B．Engaging in real-world issues. C．Starting subjects at different ages. D．Adopting teacher-centered class modes. 2．Which project includes a field trip to a historic site? A．Soil Superheroes Project. B．African Wildlife DNA Project. C．Water Wheel Project. D．Bridge Project. 3．What is highlighted in Bridge Project? A．Convenience. B．Integration. C．Efficiency. D．Popularity. （四) （2025·山东泰安·一模） Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. One behavior that researchers have focused on recently is photo editing, which involves altering one's appearance in pictures before posting them on social media. While some studies have suggested that photo editing is linked to negative outcomes such as seeing oneself as an object and having low self-esteem, the relationship between these factors is not well understood. Phillip Ozimek and his colleagues conducted a study with 403 young adults recruited through social media platforms to investigate the potential risks associated with photo editing on social media. Participants completed an online survey that included questions about their social media use, photo editing behavior, self-perception as an object, comparisons of physical appearance, self-esteem (自尊), and other relevant factors. To measure photo editing behavior, participants reported how often they edited their selfies before posting them on social media. To assess self-perception as an object and comparisons of physical appearance, participants answered questions about how much they monitored their bodies and compared themselves to others' looks. Finally, participants' self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one's worth on appearance, especially among vulnerable groups like teenagers. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. Although the study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues highlighted the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. 1．What were the participants asked to do in the study? A．Fill in a questionnaire about self-worth. B．Compare their looks with others. C．Edit their selfies before posting. D．See themselves as an object. 2．What does the word “vulnerable” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Hardly protected. B．Particularly strong. C．Easily influenced. D．Mostly independent. 3．From the passage, what can we infer? A．The higher levels of photo editing, the higher self-esteem. B．Reducing the overuse of social media might be beneficial to well-being. C．Photo editing is the only behavior that affects mental health on social media. D．The study has completely worked out the problem of the overuse of social media. 4．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce the popularity of social media. B．To explain the detailed process of a study on photo editing. C．To show teenagers are the most vulnerable group in using social media. D．To explore the relationship between photo editing and negative mental states. （五) （2025·山东济宁·一模） A newly described species of tardigrades, also known as water bears, is giving scientists insights into what makes these tiny creatures so resistant to radiation. Tardigrades, mostly less than l millimeter in length with their sausage-shaped bodies and four pairs of short, unjointed legs, have long interested scientists with their ability to withstand extreme conditions, including radiation. There are around 1,500 known tardigrade species, but only a handful are well-studied. Now, Lingqiang Zhang, a biologist at the Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, and his coworkers have sequenced (测序) the genetic group of a species new to science, and revealed some secrets of their radiation-resisting powers. Around six years ago, Zhang and his coworkers ventured into Funiu Mountain in China’s Henan province to collect moss samples. Back in the laboratory and under the microscope, they identified a previously undocumented species of tardigrade, which they named Hypsibius henanensis. When the researchers exposed H. henanensis to radiation levels of 200 and 2, 000 grays — far beyond what would be survivable for humans — they found one of the genes, called TRIDI, edits a protein that helps to repair double-strand breaks in DNA by gathering specialized proteins at sites of damage. “This is a new gene that, to my knowledge, no one was studying, ” says Bob Goldstein, a cell biologist at the University of North Carolina. The researchers also estimate that 0.5 — 3.1% of the tardigrade’s genes were acquired from other organisms through a process known as horizontal gene transfer (转移) . A gene called DODA1, which seems to have been acquired from bacteria, enables tardigrades to produce betalains, which can mop up some of the harmful reactive chemicals that radiation causes to form inside cells. The researchers believe their insights could be used to help protect astronauts from radiation during space missions, clean up nuclear pollution or improve cancer treatment. “We are still lacking knowledge of different tardigrade species out there. These animals have “a source of protectants that will probably keep pouring out more that will be useful and interesting to understand,” says Goldstein. 1．What makes tardigrades so appealing to scientists? A．Their survival ability. B．Their odd appearance. C．Their species diversity. D．Their large population. 2．What can TRIDI in tardigrades do? A．Produce protective substances. B．Acquire external genes. C．Facilitate protein exchanges. D．Repair damaged DNA． 3．What does the underlined phrase “mop up” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Distribute. B．Remove. C．Mirror. D．Activate. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title? A．Tardigrades: The Reemerging Species. B．Tardigrades: Tiny Giants with Ancient Origins. C．Discovering New Tardigrade Species in China. D．Unlocking Tardigrades’ Radiation Defense. （六) （2025·山东济宁·一模） The growing interaction between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping a new way of thinking, known as System 0. This new cognitive (认知的) framework exists outside the human mind and works as an external “thinking assistant”. System 0 works alongside the two established models of human thought: System l, which is fast, intuitive (直觉的) , and automatic, and System 2, which is slower, more analytical, and reflective. Just as an external drive allows us to store data that are not present on the computer, and we can work by connecting our drive to a PC wherever we are, AI, with its powerful processing and data-handling capabilities, can represent an external circuit to the human brain capable of enhancing it. Hence the idea of System 0, which is essentially a form of “external” thinking that relies on the capabilities of AI. By managing enormous amounts of data, AI can process information and provide suggestions based on complex algorithms (算法) . However, unlike intuitive or analytical thinking, System 0 can perform calculations, make predictions, and generate responses without truly “understanding” the content of the data it works with. The integration of system 0 into human cognition raises some concerns. One of the most pressing ones is the potential damage to our critical thinking and reasoning abilities. If we blindly trust the output of system 0 without questioning it, we risk losing our ability to think independently, leading to a weaker capacity for innovation and creativity. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the potential benefits of system 0 in increasing our cognitive capabilities and addressing complex challenges that may be beyond the capacity of human intelligence alone. Despite the polarized visions on the topic of the evolution of AI, we recommend that this revolutionary system be the object of a deep, shared reflection on how we plan to integrate it into the future of human thought. To ensure that AI remains a tool to enhance — rather than decrease — our cognitive autonomy, clear boundaries must be established. 1．What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To state AI’s influence on daily life. B．To introduce a new cognitive model. C．To compare three thinking systems. D．To discuss AI’s role in decision-making. 2．Which can best describe the essence of System 0? A．A deep meaning seeker. B．An analytical thinking pioneer. C．A smart decision-maker. D．An external cognitive enhancer. 3．What is the author’s tone carried in paragraph 4? A．Pushy. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Dismissive. 4．What will the follow-up paragraph most probably talk about? A．Moral dilemmas in human-AI integration. B．Possibly promising prospects of System 0. C．Technical challenges in sharpening System 0. D．Specific guidelines on using System 0 critically. （七) （2025·山东聊城·一模） Wearable trackers and monitors (such as smart watches) are increasingly popular and sophisticated. Wearables are playing an increasing role in managing and detecting conditions like atrial fibrillation (心房颤动), the most common heart rhythm problem. For many people, the sense that they are receiving reliable, objective and personalized health data can encourage feelings of confidence, safety and assurance, especially when combined with symptom trackers or patient diaries. This may allow patients to self-manage their condition at home with their families, rather than spending time in hospital — reducing anxiety and stress. In a clinical setting, data may also encourage patients to take part in shared decision-making. Interpreting health data together with doctors or other health-care professionals, they can develop goals and action plans, including when to seek help, and when to go to hospital. Patients who understand their condition tend to report fewer atrial fibrillation symptoms. However, a study examined the behavior and well-being of 172 people with atrial fibrillation over a nine-month period. It found the 83 people who used wearable to monitor their condition were more worried about their symptoms and treatment, with one in five experiencing “intense anxiety”. Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions. Some people also describe being a “prisoner of the numbers”. They feel they “need to keep checking the device to know how they were doing, leading to the device dominating their lives”. The volume and frequency of notifications (通知), alarms and vibrations from wearable devices can be overwhelming and make people worry about their health. Information overload can also discourage self-management, with notifications instead prompting people to seek health advice more often than they otherwise would. It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．Usage of personalized health data. B．Benefits of wearing wearables. C．How to manage health condition at home. D．When to seek medical attention. 2．What can we infer from the study? A．About 89 people were healthy. B．Wearables monitor people’s condition accurately. C．About 35 people experienced intense anxiety. D．Wearables can make people’s condition worse. 3．What does the underlined phrase “ a catch-22 situation” in paragraph 5 mean? A．A dilemma. B．A reality. C．A category. D．A phenomenon. 4．What might be a suitable title for the text? A．Digital Devices Are Irreplaceable in Life B．Being Monitored Is Good for Our Health C．Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides D．Wearables Lead People to be More Anxious （八) （2025·山东淄博·一模） The emergence of de-inking printers represents an advancement of printing technology and paper recycling, addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. For decades, conventional printing processes have been linked to substantial paper waste, with millions of tons of paper being consumed annually-often used just once before being thrown away. The innovative de-inking printer operates through a combination of advanced technologies. Using an advanced sensor system, it first identifies the presence of ink on the surface of the paper. Subsequently, a high-intensity laser (激光) is precisely directed to target and vaporize (汽化) ink effectively, removing them without causing any damage to the paper fibers. One of the most remarkable advantages of this technology lies in its potential to reduce overall paper consumption. By enabling the reuse of printed materials through effective ink removal, it significantly reduces the demand for newly produced paper. This shift not only preserves natural resources but also plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions associated with the paper production. From an economic perspective (角度), the adoption of de-inking printers presents long-term financial advantages. Although the initial investment in purchasing and installing the printer may be relatively high, the long-term savings from reduced paper and ink purchases can be substantial. However, the widespread adoption of de-inking printers is not without its challenges. The technology requires further improvements to enhance de-inking efficiency and ensure that the quality of recycled paper meets industry standards. Additionally, there exists a significant barrier in terms of user acceptance: many individuals and organizations remain accustomed to using new paper and may be reluctant to recycled alternatives, even when they are of comparable quality. In conclusion, the de-inking printer stands as a ray of hope for achieving a more sustainable future within the printing industry. With continued technological advancements and growing environmental awareness, this technology has the potential to transform the industry, contributing to a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient world. 1．What is the de-inking printer aimed at? A．Recycling the used ink. B．Producing recyclable paper. C．Improving the printing speed. D．Reducing the waste of resources. 2．How does the de-inking printer remove ink from paper? A．By adding chemicals into the ink. B．By combining sensors and lasers. C．By converting paper into new materials. D．By using laser to burn letters on the paper. 3．What blocks the broad application of de-inking printer? A．It can only be used with special ink. B．It is too large to be used in most offices. C．People are unwilling to use recycled paper. D．Users find it complex to understand. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards de-inking printer? A．Optimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Neutral. D．Negative. （九) （2025·山东淄博·一模） We take our speech abilities for granted. Most people do not stop to think of how other animals and insects communicate with each other. Ants are amazing creatures that have a tireless work pattern and complex social structure. To achieve this, they must have some ways of communicating with each other. Obviously, ants do not speak as we do, so how do they communicate? Ants communicate by releasing pheromones (信息素) that function outside of the body to send chemical messages to the ant that receives it and by touching their antennae (触角) to feel and smell each other. The best example that we can see very clearly is that ants find food sources and drop pheromones on their ways. By using their antennae to detect pheromone trails and following a sweeping pattern, they encounter a trail. Once the pheromone trail is found, they follow it with one antenna on either side of the path, ensuring they keep on track. This allows other ants to follow the pheromones. The result of these pheromone paths is long lines of ants, marching one behind each other to collect food. The queen ant uses pheromones to signal. As the queen ages, she gives off pheromones that tell the ant colony that she is dying. They begin feeding and preparing a pupa (蛹) to be the new queen. When ants greet each other with their antennae, they can tell if they are friends or foes and what function each ant fulfills in the nest. Scientists know that this is possible, but they are still trying to identify which pheromones share this information. Ants also give off pheromones that identify the nest they belong to, their social status, and their maturity. The more researchers study ants, the more they discover about their ability to translate information to one another, learn, form collective memories and sound alarms. Ants are truly amazing communicators. 1．How could ants communicate according to the text? A．By attracting companions via sounds. B．By sending alarm signals to the queen. C．By identifying pheromones with antennae. D．By keeping on the same track. 2．What is the function of the pheromone trail? A．To spot enemies in the ant colony. B．To help companions find food sources. C．To keep the orders of the ant community. D．To enable ants to communicate with humans. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Ants have no collective memories. B．Ants’ alarm-sounding ability is unique. C．Researchers have identified the types of pheromones. D．More secrets on ants’ communication remain unknown. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Insight into Ants’ Communication. B．The Secret of Touching Antennae. C．The Research on Ants’ Memories. D．The Amazing World of Ants. （十) （2025·山东淄博·一模） Earlier this year, Bad Bunny rejected a saying that he was about to release a new song with Justin Bieber. But last month, a song featuring what sounded like his and Bieber’s voices started spreading on TikTok, gaining millions of likes. Bad Bunny hadn’t lied, though: the song was created with AI. An artist named FlowGPT had used AI technology to recreate the voices of Bad Bunny, Bieber and Daddy Yankee. Bad Bunny himself hated it, discouraging his fans from listening. But many fans of all three stars loved it all the same. The song and the polarized reactions to it show how AI has stormed the music industry in a troublesome way. Over the past couple of years, advancements in machine learning have made it possible for anyone sitting in their homes to reproduce the sound of their favourite musicians. Some boosters argue that these advancements will allow anyone with an idea to create music. But some artists have reacted with anger that something so personal as their voice or musical style could be commercialised for someone else’s gain. The push-and-pull between protecting artists, driving innovations, and determining the supportive roles for man and machine in music creation will be explored for years to come. The singer-songwriter Holly Herndon is among the artists trying to get ahead of these changes. She created an imitation of her own voice called Holly+, allowing anyone to transform their own voice into hers. The purpose of the project is not to force other artists to also surrender (让出) their voices, but to encourage them to also take on an active role in these larger conversations. “I think it’s an opportunity to rethink what the role of the artist is,” she tells TIME. “There’s a way to still have some control over the digital version of yourself, but be more playful and less strict.” 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a survey. C．By citing an incident. D．By sharing a song. 2．What does the underlined phrase “The push-and-pull” in paragraph 3 mean? A．The competition. B．The responsibility. C．The equality. D．The balance. 3．What is the purpose of creating Holly+? A．To involve artists in AI discussions. B．To challenge artists’ traditional role. C．To commercially use the digital voice. D．To offer ideas for fans’ music creation. 4．What does the text mainly convey about AI music? A．Its popularity. B．Its controversy. C．Its feature. D．Its profit. （十一) （2025·山东德州·一模） Some of the world’s 7,000 languages disappear annually and many are endangered for not being spoken widely in formal settings like schools. A quiet fightback is under way in communities that feel their traditions are drowned out by the dominance of the most globally spoken languages. Tochi Precious, a Nigerian, says, “It pains me to see a language dying off, because it’s not just about the language, but about the history and culture associated with it.” It was the community aspect that brought her to join efforts to save Igbo, an endangered African language. Ensuring there’s a substantial record of words and meanings, and how it is written and used is key, according to campaigners like Precious, who aid others in their languages’ protection through the organisation Wikitongues. Amrit Sufi, an Indian speaking Angika, records videos and uploads them to preserve its oral culture via Wikitongues, too. “It’s urgent to document and make it accessible, not just stored in a library,” she says. “Oral culture is disappearing as new generations are more subject to consuming industry-produced music rather than sitting in groups and singing. They’re ashamed to speak it due to a perceived dishonor attached to it, seeing Angika beneath dominant languages.” Wikitongues focuses on helping document languages using collective resources such as dictionaries and alternative-language Wikipedia entries. Wikipedia is favoured by language activists as a way to upload media and build effective and affordable dictionaries. There are moves to use artificial intelligence to document languages by processing texts and feeding them into chatbots. Many activists create books, videos and recordings. Community radio stations also have a long record of providing services in local languages. Despite such preservation, activists then have to persuade people to use a language — a major challenge. “While Igbo is one of Nigeria’s largest languages, parents believe only English is useful for children’s future, insisting that if they don’t speak English, they appear ignorant and don’t belong,” Precious says. “But efforts to save it have worked — the language is flowering again.” 1．How do Precious and Sufi help prevent language loss? A．Through national programs. B．Through word of mouth. C．Through mass music formats. D．Through Internet technology. 2．What may be the reason for the downfall of Angika according to Sufi? A．Decline in population. B．Lack of job-market demands. C．Prejudice against Angika. D．Absence of formal education. 3．What is the toughest thing facing activists about an endangered language? A．Promoting its use. B．Building community cooperation. C．Obtaining financial support. D．Getting advanced recording devices. 4．What is Precious’ attitude towards the Igbo rescue move? A．Skeptical. B．Positive. C．Pessimistic. D．Uncaring. （十二) （2025·山东泰安·一模） The brains of lonely individuals respond to video stimuli (刺激) in unique ways dissimilar from their peers (同龄人), while the brains of less lonely people respond similarly to others’, suggesting that lonely individuals may process the world differently, which could worsen or even lead to their loneliness. Elisa Baek led the investigation when she was a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA．She and her colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (功能性磁共振成像) to record the brains of 66 college students as they watched a collection of 14 short videos during a 90-minute session. The videos included sparkles from sporting events, footage from documentaries, and emotional illustrations of human life. After going through the lengthy scans, the students subsequently completed an extensive questionnaire intended to measure how lonely they felt. Back and her co-authors divided the students into “lonely” and “nonlonely” groups, determined by their scores from the survey. They then conducted a thorough statistical analysis in which each individual’s brain imaging results were compared to every other individual’s. They found that the lonelier a person was, the more distinct their brain imaging results were compared to those of the other volunteers. The results held even when controlling for the number of friends each participant reported, reconfirming prior research showing that anyone can be lonely regardless of their social connections. “These findings raise the possibility that being surrounded mostly by people who view the world differently from oneself may be a risk factor for loneliness (even if one socialises regularly with them),” the researchers wrote. This could factor into why people tend to silo (封闭) themselves within friend groups and communities which share their views, a near universal trend that plays out in our online lives as well, often in a more extreme manner. A key question left unresolved is whether the unique brain processing observed in lonely individuals is a cause or an effect of their feelings of disconnection. A long-term study in which participants come into the lab for repeated scans over months or even years could provide an answer. 1．What can we learn about lonely people from the investigation? A．They get along well with their peers. B．They perceive the world differently. C．They seek diversity in social interactions. D．They process information with great accuracy. 2．How were the participants categorized? A．By their questionnaire scores. B．By their social performances. C．By the number of their friends. D．By the results of their brain imaging. 3．Who of the following is more likely to suffer loneliness? A．Allen who has few online friends. B．Bruce who walks in nature habitually. C．Cindy who watches short videos every day. D．Daisy who hardly shares her friends’ views. 4．What will future studies focus on? A．The downside of social disconnection. B．The feelings of lonely and less lonely individuals. C．The connection between brain processing and loneliness. D．The influence of various world views on lonely individuals. （十三) （2025·山东德州·一模） A garden constructed with “humble” clay fashioned into 3D-printed bricks has claimed the first green medal at the Chelsea Flower Show for being the most environmentally sustainable design. The Chelsea Flower Show, a celebrated global event held annually at Chelsea, London, has been a cornerstone of the gardening calendar since 1913. It began as a way to showcase the latest trends in gardening and plant varieties. The Environmental Innovation Award is the first of its sort and goes along with the gold, silver and bronze medals awarded to the most attractive and interesting gardens. Giulio Giorgi, a first-time Chelsea designer, stated he created the green-medal-winning garden with no concrete. Most gardens contain concrete in some form and the materials they are built from often generate the highest carbon footprint. While the employment of pollinator-friendly plants, wild areas and sensible use of water are well-known easy ways to make a garden more sustainable, Giorgi said it was crucial to focus on the building materials as their carbon footprint was often overlooked. “We typically use a lot of metal, glue, cement and then all the energy we have to put in to build the gardens. The material in our garden is low-temperature-fired clay, a resource that can be found pretty much everywhere. We made this clay into 3D-printed bricks, connecting ancient tradition with novel practices so carbon emissions are the lowest possible, if any. The bricks, peppered with tiny holes, can absorb water and release it when drought strikes plants,” said Giorgi. Judges considered end-of-life plans for the gardens and whether materials could be reused. The 3D-printed nature of Giorgi’s garden means it can easily be taken apart and put together again. As a result, when it is relocated to RHS Garden Wisley, where it will live on after the show as an educational facility, the carbon emissions will be low as no materials will be wasted. 1．What do we know about the Chelsea Flower Show? A．It values sustainability as well as appeal. B．Its initial aim was to encourage outdoor fitness. C．It requires competing gardens to be concrete-free. D．It has a long-standing tradition of championing greenness. 2．What advantage does clay have over other building materials according to Giorgi? A．It catches fire less easily. B．It’s more durable and absorbent. C．It takes less labor to produce. D．It’s eco-friendly and more available. 3．What will become of Giorgi’s garden after the show? A．It’ll be sold publicly. B．It’ll serve as an urban landmark. C．It’ll be turned into a school. D．It’ll come into play in another spot. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Clay Bricks: Recyclable Building Material B．Chelsea Flower Show: Celebration of Gardening C．Garden with Clay Bricks: Winner of Green Medal D．Giulio Giorgi: Designer Enthusiastic about High-Tech （十四) （2025·山东菏泽·一模） The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one’s worth on appearance, especially among sensitive groups like young adults. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. The study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues. Firstly, the data was collected through self-report measures, which may be biased (偏见). Secondly, the study design was cross-sectional, which means causality (因果) cannot be determined. Lastly, the sample size was relatively small and not representative of the entire population of young adults who use social media. This study highlights the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions aimed at reducing excessive (过度的) social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. “Reality is harder to understand as it appears on the surface,” the researchers wrote. “The description of reality is a constructive attempt which is up to hidden issues of the editors. The description of reality is usually not a documentary but part of a narrative which the photo editor intends to project on the public screen.” “By understanding the underlying narrative, the contrast between natural appearance and edited photo of it is getting obvious. Because photo editing is likely to be popular in the future, the focus of psycho-education as part of a psychological intervention technique should be a sensibilization for the widespread use of corresponding techniques.” 1．What does the study show according to the text? A．The effect of social media on physical appearance. B．The comparison of adults’ mental health outcomes. C．The relationship between photo editing behavior and self-esteem. D．The difference between self-perception and physical appearance. 2．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 3 focus on? A．Its limitations. B．Its measures. C．Its subjects. D．Its objectives. 3．What does the underlined word “editors” in paragraph 5 probably refer to? A．Researchers. B．Educators. C．Young adults. D．News reporters. 4．In which column can we probably read the text? A．Psychology. B．History. C．Novel. D．Entertainment. （十五) （2025·山东临沂·一模） Statistics show that the market value of global Extended Reality (XR) industry has gone beyond $20.4 billion. XR, an umbrella term including technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), refers to real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions generated by wearable devices and computer technology. As XR technologies become more mature, they have been gradually applied in more scenarios (场景) that are closely related to the daily life of ordinary people, and have seen new consumer markets in recent years. The application of XR technologies has made it possible for users to “travel to the past” and “wander in the universe” through virtual trips. An XR experience store in Shenzhen, recently launched a program e for citizens, which involved digital tours to the Jurassic period (侏罗纪) and outer space. XR technologies have also been integrated into the application scenarios concerning smart tourism projects. XR technologies can help tourist attractions launch systems that enable visitors to better learn about faraway places and remote times in immersive (沉浸式的) scenes, as well as tourist guide systems and other systems that bring wonderful experiences for visitors through VR or AR glasses, mobile apps and browsers. Compared with offline tours, scenarios reproduced by XR technologies can enrich the experiences of users. China’s Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies, enabling singers who couldn’t be present at the gala to give performances remotely. The XR industry is full of possibilities, and the 5G technology is considered a catalyst (催化剂) for further stimulating its potential. Last January, the branch of China Mobile, a major Chinese telecommunications operator in Zhengzhou, built the province’s first “5G+XR” commercial complex in shopping mall. Industry insiders pointed out that with constant progress being made in the large-scale deployment of the 5G network and its innovative applications, the “5G+XR” model is producing a large number of new application scenarios including social networking, office work, entertainment, exhibition and education, which will provide broad development space for the XR industry. 1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The historical development of XR technologies. B．The XR technologies and their commercial value. C．The challenges faced by the XR industry in the global market. D．The comparison between XR and other emerging technologies. 2．How does XR help in daily life? A．Help visitors better plan their travel routes. B．Take users to travel in outer space in person. C．Let singers in different places share the same stage. D．Make tourist attractions more environmentally friendly. 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the “5G+XR” model? A．It has been widely used in Zhengzhou. B．It will lead to more people to fail to socialize. C．It will create many new opportunities for people. D．It has made traditional shopping malls disappear. 4．How does the writer introduce the use of XR technologies in the text? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By explaining reasons. （十六) （2025·山东日照·一模） Why are we so sure that the way we see people, situations and politics is accurate, and the way other people see them is foolishly wrong? The answer, according to new research by UCLA psychology professor Matthew Lieberman, lies in a region of the brain he calls the “gestalt cortex,” which helps people make sense of information that is unclear or incomplete — and dismiss alternative interpretations. People often mistake their own understanding of people and events as objective truth, rather than as merely their own interpretation. That phenomenon, called “naive realism,” leads people to believe that they should have the final word on the world around them. “The evidence from neural data is clear that the gestalt cortex is central to how we construct our version of reality,” Lieberman said. Mental acts that are organized, effortless and based on our experiences tend to occur in the gestalt cortex. For example, a person might see someone else smiling and without giving it any apparent thought, perceive that the other person is happy. Because those inferences are immediate and effortless, they typically feel more like “seeing reality” — even though happiness is an internal psychological state — than they do like “thinking,” Lieberman said. “We believe we have merely witnessed things as they are, which makes it more difficult to appreciate, or even consider, other perspectives,” he said. “The mind emphasizes its best answer and rejects the rest of solutions. The mind may initially process the world like a democracy (民主国家) where every alternative interpretation gets a vote, but it quickly ends up like an authoritarian regime (独裁政体) where one interpretation rules with an iron fist and disagreement is removed. In selecting one interpretation, the gestalt cortex literally abandons others.” The gestalt cortex is located behind the ear, and it is situated between the parts of the brain responsible for processing vision, sound and touch; those parts are connected by a structure called the temporoparietal junction, which is part of the gestalt cortex. In the new study, Lieberman proposes that the temporoparietal junction is central to conscious experience and that it helps organize and integrate psychological features of situations that people see so they can make sense of them effortlessly. 1．What does Lieberman’s study focus on? A．Why people tend to think they are right. B．Why people often misunderstand others. C．How people perceive the world differently. D．How people treat alternative interpretations. 2．What does “naive realism” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Trusting others’ opinions blindly. B．Drawing inferences reasonably. C．Avoiding similar interpretations. D．Confusing personal views with facts. 3．How does the gestalt cortex handle conflicting interpretations? A．It dismisses the false ones. B．It prioritizes one over the others. C．It analyses their differences. D．It develops them into a new idea. 4．What is the key role of the temporoparietal junction according to Lieberman? A．Locating the position of the gestalt cortex. B．Controlling voluntary physical movement. C．Integrating senses for easy comprehension. D．Storing long-term memories of social events. （十七) （2025·山东日照·一模） One swallow may not make a summer but seeing or hearing birds does improve mental wellbeing, previous research has found. The study, led by academics from King’s College London, also found that everyday encounters with birds boosted the mood of people with depression, as well as the wider population. The researchers said the findings suggested that visits to places with a wealth of bird life, such as parks and canals, could be prescribed (开处方) by doctors to treat mental health conditions. They added their findings also highlighted the need to better protect the environment and improve biodiversity in urban, suburban and rural areas in order to preserve bird habitats. To get more reliable results, the researchers tracked 1,292 participants’ everyday encounters with birds last year. Over the course of two weeks, the participants, from the UK, Europe, the US, China and Australia, were reminded at random intervals to record how they were feeling, including whether they were happy or stressed, whether they could see trees, and whether they could see or hear birds. The researchers found that participants’ average mental wellbeing scores increased when they saw or heard birds, including among those who have depression. However, this positive effect did not continue if the participants did not encounter birds during the subsequent assessment of their mood, which indicated a possible causal link effect of bird life on mental wellbeing. Andrea Mechelli, professor of early intervention in mental health at King’s College London, said, “We need to create and support environments, particularly urban environments, where bird life is a constant feature. The positive effect of bird encounters on people with depression is significant because many interventions that help so-called ‘healthy people’ don’t work for individuals with mental health issues.” He added, “We know exercise makes everyone feel better. But it’s incredibly challenging to motivate someone with depression to exercise. Whereas contact with bird life is something that, perhaps, is workable.” 1．What’s the greatest significance of the study done by King’s College London? A．It was conducted by professional academics. B．It encourages people to take more exercise. C．It brings new insight to the treatment of depression. D．It first proves the relationship between nature and mental health. 2．Why did the study have such a wide area coverage? A．To get more accurate results. B．To find more depressed people. C．To prove previous studies wrong. D．To publicize their research strength. 3．What makes the study imperfect? A．The duration of the study. B．The number of participants. C．The unavailability of the desired result. D．The temporariness of the positive effect. 4．What is Mechelli’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Satisfied. C．Worried. D．Uncaring. 1 / 13 公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$