Unit 2 Period 3 Grammar and usage-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Period 3　Grammar and usage—Overview of relative clauses 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成下面的练习。 (改编自2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写原文) ①I quickly searched the crowd for the school’s coach and asked him the matter that had happened.“②I was afraid that kids from other schools would laugh at him，which would make him frustrated，” he explained uncomfortably.“I gave him the choice to run or not，and let him decide.” I bit back my frustration(懊恼)．I knew the coach meant well—he thought he was doing the right thing.③After making sure that David could run if he wanted，I turned to find David，whose small body rocked from side to side as he swung his feet forward. ④David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like other children，but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid.⑤He always participated to the best of his ability in anything that they were doing.⑥That was the reason why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.It just took him longer—that’s all.David had not missed a single practice，and although he always finished his run long after the other children，he did always finish.⑦As a special education teacher at the school who was familiar with David’s challenges，I was proud of his strong determination. 自主发现 1．句①④⑤⑥⑦是限制性定语从句，句②③是非限制性定语从句。 2．句①②③④⑤⑦中的加黑单词为关系代词；句⑥中的加黑单词为关系副词，可以替换为“介词＋which”。 一、定义 在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：连接主句和从句；替代先行词；在从句中充当句子成分。 二、定语从句的分类 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，其区别如下： 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式不同 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开 功能不同 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充说明，如果删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思 翻译不同 一般把定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，“……的” 通常把定语从句翻译成主句的并列句 关系词的使用不同 ①关系词作宾语时可省略 ②可用 that和why ③可用 who 代替 whom ①关系词一般不可省略 ②不用 that和why ③不可用 who 代替 whom 先行词不同 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子 People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人寿命长些。 His daughter，who is in Boston now，is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。 三、关系代词的用法 (一)关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 作主语、宾语 whom 人 作宾语 whose(＝of whom/of which) 人或物 作定语 that 人或物 作主语、宾语、表语 which 物或事 作主语、宾语 as 人、物或事 作主语、宾语 However，because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and find a job，whose life is full of ups and downs. 然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满了起起落落。 We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year. 我们将在一个月内完成年初定下的销售目标。 This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky guy. 这位女士给她的儿子树立了一个好榜样，他是一个非常幸运的小伙子。 (二)关系代词that与which的用法 只用that 的情况 先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代词时 先行词被any，few，little，much，some，no等词修饰或被the only，the very，the same，the last等修饰时 先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时 先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 主句是who或which等引出的特殊疑问句时 只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that 介词后用which不用that Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ This is one of the most exciting basketball games that my nephew has ever seen. 这是我侄子看过的最激动人心的篮球比赛之一。 The geophysicist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位地球物理学家和他所取得的成就。 Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in? 你以前就读的那家幼儿园是哪一家？ They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。 It was hard for him to learn English in a family in which neither of the parents spoke the language. 对他来说在一个父母都不会英语的家庭中，学英语很难。 (三)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等。 从句谓语常用被动。 意思上 “这一点” “正如……，正像……的那样” The award-winning book was written by a teenager，which was，indeed，beyond all expectations. 这本获奖的书是一个十几岁的孩子写的，这确实出乎所有人的意料。 As is known to us all，failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.众所周知，失败通常源于懒惰，而勤奋可以导致成功。 I have the same difficulty as you had last year.我也有和你去年一样的困难。 [温馨提示] as引导的定语从句，常见的结构有： as is often the case情况常是如此 as often happens这种情况常发生 as has been said before正如以前所说的 as is known to all＝as we all know众所周知 as the saying goes俗话说 as is reported/said正如所报道/说的那样 (四)whose的用法 whose是表示所属关系的代词，在定语从句中作定语修饰人或物，相当于 my，his，her，its，their 等。of which 可以代替whose 修饰物，词序一般是“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”。of whom 可以代替 whose 修饰人，词序是“the＋名词＋of whom或of whom＋the＋名词”。 The newly-built cafe，whose walls/the walls of which/of which the walls are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建的墙体被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们而言确实是个安静的场所，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。 I will talk to those students whose homework/the homework of whom/of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule. 我要和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。 四、关系副词的用法 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when 表时间 时间状语 where 表地点(具体或抽象) 地点状语 why 表原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句) We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。 Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 The reason why my favourite sport is playing basketball is that it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life. 我最喜爱的体育运动是打篮球，原因是它一直给我力量来面对生活中的挑战。 [温馨提示] where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place，home，school，village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如 job，life，situation，point，case，stage，activity 等)。 Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 在销售总监这个职位上，沟通能力和销售技巧一样重要。 To learn English effectively，you should not only have a good command of the grammar，but understand the culture where it is spoken. 要想有效地学习英语，你不仅要掌握好语法，还要了解说英语的国家的文化。 五、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的某种习惯搭配；②从句中动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。 The man (who/whom/that) I talked with at the meeting is from Peking University. ＝The man with whom I talked at the meeting is from Peking University. 在会议中与我谈话的那个人来自北京大学。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家所从事的事业。 We’ll climb Mangshan Mountain in the morning，on whose top we’ll have a picnic at noon. 我们上午去爬莽山，中午在山顶上野餐。 注意：但是在下面这类句子中for不可以提前，因为look for是固定的动词词组。 This is the diamond (that/which) the policemen are looking for. 这就是警察正在找的那颗钻石。 2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each 等代词或数词后表示整体与部分的关系可以用“of which/whom”。 He has a lot of friends，some of whom will offer help to him when he is in trouble. 他有许多朋友，当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。 六、先行词为way的情况 当先行词是way(意为“方式，方法”)时，定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式： What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it. 让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较： The way (that/which) he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The way (that/in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释这个句子的方式并不难理解。 七、定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。 Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ 用适当的关系词完成下面的短文 There was a time 1.when I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason 2.why my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3.where I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide,4.whose teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face，from 5.whom/which I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.that/which we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7.who encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8.which I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9.which I can memorize a large number of new words.10.As our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will master English sooner or later.” Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Can you still remember the time (that/which) we spent together in our childhood? 2．We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true. 3．They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals. 4．He was late for the opening ceremony，which was very surprising to me. 5．All the presents (that) your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away. 6．The world has been changing at such a high speed as no one has expected. 7．Many young people，most of whom were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 8．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved. 9．The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 10．My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. Ⅱ.用定语从句完成句子 1．All the people who/that come from that country work much harder. 所有来自那个国家的人工作都更加努力。 2．As is reported in the newspapers，talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。 3．My mother always treats me like a baby，which I can’t bear/stand. 妈妈总把我当小孩子对待，这是我不能忍受的。 4．I will never forget the day when/on which I was admitted into a university. 我永远不会忘记我被大学录取的那一天。 5．You know there are many traditional art forms in China，of which paper-cutting is the most popular. 你知道中国有很多传统艺术形式，其中剪纸是最受欢迎的。 Ⅲ.阅读理解 Those who don’t live in cities often complain about or feel surprised at the fact that strangers don’t talk to each other in urban public places.They feel sorry about the way we seem to increasingly get lost in mobile devices，seemingly oblivious to what’s going on around us.But sociologists recognize that the space we give each other in the urban places serves an important social function. Well known sociologist Erving Goffman developed the concept of “civil inattention” in his book Behavior in Public Places.Far from ignoring those around us，Goffman proved that what we’re actually doing is pretending to be unaware of what others are doing around us，therefore providing them a sense of privacy，as they do the same for us.Goffman proved in his research that civil inattention typically involves at first a mirror form of social interaction，like very brief eye contact，the exchange of head nods，or weak smiles.Following that，both parties then typically move their eyes from the other party. Goffman theorized that what we achieve，socially speaking，with this kind of interaction，is mutual(相互的) recognition that the other present causes no threat to our security，and we both agree，tacitly(默契地)，to let the other alone to do as they please.When we provide civil inattention to others，we effectively approve their behavior.Sometimes，we use civil inattention to save face when we’ve done something we feel embarrassed by，or to help manage the embarrassment that another might feel if we witness them trip，or drop something. Civil inattention is thus not a problem，but an important part of maintaining social order in public.We expect it from others and see it as normal behavior.We may feel threatened by someone who doesn’t give it to us.This is why women feel threatened by those who catcall(发嘘声) to them，and why for some men，simply being stared at by another is enough to cause a physical fight. 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。城市中陌生人不愿意在公众场合进行过多交谈，社会学家Goffman提出了“礼貌性疏忽”这一概念，认为这在社交互动生活中有着积极的影响。 1．How does the author begin this text? A．By giving people a warning. B．By describing a way of socializing. C．By comparing some people’s feelings. D．By giving a problem with technology. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。文章第一段前两句描述了一种社交方式：陌生人在城市公共场所不说话。“我们”貌似越来越沉迷于移动设备。然后末句阐述了社会学家对此的看法。由此推断，文章第一段通过描述一种社交方式来开始叙述。故选B。 2．What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Tired of. B．Unsure about. C．Unaware of. D．Curious about. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“They feel sorry about the way we seem to increasingly get lost in mobile devices...”可知，“我们”貌似越来越沉迷于移动设备，对于身边发生的事情是不关注的，oblivious to与unaware of为近义词，表示“对……是无意识的”。故选C。 3．What do we actually mean when we look away from a stranger，according to Goffman? A．We are ignoring him on a rude basis. B．We are showing our respect for others’ privacy. C．We are worrying that we could lose belongings. D．We are protecting ourselves from physical attacks. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句可知，当我们把目光从陌生人身上移开时，我们是在表达对他人隐私的尊重。故选B。 4．What can be learned from the text about civil inattention? A．Civil inattention has positive effects on social interaction. B．Civil inattention helps save face when we’ve done wrong to others. C．Civil inattention isn’t linked to social interaction according to Goffman. D．Civil inattention is a type of normal behavior which we may feel threatened. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的“what we achieve...with this kind of interaction，is mutual(相互的) recognition that the other present causes no threat to our security，and we both agree，tacitly(默契地)，to let the other alone to do as they please.”及最后一段第一句可知，礼貌性疏忽的结果是我们都心照不宣地同意让对方去做他们喜欢做的事，它是维护公共社会秩序的重要组成部分。故礼貌性疏忽对社会互动有积极影响。故选A。 Ⅳ.完形填空 In life，do you choose to take the road everyone has taken or choose the path that is best for you? It might be 1 to choose what everyone has done，especially if it seemed to work for them.But is that what truly 2 for you? On a recent hiking 3 ，my partner and I decided to take a popular trail in the 4 direction.This was an old，well-traveled trail that people had been hiking and biking from A to Z for years.For our own reasons，we chose to travel from Z to A．Going backwards made more sense with my 5 .The trip would take several days and going backwards 6 that I would end the trip closer to the airport for my flight home. As my partner and I walked，everyone crossing our path had something to say，“You’re going the wrong way.Are you returning 7 you forgot something？”The path occasionally crossed a 8 .When it did，even passing cars beeped to 9 us in the “right” direction. Why did people only see one way? Because that’s how it’s always been done? We even 10 to talk to a Danish woman who said，“We have a 11 in my country: when you go backwards to everyone else，it’s because you’re avoiding something.” I couldn’t believe it.We were just enjoying connecting with nature，hiking the way that best 12 us. I decided to 13 the path I chose. 14 ，we had an amazing experience.When your inner 15 tells you something is right (or wrong)，listen to it.It’s speaking to you for a reason and it knows what’s best for you. 语篇解读　这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者和伙伴在最近的一次徒步旅行中，选择了相反的方向。结果，他们有了一次奇妙的经历。 1．A.anxious B．normal C．awkward D．impressive 答案　B 解析　根据后文“to choose what everyone has done”可知，选择每个人都做过的事情可能是正常的。故选B。 2．A.designs B．plans C．works D．prepares 答案　C 解析　根据上文“it seemed to work for them”可知此处指选择每个人都做过的事情是否对自己起作用。故选C。 3．A.race B．test C．project D．trip 答案　D 解析　呼应后文“The trip would take several days”指徒步旅行。故选D。 4．A.opposite B．wrong C．common D．accessible 答案　A 解析　opposite相反的；accessible可到达的。根据后文“This was an old，well-traveled trail that people had been hiking and biking from A to Z for years.For our own reasons，we chose to travel from Z to A．”可知，作者他们选择了相反的路线。故选A。 5．A.emotion B．target C．schedule D．request 答案　C 解析　根据后文“I would end the trip closer to the airport for my flight home”可知倒着走会在离机场更近的地方结束旅行，所以是对日程安排有意义。故选C。 6．A.supposed B．ensured C．provided D．permitted 答案　B 解析　根据后文“that I would end the trip closer to the airport for my flight home”可知倒着走可以确保作者在离机场更近的地方结束旅程，以便搭飞机回家。故选B。 7．A.if B．because C．while D．yet 答案　B 解析　根据语境可知，路过的人们问作者和伙伴是不是因为忘了东西而返回的，此处表示“因为”应用because。故选B。 8．A.plain B．valley C．trail D．highway 答案　D 解析　plain平原；valley山谷；trail小径，足迹；highway公路。根据后文“even passing cars”可知，这条小路偶尔与公路相交。故选D。 9．A.point B．inspire C．protect D．support 答案　A 解析　根据后文“us in the ‘right’ direction”可知，汽车鸣笛是为了指出正确的方向。故选A。 10．A.expected B．stopped C．agreed D．hesitated 答案　B 解析　根据后文“to talk to a Danish woman”可知，作者当时在徒步旅行中，所以是停下来和一位丹麦妇女交谈。故选B。 11．A.saying B．point C．myth D．spell 答案　A 解析　spell咒语。根据后文“when you go backwards to everyone else，it’s because you’re avoiding something”可知，此处指丹麦妇女说她们国家有一句格言。故选A。 12．A.instructed B．confused C．offered D．suited 答案　D 解析　根据上文第二段最后一句和“We were just enjoying connecting with nature，hiking the way that best”可知，作者认为他们走的是最适合他们的路线。故选D。 13．A.show off B．think over C．pick out D．stick to 答案　D 解析　根据后文“When your inner...listen to it...”可知，作者决定坚持选择的道路。故选D。 14．A.Probably B．Hopefully C．Eventually D．Knowingly 答案　C 解析　knowingly故意地。根据后文“we had an amazing experience”可知，此处作者在总结这次徒步旅行，他们最终有了一次奇妙的经历。故选C。 15．A.desire B．feeling C．voice D．reaction 答案　C 解析　根据后文“tells you something is right (or wrong)，listen to it”可知，此处指人内心的声音，应用voice。故选C。 Ⅴ.语法填空 While every smart home is a smart building，not every smart building is a smart home.Buildings of all shapes and sizes are being equipped with IoT (Internet of Things) technologies 1. (improve) building efficiency(效率) and reduce energy costs and environmental impact. Many of the same smart technologies 2. (use) in the smart home are applied to smart buildings，including lighting，energy，heating 3. air conditioning.For example，a smart building can reduce energy costs by using sensors 4. function is to detect how many people are in a room.The temperature can 5. (automatic) adjust，putting cool air on if sensors detect a full conference room，or turning the heat down if everyone in the office 6. (go) home for the day. Smart buildings can also connect to the smart grid(电网)．Here，smart building components and the electric grid can “talk” and “listen” to each other.7. this technology，power cuts can be responded to more quickly and energy 8. (manage) can be more efficient. Beyond these benefits，smart buildings can provide building 9. (owner) with the benefit of predictive maintenance.Cleaners，for example，can refill restroom supplies when sensors monitor the soap or paper towels are not enough.Or maintenance and failure can 10._________ (predict) on building refrigeration，elevators and lighting systems. 1．答案　to improve 解析　考查不定式。分析句子可知，空处是不定式作目的状语，故填to improve。 2．答案　used 解析　考查过去分词。本句已有谓语，空处用非谓语；technologies与use之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填used。 3．答案　and 解析　考查连词。分析句子可知，heating与air conditioning是并列关系，空处表示“和”，用连词and符合题意。故填and。 4．答案　whose 解析　考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作定语，表示“某(些)物的……”，用whose引导。故填whose。 5．答案　automatically 解析　考查副词。分析句子可知，空处应用副词作状语修饰动词adjust，故填automatically。 6．答案　has gone/goes 解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。空处表示办公室的人回家了之后，暖气就会被调低，即过去的动作对现在的影响，应用现在完成时；若仅仅是陈述这个客观原理，可用一般现在时；由主语everyone可知谓语用单数形式。故填has gone或goes。 7．答案　With/Through 解析　考查介词。分析句子可知，此处表示“用/通过这个技术……”，可用介词with或through；位于句首，首字母大写，故填With或Through。 8．答案　management 解析　考查名词。分析句子可知，空处缺名词作主语，表示“管理”，不可数，故填management。 9．答案　owners 解析　考查名词复数。分析句子可知，此处泛指“业主”，owner为可数名词，故用复数形式。故填owners。 10．答案　be predicted 解析　考查动词语态。分析句子可知，空处填谓语动词，主语maintenance and failure与predict之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；情态动词can后面要用动词原形。故填be predicted。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$