Unit4 Section Ⅱ Using language-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language Do you know the man ①who/that wrote this book？He was Jason, ②whose job required him to do a lot of research.He worked in the same factory ③where my father once worked.When he came to China, the first thing ④that he did was to visit the factory ⑤which/that did research on trolleybuses and he found out the reason ⑥why China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute ⑦that he could spare to help China develop transportation.⑧As is mentioned above, Jason made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to ⑨whom we should say thanks. 短文中黑体单词引导的均为定语从句；定语从句是修饰名词、代词或整个主句(有时也可修饰主句中的一部分)的句子，其引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词。 1．关系代词在从句中可充当主语 (如加黑处①⑤⑧)，宾语 (如加黑处④⑦⑨)，定语 (如加黑处②)和表语等。 2．关系副词在从句中作状语如加黑处③⑥。 3．定语从句一般紧跟在其所修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)之后；用逗号隔开的定语从句是非限制性定语从句 (如加黑处②)。 复习定语从句 一、定语从句概述 担任定语成分的部分称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又被称为形容词性从句。 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句的意思就变得不完整或者完全失去意义。非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整，这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，先行词与定语从句往往用逗号隔开。 ①They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮助他。 ②Here comes the boy who has been looking for you for a while. 一直在找你的那个男孩来了。 ③The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，which he remembers starting as early as his childhood. 世界银行总裁说他记得早在童年时代就对中国满怀热爱。 三、关系代词的基本用法 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词在定语从句中起连接作用，同时代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语成分。 关系代词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分 who 指人 主语、宾语 whom 指人 宾语 whose 指人或物 定语 that 指人或物 主语、宾语、表语 which 指物或整个主句 主语、宾语等 as 指人、物或整个主句 主语、宾语、表语 ①Dr.Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing. 罗恩博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他不得不自己动手打印。 ②For people who are interested in sound，the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. 对于那些对声音感兴趣的人来说，声音技术领域无疑是在制造噪音。 ③Jimmy is the person whom you need to respect. 吉米是你需要尊重的人。 ④China is a country that/which has a long history. 中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。 ⑤Let's discuss only such questions as concern every one of us. 咱们只讨论那些关系到我们每个人的问题。 ————即学即练1———— 用定语从句合并下列句子 ①This woman has set a good example to her son.He is a really lucky guy. →This woman has set a good example to her son, who is a really lucky guy. ②The main street is lined with small stands and shops.They sell almost anything you can imagine. →The main street is lined with small stands and shops which/that sell almost anything you can imagine. ③Do you know the man？Our teacher is talking to him. →Do you know the man whom our teacher is talking to? ④Please introduce me to the man.His sister is a doctor. →Please introduce me to the man whose sister is a doctor. 四、关系副词的基本用法 关系副词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分 when 表示时间的名词 时间状语 where 表示地点的名词 地点状语 why 表示原因的名词(通常是reason) 原因状语 ①We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better. 我们将把公园野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。 ②The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work. 公司的老板正试图创造一种轻松的氛围，让他的员工能享受工作。 ③Do you know the reason why he is absent? 你知道他缺席的原因吗？ 【点拨】　当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词where引导。 They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 ————即学即练2———— 单句语法填空 ①The next day, my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball. ②We are living in an age when many things are done on computers. ③Nobody knows the reason why she didn't go to the party. 五、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 类别 句法功能 示例 介词＋which/whom 状语 He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 介词＋whose＋名词 状语 He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 名词/代词/数词＋介词＋which/whom 主语 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上星期日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。 【点拨】　“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定 1．根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 ①In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.(turn to sb.for help) 在黑暗的街道上，她没有一个可以求助的人。 ②Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.(be interested in) 物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的科目。 2．根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。 I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.(during the time) 我永远不会忘记童年在乡下度过的那段时光。 3．根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。 ————即学即练3———— 单句语法填空 ①With the fast development of agriculture, the people, in whose village she taught 10 years ago, have lived a happy life. ②The children, all of whom had played the whole day long, were worn out. ③Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends. ④My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. 六、关系代词that与which的区别 只用that的情况 先行词是all，few，little，much，something，anything，nothing等不定代词时 先行词被the only，the very，the same，all等修饰时 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 只用which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 关系代词指物，且前有介词时 ①The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city. 这座电视塔是这个城市的最高建筑物。 ②Readers attracts so many audiences，which means that it becomes more and more popular in China. 《读者》杂志吸引了那么多的读者，这意味着它在中国变得越来越受欢迎。 ③Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ ④Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？ ⑤This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅先生曾住过的房子。 七、关系代词which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用 which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。 1．which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可在主句中间。 ①Football，which is an interesting game，is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球，这是一项有趣的运动。 ②As is reported in the newspapers，talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如报纸上报道的那样，两国之间的谈判正在取得进展。 2．which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如，像”。 ①He sold his bicycle，which surprised me. 他把自行车卖了，这使我很吃惊。 ②As we know，smoking is harmful to our health. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 【点拨】　(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，其后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主动或被动语态或用于一些固定结构中。如：as was expected (不出所料)，as is mentioned above (正如上面所提到的)，as is often the case (这是常有的事)等。 (2)as也可用在限制性定语从句中，此时它多和such，so或the same连用，构成such/so...as和the same...as结构。 Such books as I have read are English novels. 我读过的这些书都是英语小说。(as在从句中作宾语) ————即学即练4———— 单句语法填空 ①In addition，all foreign students are communicative and willing to make friends，which makes it easy for you to get along with them. ②Understanding，love and tolerance are the first three essentials that come to an authentic friendship. ③As is known to us，body language can give away a lot about your mood. ④The train is the first that will go to Suzhou. ⑤I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault. superior adj.质量上乘的，优质的 n．上级；级别(或地位、职位)更高的人→superiority n．优越性，优等 superior in 在……方面优越 superior to 比……优越；比……好 【练透】　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The two scholars have a relationship superior to those of many of their friends. ②We must be clear that the enemy forces are superior in numbers. ③正是更为强大的智力和语言的使用把人和其他动物区别开来。 It is the superior intelligence and the use of language that distinguish man from the other animals. 【点拨】　superior, inferior, senior, junior这四个词均无比较等级。 go/get/run into debt 陷入债务之中，负债 be in debt 欠债 be out of debt 不欠债 pay off one's debts 偿清债务 be in one's debt/in the debt to sb. 欠某人的情；对某人感激不尽 【练透】　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①He went into debt and was arrested for robbery yesterday evening. ②If a person is heavily in debt，he is unable to earn his living，let alone purchase a house. ③I need to pay off all my debts before I leave the country. ④您对我们太好了，我们将永远感激不尽。(感谢信) You have been so kind to us that we shall always feel we are deeply in your debt． (时间：45分钟　满分：100分) Ⅰ.根据语境用本部分所学词汇的正确形式替换下列句子中的画线部分(每题1分，共4分) 1．She was chosen for the job because she was the better candidate.superior 2．We have been collecting data from various sources.accumulating 3．The tea company experimented with mixing different leaves to achieve the perfect light flavour in their latest product.mild 4．While many startups embrace modern trends, Betty has found success by focusing on traditional values in her business.conventional Ⅱ.根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子(每题2分，共8分) 1．Taking on too much work could interfere with (妨碍) workers' performance in the factory. 2．Susan has to go into debt (负债) to buy a car, so she is looking for a loan with low or no interest. 3．More than 14，000 people have paid the 98 yuan annual fee (年费) for this dictionary app since it was launched. 4．Sustainable practices were adopted in the manufacturing process to help the company make ends meet (使收支仅能相抵) while minimizing the environmental impact. Ⅲ.用正确的关系词完成下面短文(每题1分，共10分) The very film 1.that is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.as is popular with the public，3.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman 4.who went to America with her mother.Jack，5.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 6.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，7.when Jack lost his life for saving Rose(Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 8.which most people can't behave in real life).Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.9.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that's the reason 10.why Rose could live alone and tell us the moving story. Ⅳ.语法与写作(每题3分，共18分) 1．我写信是想和你分享上周五我在公园上的一节艺术课。(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) I am writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday． 2．为了介绍中国传统文化，我们学校将举行主题班会，班会视频在英语网站上展示。(2021·全国甲卷) To introduce Chinese traditional culture, our school will hold a theme class meeting, the video of which will be exhibited on the English website． 3．作为一个对旅行特别感兴趣的中国人，我想介绍我最喜欢的城市——北京。(2021·天津3月卷) As a Chinese who is interested in travelling in particular, I would like to introduce my favorite city—Beijing. 4．“Talk and Talk”是一个非常棒的节目，你可以在这里与学生分享你的想法。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Talk and Talk is an amazing program where you can share your ideas with students． 5．六月的最后一个周日怎么样？那时考试结束了，我们有时间了。 How about the last Sunday of June, when the examination is over and we are free? 6．我无法遵守承诺的原因是我要去看望我叔叔，他马上要出国深造了。 The reason why I can't keep my word is that I have to visit my uncle who will go abroad for further study soon. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题5分，共20分) (2024·临沂高二下期末)When I was a kid，if someone told me that I would grow up to become a published author and founder of a youth literacy (读写能力) foundation，I would have laughed and kept walking.Even now when I see the title of my latest picture book，My Very Favorite Book in the Whole Wide World，I shake my head，not quite believing that the book has my name on it.But the truth is, this story comes from my own personal experience. It took me a very long time to find my personal reading voice.In Valdosta，where I grew up，my community promoted two pathways to a better life for little boys like me：being an athlete or being an entertainer.I was no different than the other kids，so I did what felt natural：play football and overlook school.School presented challenges every day and so did football practice，but overcoming physical adversity (逆境) was on trend with my neighborhood's culture.Reading books was not so much. Fortunately，I went to college.That's where my reading struggles really reared their ugly head．Trips to the grocery store were stressful because there was so much reading involved in the simple act of buying food.I would misread labels and grab the wrong items.Once，I picked up applesauce thinking it was apple slices.I didn't notice my mistake until I got home and realized that it was my inability to understand the differences in the wording on the labels that caused the mistake.I realized that I needed to make an important decision.If I wanted to be a better version of me，I had to become a stronger reader. I joined a book club and read every free moment I had.My journey with reading also created a desire in me to inspire others who struggled with reading.So I started a nonprofit，Share the Magic Foundation，trying to transform the lives of children living in underserved communities through literacy. [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。作者在一个鼓励男孩们成为运动员或演员的社区长大，以至于忽视了学业。作者上了大学意识到自己的问题后，想让自己变得更好，于是开始阅读。作者不仅成了出版作家而且还成立了非营利性基金会以帮助更多人去阅读。 1．What does the author think of his new book? A．It's beyond his expectations. B．It's helpful for youth literacy. C．It's full of humor and wisdom. D．It's an exact record of his early life. A　[推理判断题。本题问“作者认为他的新书怎么样？”根据第一段中的“I shake my head，not quite believing that the book has my name on it”可知，作者看到自己的新书时，摇了摇头，不敢相信自己的名字被印在了书上。由此可推知，这件事情超出了作者的预期，故A项正确。] 2．What was the root cause of author's failure to find his reading voice? A．The influence of his community. B．His dream to be an entertainer. C．The challenges he met in study. D．His preference for football. A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“my community promoted two pathways to a better life for little boys like me：being an athlete or being an entertainer...overcoming physical adversity (逆境) was on trend with my neighborhood's culture.Reading books was not so much”可知，作者所在的社区鼓励男孩们当运动员或做演员，对上学并不重视，这是作者阅读少的根源，故A项正确。] 3．What does the underlined phrase “reared their ugly head” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Changed. B．Concluded. C．Surfaced. D．Disappeared. C　[词义猜测题。结合第三段中的“I would misread labels and grab the wrong items...it was my inability to understand the differences in the wording on the labels that caused the mistake”可知，作者早年忽视学业，以至于在上了大学之后，读写方面的问题显现了出来，故C项与画线短语的意义最为接近。surface“显露”。] 4．Which of the following can best describe the author? A．Reflective and warm­hearted. B．Persuasive and absent­minded. C．Creative and stubborn. D．Ambitious and cautious. A　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“I realized that...become a stronger reader”可以看出，作者是一个善于反思的人，再根据最后一段中的“I started a nonprofit...living in underserved communities through literacy”可知，作者是一个热心的人。综合可知A项正确。] Ⅱ.完形填空(每题2分，共30分) (2024·武汉外国语学校高二下期末)The fear of rejection is one of my biggest fears.Keeping myself in a 1 bubble (气泡) and doing what I can perform well were my favorite.But I had to step out of the bubble eventually, with the first important out­of­my­comfort­zone 2 being applying for college. The 3 of my first college rejection is still fresh.I remember grabbing my phone trying 4 entering the password to the application website.When the letter started with “Thank you for your 5 ”， I was cut to the quick. This fear is 6 elsewhere: from a job market or when asking someone out.Compared with rejections in workplaces, being 7 in social occasions stings (刺痛) even more.At least the former mainly comes in email or phone call form, but social rejections are all terribly 8 ．Each rejection felt like a 9 reminder of “you're not good enough”．Because of this fear, I 10 so many opportunities to grow. Luckily, getting over the fear takes just a shift in 11 ．So next time, think this way: 12 rejections does not mean you're not good enough, but that you've tried your best for the time being.This optimism will 13 the pain of a rejection. This fear will never truly 14 ，as everything we do has rejection attached to it in some way.Uncertainty is 15 ，but without experiencing the scariness, we would never grow, would we? [语篇解读]这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者一直害怕被拒绝，从申请大学到社交场合，每次被拒绝都像是在痛苦地提醒自己“你还不够好”。因为这种恐惧，作者错过了很多成长的机会。因此作者开始转换看待被拒绝的心态。 1． A．safe B．small C．stable D．thin A　[根据上文“The fear of rejection is one of my biggest fears.”可知，作者害怕被拒绝，所以把自己放在安全的(safe)泡泡里。] 2． A．consequence B．practice C．experience D．promise C　[根据后文“being applying for college”可知，申请大学是作者走出舒适区的一次经历(experience)。] 3． A．reason B．memory C．impact D．process B　[根据后文“of my first college rejection is still fresh”可知，作者曾经被大学拒绝，所以是记忆(memory)。] 4． A．nervously B．casually C．curiously D．randomly A　[根据上文“I remember grabbing my phone trying”可知，作者要查看申请结果，很紧张(nervously)。] 5． A．interview B．request C．consideration D．application D　[根据上文“my first college rejection”可知，此处指大学申请(application)。cut sb.to the quick意为“对某人伤害极深，触到痛处”。] 6． A．applicable B．avoidable C．ungrounded D．unjustified A　[根据后文“from a job market or when asking someone out”可知，这种恐惧适用(applicable)于其他地方：在求职市场或约别人出去的时候。] 7． A．picked out B．turned down C．built up D．laughed at B　[根据上文“Compared with rejections in workplaces”此处指社交场合被拒绝(turned down)的情况。] 8． A．in private B．in person C．by design D．by mistake B　[根据上文“At least the former mainly comes in email or phone call form”可知，工作申请主要是通过电子邮件或电话的形式，但社交拒绝都是当面(in person)拒绝。] 9． A．visual B．timely C．painful D．fading C　[根据后文“you're not good enough”可知，社交被拒绝像是痛苦(painful)地提醒自己不够好。] 10．A．capitalized on B．sought for C．looked forward to D．missed out on D　[考查动词短语辨析。句意：因为这种恐惧，我错过了很多成长的机会。A.capitalized on利用；B.sought for寻找；C.looked forward to期待；D.missed out on错过。根据后文“so many opportunities to grow”可知，作者害怕被拒绝，所以错过了很多成长的机会。] 11．A．priorities B．tone C．mindset D．strategies C　[后文“rejections does not mean you're not good enough, but that you've tried your best for the time being (被拒绝并不意味着你不够好，而是你已经尽力了)”说明的是转换心态(mindset)。] 12．A．surviving B．receiving C．anticipating D．hating B　[根据后文“rejections does not mean you're not good enough”此处指收到(receiving)拒绝。被拒绝并不意味着你不够好，而是你目前已经尽了最大的努力。] 13．A．ease B．cause C．intensify D．overlook A　[根据后文“the pain of a rejection”指乐观心态缓解(ease)被拒绝的痛苦。] 14．A．change B．emerge C．last D．disappear D　[根据后文“as everything we do has rejection attached to it in some way”可知，这种恐惧永远不会真正消失(disappear)，因为我们所做的每件事都会面临某种方式的拒绝。故选D。] 15．A．relative B．significant C．relevant D．scary D　[根据文章首句“The fear of rejection is one of my biggest fears.”及下文“but without experiencing the scariness, we would never grow” 可知，害怕被拒绝成为了作者的恐惧，不确定性是可怕的(scary)，但如果不经历这种恐惧，我们就永远不会成长。后文中的scariness与选项中的scary是同源词。] Ⅲ.语法填空(每题1分，共10分) (2024·黑龙江佳木斯市高二下期末)It was a long, hard day for me.I was going back home from work by bus.My mind was weighted heavily with the stress from work.I 1. (sit) there with a really 2. (depress) mood.A young girl was sitting next to me, 3. I didn't know.She asked me some questions casually and we had a short conversation.“She was just a 4. (strange)”， I thought to 5. (me) and didn't take much interest.All of 6. sudden, she suddenly handed me some pretty chocolates and said that it was her birthday.I instantly responded with a smile and it freed me from the stress that I had been carrying.In a single moment I felt the former heaviness of the day transform into the lightness of a feather.Her simple act gave me joy even though I don't 7. (particular) enjoy sweets as much.I wished her a long life and was thankful 8. her sweet heart. I realized that even small acts can make a person feel happy.I can't remember her face but 9. (remember) the incident makes me happy.Here's an old saying, “You might forget a person's name, you might forget their faces, but you never forget 10. they made you feel.” [语篇解读]这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者结束了一天的工作，在下班路上心情郁闷，在公交车上，邻座女孩的一个善意的举动让作者如释重负。作者感慨，一个微小的善意的动作会让一个人摆脱重负。 1．sat　[考查时态。句意：我坐在那里，心情非常沮丧。据文章第一句话“It was a long, hard day for me.”可知，本文在讲述过去发生的事情，应使用一般过去时，故填sat。] 2．depressed　[考查词性转换。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作定语，修饰mood用­ed结尾的形容词，故填depressed。] 3．who/whom　[考查定语从句。句意：一个我不认识的小女孩坐在我旁边。分析句子结构，这是一个包含非限制性定语从句的复合句，定语从句的先行词为A young girl，因空白处在从句中作宾语，应使用关系代词引导定语从句，故填who/whom。] 4．stranger　[考查词性转换。句意：“她只是一个陌生人”，我心想着，并没有太在意。根据空白处前面的冠词a可知，空白处应填名词，且为单数意义，故填stranger。] 5．myself　[考查代词。宾语与主语指同一人，应使用反身代词作宾语，故填myself。] 6．a　[考查冠词。句意：突然间，她递给了我几个精美的巧克力并说那天是她的生日。all of a sudden为固定结构，意为“突然间”，故填a。] 7．particularly　[考查词性转换。句意：她的小小的举动让我感受到了快乐，即使我不怎么喜欢吃糖。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作状语修饰后面的动词enjoy，应使用副词形式，故填particularly。] 8．for　[考查介词。句意：我祝她生日快乐并感谢她那颗善良的心。be thankful for为固定结构，意为“对……表示感谢”，故填for。] 9．remembering　[考查非谓语动词。句意：我记不得她的脸但是记得这件事使我高兴。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中不作谓语，应使用非谓语动词形式，因空白处在句子中作主语，应使用动名词形式，表示一般性的行为，故填remembering。] 10．how　[考查宾语从句。句意：你可能不记得一个人的名字，你可能忘记了他们的脸，但是你永远不会忘记他们带给你的感觉。分析句子结构，这是一个包含宾语从句的复合句，因空白处在从句中作状语表示方式，应使用表示方式的how引导宾语从句，故填how。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$