Unit2 Section Ⅱ Using language-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language Are you ready to get fit? We are happy to announce that the Community Sports Center will soon be open to the public once again.Our facilities① have been enlarged and our center is now bigger and better than ever before.The finishing touches ②are now being put to a new swimming pool and our workout rooms ③will have been updated with modern equipment by the end of this month.Come by and check them out! Better still, we will update our fitness course every few months so that more popular courses can be included.Weight training classes，for example，④are being designed and ⑤will be added to our programme soon.We will invite professional athletes to be our coaches.We are confident that we have something for everyone.Looking forward to seeing you here！ 以上加黑部分均使用了被动语态，其中 1．①是现在完成时的被动语态，其构成是have/has been done； 2．②和④是现在进行时的被动语态，其构成是am/is/are being done； 3．③是将来完成时的被动语态，其构成是will/shall have been done； 4．⑤是一般将来时的被动语态，其构成是will/shall be done。 被动语态 一、被动语态的形式 1．被动语态的基本构成 被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。 时态 被动语态的构成 一般现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词 一般过去时 was/were＋过去分词 现在进行时 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词 过去进行时 was/were＋being＋过去分词 现在完成时 have/has been＋过去分词 过去完成时 had been＋过去分词 一般将来时 will/shall be＋过去分词 ①They are given a tough task to finish. 他们有一个很棘手的任务要完成。 ②We were given a warm welcome. 我们受到了热烈的欢迎。 ③I think we are being cheated by the man. 我想这个人正在欺骗我们。 ④They told me that the case was being investigated. 他们告诉我案件正在被调查。 ⑤The phone which he lost has been recovered. 他丢的那部手机已经被找到了。 ⑥The room had been broken into before we came. 在我们来之前有人强行闯入了这个屋子。 ⑦As long as you check carefully, any mistakes will be caught. 只要你仔细检查，所有错误都能被找出来。 2．被动语态的特殊形式 1)含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 Measures must be taken to improve people's sense of happiness. 必须采取措施来提升人民的幸福感。 2)“get＋过去分词”式被动语态。 在口语和非正式的语体中，常用“get＋过去分词”表示被动语态，其中get相当于be动词。这种形式常用来强调结果。 ①The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那个男孩在骑车上学时受伤了。 ②Some glasses got broken when we were moving. 我们搬家时有些玻璃杯被打碎了。 ————即学即练1———— 单句语法填空 ①A meeting will be held (hold) in the office at 8:00 a.m.tomorrow. ②The idea was supported (support) by those who wished to make much money. ③This aging of the population is driven (drive) by two factors. ④My car is being repaired (repair) so I have to go to work by bus. ⑤In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut (cut). 二、主动形式表示被动意义 1．当 feel, look, smell，taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时。 ①His explanation sounds all right. 他的解释听起来可以讲得通。 ②The new book sells well. 新书卖得很好。 2．want, require, need，deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义或者用“to be done”。 ①My bike needs repairing/to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 ②He is a great hero, and deserves learning from/to be learned from. 他是一位伟大的英雄，值得学习。 3．be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 The reference book is worth buying, because it is of great help for your study. 这本参考书值得购买，因为它对你的学习很有帮助。 4．在“be＋形容词十to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。 No problem here is difficult to work out, if you think carefully enough. 如果你仔细思考，这里没有什么问题难以解决。 ————即学即练2———— 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Her new book was very interesting and sold (sell) well. ②The professor thought that the idea which was brought up by the young engineer was worth considering (consider). ③Whether we can have a holiday remains (remain) unknown. ④家庭是一份独特的礼物，需要好好珍惜。 Family is a unique gift that needs cherishing/to be cherished． ⑤外国学习者很难理解唐诗的真正含义和文化价值。 The true meaning and the culture value of Tang poems are difficult to understand for a foreign learner. 三、动词(短语)不能用于被动语态的几种常见情况 1．所有的不及物动词(短语)，如happen，occur，break out，take place，run out，give out(用完，耗尽)等。 A big fire broke out yesterday evening in that factory. 昨天晚上那家工厂突然发生了火灾。 2．表示状态的动词，如 last, hold，contain，fit，cost等。 It's said that the meeting will last a whole day. 据说会议会持续一整天。 3．表示归属的动词(短语)，如have，own, consist of, belong to 等。 ①That big house belongs to Mr Smith, who is a famous detective. 那所大房子是著名侦探史密斯先生的。 ②The medical team, consisting of five doctors and ten nurses, has set off for the earthquake­hit area， 一支由五名医生和十名护士组成的医疗小组已经出发，奔赴地震灾区。 ————即学即练3———— 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①It is an old custom that dates (date) back to 4，000 years ago. ②An accident happened (happen) on the road last night and five people were killed. ③学生们觉得他们属于一个特定的群体。 The students feel that they belong to a particular group． ④我们从来没有想到会发生可怕的事情。 It never occurred to us that something awful would take place． 四、主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 1．在主动语态里，感官动词和使役动词后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补，但变为被动语态时，须带to。 I often hear her sing English songs. →She is often heard to sing English songs by me. 我经常听见她唱英文歌。 2．“动词＋介词或副词”构成的短语动词，以及“动词＋名词＋介词”构成的短语动词，在被动语态中不要漏掉后面的介词或副词。如look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, listen to, take care of, make use of, depend on, pay attention to, hand in, put on, look up, give up等。 ①Many interesting experiments have been carried out in our laboratory. 我们在实验室做了许多有趣的实验。 ②The baby was taken good care of by his grandmother. 祖母把小宝宝照顾得很好。 3．含有双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：一是将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；二是将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语前加介词to或for。 Her mother bought her a computer. →She was bought a computer by her mother. →A computer was bought for her by her mother. 她妈妈给她买了一台电脑。 ————即学即练4———— 主动语态变被动语态 ①We gave him the letter. →He was given the letter by us. →The letter was given to him by us. ②She bought her mother a new coat. → Her mother was bought a new coat by her. →A new coat was bought for her mother by her. ③She often looks after the old. →The old are often looked after by her. ④They made him go there alone. →He was made to go there alone by them. cooperate v．合作，协作→cooperation n．合作；协作→cooperative adj.合作的 (1)cooperate with sb.in/on sth. 和……合作做…… (2)in cooperation with sb.in doing sth. 和……合作做…… 【练透】　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①At last，the two groups agreed to cooperate with each other. ②We would like to see closer cooperation (cooperate) between parents and schools. ③He said his ministry would be happy to cooperate with other countries in/on fighting (fight) the disease. ④据报道这个商品交易会是与当地企业联合举办的。 It was reported that the fair had been organized in cooperation with local businesses. (时间：45分钟　满分：100分) Ⅰ.选用方框内合适的谚语完成下列句子(每项限用一次)(每题3分，共15分) A．No pain, no gain. B．Better late than never. C．Two heads are better than one. D．Don't put all of your eggs in one basket. E．Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. 1． After years of neglecting his health, Mike finally adopted a healthier lifestyle. 2．Don't limit yourself to a single life plan; instead, explore different paths and possibilities.It's wise to remember the advice: 3．When faced with a difficult decision, I will seek advice from friends or family, as my teacher often says，“ ” 4． When encountering injuries and setbacks, athletes are reminded that overcoming obstacles is part of the journey. 5．—I haven't even started the project yet.I plan to work on it this weekend. — Why not start now and save yourself any last­minute stress? 答案：1～5　BDCAE Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每题1.5分，共15分) 1．He was made to do (do) his homework again by his mother. 2．If you are discovered smoking，you will be fined (fine). 3．More than seven million people have been affected (affect) by drought so far. 4．The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken (speak). 5．They are living with their parents because their own house is being rebuilt (rebuild). 6．We went to the reading room，only to be told that it was being decorated (decorate). 7．His newly­written novel had been translated (translate) into English by the end of last month. 8．Don't worry.The hard work that you are doing now will be repaid (repay) later in life. 9．Many words have been added (add) to the language since the dictionary was published. 10．Food supplies in the flood­stricken area are running (run) out.We must take action immediately. Ⅱ.选用括号内合适的内容完成下面短文(每题2分，共10分) Michael Son, 80, lives in Essex, England, and has driven London's common black taxi since 1965.His encounter with passenger Dan Barker went viral (走红) on social media recently. In Barker's memory, Son said it was his last­ever ride as a taxi driver, and he was following the tradition that drivers give their first and last ride for free, so Barker wouldn't 1.be charged (charge, be charged). Barker said he 2.was moved (moved, was moved) by Son's words.Before getting out, he grabbed a photo of Son.Later his experience 3.was shared (shared, was shared) on the Internet, which attracted the attention of the public. Barker's post 4.received (received, was received) more than 3.4 million views.Both Barker and Son were surprised at how a simple, nice interaction 5.gained (gained, was gained) so much attention. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题2.5分，共10分) (2024·江西八校高二下期末联考)We grow up with a mixed message: making mistakes is a necessary learning tool, but we should avoid them.And that's a real shame.Because when we tell kids that learning is all about the results, we teach them that mistakes are something to be feared and avoided.We stifle (压制) their interest in experimenting because experimenting means you're going to make a mess and fail.And that's too big a risk. Here's a fascinating experiment that shows how children absorb what we say about effort vs.results.One of Professor Carol Dweck's experiments asked 400 5th graders in New York City schools to take an easy short test, on which almost all performed well.Half the children were praised for “being really smart”．The other half were complimented for “having worked really hard”．Then the students were asked to take a second test and given the option of either choosing one that was pretty simple and that they would do well on, or one that was more challenging, but on which they might make mistakes.Of those students praised for effort, 90 percent chose the harder test.Of those praised for being smart, the majority chose the easy test.Professor Dweck told me: “One thing I've learned is that kids are exquisitely (敏锐地) familiar with the real message, and the real message is ‘Be smart’．It's not ‘We love it when you struggle or when you learn and make mistakes.’” One way we can fix this is by understanding the concepts of “fixed mindsets” and “growth mindsets”．Those with fixed mindsets believe either we're good at something—whether it's math or music or baseball—or we're not.When we have this fixed mindset, mistakes serve no purpose but to highlight failure.Those with growth mindsets are much more likely to be able to accept mistakes because they know that they're part of learning.And it's been shown that when students are taught about growth mindsets, their motivation to learn improves. [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。我们总教导孩子们应避免犯错，作者认为这种观念是错误的，因为这会抑制他们尝试新事物的兴趣。作者建议我们应该理解“固定思维模式”和“成长型思维模式”的概念，以帮助孩子们更好地接受错误并从中学习，提升他们学习的动力。 1．Why do children often avoid experimenting? A．They consider the process time­consuming. B．They prefer easy tasks over challenging ones. C．They are not interested in hands­on activities. D．They are afraid of making mistakes and failing. D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“Because when we tell kids that learning is all about the results, we teach them that...”可知，因为当人们告诉孩子学习完全是为了结果时，孩子们变得畏惧失败。故选D。] 2．What lesson can we learn from Professor Carol Dweck's experiment? A．Praise promotes children's self­confidence. B．Keep children away from struggle and mistakes. C．Praise children for their devotion instead of their talent. D．Parents should give their children timely encouragement. C　[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在那些被表扬努力的学生中，90%的人选择了更难的测试；而在那些被称赞聪明的学生中，大多数人选择了简单的测试。孩子们关注的焦点在“聪明”二字，而非努力学习。因此，人们在表扬孩子时，应多肯定他们的付出和不畏惧失败的精神。故选C。] 3．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to parenting. B．A report on the art of praise. C．An introduction to a psychology book. D．A review of modern teaching. A　[推理判断题。本文主要讨论了孩子们在成长过程中面临的一个矛盾：犯错是学习的必要工具，但我们总教导孩子们应避免犯错，这种观念是错误的。作者引用了Carol Dweck教授的实验来说明孩子们对努力和结果的关注程度不同会影响他们对于尝试新事物的兴趣。作者建议我们应该理解“固定思维模式”和“成长型思维模式”的概念，以帮助孩子们更好地接受错误并从中学习。当孩子们了解成长型思维模式时，他们的学习动力会得到提高。因此本文最有可能选自一本与教育孩子相关的书籍。故选A。] 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Is Making Mistakes a Challenging Process? B．Is Making Mistakes a Bad Thing Among Kids? C．Should Kids Be Praised for Efforts or Results? D．Should Kids Have Fixed Mindsets or Growth Mindsets? B　[标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，文章主要论述了犯错并不是一件坏事，我们应该告诉孩子不要害怕犯错，要从错误中学习，所以B项“Is Making Mistakes a Bad Thing Among Kids？(孩子犯错是件坏事吗？)”是本文最合适的标题。故选B项。] Ⅱ.完形填空(每题2分，共30分) (2024·杭州高二下期末)My father, Paul Andrew Figura, was a die­hard fisherman.In my 1 ， we went out fishing in all kinds of weather, catching and missing nearly every fish in countless waterways. Whenever we 2 ，Mom would ask, “What time will you be back？” “When we can't see the 3 ，” Dad would respond.He often 4 it.Sometimes Dad would ask me to 5 some food and water and we'd fish the entire day.I observed firsthand his insistent, rapid­fire casting technique, which he credited as a 6 factor behind his success.It was one 7 after another. The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren't 8 ．Days when the weather was awful, when the mosquitoes were biting, when my hands were cold.Times when I just wanted to 9 and go home.Dad's 10 ？ “Son, you're not going to catch any fish unless you 11 your line.Keep casting，” he'd say. I learned early the importance of 12 and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.Sooner or later they'd 13 ．I took that same attitude into my school work. 14 ， I got many awards at college.I applied it 15 to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today. [语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的父亲是一个不屈不挠的渔夫。作者从小和父亲一起去捕鱼，父亲坚持不懈的精神影响了他，这也成就了他现在的成功。 1． A．dream B．career C．childhood D．adulthood C　[根据语境和后文“I took that same attitude into my school work. 14 ， I got many awards at college.”可知，这是介绍作者童年(childhood)的经历。] 2． A．got up B．reached out C．stepped back D．set off D　[根据语境和后文“Mom would ask, ‘What time will you be back? ’”可知，此处是指作者和父亲出发(set off)去钓鱼的时候。] 3． A．camps B．lines C．tracks D．cottages B　[根据语境和后文“Son, you're not going to catch any fish unless you 11 your line.”可知，此处是指钓鱼的线(lines)。空处所填词正是下文的 line 的原词复现。] 4． A．forgot B．rejected C．recalled D．meant D　[根据语境和后文“I observed firsthand his insistent, rapid­fire casting technique”可知，父亲是一个坚持的人，说到做到。mean it说话算数；言出必行。] 5． A．make B．pack C．heat D．freeze B　[根据语境和后文“some food and water and we'd fish the entire day”可知，此处是指把食物和水打包。pack打包，塞满。] 6． A．cultural B．random C．major D．external C　[根据常识和前文“I observed firsthand his insistent, rapid­fire casting technique, which he credited...”以及后文“factor behind his success”可知，此处是指他的坚持，快速的撒网技术，是他成功的主要(major)因素。] 7． A．cast B．step C．strike D．risk A　[根据语境和前文“rapid­fire casting technique”以及后文“after another”可知，此处是指不停地撒网(cast)。] 8． A．swimming B．dancing C．gathering D．biting D　[根据常识和前文“The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren't”可知，此处是指父亲教我处理鱼不咬钩(biting)的情况。] 9． A．wander B．play C．quit D．sleep C　[根据语境和后文“and go home”可知，此处是指作者想停止(quit)钓鱼，然后回家。] 10．A．response B．intention C．evaluation D．situation A　[根据语境和前文“Times when I just wanted to 9 and go home.”以及后文“‘Son, you're not going to catch any fish unless you 11 your line.Keep casting，’ he'd say.”可知，此处是指父亲对想回家的作者做出的回应(response)。故选A项。] 11．A．abandon B．monitor C．fetch D．wet D　[根据常识和前文“It was one 7 after another.”可知，钓鱼时不停地撒网，由此推知，撒网的时候网会湿(wet)。] 12．A．kindness B．insistence C．confidence D．business B　[根据语境和前文“I observed firsthand his insistent, rapid­fire casting technique”可知，此处是指想钓到鱼，父亲教作者坚持(insistence)和不停地尝试不同鱼食的重要性。] 13．A．cooperate B．progress C．resist D．integrate A　[根据语境和前文“I learned early the importance of 12 and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.”可知，此处是指想钓到鱼，坚持和不停地尝试不同鱼食是协作配合(cooperate)的。] 14．A．In surprise B．As a result C．Ahead of time D．In particular B　[根据语境和后文“I got many awards at college”可知，此处是指父亲对作者影响的结果(As a result)。] 15．A．intentionally B．casually C．hesitantly D．temporarily A　[根据语境和前文“I applied it”以及后文“to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today”可知，作为一个成年人，我有意地(intentionally)把它应用到我的工作中，它成就了现在的我。] Ⅲ.语法填空(每题2分，共20分) (2024·黄山市高二下期末)As night falls, the sound of drums fills the air as an 8­meter fish­shaped lantern, followed by a procession of 1. (small) ones, moves through the streets of Wangmantian village, Huangshan, in East China's Anhui Province.The mountain village, once mainly 2. (consist) of wooden structures, faced the risk of frequent fires in old times.Therefore, villagers used to gather to parade with fish­shaped lanterns signifying “water overcoming fire”． Over time, such a tradition has developed into 3. means for local people to gather together to wish one another good health and fortune.4. a history of over 600 years, the fish­shaped lantern 5. (recognize) as a provincial­level intangible (非物质的) cultural heritage in 2022.As this traditional intangible heritage has gained 6. (popular) through social media in recent years, more than 100，000 visitors from across the country came to She County 7. (experience) the parades during this year's Spring Festival from Feb 10 to Feb 17. Villagers in Wangmantian have designed tiny versions of traditional fish­shaped lanterns 8. are warmly received in the market.They have established professional fish lantern performance teams.These teams have been to 9. (city) such as Shanghai, Nanjing for artistic exchanges and performances.As fish­shaped lanterns continue to benefit local tourism and 10. (relate) industries, the future looks brighter than ever. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了省级非物质文化遗产“鱼形灯笼”的历史及对本地旅游业发展的促进。 1．smaller　[考查比较级。句意：夜幕降临，鼓声弥漫在空气中，一个8米高的鱼形灯笼，紧随其后的是更小的灯笼队伍，穿过中国东部安徽省黄山汪满田村的街道。根据句意可知，用形容词比较级smaller作定语，修饰代词ones。故填smaller。] 2．consisting　[考查非谓语动词。句意：这个曾经以木结构为主的山村，在旧时代面临着火灾频发的危险。该句中已有谓语动词faced，空处为非谓语动词，consist of无被动，用现在分词形式作后置定语。故填consisting。] 3．a　[考查冠词。句意：随着时间的推移，这一传统已经发展成为当地人聚在一起祝愿彼此健康和好运的一种方式。泛指“一种方式”，且means首字母的发音为辅音音素，用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。] 4．With　[考查介词。句意：有600多年的历史，于2022年被认定为省级非物质文化遗产。“有……历史”为短语“with a history of”，首字母大写。故填With。] 5．was recognized　[考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据in 2022可知，本句为一般过去时，主语the fish­shaped lantern与谓语动词recognize为被动关系，且为单数形式，故填was recognized。] 6．popularity　[考查名词。句意：近年来，由于这一传统非物质遗产在社交媒体上越来越受欢迎，在今年2月10日至2月17日的春节期间，来自全国各地的10多万名游客来到歙县体验游行。gain后接不可数名词popularity作宾语。故填popularity。] 7．to experience　[考查非谓语动词。experience用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to experience。] 8．that/which　[考查定语从句。句意：汪满田村的村民们设计了传统鱼形灯笼的微型版本，在市场上受到热烈欢迎。先行词为tiny versions of traditional fish­shaped lanterns，指物，关系词替代先行词作定语从句的主语，关系代词为that/which。故填that/which。] 9．cities　[考查名词。句意：这些队伍曾赴上海、南京等城市进行艺术交流和演出。根据下文“Shanghai, Nanjing”可知，用复数cities作宾语。故填cities。] 10．related　[考查形容词。句意：随着鱼形灯笼继续造福当地旅游业和相关产业，未来看起来比以往任何时候都更加光明。形容词related作定语，修饰名词industries。故填related。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$