专题04 阅读理解：议论文-【大题精做】冲刺2025年高考英语大题突破+限时集训（北京专用）

大题04 阅读理解之议论文 高中英语阅读理解中的议论文涉及社会热点（如网络舆论的影响、环保政策等）、教育理念（像素质教育与应试教育的探讨、新的教学方法等）、文化现象（例如传统文化的传承与创新、不同文化间的碰撞等）、人生价值观（如成功的定义、挫折对成长的作用等）等诸多领域。例如，高考中曾出现过探讨智能手机对青少年社交影响、对经典文学作品阅读重要性的议论文。更注重考查学生能否对文章观点进行批判性分析，提出自己的见解，而不仅仅是被动接受文中观点，要求学生在阅读中深入思考，挖掘论证背后的逻辑漏洞或合理性依据。强调考查学生综合运用语言知识、文化知识以及逻辑思维能力来理解和分析议论文的能力，例如准确解读西方文化背景下的论证逻辑，理解不同文化语境中对同一问题的不同看法等。 （2025高三·北京房山·一模）Today, we have access to more information than ever before. Online video platforms and social media apps can provide us with in-depth learning opportunities for free — from professional development tips to artificial intelligence lessons. In more recent years, large language models have shown they can answer almost any question with an increasing level of accuracy. With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online? The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education. For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Acquiring these competencies often requires teamwork and repetition. These are experiences that can’t be easily copied by watching an influencer or reading AI-generated text through a screen. While it’s true that a college degree is not the only path to success, we can’t ignore the reality that most organizations still consider it an indicator of a candidate’s readiness for the workforce. In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market. But anything with benefits has some weaknesses. We must consider that, across the board, college cost is rising. For most students, acquiring a degree will result in major debt. You should also consider whether your college courses are keeping up with the times. The education should ideally be up-to-date and useful to you upon entering the workforce. For those who believe these downsides are worth the upsides a college education can offer, here’s how to maximize the benefits of higher education: · Learn the latest innovations through courses. · Build a strong professional network. · Take advantage of teamwork and problem-solving opportunities. · Broaden your education with other resources. These four strategies can help students maximize their college experience while also staying up to date with the latest technological trends. By being flexible, networking actively, developing problem-solving skills, and seeking learning opportunities in the real world, students can prepare themselves not just for their first job but for a dynamic and successful career. 1．Why does the author ask the question in Paragraph 2? A．To encourage doubt about online learning. B．To start the discussion on college education. C．To emphasize the superiority of online learning. D．To compare online learning with college education. 2．What does the underlined word “leg-up” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Assistance B．Virtue. C．Insight. D．Courage. 3．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．college education remains valuable despite the rise of online learning B．college education ignores students’ development of portable soft skills C．students can learn the latest innovations through a professional network D．students can get a successful career as long as they have college experience 1. 快速定位中心论点 关注首尾段：议论文的核心观点通常在首段或末段明确表达。 寻找关键词：如“I argue that...”, “The purpose is to...”, “Therefore...”, “In conclusion...”等。 排除干扰项：区分作者观点与他人观点（如“Some people believe...”可能是为引出反驳）。 2. 识别论点与论据 论点：抽象的观点陈述（如“Technology harms human relationships”）。 论据：具体的事实、数据、例子或引用（如“A 2020 study shows that 60% of people...”）。 题目常见陷阱：用论据细节混淆论点，需注意题干问的是“观点”还是“支撑细节”。 3. 分析逻辑关系 转折词：but, however, yet, nevertheless（后接作者真实观点）。 因果词：because, therefore, as a result, lead to。 对比词：on the contrary, in contrast, unlike。 举例词：for example, such as, a case in point。 4. 作者态度题 正面态度：positive, supportive, optimistic, approving。 负面态度：critical, skeptical, opposed, pessimistic。 中立态度：neutral, objective, impartial（较少见，议论文通常有明确立场）。 警惕隐蔽表达：反讽（irony）、委婉否定（“It’s questionable whether...”）。 5. 推理题（Inference） 立足原文：答案需基于文章信息，避免主观臆断。 常见推理方向：作者隐含意图、论据的延伸结论、例子的作用。 排除法：绝对化表述（all, never, must）通常错误，可能选项含may, likely, suggest。 6. 词义猜测题 上下文线索：通过并列、转折、举例等逻辑关系推测生词含义。 例：“The debate is contentious; people either strongly agree or fiercely oppose it.” 通过“strongly agree”和“fiercely oppose”可推断contentious≈“引起争议的”。 Passage（1） （24-25高三上·北京房山·期末）It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．Non-native species have not been found in the Antarctic so far. B．The best way to reach the Antarctic is by taking a large airplane. C．Developing tourism and doing research are equally important in the Antarctic. D．IAATO has taken some measures to conserve the environment in the Antarctic. 2．What is the primary concern about the growing travelers in the Antarctic? A．The absence of a single governing body. B．The decline in the number of seals due to tourism. C．The potential for tourists to introduce invasive species. D．The carbon emissions associated with travel to the Antarctic. 3．The main moral challenge presented by Antarctic tourism is ________. A．allowing tourists to access areas typically reserved for research B．deciding whether tourism can fund further exploration of the Antarctic C．satisfying personal desires for traveling while preserving the environment D．balancing the economic benefits of tourism with the environmental impact 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期末）Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Hyperconnectivity: The Price of Perfection B．A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike C．System Collapse: An Inevitable Technology Disaster D．Resilience vs. Optimization: A Debate for Better Systems Passage（1） （24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）In the real world, we believe humanoid robots (人形机器人) represent one of the most exciting emerging applications of generative AI (gen AI). Specifically, we see their potential to break through some of the most longstanding barriers to inclusion faced by people with disabilities sooner or later. But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation. The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time. For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature, rather than as an after-the-fact modification. Translated into practice, it means asking disabled people to bring their experiences and insights to bear when developing and examining applications of new technologies. Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools. In the past, people generally considered robots as a distinct tool created to help people. Now, we can begin to consider them more as an extension of a person. The key will be to close the gap between making an experience inclusive and designing an inclusive experience. 1．What can we infer from the survey in Paragraph 2? A．Disabled people usually avoid using gen AI. B．Non-disabled people have few gen AI problems. C．Gen AI neglects idea generation of disabled people. D．Gen AI is not user-friendly enough for disabled people. 2．The author quotes “nothing about us without us” to stress that ______. A．users’ feedback on technologies often gets ignored B．users’ requirements count in designing technologies C．users’ advice boosts the development of technologies D．users’ wishes reflect the improvement of technologies 3．What does the word “modification” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Limitation. B．Creation. C．Adaptation. D．Communication. 4．The author takes the example of Euphonia to show ______. A．technology can communicate with disabled people B．technology can enhance disabled people’s life quality C．technology can examine inclusivity through interaction D．technology can achieve inclusivity for disabled people Passage（2） （2025·北京东城·一模）The age of artificial intelligence has begun, and it brings plenty of anxieties. Almost all of the conversations about risk have to do with the potential consequences of AI systems pursuing goals that depart from what they were programmed to do and that are not in the interests of humans. But this is only one side of the danger. Imagine what could unfold if AI does do what humans want. “What humans want,” of course, isn’t a monolith. Different people have countless ideas of what constitutes “the greater good.” Even if we could get everyone to focus on the well-being of the entire human species, it’s unlikely we’d be able to agree on what that might look like. That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors. But it’s not ideal that what’s “bad” is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation — complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases (偏见). The potential problem goes beyond humans harming other humans. What’s “good” for humanity has, many times throughout history, come at the expense of other sentient (有知觉力的) beings. Such is the situation today. In the US alone, we have billions of animals kept in confinement, subjected to cruel treatment, and denial of their basic psychological and physiological needs at any given time. Entire species are dominated and systemically butchered so that we can have omelets, burgers and shoes. If AI does exactly what “we” want it to, that would likely mean enacting this mass cruelty more efficiently, at an even greater scale and with more automation and fewer opportunities for sympathetic humans to step in and flag anything particularly horrifying. A better goal than aligning AI with humanity’ s immediate interests would be what I would call “sentient alignment” — AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings, including humans, all other animals and, should it exist, sentient AI. This will strike some as aggressive, because what’s good for all sentient life might not always agree with what’s good for humankind. It might sometimes, even often, be in opposition to what humans want or what would be best for the greatest number of us. Peter Singer, a philosopher, argued that an AI system’s ultimate goals and priorities are more important than it being aligned with humans. “The question is really whether this super intelligent AI is going to be benevolent and want to produce a better world,” Singer said, “and even if we don’t control it, it still will produce a better world in which our interests will get taken into account.” I’m with Singer on this. Decentering humankind to any extent, and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people. But that’s necessary if we’re to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. 1．The author mentions the organization founded by DeepMind to __________. A．question a solution B．clarify a belief C．illustrate an example D．explain a practice 2．Which of the following can best present the idea of “sentient alignment”? A．AI extends the same rights to living beings. B．AI promotes the interaction among species. C．AI benefits from the development of humans. D．AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “benevolent” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Resourceful. D．Competitive. 4．The author’s major concern in developing AI is that __________. A．AI poses a threat to the world B．society’s morals are in decline C．humans prioritize their own needs D．sentient beings deepen cultural biases Passage（3） （24-25高三上·北京丰台·期末）The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for machine learning development and the Chemistry Nobel was for protein structure prediction via AI. Some said the physics prize wasn’t really physics. “AI is coming for science, too,” the New York Times concluded. With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science? To begin with, the physics prize went to Hinton and John Hopfield, a physicist, who discovered how the physical dynamics of a network can encode memory. Hopfield came up with an intuitive analogy: a ball, rolling across a bumpy landscape, will often “remember” to return to the same lowest valley. Hinton’s work extended Hopfield’s model. In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications. Meanwhile, the Chemistry Nobel was awarded to biochemist David Baker and DeepMind researchers Demis Hassabis and John Jumper. Baker first developed software to design novel protein structures from scratch. Yet by 2018, of the roughly 200 million proteins cataloged in all genetic databases, only about 150, 000 had confirmed structures. Then Hassabis and Jumper introduced AlphaFold, which provided accurate folding structures for the rest. But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins. It’s not a catholicon for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool. Many of these tools have disappeared into their uses. We rarely pause to consider the transistor (晶体管) (for which the 1956 physics prize was awarded) when we use electronics containing them by the billions. Some powerful machine-learning features are already on this path. The neural networks that provide accurate language translation or song recommendations in popular consumer software programs are simply part of the service. In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too. Still a reasonable concern might be that such automation threatens the efforts of human scientists. As AI becomes essential to further scientific progress, will any prizes recognize work truly free of AI? AI can revolutionize science. It has already helped us see proteins with previously unimaginable clarity. Soon AIs may dream up new molecules for batteries. In short, they may do many things, some of which previously seemed impossible. But they have a crucial limitation tied to something wonderful about science: its empirical dependence on the real world, which cannot be overcome by computation alone. Science also needs experimenters — human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics — its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not. 1．Regarding the Nobel Prize in Physics, the author might think ________. A．it should have been awarded to more physicists B．it aims to encourage physicists to engage in AI research C．it is a recognition of the broad applications of AI in physics D．it is justified for its focus on physical principles of information 2．What does the word "catholicon" underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．A final solution. B．A big improvement. C．A complete cure-all. D．A common obstacle. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI tools are restricted to specific scientific branches. B．AI tools will become less noticeable once widely used. C．AI will overcome its dependence on real-world experience. D．AI poses a threat on traditional methods of scientific inquiry. 4．What would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and Science: Revolution or Evolution? B．Is AI Coming to End Scientific Exploration? C．AI and Science: A New Era of Collaboration? D．Is AI Dominant in Nobel-Winning Discoveries? Passage（4） （24-25高三上·北京通州·期中）The Age of Information is exploding: if you tried to download all the data available today, you’d need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are wrong to assume that all information would stimulate a boost of innovation (创新) to match the output of data. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation was over 120 years ago, called the Age of Insight (洞察力). Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, namely, intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and following ideas. The Scale combines these five variables into a single value to define the importance of a new idea and has broad applications for measuring and improving individual and organizational performance. Even it can be used to measure the impact of different kinds of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ growth. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the greatest significance. In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. Using the Scale as a way to measure how important ideas are will enable better decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. 1．According to the passage, which of the following cases can increase the chance of insights? A．By engaging in ongoing social media interactions. B．By relying on technology to receive regular notices. C．By stepping away from computers between meetings. D．By participating in additional training and coaching sessions. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The Eureka Scale controls the influence of our insights. B．One with a level-5 insight has minimal emotional responses. C．Both the quantity and quality of insights are essential to innovation. D．A breakthrough has been made in innovation due to a wealth of information. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations? A．Uncertain. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Dissatisfied. Passage（5） （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1．According to the author, CRISPR is________. A．a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B．a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C．a promising technology to conserve resources D．a logical approach to improving human genetics 2．The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A．compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B．trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C．offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D．reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Dark Side of CRISPR B．In the Wake of Genetic Selection C．In Defense of Our Bad Genes D．The Promise and Price of Gene Editing Passage（6） （2025·北京海淀·二模）I grew up hearing, “Figure it out, but don’t look it up.” I use this advice when I’m tempted (诱惑) to turn to a search engine for answers. Should all of us limit our use of technology? Nicholas Carr, the author of The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, says that we should take some time away from screens. “Deep thinking happens only when our minds are calm and attentive.” It is difficult to focus while we are using the Internet. People tend to look up a question and end up skimming (浏览) through unrelated information. Some people might not even notice when they start mindlessly clicking. In “Cognitive Offloading: How the Internet Is Changing the Human Brain”, Philip Perry describes a test that compared two groups. One group couldn’t use any sort of device to answer questions. The other group was allowed to use Google. The group that had access to their smartphones immediately looked up answers on the Internet. The group without smartphones were quicker at answering questions because they didn’t reach for their smartphones. While it’s true that the Internet gives us answers quickly and reliably, we may forget that we can get the answers so easily. David Price, a guest blogger on a website, says that teaching may be getting easier with Google because parents can now use the Internet to help with their kids’ homework. This led me to think about our schooldays. When my class had a math test, most of us used calculators (计算器) at every opportunity even though everyone in that room was able to solve each problem. The Internet is like that because we know the answers to many questions we search for. We have to at least attempt to use our minds for problem-solving so we don’t forget how to do so. If we always turn to technology for answers, we’ll never learn anything on our own. I understand that the problems with technology are only when it is used in a certain way, but it’s not the solution to every problem. The positives of technology don’t remove the negatives. It’s time to take a step back from technology and take a break from our devices. 1．What may happen when we’re using the Internet? A．We will be in a good mood. B．We will become less efficient. C．We will find it hard to think deeply. D．We will respond quickly to information. 2．What does the test in Paragraph 3 show? A．People are easily tempted by the information on the Internet. B．People don’t have to rely on the Internet all the time. C．A limit to the spread of the Internet is necessary. D．Webs can offer answers more reliably. 3．Why does the author mention his school math test? A．To show different learning methods at different times. B．To stress the importance of learning by ourselves. C．To express his agreement to Price’s opinion. D．To praise the development of technology. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Is teaching becoming easier with parents’ help? B．Is the Internet teaching people not to think? C．How to use the Internet more wisely? D．What does technology bring us? Passage（1） （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. Passage（2） （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 大题04 阅读理解之议论文 高中英语阅读理解中的议论文涉及社会热点（如网络舆论的影响、环保政策等）、教育理念（像素质教育与应试教育的探讨、新的教学方法等）、文化现象（例如传统文化的传承与创新、不同文化间的碰撞等）、人生价值观（如成功的定义、挫折对成长的作用等）等诸多领域。例如，高考中曾出现过探讨智能手机对青少年社交影响、对经典文学作品阅读重要性的议论文。更注重考查学生能否对文章观点进行批判性分析，提出自己的见解，而不仅仅是被动接受文中观点，要求学生在阅读中深入思考，挖掘论证背后的逻辑漏洞或合理性依据。强调考查学生综合运用语言知识、文化知识以及逻辑思维能力来理解和分析议论文的能力，例如准确解读西方文化背景下的论证逻辑，理解不同文化语境中对同一问题的不同看法等。 （2025高三·北京房山·一模）Today, we have access to more information than ever before. Online video platforms and social media apps can provide us with in-depth learning opportunities for free — from professional development tips to artificial intelligence lessons. In more recent years, large language models have shown they can answer almost any question with an increasing level of accuracy. With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online? The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education. For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Acquiring these competencies often requires teamwork and repetition. These are experiences that can’t be easily copied by watching an influencer or reading AI-generated text through a screen. While it’s true that a college degree is not the only path to success, we can’t ignore the reality that most organizations still consider it an indicator of a candidate’s readiness for the workforce. In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market. But anything with benefits has some weaknesses. We must consider that, across the board, college cost is rising. For most students, acquiring a degree will result in major debt. You should also consider whether your college courses are keeping up with the times. The education should ideally be up-to-date and useful to you upon entering the workforce. For those who believe these downsides are worth the upsides a college education can offer, here’s how to maximize the benefits of higher education: · Learn the latest innovations through courses. · Build a strong professional network. · Take advantage of teamwork and problem-solving opportunities. · Broaden your education with other resources. These four strategies can help students maximize their college experience while also staying up to date with the latest technological trends. By being flexible, networking actively, developing problem-solving skills, and seeking learning opportunities in the real world, students can prepare themselves not just for their first job but for a dynamic and successful career. 1．Why does the author ask the question in Paragraph 2? A．To encourage doubt about online learning. B．To start the discussion on college education. C．To emphasize the superiority of online learning. D．To compare online learning with college education. 2．What does the underlined word “leg-up” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Assistance B．Virtue. C．Insight. D．Courage. 3．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．college education remains valuable despite the rise of online learning B．college education ignores students’ development of portable soft skills C．students can learn the latest innovations through a professional network D．students can get a successful career as long as they have college experience 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨在信息丰富的当下大学教育的价值，虽有成本等弊端，但仍具优势，并给出最大化其益处的策略。 1．推理判断题。在第二段“With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online?(随着如此多的数据触手可及，越来越多的人开始怀疑：当我可以在网上收集信息和培养技能时，为什么还要花时间和金钱去读大学呢？)”中作者提出问题：如此多的数据触手可及，在网上就可以收集信息和培养技能时，为什么还要花时间和金钱去接受大学教育？根据第三段“The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education.(然而，这个问题的症结在于它误解了高等教育的大部分价值。)”以及后文围绕大学教育展开的论述可知，作者在第二段提出这个问题是为了开启关于大学教育的讨论。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market.(美国大学与雇主协会（NACE）最近对 334 名雇主进行的一项调查显示，受访者表示，他们近 70% 的入门级工作需要四年制学位。这一统计数据表明，尽管有其他途径，但在当今市场上，大学教育可以给求职者提供leg-up。)”可知，统计数据表明很多入门级工作要求学位，尽管有其它途径，但是大学教育可以给求职者在今天的市场上提供帮助，give a leg-up意思是“提供帮助”，与 assistance“帮助”意思相近。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity.(对许多人来说，高等教育提供的更多——这是一段变革性的旅程，学生可以建立人际关系网络，并培养诸如批判性思维、沟通、解决问题、情商和创造力等通用软技能。)”以及第四段“This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market.(这一统计数据表明，尽管有其他途径，但在当今的市场上，大学教育可以为求职者提供帮助。)”可推知，尽管在线学习兴起，大学教育仍然有价值。故选A项。 1. 快速定位中心论点 关注首尾段：议论文的核心观点通常在首段或末段明确表达。 寻找关键词：如“I argue that...”, “The purpose is to...”, “Therefore...”, “In conclusion...”等。 排除干扰项：区分作者观点与他人观点（如“Some people believe...”可能是为引出反驳）。 2. 识别论点与论据 论点：抽象的观点陈述（如“Technology harms human relationships”）。 论据：具体的事实、数据、例子或引用（如“A 2020 study shows that 60% of people...”）。 题目常见陷阱：用论据细节混淆论点，需注意题干问的是“观点”还是“支撑细节”。 3. 分析逻辑关系 转折词：but, however, yet, nevertheless（后接作者真实观点）。 因果词：because, therefore, as a result, lead to。 对比词：on the contrary, in contrast, unlike。 举例词：for example, such as, a case in point。 4. 作者态度题 正面态度：positive, supportive, optimistic, approving。 负面态度：critical, skeptical, opposed, pessimistic。 中立态度：neutral, objective, impartial（较少见，议论文通常有明确立场）。 警惕隐蔽表达：反讽（irony）、委婉否定（“It’s questionable whether...”）。 5. 推理题（Inference） 立足原文：答案需基于文章信息，避免主观臆断。 常见推理方向：作者隐含意图、论据的延伸结论、例子的作用。 排除法：绝对化表述（all, never, must）通常错误，可能选项含may, likely, suggest。 6. 词义猜测题 上下文线索：通过并列、转折、举例等逻辑关系推测生词含义。 例：“The debate is contentious; people either strongly agree or fiercely oppose it.” 通过“strongly agree”和“fiercely oppose”可推断contentious≈“引起争议的”。 Passage（1） （24-25高三上·北京房山·期末）It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．Non-native species have not been found in the Antarctic so far. B．The best way to reach the Antarctic is by taking a large airplane. C．Developing tourism and doing research are equally important in the Antarctic. D．IAATO has taken some measures to conserve the environment in the Antarctic. 2．What is the primary concern about the growing travelers in the Antarctic? A．The absence of a single governing body. B．The decline in the number of seals due to tourism. C．The potential for tourists to introduce invasive species. D．The carbon emissions associated with travel to the Antarctic. 3．The main moral challenge presented by Antarctic tourism is ________. A．allowing tourists to access areas typically reserved for research B．deciding whether tourism can fund further exploration of the Antarctic C．satisfying personal desires for traveling while preserving the environment D．balancing the economic benefits of tourism with the environmental impact 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕南极旅游展开，探讨其带来生物安全、碳排放等问题，引发对是否应发展南极旅游的思考。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species.(事实上，国际南极旅游经营者协会（IAATO）的成员遵循旨在保护环境的严格规定，包括清除南极大陆上的所有废物，并避免在不知情的情况下引入非本地物种。)”可知，IAATO已经采取了一些措施来保护南极的环境。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships.(游客可以通过带新衣服去南极洲来减少生物安全风险，但碳影响是一个真正的问题。南极游客的人均碳排放量为3.76吨——大约是一个人一整年的碳排放量总和。一项研究计算出，2016年至2020年期间，每位游客实际上融化了约83吨雪，这主要是由于旅游船只的排放。)”可知，碳影响对南极是一个真正的问题，南极游客的人均碳排放量大约是一个人一整年的碳排放量总和；由此可知，对于南极不断增长的游客数量，首要担忧的是前往南极旅行所产生的碳排放。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences.(一位教授说：‘为一名研究人员，我每次去都要做一个道德上的决定，看看我所做的事情是否值得。’他还说，游客也应该权衡后果。)”以及最后一段““If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.”(‘如果你的动机仅仅是因为你已经踏上了六大洲，而你想踏上第七大洲——我个人认为这是一个相当愚蠢的理由。’)”可知，南极旅游带来的主要道德挑战是在满足个人旅行欲望的同时保护好环境。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了南极旅游带来的各种问题，如生物安全、碳排放等，同时提到对于是否应该发展南极旅游存在争议，没有就改变措施达成一致，所以Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No?(南极旅游：我们应该说不吗？)作为标题最合适。故选C项。 （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期末）Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Hyperconnectivity: The Price of Perfection B．A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike C．System Collapse: An Inevitable Technology Disaster D．Resilience vs. Optimization: A Debate for Better Systems 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以CrowdStrike系统崩溃事件为例，探讨现代社会系统重优化轻弹性的问题及应对之策。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history.(周五，全球关键系统崩溃，起因是一家公司的一个失误。网络安全行业巨头 CrowdStrike 的停电影响了银行、航空公司和医疗保健系统。这可能最终成为历史上最严重的信息技术灾难。)”以及第二段“This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization, not decentralized resilience.(然而，这并非一场不可预见的怪异事故，也不会是此类事故中的最后一次。相反，这场灾难是现代社会系统的必然结果，这些系统是为超连接优化而设计的，而非分散式弹性设计。)”可知，作者提及CrowdStrike 事件主要是为了表明现代系统存在可预见的故障。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks.(全球化带来了巨大的效率提升，产品可以由全球供应链中精心管理的环节组装而成。但这些系统缺乏弹性。每个环节都必须完美配合；哪怕只有一个环节出问题，整个系统就会崩溃。)”可知，全球化使得系统缺乏弹性，一个环节出错就可能导致整个系统崩溃，可推断出全球化的系统会将局部错误的影响扩大到全球范围。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion.(尽管现代对优化的追求常常将弹性置于次要地位，但我们并非必然要继续走这条危险的道路。而且，使我们的系统更具弹性也不需要回到一个脱节的、原始的世界。相反，我们复杂、相互关联的社会只要求我们牺牲一点效率，以便有更多的缓冲空间。)”可知，作者认为为了使系统更具弹性，即更具灵活性，应该牺牲一些效率。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇以CrowdStrike系统崩溃这一事件展开，阐述现代社会系统因注重优化而缺乏弹性的问题，进而讨论应对措施，强调这一事件给我们带来的警示。而B选项A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike(一个警醒：来自CrowdStrike的教训) 准确概括文章主旨。故选B项。 Passage（1） （24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）In the real world, we believe humanoid robots (人形机器人) represent one of the most exciting emerging applications of generative AI (gen AI). Specifically, we see their potential to break through some of the most longstanding barriers to inclusion faced by people with disabilities sooner or later. But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation. The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time. For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature, rather than as an after-the-fact modification. Translated into practice, it means asking disabled people to bring their experiences and insights to bear when developing and examining applications of new technologies. Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools. In the past, people generally considered robots as a distinct tool created to help people. Now, we can begin to consider them more as an extension of a person. The key will be to close the gap between making an experience inclusive and designing an inclusive experience. 1．What can we infer from the survey in Paragraph 2? A．Disabled people usually avoid using gen AI. B．Non-disabled people have few gen AI problems. C．Gen AI neglects idea generation of disabled people. D．Gen AI is not user-friendly enough for disabled people. 2．The author quotes “nothing about us without us” to stress that ______. A．users’ feedback on technologies often gets ignored B．users’ requirements count in designing technologies C．users’ advice boosts the development of technologies D．users’ wishes reflect the improvement of technologies 3．What does the word “modification” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Limitation. B．Creation. C．Adaptation. D．Communication. 4．The author takes the example of Euphonia to show ______. A．technology can communicate with disabled people B．technology can enhance disabled people’s life quality C．technology can examine inclusivity through interaction D．technology can achieve inclusivity for disabled people 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是议论文。文章围绕人形机器人和生成式人工智能（gen AI）在促进残疾人包容性方面的潜力与挑战进行了深入讨论。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation.(但是，在这些新技术的真正承诺和它们的交付能力之间，仍然存在着严重的差距。通过一项调查，我们能够看到5042份针对那些被认为有残疾或精神问题的人的回应。在这些受访者中，39%的人对技术无法准确理解他们的意图感到恼火。相比之下，没有残疾的人只有28%。大约一半的残疾人认为，技术让他们承担了太多的适应责任，而不是适应他们的具体要求。事实就是如此，尽管52%的残疾人认为新一代人工智能有潜力提高他们在创造力、建立关系和产生想法等方面的表现)”可知，大约一半的残疾人认为，技术让他们承担了太多的适应责任，而不是适应他们的具体要求。所以可推知，Gen AI对残疾人来说不够友好。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time.(主要问题是现有和新兴人工智能技术的发展缺乏包容性。然而，现在改正还为时不晚。如果说有什么时候应该把残疾人社区的口号“没有我们的参与，不要做关于我们的决定”牢记在心，那就是现在)”可知，作者提出口号，是为了强调用户的需求在技术设计中很重要。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据前文“For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature(为了让新一代人工智能工具能够完成我们的期望和期望，它们需要具有灵活、可定制的交互功能。要做到这一点，它们需要反映尽可能广泛的人类输入。这意味着设计师应该将包容性视为一个基本的设计特征)”可知，产品设计需要具有灵活、可定制的交互功能，而不是事后的修改适应。由此猜测“modification”应是“修改”之意，和C项意思相近。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools.(Euphonia是一个旨在提高语言障碍患者语音识别能力的项目，它提供了这类培训的一个例子。Euphonia现在正在帮助前足球运动员Tim Shaw恢复与他人沟通的能力。它可以解释他的指示，并相应地发出任务信号。它还可以“读回”他说的话，声音与他曾经的声音非常相似，部分原因是它使用了大量蒂姆早期的声音来训练它的工具)”可知，作者以Euphonia为例说明技术可以实现对残疾人的包容。故选D项。 Passage（2） （2025·北京东城·一模）The age of artificial intelligence has begun, and it brings plenty of anxieties. Almost all of the conversations about risk have to do with the potential consequences of AI systems pursuing goals that depart from what they were programmed to do and that are not in the interests of humans. But this is only one side of the danger. Imagine what could unfold if AI does do what humans want. “What humans want,” of course, isn’t a monolith. Different people have countless ideas of what constitutes “the greater good.” Even if we could get everyone to focus on the well-being of the entire human species, it’s unlikely we’d be able to agree on what that might look like. That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors. But it’s not ideal that what’s “bad” is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation — complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases (偏见). The potential problem goes beyond humans harming other humans. What’s “good” for humanity has, many times throughout history, come at the expense of other sentient (有知觉力的) beings. Such is the situation today. In the US alone, we have billions of animals kept in confinement, subjected to cruel treatment, and denial of their basic psychological and physiological needs at any given time. Entire species are dominated and systemically butchered so that we can have omelets, burgers and shoes. If AI does exactly what “we” want it to, that would likely mean enacting this mass cruelty more efficiently, at an even greater scale and with more automation and fewer opportunities for sympathetic humans to step in and flag anything particularly horrifying. A better goal than aligning AI with humanity’ s immediate interests would be what I would call “sentient alignment” — AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings, including humans, all other animals and, should it exist, sentient AI. This will strike some as aggressive, because what’s good for all sentient life might not always agree with what’s good for humankind. It might sometimes, even often, be in opposition to what humans want or what would be best for the greatest number of us. Peter Singer, a philosopher, argued that an AI system’s ultimate goals and priorities are more important than it being aligned with humans. “The question is really whether this super intelligent AI is going to be benevolent and want to produce a better world,” Singer said, “and even if we don’t control it, it still will produce a better world in which our interests will get taken into account.” I’m with Singer on this. Decentering humankind to any extent, and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people. But that’s necessary if we’re to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. 1．The author mentions the organization founded by DeepMind to __________. A．question a solution B．clarify a belief C．illustrate an example D．explain a practice 2．Which of the following can best present the idea of “sentient alignment”? A．AI extends the same rights to living beings. B．AI promotes the interaction among species. C．AI benefits from the development of humans. D．AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “benevolent” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Resourceful. D．Competitive. 4．The author’s major concern in developing AI is that __________. A．AI poses a threat to the world B．society’s morals are in decline C．humans prioritize their own needs D．sentient beings deepen cultural biases 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能(AI)的发展以及人类应如何设定AI的终极目标和优先级，提出了“有知觉力的协调”这一概念，即AI应符合所有有知觉力生物的利益，而不仅仅是人类的利益。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors. But it’s not ideal that what’s ‘bad’ is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation — complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases (偏见). (这似乎就是DeepMind最近成立一个内部组织的原因，该组织专注于AI安全，并防止其被不良行为者操纵。但由这家特定公司的少数几个人来决定什么是“坏”的并不理想——他们也有自己的盲点以及个人和文化偏见)”可知，作者提到DeepMind成立的组织，是为了质疑这种由少数人决定AI“好坏”的解决方案。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段中“A better goal than aligning AI with humanity’ s immediate interests would be what I would call ‘sentient alignment’ — AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings, including humans, all other animals and, should it exist, sentient AI. (一个比将AI与人类眼前利益相一致更好的目标是我所称的“有知觉力的协调”——即AI的行为符合所有有知觉力生物的利益，包括人类、所有其他动物，以及如果存在的话，有知觉力的AI)”可知，“有知觉力的协调”指的是AI应满足所有有知觉力生物的需求。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and want to produce a better world(并想要创造一个更好的世界)”可推知，“仁慈的，善良的”人工智能才会想要创造一个更好的世界，划线词benevolent与generous意思相近，意为“宽宏大量的，仁慈的”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其结合最后一段中“Decentering humankind to any extent, and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people. But that’s necessary if we’re to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. (在任何程度上，尤其是极端程度上，将人类置于中心之外，都是一个将挑战人们的想法。但如果我们想要阻止我们当前的信念以新的、可怕的方式传播，这是必要的)”可知，文章指出人们关注人工智能按自身目标行事的风险，阐述了若人工智能按人类意愿可能带来大规模残忍情况，进而提出要考虑所有有知觉力生物利益的 “有知觉力的协调” 概念，都在强调不能只关注人类自身需求，要避免人类只优先考虑自己需求而忽视其他有知觉力生物的情况，即担心的是人类在发展AI时过于优先考虑自己的需求，而忽视了其他有知觉力生物的利益。故选C项。 Passage（3） （24-25高三上·北京丰台·期末）The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for machine learning development and the Chemistry Nobel was for protein structure prediction via AI. Some said the physics prize wasn’t really physics. “AI is coming for science, too,” the New York Times concluded. With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science? To begin with, the physics prize went to Hinton and John Hopfield, a physicist, who discovered how the physical dynamics of a network can encode memory. Hopfield came up with an intuitive analogy: a ball, rolling across a bumpy landscape, will often “remember” to return to the same lowest valley. Hinton’s work extended Hopfield’s model. In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications. Meanwhile, the Chemistry Nobel was awarded to biochemist David Baker and DeepMind researchers Demis Hassabis and John Jumper. Baker first developed software to design novel protein structures from scratch. Yet by 2018, of the roughly 200 million proteins cataloged in all genetic databases, only about 150, 000 had confirmed structures. Then Hassabis and Jumper introduced AlphaFold, which provided accurate folding structures for the rest. But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins. It’s not a catholicon for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool. Many of these tools have disappeared into their uses. We rarely pause to consider the transistor (晶体管) (for which the 1956 physics prize was awarded) when we use electronics containing them by the billions. Some powerful machine-learning features are already on this path. The neural networks that provide accurate language translation or song recommendations in popular consumer software programs are simply part of the service. In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too. Still a reasonable concern might be that such automation threatens the efforts of human scientists. As AI becomes essential to further scientific progress, will any prizes recognize work truly free of AI? AI can revolutionize science. It has already helped us see proteins with previously unimaginable clarity. Soon AIs may dream up new molecules for batteries. In short, they may do many things, some of which previously seemed impossible. But they have a crucial limitation tied to something wonderful about science: its empirical dependence on the real world, which cannot be overcome by computation alone. Science also needs experimenters — human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics — its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not. 1．Regarding the Nobel Prize in Physics, the author might think ________. A．it should have been awarded to more physicists B．it aims to encourage physicists to engage in AI research C．it is a recognition of the broad applications of AI in physics D．it is justified for its focus on physical principles of information 2．What does the word "catholicon" underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．A final solution. B．A big improvement. C．A complete cure-all. D．A common obstacle. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI tools are restricted to specific scientific branches. B．AI tools will become less noticeable once widely used. C．AI will overcome its dependence on real-world experience. D．AI poses a threat on traditional methods of scientific inquiry. 4．What would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and Science: Revolution or Evolution? B．Is AI Coming to End Scientific Exploration? C．AI and Science: A New Era of Collaboration? D．Is AI Dominant in Nobel-Winning Discoveries? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与AI的关联，探讨AI是否真的接管了科学。物理学奖实则是奖励关于信息物理原理的基础研究，并非AI及其应用。化学奖中，AI虽助力蛋白质结构预测，但仍有局限，并非万能。AI工具在科学等领域会逐渐平常化并退居幕后。人们担忧AI自动化威胁人类科学家的努力，未来是否有奖项认可无AI 参与的研究。AI虽能革新科学，却因依赖现实世界存在局限。科学仍需人类专家，通过实验和观察去探索宇宙，提出AI无法提出的问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications.( 简而言之，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了关于信息物理原理的基础研究，而不是“人工智能”及其应用的大保护伞。)”可知，关于诺贝尔物理学奖，作者可能会认为它是合理的，因为它关注的是信息的物理原理。故选D项。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins.(但即便如此，人工智能也未能预测蛋白质的缺陷。)”以及划线单词句中“It’s not a …for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool.( 它并不是解决蛋白质折叠中所有问题的……，而是一个很好的工具。)”由此可知，此处为它并不是解决蛋白质折叠中所有问题的灵丹妙药。故可猜测划线单词catholicon为“灵丹妙药”的意思，和C选项A complete cure-all“包治百病”意思相近。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too.( 在科学领域，就像在许多其他领域一样，这一趋势表明，当人工智能工具变得司空见惯时，它们也会消失在背景中。)”可知，我们能从文章中了解到人工智能工具一旦被广泛使用，将变得不那么引人注目。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science?( 凭借强大的大型语言模型，人工智能可以产生各种输出，甚至可以获得诺贝尔奖的发现。但是人工智能真的接管了科学吗？)”和最后一段“Science also needs experimenters—human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics—its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not.( 科学也需要实验者——被驱使去研究宇宙的人类专家，他们会提出人工智能无法提出的问题。物理学——它的核心精神是“世界是可以理解的”，仅仅通过仔细的实验和观察就可以定量地预测世界。不管有没有人工智能的帮助，这个真实的世界仍然存在，等待着未来的科学家去研究。)”可知，文章围绕2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与AI的关联，探讨AI是否真的接管了科学。物理学奖实则是奖励关于信息物理原理的基础研究，并非AI及其应用。化学奖中，AI虽助力蛋白质结构预测，但仍有局限，并非万能。AI工具在科学等领域会逐渐平常化并退居幕后。人们担忧AI自动化威胁人类科学家的努力，未来是否有奖项认可无AI 参与的研究。AI虽能革新科学，却因依赖现实世界存在局限。科学仍需人类专家，通过实验和观察去探索宇宙，提出AI无法提出的问题。故这篇文章最好的标题是“人工智能将终结科学探索吗？”。故选B项。 Passage（4） （24-25高三上·北京通州·期中）The Age of Information is exploding: if you tried to download all the data available today, you’d need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are wrong to assume that all information would stimulate a boost of innovation (创新) to match the output of data. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation was over 120 years ago, called the Age of Insight (洞察力). Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, namely, intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and following ideas. The Scale combines these five variables into a single value to define the importance of a new idea and has broad applications for measuring and improving individual and organizational performance. Even it can be used to measure the impact of different kinds of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ growth. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the greatest significance. In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. Using the Scale as a way to measure how important ideas are will enable better decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. 1．According to the passage, which of the following cases can increase the chance of insights? A．By engaging in ongoing social media interactions. B．By relying on technology to receive regular notices. C．By stepping away from computers between meetings. D．By participating in additional training and coaching sessions. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The Eureka Scale controls the influence of our insights. B．One with a level-5 insight has minimal emotional responses. C．Both the quantity and quality of insights are essential to innovation. D．A breakthrough has been made in innovation due to a wealth of information. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations? A．Uncertain. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Dissatisfied. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲述了信息时代的到来以及洞察力对创新的重要性。信息的数量不断增加，但并不一定能刺激创新的提升。洞察力是创新的基础，通过Eureka量表可以评估洞察力的强度和重要性。为了进入新的洞察力时代，需要找到那些重要想法的空间，以使它们能够浮出水面。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. (研究表明，洞察力涉及大脑深处的静默信号。任何能帮助我们注意到安静信号的东西都能增加洞察的机会。)”可知，静默的信号是产生洞察力的一种方式，因此需要避免一些干扰，比如社交媒体，并且需要适当的间隔来让大脑有机会产生新的想法，即在会议间隙远离电脑可以增加获得洞察力的可能性。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. (创新，无论大小，都始于一个新的想法。通常，这些想法都是在灵光一现的瞬间产生的——这是我们大脑中在现有信息和新信息之间建立的一种新联系的结果。)”以及第三段中“Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. (此外，我们还希望提高它们的质量，以便对重大的新想法进行分类，并找到那些难以衡量的真正有价值的想法。)”以及“Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale(2015年推出的“尤里卡量表”(Eureka Scale)允许我们用五分制来评估我们的洞察力体验的强度)”可知，对于创新不论大小，都需要很多灵光一现的瞬间产生的想法（洞察力）；同时也需要提高洞察力的质量，从而才能对重大想法进行分类，确定出有真正价值的想法，尤里卡量表以对洞察力的强度进行评估进行确定。因此洞察的数量和质量对创新都至关重要。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. (为了让组织从另一个洞察时代中受益，仅仅尝试访问更多数据或增加我们产生的洞察数量是不够的。相反，它是为从所有信息中脱颖而出的最伟大的想法腾出空间。)”以及第二段中“However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. (然而，如今要找到这些信号变得越来越困难，因为每时每刻都充斥着无穷无尽的内容。)”以及最后一段中“If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. (如果我们要进入一个洞察的新时代，我们必须及时做出必要的改变来设计我们的环境，以使最好的洞察可能浮出水面。)”可知，对于创新，仅仅尝试访问更多数据或增加我们产生的洞察数量是不够的，而是应该为从所有信息中脱颖而出的最伟大的想法腾出空间，可是当下随着科技的日益普及，找到这些安静的信号变得越来越有挑战性，故作者对于当下的创新环境是感到不满意的，因此作者呼吁我们必须设计我们的环境，以允许最好的洞察浮出水面。故选D。 Passage（5） （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1．According to the author, CRISPR is________. A．a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B．a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C．a promising technology to conserve resources D．a logical approach to improving human genetics 2．The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A．compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B．trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C．offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D．reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Dark Side of CRISPR B．In the Wake of Genetic Selection C．In Defense of Our Bad Genes D．The Promise and Price of Gene Editing 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了CRISPR基因编辑技术在治疗疾病的同时可能带来的社会伦理问题，特别是该技术可能导致排除遗传差异，从而影响社会多样性。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this   technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious— lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. (CRISPR可以用于治疗疾病。然而，这项技术的深远、更令人担忧的前景——科学家们似乎既兴奋又谨慎——在于它有能力从基因库中消除医学认定的导致个体差异的缺陷或异常基因)”可知，作者认为CRISPR技术虽然有治疗疾病的能力，但也有删除基因池中有缺陷或异常基因的风险，这种做法是值得质疑的。故选B。 2．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. (使用基因组操作工具和进行基因选择等同于一种新的优生思维形式，其基础是传播研究学者James L. Chemey所说的“常识”残疾歧视，这是一种信仰体系，它允许人们在否认任何令人厌恶的优生原则的同时，也支持它们。最终，“常识性”残疾歧视体现了一个类似的目标，即清除不可接受的人类变异，这与过去消除所谓的劣等运动的目标类似)”可知，作者讨论“常识”残疾主义是为了揭示社会遗传差异观的根源。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段中“If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. (如果CRISPR被用于消除而不是治疗基因差异，我们作为一个社会，本质上是将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化。)”可知，将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化，暗示这种做法可能在社会上广泛实践。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. (科学应该指导政策，但是当像CRISPR这样的技术有可能排斥而不是帮助人们过自己的生活时，就需要谨慎)”和最后一段中“Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. (基因组编辑在重塑医学治疗方面是强大的，但它也可能是有害的，因为它把医学及其塑造的社会归类为患病或基因污染的人——那些被认为有坏基因的人——剔除了。我们应该记住，坏的基因并不一定导致坏的生活，正如好的基因并不一定导致好的生活一样)”可知，本文主要讨论了CRISPR基因编辑技术在治疗疾病的同时可能带来的社会伦理问题，特别是该技术可能导致排除遗传差异，从而影响社会多样性。因此，选项A“The Dark Side of CRISPR(CRISPR的阴暗面)”最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 Passage（6） （2025·北京海淀·二模）I grew up hearing, “Figure it out, but don’t look it up.” I use this advice when I’m tempted (诱惑) to turn to a search engine for answers. Should all of us limit our use of technology? Nicholas Carr, the author of The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, says that we should take some time away from screens. “Deep thinking happens only when our minds are calm and attentive.” It is difficult to focus while we are using the Internet. People tend to look up a question and end up skimming (浏览) through unrelated information. Some people might not even notice when they start mindlessly clicking. In “Cognitive Offloading: How the Internet Is Changing the Human Brain”, Philip Perry describes a test that compared two groups. One group couldn’t use any sort of device to answer questions. The other group was allowed to use Google. The group that had access to their smartphones immediately looked up answers on the Internet. The group without smartphones were quicker at answering questions because they didn’t reach for their smartphones. While it’s true that the Internet gives us answers quickly and reliably, we may forget that we can get the answers so easily. David Price, a guest blogger on a website, says that teaching may be getting easier with Google because parents can now use the Internet to help with their kids’ homework. This led me to think about our schooldays. When my class had a math test, most of us used calculators (计算器) at every opportunity even though everyone in that room was able to solve each problem. The Internet is like that because we know the answers to many questions we search for. We have to at least attempt to use our minds for problem-solving so we don’t forget how to do so. If we always turn to technology for answers, we’ll never learn anything on our own. I understand that the problems with technology are only when it is used in a certain way, but it’s not the solution to every problem. The positives of technology don’t remove the negatives. It’s time to take a step back from technology and take a break from our devices. 1．What may happen when we’re using the Internet? A．We will be in a good mood. B．We will become less efficient. C．We will find it hard to think deeply. D．We will respond quickly to information. 2．What does the test in Paragraph 3 show? A．People are easily tempted by the information on the Internet. B．People don’t have to rely on the Internet all the time. C．A limit to the spread of the Internet is necessary. D．Webs can offer answers more reliably. 3．Why does the author mention his school math test? A．To show different learning methods at different times. B．To stress the importance of learning by ourselves. C．To express his agreement to Price’s opinion. D．To praise the development of technology. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Is teaching becoming easier with parents’ help? B．Is the Internet teaching people not to think? C．How to use the Internet more wisely? D．What does technology bring us? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了过度依赖互联网搜索对我们思考能力的影响。文章引用了几位专家的观点，通过实验和个人经历来说明，过度依赖技术会削弱我们的深度思考能力和解决问题的能力。 1． 细节理解题。根据第二段中““Deep thinking happens only when our minds are calm and attentive.” It is difficult to focus while we are using the Internet.(“只有当我们的头脑保持冷静和专注时，才会进行深度思考。”我们上网时很难集中注意力。)”可知，我们在使用互联网时很难集中注意力进行深度思考，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“One group couldn’t use any sort of device to answer questions. The other group was allowed to use Google. The group that had access to their smartphones immediately looked up answers on the Internet. The group without smartphones were quicker at answering questions because they didn’t reach for their smartphones.(一组不能使用任何设备回答问题。另一组被允许使用谷歌。能够访问智能手机的小组立即在互联网上查找答案。没有智能手机的那组人回答问题的速度更快，因为他们没有拿起智能手机。)”可知，这个实验显示人们不必一直依赖互联网，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“When my class had a math test, most of us used calculators (计算器) at every opportunity even though everyone in that room was able to solve each problem. The Internet is like that because we know the answers to many questions we search for. We have to at least attempt to use our minds for problem-solving so we don’t forget how to do so. (当我的班级进行数学考试时，我们大多数人一有机会就使用计算器，尽管教室里的每个人都能解出每道题。互联网就是这样，因为我们知道我们搜索的许多问题的答案。我们至少要尝试用我们的大脑来解决问题，这样我们才不会忘记如何去做。)”可知，作者提到他的数学考试是为了强调我们自己学习的重要性，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第四段中“If we always turn to technology for answers, we’ll never learn anything on our own.(如果我们总是向技术寻求答案，我们永远不会自己学到任何东西。)”可知，文章主要讨论的是互联网使人们不去思考的问题，所以适合的标题为：互联网正在教人们不去思考吗?故选B。 Passage（1） （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 Passage（2） （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$