专题-S711 选修四 Unit 1 Science Fiction 阅读理解【题型易-考试题型精练】高二下(选择性必修四)英语单元话题中心题型梯度训练 月考突破 题型特训（人教版2019）

高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 专题-S711阅读理解 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 1 Science Fiction 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·山西太原·期末）Nature apps perfect for nature enthusiasts Attention ! Nature enthusiasts ! Have you ever been confused about the beautiful nature world around you ? Are you eager to know the name of amazing plants and animals you encounter ? In fact, there are many ways to satisfy your curiosity. One of them is to turn your phone into a naturalist in your pocket. BirdNET Backed by The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the BirdNE nature app promises to be “the easiest way to identify birds by sound alone.” Launch the app, and it begins to record your surroundings, and then highlights a piece of audio to tag it for identification. Using phone’s GPS. BirdNET knows your location which assists to determine the bird that most likely makes that sound. So it needs you to turn on the mobile network. PlantSnap PlantSnap makes recognizing leaves, bark and buds a lot easier, with more than 600,000 species on file. Like most of the best nature apps, just snap a photo of the plant in question, and the app identifies it in 37 languages in seconds. Besides it ensures you to reconnect with nature share photos and thoughts with PlantSnappers around the world and learn about the plants and trees you encounter every day based on online availability. iNaturalist iNaturalist is a comprehensive nature app, including thousands of animal and plant species in its database. By submitting photos and field notes, users can provide valuable crowd sourced information for scientific community. Plus it can work offline without Wi - Fi or cellular network making it a great option for hikers exploring the wild. 1. What does BirdNET’s identification mainly rely on ? A．Surroundings monitoring. B．Sound recording. C．Appearance describing. D．GPS locating. 2. What can users do with the help of PlantSnap ? A．Learn multiple languages. B．Recognize unknown plants. C．File the plants into categories. D．Collect plants around the world. 3. Which of the following features makes iNaturalist different from the other two apps ? A．Offline availability. B．Naturalists’ expert guide. C．Large database. D．Sharing platform. Passage 2 （23-24高二下·吉林通化·期末）There are many apps that use mobile phone cameras and other devices that might surprise gardeners. Here are some examples: Seek by iNaturalist It is an app from the website iNaturalist. To use it, simply take a picture or point your camera at a plant, insect, or animal and you will get important information about it. You can also find lists of plants, insects and animals in your area, add your observations, and connect with experts. From Seed to Spoon It helps users grow crops. You can add which fruits and vegetables you would like to grow on a virtual “Grow Box” from a list of images. It will then give seed-starting,transplanting, and harvesting dates for those plants based on your location using satellite (卫星) data. The free version of the app also provides information on each crop’s requirements for temperature, sunlight, water, and fertilizer. PictureThis It will identify your plant and provide information about it from a picture on your phone’s camera. After using all the provided free identifications, you will be asked to watch advertisements or share the app to earn more. Or you can pay $29.99 a year for the paid version. The paid version provides treatment information for sick plants. It also includes plant-care guides, access to a team of experts at any time, and unlimited plant identifications. Google Lens It uses image recognition technology to identify plants, trees, animals, and insects. It can be found on the Google app or by the Google Search bar in your mobile browser onAndroid and Apple products. Then, touch the camera image and choose a photo from your phone’s photo history. Lens can also be used to identify other objects and places, and to compare products to buy online. The tool is free. 1. What do Seek by iNaturalist and PictureThis have in common? A．They both have a“Grow Box”. B．People can have access to experts. C．They are mainly used for identifying animals. D．People need to pay for using them. 2. How can we get more further information from PictureThis? A．By watching advertisements. B．By paying $2.99 a year. C．By sharing valuable observations. D．By taking pictures of plants. 3. What is special about Google Lens? A．It can treat sick plants. B．It offers plant-care guides. C．It can find the animals in your area. D．It helps shop on the Internet. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·山东烟台·期末）The 2024 Video Competition, centering on the theme of “Artificial Intelligence Architectural Design”, is open to architectural design students. As the next generation of design professionals, we welcome your uniquer insights that explore the relationship between human creativity and the boundless potential of AI within our field. Concepts demonstrated through original video content are highly encouraged. Students may team with architectural design educators to complete videos. SUBMISSION THEMES Video submissions might address questions such as: What is the potential impact of AI on the future of the architectural design profession? How can AI be combined into the design process to enhance creativity? How might AI-driven design systems work with human designers, and what is the future of AI-human design partnerships in the industry?. VIDEO REQUIREMENTS The video must be between 1-3 minutes in length. Be efficient and precise! Original and creative approaches to the video are encouraged! The video should be entertaining and positive with a message that advocates our profession. JUDGING CRITERIA Video relates well to the topic. Video shows imagination, creativity, and inspiration. Video has a clear and convincing message. Video contains original content. Video is of a professional quality. Entries will be judged by professionals from across architectural design professional organizations. The finalists will be announced online by September 30, 2024. Cash prizes are to be announced. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS Upload your video to YouTube and complete the Online Submission Form by July 31, 2024. 1. Who does the 2024 Video Competition target? A．AI specialists. B．University professors. C．Professional architects. D．Architectural design majors. 2. Which of the following entry topics is out of line with the required themes? A．What role will Al play in architectural design? B．How do we employ imagination to boost design? C．What may AI bring to architectural design works? D．How do AI design systems cooperate with humans? 3. What can we learn from the text? A．The video has a duration limit. B．The contest result won’t be issued until July. C．The submission form is to be submitted by email. D．A participant must partner with an advisor for the video. Passage 5 （23-24高二下·贵州黔东南·期末）Engage students with science with these exciting and entertaining experiments! Students will love exploring while also gaining invaluable experience by designing and conducting experiments.Sunscreen Experiment Kids often don’t enjoy being told they need sunscreen, so showing its power through demonstration can help them see its value. This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products. Start this experiment by applying some of each sunscreen type on paper and placing both pieces of paper in direct sunlight for several hours.Sundial (日晷) Experiment Using a sundial to tell time is a fascinating science activity that helps students gain knowledge of shadows and the movement of sunlight across the sky. Through this hands-on experiment, students gain an opportunity to see how people in previous times knew time without clocks or watches. Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day.Mineral Experiment Students learn to identify rocks and minerals through this simple experiment. They use a plate to test the hardness of various common minerals. They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others. This lesson helps students understand the characteristics and uses of different minerals. Students can even form “companies” and compete to mine different types of rocks with specific features. 1. What is the main purpose of using beads in the sunscreen experiment? A．To compare the prices of sunscreen. B．To show the effectiveness of sunscreen. C．To analyze the impact of sunscreen on skin. D．To demonstrate chemical reactions in sunscreen. 2. How do students begin the sundial experiment? A．By building a sundial from beginning. B．By comparing different types of sundials. C．By measuring the length of their shadows. D．By identifying a sunny spot and using a flat board. 3. What does the mineral experiment allow students to do? A．Observe crystal formation. B．Learn geological history. C．Sell rocks they mine. D．Form companies. 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末）Places all over the world are named in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East. Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were at first from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named after former British military bases (军事基地). If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force soldiers. Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road?” The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road. A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again. 1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．Many places tend to have more than one name. B．The government is usually the first to name a place. C．A ceremony will be held when a place is named. D．People prefer the place names given by the government. 2. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Change suddenly. B．Change greatly. C．Disappear very slowly. D．Disappear secretly. 3. Which of the following places is named by its shape? A．Raffles Place. B．Selector Airbase. C．Piccadilly Circus. D．Paya Lebar Crescent. Passage 7 （23-24高二下·河南新乡·阶段练习）Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you “What is the most important in your life?” Maybe you will say “Computers and the Internet.” The first computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked slowly. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But they work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, “People can’t live without computers today.” The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-five years later than computers. But now it can be found almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do shopping, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often go into the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don’t know their real names, ages, and even sex. They are so interested in making the “unreal friends” that they can’t put their heart into study. Many of them can’t catch up with others on many subjects because of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at the same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet. 1. Which of the following is TRUE? A．Few students like going into the Internet. B．Students use the Internet to make “unreal friends”. C．These “unreal friends” often meet each other. D．Students know the friends on the Internet very well. 2. The Internet cannot be used for_____. A．studying B．shopping C．thinking D．playing 3. The underlined part in Para. 4 can be replaced by “_____”. A．concentrate on B．reflect on C．recover from D．graduate from 4. What does the writer think of the Internet? A．It is wonderful. B．It can make students study harder. C．It is not good for students. D．It is helpful, but we can’t do everything on it. Passage 8 （23-24高二下·陕西榆林·期末）A major meeting of computer hackers (黑客) planned for this summer is to include an event that will test the limits of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. The event, in August, will be held as part of the yearly DEF CON hacker meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada. Organizers say the meeting provides a chance for hackers to hear from leading industry officials about the latest developments in computer security. It also includes hacking competitions. This year, several major AI developers will take part in DEF CON. Among them will be OpenAI, which launched its latest AI model, ChatGPT-4, in March. Recently released AI tools are built by feeding huge amounts of information into machine learning computer systems. The data trains the AI systems to develop complex skills and produce human-like results. Experts have warned that such systems may bring major changes to many different jobs and industries. It affects everyone from managers to workers to housewives. They also fear the tools, known as “chatbots”, could greatly increase the amount of misinformation in the news media and on social media. Chowdhury, an organizer of the hacking event, says the results of the event can provide helpful information to companies looking at ways to safely use the fast-developing AI systems. She notes that the hackers’ work will not end after the gathering. They will spend months afterward creating reports on their findings and identifying specific system vulnerabilities (漏洞). Jack Clark is the co-founder of AI developer Anthropic. He says he hopes the DEF CON event will lead to deeper commitments from AI developers to measure and test the safety of their systems. For this to happen, though, AI systems will need to be examined by third parties both before and after deployment (部署). “We need to get practice at figuring out how to do this. It hasn’t really been done before,” he says. 1. Hackers can learn ______ from this meeting. A．the latest developments in computer security B．the rules of AI tool competitions C．the application of model ChatGPT-4 D．the future of hackers in the computer field 2. What’s the experts’ attitude towards the AI system? A．Uncaring. B．Favorable. C．Positive. D．Negative. 3. What can be concluded from Chowdhury’s words? A．The reports accelerate the development of AI. B．AI systems need to be inspected by the third parties. C．The activity of improving network security will not stop. D．The current network system is approaching perfection. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．AI users must test the security of their computer systems. B．AI developers may overlook the shortcomings of their own products. C．AI systems develop complex skills and produce results similar to those of humans. D．The DEF CON event will encourage companies to develop new products. Passage 9 （23-24高二下·贵州黔西·期末）After waking up, you may feel frustrated that you cannot recall the dreams you had last night. Artificial intelligence may be able to help. Previously, there have been AI models that can turn text into images. They can do this by learning from a large amount of data from both tests and images. This time, researchers from Osaka University in Japan have trained an AI system called Stable Diffusion to recreate images based on people’s brain scans, reported Science magazine. The researchers used an online data set provided by the University of Minnesota, US, which consisted of brain scans from four participant as they each viewed a set of 1,000 photos. The scans were recorded by functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). The AI then learned about the brain activities by analyzing changes in blood flow shown by the fMRI data: when a part of the brain is activated, more blood will flow to it. It then matched the brain activities with the photos. Finally, the researchers tested the AI on additional brain scans from the same participants when they viewed photos of a toy bear, airplane, clock and train. If the person looked at an airplane, for example, the AI would use the brain scan data to create an image of a very blurry airplane. Then , it would turn on the previous “text-to-image” model and improve the quality of the image by feeding itself the keyword “airplane”. The final images were “convincing” with about 80 percent of accuracy, according to the researchers. The new study created a novel approach that incorporates texts and images to “decipher the brain”, Ariel Goldstein from Princeton University, US, told Science magazine. In the future, scientists hope that the technology can be used to record imagined thought and dreams or allow people to understand how differently other animals perceive reality. 1. What makes Stable Diffusion different from previous AI models? A．It can turn text into images. B．It can reproduce images based on human’s brain scans. C．It can learn from a large amount of date. D．It assist people recollect their previous memory. 2. How did the researchers test the AI if it can recreate image? A．On additional brain scans from the same participants when they saw photos. B．They analyzed changes in blood flow. C．They used functional magnetic resonance imaging. D．They analyzed the date. 3. What is the meaning of “decipher” in the last paragraph? A．Know about. B．Break down. C．Take over. D．Become ill. 4. Which can be the best title of this passage? A．A new study. B．Artificial Intelligence. C．Functional magnetic resonance imaging. D．Visualizing our dreams. Passage 10 （23-24高二下·吉林·期末）ChatGPT appears to have better “bedside manners” than some doctors — at least when their written advice is rated for quality and empathy (同理心), a study has shown. The study, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, used data from social news website Reddit’s Ask Docs forum, in which members can post medical questions answered by verified healthcare professionals. The team randomly sampled 195 exchanges from Ask Docs where a verified doctor responded to a public question. The original questions were then posed to the AI language model ChatGPT, which was asked to respond. Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals, who did not know whether the response came from a human physician or ChatGPT, rated the answers for quality and empathy. Overall, the panel preferred ChatGPT’s answers to those given by a human 79 percent of the time. ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies. Christopher Longhurst, of UC San Diego Health, said:“These results suggest that tools like ChatGPT can efficiently draft high-quality, personalized medical advice for review by clinicians, and we are beginning that process at UCSD Health.” Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.” Some noted that, given ChatGPT was specifically designed to be likable, it was not surprising that it wrote texts that came across as empathic. It also tended to give longer, chattier answers than human doctors, which could have played a role in its higher ratings. Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”. 1. What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 mean? A．dedicated. B．licensed. C．intelligent. D．enthusiastic. 2. What is the percentage difference in empathy ratings between doctors’ responses and ChatGPT’s responses? A．17 percent. B．40 percent. C．57 percent. D．74 percent. 3. What’s Professor Davenport’s view regarding the paper’s proposal for additional investigation into ChatGPT’s support for physicians? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproving. 4. What concern was raised about using ChatGPT? A．Its responses might be one-sided. B．It fails to give empathic responses. C．It may produce unreliable information. D．It is unable to offer high-quality advice. 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·广西南宁·期末）Jan Ernst Matzeliger was born on September 15, 1852. Matzeliger’s father was a Dutch engineer. Showing mechanical gift at a young age, Matzeliger began working in machine shops managed by his father at 10. At 19, he left Suriname to see the world as a sailor on an East Indian merchant ship. After settling in Philadelphia in 1873, Matzeliger struggled to make a living in Philadelphia. In 1877, he moved to Lynn, Massachusetts, to seek work in the town’s rapidly growing shoe industry. He found a position in a shoe factory. Matzeliger learned cloth trade, which made shoes almost wholly by hand. Shoemakers made molds (模具) of customers’ feet with wood or stone. The shoes were then sized and shaped according to the molds. The process of shaping was done entirely by hand. This was considered the most difficult and time-consuming. Matzeliger set out to find a solution to the problems he found in the shoe-making process. He thought there had to be a way to develop a good method for lasting shoes. He began coming up with designs for machines that could do the job. After experimenting with several models, he applied for a patent on a “shoe lasting machine (鞋楦机)”. The machine held a shoe on a shoe tree, pulled the leather down around the heel, set and drove in the nails, and then produced the completed shoe. It could produce 700 pairs of shoes a day — more than 10 times the amount produced by human hands. Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine was an immediate success. In 1889, the Consolidated Lasting Machine Company was formed to make the devices, with Matzeliger receiving a large amount of stock in the organization. Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine increased shoe production greatly. The result was the employment of more unskilled workers and the increase of low-cost, high-quality shoes for people around the world. 1. What can we know about Matzeliger’s childhood? A．He did well in his study. B．He desired to be an engineer. C．He had mechanical talent. D．He lived in a poor family. 2. Why did Matzeliger go to Lynn? A．He wanted to find a job. B．He intended to buy shoes. C．He was appointed to manage a factory. D．He was interested in trade. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward Matzeliger’s invention? A．Unclear. B．Approving. C．Doubtful. D．Tolerant. 4. What is the text mainly about? A．Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine. B．Matzeliger’s unusual growth experience. C．Matzeliger’s surprising talent for making shoes. D．Matzeliger’s contribution to shoe-making industry. Passage 12 （23-24高二下·黑龙江·期末）Researchers have made a digital map showing a tiny piece of a human brain in unknown detail. The map represents a cubic millimeter of brain — an area about half the size of a grain of rice. But even that tiny part is overflowing with a large amount of information — containing about 57,000 cells, 230 millimeters of blood vessels and 150 million synapses (突触), the connections between neurons (神经元). The researchers published their findings in a journal. They have made the data set freely available online and provided tools for analyzing it. “In one respect, our data set is tiny,” Jeff Lichtman, a co-author of the study says. “But it doesn’t feel small, because when you get in it, you see it’s like a huge forest.” For the new paper, the researchers turned to a piece of brain tissue from a person with epilepsy (癫痫). The data has already brought some unexpected findings for the researchers. For instance, they found some rare sites where neurons were connected by more than 50 synapses. This is incredibly uncommon — more than 96 percent of connections between neurons have just one synapse, and more than 99 percent have three or fewer synapses. “These strong connections might show what learning looks like in the brain,” Lichtman assumes. They represent behaviors so well-practiced that they require almost no thought at all, such as moving your foot from the accelerator to the brake when stopping a car. However, he thinks while the tissue sample didn’t have any evidence of disease, they can’t be certain whether these surprises are in some way related to the person’s epilepsy or treatments. Studying other tissue samples could give them a clearer idea. Next, the researchers would like to map a mouse’s brain. But in the meantime, the human statistics they currently have will push other researchers to learn more about the human brain, especially its unknown areas. 1. What does the digital map created by the researchers show? A．Mainly the huge synapses. B．The entire network of neurons. C．Various aspect of the human brain. D．Detailed information about a small brain area. 2. How does paragraph 3 illustrate the rarity of the findings? A．By listing data. B．By citing papers. C．By making an assumption. D．By describing a phenomenon. 3. What is Lichtman’s attitude to the findings? A．Grateful. B．Cautious. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 4. What can we learn about the effect of the research from the last paragraph? A．It is expected. B．It is inspiring. C．It is unknown. D．It is confusing. Passage 13 （23-24高二下·河北唐山·期末）A lot of scientific and technological achievements within the last 100 years was prophesied (预言) within sci-f literature long before they came into physical existence. Throughout modern history, there has been a symbiotic (共生的) relationship between fiction and those in the science and technology fields. Pioneering science fiction synthesises (综合) and popularizes (普及) new ideas of the imagination, which in turn can lead to others establishing the real-world with such ideas. This idea highlights the notion that these so-called “fiction” writers are not just predicting the future but actually indirectly creating it. For instance, Black Mirror: Nosedive predicted a range of technological developments. It imagined a personality rating system, which is now starting to be introduced within China, as a private credit and behavior scoring system called “Sesame (芝麻) credit”. This system conducts behavioral analysis data based on the citizens ’ bill payments, abilities to hold contracts, shopping habits, online behavior and characteristics of online friendships. Very low scores can affect people’s real-world lives — as described in the Black Mirror, the public is restricted from making reservations at hotels or restaurants, for example. Something as simple as providing inspiration for an idea that an inventor can actually develop shows the shaping effect the domain can have on the world. Google Glass, self-driving cars, artificial intelligence — even human genetic modification, anti-aging processes, and space travel —are all ideas that appeared in science fiction before reality. Elon Musk’s SpaceX plan of colonizing Mars is an example that we are going to see for ourselves. Over time, history shows that science fiction is less of a predictor of the future and more of an indirect creator. With the inspiration of many aspects of our modern life based on sci-fi films, television, books, etc., the genre itself can be seen as effectively playing a part in shaping our future. What do you think will be the next real-world sci-fi creation? Flying cars? Neural networks? We can only wait to find out ... 1. What role does “sci-fi literature” play in the real world according to the text? A．A creator of the future. B．A reflection of the real world. C．A source of new ideas. D．A signal of new scientific breakthroughs. 2. What is the author’s purpose of writing Paragraph 3? A．To recommend a sci-f TV show. B．To explain why sci-fi artworks can predict the future. C．To describe how sci-fi artworks shape the future. D．To show the importance of building the “Sesame credit" system. 3. Why does the author give an example of Elon Musk’s SpaceX plan? A．To tell people where the SpaceX plan came from. B．To prove the SpaceX plan is worthy of investment. C．To show how a sci-fi idea inspires inventors to turn it into reality. D．To emphasize the relationship between virtual and real worlds. 4. What would be the best title for this text? A．How Science Fiction is Shaping Our Future B．Should We Be Worried about the Sci-fi Artworks? C．Why Should We Encourage the Sci-fi Creation? D．Technological Development Contributes to Sci-fi Artworks Passage 14 （23-24高二下·浙江·期中）When we are desperately searching for our glasses, wallet or keys, we might wish to have a photo-graphic memory, but the truth is we are designed to forget. In fact, the majority of what we experience in a given day is likely to be forgotten in less than 24 hours. And that is a good thing. Think of all the passing encounters with people you will never see again and the times you spend waiting in a queue at the supermarket. If our brains hoarded (贮藏) every moment of every experience, we would never be able to find the information we need among an ever-increasing pile of information. So, if memory is not supposed to be a comprehensive collection of the past, what is the point of remembering at all?To answer this question, it helps to think about what it means to remember in the first place. For more than 25 years, I have studied how we are able to recall past events, an ability known as “episodic memory”. It is described as the uniquely human capability for “mental time travel, roaming at will over what has happened as readily as over what might happen, independently of the physical laws that govern the universe”. I first read this description of mental time travel when I was a graduate student, and I was deeply sceptical. Now, with the wisdom of age, I understand what it meant. When you recall a rich episodic memory, there is a noticeable feeling of being transported back to a point in your past, a specific time and place. For instance, the smell of freshly baked pastries might remind you of having breakfast with your grandmother. Findings from my lab and others have shown that, at the moment of remembering, the brain appears to return a bit to the state that it was in at the time, enabling us to relive these past experiences. This is why, if you have misplaced your keys, it can be helpful to put yourself, mentally into the context where you last saw them. Getting in touch with the sights, sounds and thoughts from an earlier time period can be an effective way of accessing those memories. 1. Why does the author think forgetfulness is a good thing? A．We are born to forget the past events. B．It helps to find the needed information. C．All the encounters are not that pleasant. D．Our brains fail to hoard important moments. 2. What do we know about “episodic memory”? A．It partly depends on the physical laws. B．It explains our ability to remember the past. C．It becomes obvious with the wisdom of age. D．It focuses on purposeful mental time travel. 3. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning freshly baked pastries? A．To express love for grandmother. B．To share a feeling of time travel. C．To illustrate a vivid episodic memory. D．To forget precious past experiences. 4. What can we do to find the misplaced keys? A．Recall the situation where we saw them. B．Search the labs where we do experiments. C．Think in our mind what they looked like. D．Write our real thoughts related to them. Passage 15 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）It all began with an experience one of us (Arinzeh) had more than two decades ago. In 1991, a summer research experience at the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated how engineering could improve the lives of patients. Instead of working in a more traditional area such as automobile design, Arinzeh spent the summer after her junior year of college working in a rehabilitation laboratory. Engineers there were designing new prosthetic (修复的) devices for patients who had lost limbs, and new assistive devices to help paralyzed patients move. The engineers would then collaborate with clinicians at a rehabilitation center to test their developments. Before that summer she hadn’t connected traditional engineering principles with the opportunity to solve biomedical problems. But by the end of those short months, Arinzeh was hooked on the promise of using mechanical engineering to help people move better. Tissue engineering, a budding field at that time, offered a chance to move beyond building prosthetics. Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease. Tissue engineers aim to fully repair and regenerate that tissue so that it regains complete function, but at that time researchers still had a lot to learn about cells and their support structures to solve these problems. The earliest successes were with skin, in which researchers used dermal cells to generate grafts, leading to the first commercial products in the late 1990s. Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue. Because stem cells (干细胞) are precursor (前身) to almost all tissue types, such cells are a promising source of these critical building blocks. But cells don’t grow and differentiate on their own. The cell’s microenvironment can influence stem-cell function in critical ways. Engineered microenvironments, or scaffolds, can effectively promote stem cells and other cell types to form tissues. To construct such scaffolds, some important tools are what are called functional biomaterials. These materials respond to environmental changes such as PH, enzymatic activity, or mechanical load, and their composition can mimic or replicate components of native tissue. One of us (Arinzeh) wanted to use functional biomaterials to create three-dimensional tissue-like structures where cells can grow, proliferate (增殖), and differentiate, ultimately forming and regenerating tissue. Our group’s work started with bone studies in the 1990s, eventually moving into cartilage and the spinal cord over the past decade. The overall goal is to produce structures that could someday help patients struggling with severe injuries and movement disorders to move freely. For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone. Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone. Glycosaminoglycans (GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules. After all these years, the promise that seemed so enticing in 1991 is becoming a practical reality, with huge implications for human health. 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Before working with patients, Arinzeh was an automobile designer. B．Since 1991, tissue engineering has been mainly applied to building prosthetics. C．It’s hard for musculoskeletal tissues to fully recover from disease or injury. D．In the late 1990s, the lack of knowledge about cells and their support structures prevented researchers from making any achievement in tissue engineering. 2. The underlined word “differentiate” is close in meaning to ________. A．change B．divide C．alternate D．reproduce 3. “Scaffolds” are, in essence, ________. A．tissues from one part of a person’s body used to repair another damaged part B．stem cells and other cell types in an engineered microenvironment C．structural support for damaged tissue repair D．functional biomaterials to replace native tissues. 4. What can we learn about the study introduced above? A．It was inspired by the team members’ internship. B．So far, the study has covered multiple musculoskeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage and nervous tissues. C．The electrical activity caused by Piezoelectric materials will generate mechanical stimuli that encourage the growth of musculoskeletal tissues. D．The researchers of this study are the best designers of modern tissue engineering. 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$专题-S711阅读理解 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 1 Science Fiction 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·山西太原·期末）Nature apps perfect for nature enthusiasts Attention ! Nature enthusiasts ! Have you ever been confused about the beautiful nature world around you ? Are you eager to know the name of amazing plants and animals you encounter ? In fact, there are many ways to satisfy your curiosity. One of them is to turn your phone into a naturalist in your pocket. BirdNET Backed by The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the BirdNE nature app promises to be “the easiest way to identify birds by sound alone.” Launch the app, and it begins to record your surroundings, and then highlights a piece of audio to tag it for identification. Using phone’s GPS. BirdNET knows your location which assists to determine the bird that most likely makes that sound. So it needs you to turn on the mobile network. PlantSnap PlantSnap makes recognizing leaves, bark and buds a lot easier, with more than 600,000 species on file. Like most of the best nature apps, just snap a photo of the plant in question, and the app identifies it in 37 languages in seconds. Besides it ensures you to reconnect with nature share photos and thoughts with PlantSnappers around the world and learn about the plants and trees you encounter every day based on online availability. iNaturalist iNaturalist is a comprehensive nature app, including thousands of animal and plant species in its database. By submitting photos and field notes, users can provide valuable crowd sourced information for scientific community. Plus it can work offline without Wi - Fi or cellular network making it a great option for hikers exploring the wild. 1. What does BirdNET’s identification mainly rely on ? A．Surroundings monitoring. B．Sound recording. C．Appearance describing. D．GPS locating. 2. What can users do with the help of PlantSnap ? A．Learn multiple languages. B．Recognize unknown plants. C．File the plants into categories. D．Collect plants around the world. 3. Which of the following features makes iNaturalist different from the other two apps ? A．Offline availability. B．Naturalists’ expert guide. C．Large database. D．Sharing platform. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了一些实用的应用程序，旨在帮助使用者更好地满足他们的兴趣或需求。 1. 细节理解题。根据BirdNET下的“Backed by The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the BirdNE nature app promises to be “the easiest way to identify birds by sound alone.” Launch the app, and it begins to record your surroundings, and then highlights a piece of audio to tag it for identification.(由康奈尔鸟类学实验室支持的BirdNE自然应用程序承诺是“仅凭声音识别鸟类的最简单方法”。启动这个应用程序，它就会开始记录你周围的环境，然后突出显示一段音频来标记它以进行识别)”可知，BirdNET的识别主要依靠录音。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据PlantSnap下的“PlantSnap makes recognizing leaves, bark and buds a lot easier, with more than 600,000 species on file. Like most of the best nature apps, just snap a photo of the plant in question, and the app identifies it in 37 languages in seconds. (PlantSnap让识别叶子、树皮和芽变得容易得多，它有超过60万个物种的档案。像大多数最好的自然应用程序一样，只要给有问题的植物拍张照片，应用程序就会在几秒钟内用37种语言识别它)”可知，用户可以在PlantSnap的帮助下识别未知的植物。故选B项。 3. 细节理解题。根据iNaturalist下的“iNaturalist is a comprehensive nature app, including thousands of animal and plant species in its database. By submitting photos and field notes, users can provide valuable crowd sourced information for scientific community. Plus it can work offline without Wi-Fi or cellular network making it a great option for hikers exploring the wild.(iNaturalist是一个综合性的自然应用程序，其数据库中包括数千种动植物物种。通过提交照片和现场记录，用户可以为科学界提供有价值的众包信息。此外，它可以在没有Wi-Fi或蜂窝网络的情况下离线工作，这使它成为徒步旅行者探索野外的绝佳选择)”可知，离线可用性使iNaturalist与其他两个应用程序不同。故选A项。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·吉林通化·期末）There are many apps that use mobile phone cameras and other devices that might surprise gardeners. Here are some examples: Seek by iNaturalist It is an app from the website iNaturalist. To use it, simply take a picture or point your camera at a plant, insect, or animal and you will get important information about it. You can also find lists of plants, insects and animals in your area, add your observations, and connect with experts. From Seed to Spoon It helps users grow crops. You can add which fruits and vegetables you would like to grow on a virtual “Grow Box” from a list of images. It will then give seed-starting,transplanting, and harvesting dates for those plants based on your location using satellite (卫星) data. The free version of the app also provides information on each crop’s requirements for temperature, sunlight, water, and fertilizer. PictureThis It will identify your plant and provide information about it from a picture on your phone’s camera. After using all the provided free identifications, you will be asked to watch advertisements or share the app to earn more. Or you can pay $29.99 a year for the paid version. The paid version provides treatment information for sick plants. It also includes plant-care guides, access to a team of experts at any time, and unlimited plant identifications. Google Lens It uses image recognition technology to identify plants, trees, animals, and insects. It can be found on the Google app or by the Google Search bar in your mobile browser onAndroid and Apple products. Then, touch the camera image and choose a photo from your phone’s photo history. Lens can also be used to identify other objects and places, and to compare products to buy online. The tool is free. 1. What do Seek by iNaturalist and PictureThis have in common? A．They both have a“Grow Box”. B．People can have access to experts. C．They are mainly used for identifying animals. D．People need to pay for using them. 2. How can we get more further information from PictureThis? A．By watching advertisements. B．By paying $2.99 a year. C．By sharing valuable observations. D．By taking pictures of plants. 3. What is special about Google Lens? A．It can treat sick plants. B．It offers plant-care guides. C．It can find the animals in your area. D．It helps shop on the Internet. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四种园丁使用的软件。 1. 细节理解题。根据Seek by iNaturalist部分中的“You can also find lists of plants, insects and animals in your area, add your observations, and connect with experts.(你也可以找到你所在地区的植物、昆虫和动物列表，添加你的观察结果，并与专家联系。)”可知，可以使用Seek by iNaturalist与专家联系，结合PictureThis 部分中的“It also includes plant-care guides, access to a team of experts at any time, and unlimited plant identifications.(它还包括植物护理指南，随时访问专家团队，以及无限的植物识别。)”可知，PictureThis可以使使用者随时访问专家团队，由此可知，这两个软件都可以让使用者与专家联系。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据PictureThis 部分中的“After using all the provided free identifications, you will be asked to watch advertisements or share the app to earn more.(在使用所有提供的免费标识后，您将被要求观看广告或分享应用程序以获得更多信息。)”可知， 为获得更多信息，使用者可以通过看广告或者分享应用程序，所以可以通过看广告获取更多信息。故选A项。 3. 细节理解题。根据Google Lens部分中的“Lens can also be used to identify other objects, places, and to compare products to buy online.(Lens还可以用来识别其他物体、地点，以及比较要网购的产品。)”可知，Lens可以帮助网购。故选D项。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·山东烟台·期末）The 2024 Video Competition, centering on the theme of “Artificial Intelligence Architectural Design”, is open to architectural design students. As the next generation of design professionals, we welcome your uniquer insights that explore the relationship between human creativity and the boundless potential of AI within our field. Concepts demonstrated through original video content are highly encouraged. Students may team with architectural design educators to complete videos. SUBMISSION THEMES Video submissions might address questions such as: What is the potential impact of AI on the future of the architectural design profession? How can AI be combined into the design process to enhance creativity? How might AI-driven design systems work with human designers, and what is the future of AI-human design partnerships in the industry?. VIDEO REQUIREMENTS The video must be between 1-3 minutes in length. Be efficient and precise! Original and creative approaches to the video are encouraged! The video should be entertaining and positive with a message that advocates our profession. JUDGING CRITERIA Video relates well to the topic. Video shows imagination, creativity, and inspiration. Video has a clear and convincing message. Video contains original content. Video is of a professional quality. Entries will be judged by professionals from across architectural design professional organizations. The finalists will be announced online by September 30, 2024. Cash prizes are to be announced. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS Upload your video to YouTube and complete the Online Submission Form by July 31, 2024. 1. Who does the 2024 Video Competition target? A．AI specialists. B．University professors. C．Professional architects. D．Architectural design majors. 2. Which of the following entry topics is out of line with the required themes? A．What role will Al play in architectural design? B．How do we employ imagination to boost design? C．What may AI bring to architectural design works? D．How do AI design systems cooperate with humans? 3. What can we learn from the text? A．The video has a duration limit. B．The contest result won’t be issued until July. C．The submission form is to be submitted by email. D．A participant must partner with an advisor for the video. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2024年视频竞赛的详情，面向建筑学专业学生，聚焦AI建筑设计，强调原创视频内容，规定提交截止日期及评审标准。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段的“The 2024 Video Competition, centering on the theme of “Artificial Intelligence Architectural Design”, is open to architectural design students.Passage 4 (2024年视频大赛以“人工智能建筑设计”为主题，面向建筑设计专业的学生)”可知，这次比赛的目标是建筑设计专业的学生。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据SUBMISSION THEMES标题下的三个问题“What is the potential impact of AI on the future of the architectural design profession?  How can AI be combined into the design process to enhance creativity?  How might AI-driven design systems work with human designers, and what is the future of AI-human design partnerships in the industry?(人工智能对建筑设计行业未来的潜在影响是什么？如何将人工智能结合到设计过程中以增强创造力？人工智能驱动的设计系统如何与人类设计师合作，人工智能与人类设计合作伙伴关系在行业中的未来如何？)”可知，“我们如何运用想象力来推动设计？”并不涉及人工智能的主题，因此是不符合要求的主题。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据VIDEO REQUIREMENTS标题下的“The video must be between 1-3 minutes in length.(视频长度必须在1-3分钟之间)”可知，视频有时长限制。故选A。 Passage 5 （23-24高二下·贵州黔东南·期末）Engage students with science with these exciting and entertaining experiments! Students will love exploring while also gaining invaluable experience by designing and conducting experiments.Sunscreen Experiment Kids often don’t enjoy being told they need sunscreen, so showing its power through demonstration can help them see its value. This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products. Start this experiment by applying some of each sunscreen type on paper and placing both pieces of paper in direct sunlight for several hours.Sundial (日晷) Experiment Using a sundial to tell time is a fascinating science activity that helps students gain knowledge of shadows and the movement of sunlight across the sky. Through this hands-on experiment, students gain an opportunity to see how people in previous times knew time without clocks or watches. Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day.Mineral Experiment Students learn to identify rocks and minerals through this simple experiment. They use a plate to test the hardness of various common minerals. They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others. This lesson helps students understand the characteristics and uses of different minerals. Students can even form “companies” and compete to mine different types of rocks with specific features. 1. What is the main purpose of using beads in the sunscreen experiment? A．To compare the prices of sunscreen. B．To show the effectiveness of sunscreen. C．To analyze the impact of sunscreen on skin. D．To demonstrate chemical reactions in sunscreen. 2. How do students begin the sundial experiment? A．By building a sundial from beginning. B．By comparing different types of sundials. C．By measuring the length of their shadows. D．By identifying a sunny spot and using a flat board. 3. What does the mineral experiment allow students to do? A．Observe crystal formation. B．Learn geological history. C．Sell rocks they mine. D．Form companies. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 【导语】本文是应用文。文章介绍了几个适合学生做的科学实验。 1. 细节理解题。根据Sunscreen Experiment下的“This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products.(这个科学展览项目使用简单的白色珠子，当暴露在紫外线下时会改变颜色，这样孩子们就可以比较不同防晒产品的效果)”可知，在防晒实验中使用珠子的主要目的是来展示防晒霜的功效。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据Sundial (日晷) Experiment下的“Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day.(实验开始时，让学生们找出一个整天都能接受阳光的户外地点，在那里放一块平板，在上面画出阴影，并注意到阴影在一天中的特定时间会落在哪里)”可知，学生找一个阳光充足的地方，用一块平板来开始日晷实验。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据Mineral Experiment下的“They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others.(他们还观察这些矿物质是如何形成晶体的，以及它们是如何以不同的方式分裂的)”可知，Mineral Experiment允许学生观察晶体形成。故选A项。 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末）Places all over the world are named in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East. Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were at first from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named after former British military bases (军事基地). If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force soldiers. Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road?” The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road. A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again. 1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．Many places tend to have more than one name. B．The government is usually the first to name a place. C．A ceremony will be held when a place is named. D．People prefer the place names given by the government. 2. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Change suddenly. B．Change greatly. C．Disappear very slowly. D．Disappear secretly. 3. Which of the following places is named by its shape? A．Raffles Place. B．Selector Airbase. C．Piccadilly Circus. D．Paya Lebar Crescent. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了世界各地对地点、道路等的命名规则是有相通之处的，并列举了新加坡的一些地名和其由来为例。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names”（通常没有正式的命名仪式，但人们往往会把地名称为参考点。然后一个有组织的人介入，给这个地方起了个名字。一个地方经常有两个名字。）可知，通常在政府正式起名之前，许多地名就由人们习惯称呼决定了，即很多地方一般都有官方的和通俗的两种名称，与A选项“很多地方都不止一个名称”描述相符。故选A项。 2. 词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.”可知，在很多地区，即便在失去了曾经的含义很长时间后，非官方的名词依然能沿袭下来，就是因为这种这些不断传承的习惯叫法很难改变、消逝，die hard在这里就指“慢慢消失”。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.”（新加坡有几条路是以它们的样子来命名的。“环行路”就是其中之一。Paya Lebar Crescent被称为新月，因为它从主要道路开始，形成一个新月，然后又回到主要道路。）可知， Paya Lebar Crescent以形状命名。故选D项。 Passage 7 （23-24高二下·河南新乡·阶段练习）Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you “What is the most important in your life?” Maybe you will say “Computers and the Internet.” The first computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked slowly. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But they work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, “People can’t live without computers today.” The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-five years later than computers. But now it can be found almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do shopping, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often go into the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don’t know their real names, ages, and even sex. They are so interested in making the “unreal friends” that they can’t put their heart into study. Many of them can’t catch up with others on many subjects because of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at the same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet. 1. Which of the following is TRUE? A．Few students like going into the Internet. B．Students use the Internet to make “unreal friends”. C．These “unreal friends” often meet each other. D．Students know the friends on the Internet very well. 2. The Internet cannot be used for_____. A．studying B．shopping C．thinking D．playing 3. The underlined part in Para. 4 can be replaced by “_____”. A．concentrate on B．reflect on C．recover from D．graduate from 4. What does the writer think of the Internet? A．It is wonderful. B．It can make students study harder. C．It is not good for students. D．It is helpful, but we can’t do everything on it. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了计算机和互联网的发展历史，以及互联网对学生的一些影响，作者认为互联网有用，但我们不能在上面做所有的事情。 1. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Many students like the Internet very much. They often go into the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don’t know their real names, ages, and even sex. They are so interested in making the “unreal friends”(许多学生非常喜欢互联网。他们经常一有空就上网。他们在网上交朋友，也许他们从来没有见过这些朋友。他们不知道他们的真实姓名，年龄，甚至性别。他们对这些‘虚拟的朋友’非常感兴趣)”可知，学生们利用互联网结交‘虚拟的朋友’，B正确。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“We can use it to read books, write letters, do shopping, play games or make friends.(我们可以用它来读书，写信，购物，玩游戏或交朋友)”可知，互联网可以用来学习、购物和玩游戏，但不能用来思考。故选C。 3. 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“They are so interested in making the “unreal friends” that they can’t put their heart into study.(他们对结交‘虚幻的朋友’如此感兴趣，以至于他们无法put their heart into学习)”以及后文“Many of them can’t catch up with others on many subjects because of that.(因此，他们中的许多人在许多科目上无法赶上其他人)”可知，很多学生由于对“虚拟朋友”太过感兴趣，以至于他们无法专注于学习，导致在学校里学习成绩下降。由此可知，画线词意思是“专注于”。A. concentrate on专注于；B. reflect on反思；C. recover from恢复；D. graduate from毕业。故选A。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at the same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.(我们可以使用电脑和互联网来了解更多的世界。但同时，我们应该记住，不是所有的事情都可以通过电脑和互联网做)”可知，作者认为互联网有用，但我们不能在上面做所有的事情。故选D。 Passage 8 （23-24高二下·陕西榆林·期末）A major meeting of computer hackers (黑客) planned for this summer is to include an event that will test the limits of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. The event, in August, will be held as part of the yearly DEF CON hacker meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada. Organizers say the meeting provides a chance for hackers to hear from leading industry officials about the latest developments in computer security. It also includes hacking competitions. This year, several major AI developers will take part in DEF CON. Among them will be OpenAI, which launched its latest AI model, ChatGPT-4, in March. Recently released AI tools are built by feeding huge amounts of information into machine learning computer systems. The data trains the AI systems to develop complex skills and produce human-like results. Experts have warned that such systems may bring major changes to many different jobs and industries. It affects everyone from managers to workers to housewives. They also fear the tools, known as “chatbots”, could greatly increase the amount of misinformation in the news media and on social media. Chowdhury, an organizer of the hacking event, says the results of the event can provide helpful information to companies looking at ways to safely use the fast-developing AI systems. She notes that the hackers’ work will not end after the gathering. They will spend months afterward creating reports on their findings and identifying specific system vulnerabilities (漏洞). Jack Clark is the co-founder of AI developer Anthropic. He says he hopes the DEF CON event will lead to deeper commitments from AI developers to measure and test the safety of their systems. For this to happen, though, AI systems will need to be examined by third parties both before and after deployment (部署). “We need to get practice at figuring out how to do this. It hasn’t really been done before,” he says. 1. Hackers can learn ______ from this meeting. A．the latest developments in computer security B．the rules of AI tool competitions C．the application of model ChatGPT-4 D．the future of hackers in the computer field 2. What’s the experts’ attitude towards the AI system? A．Uncaring. B．Favorable. C．Positive. D．Negative. 3. What can be concluded from Chowdhury’s words? A．The reports accelerate the development of AI. B．AI systems need to be inspected by the third parties. C．The activity of improving network security will not stop. D．The current network system is approaching perfection. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．AI users must test the security of their computer systems. B．AI developers may overlook the shortcomings of their own products. C．AI systems develop complex skills and produce results similar to those of humans. D．The DEF CON event will encourage companies to develop new products. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了即将举行的计算机黑客会议，其重点是测试人工智能工具的极限。会议将包括涉及人工智能如ChatGPT-4的安全性和潜在影响，组织者希望通过活动提供安全使用AI的信息，并强调AI系统需要第三方安全检查。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Organizers say the meeting provides a chance for hackers to hear from leading industry officials about the latest developments in computer security. (组织者说，这次会议为黑客们提供了一个机会，让他们从业界的领导那里了解到计算机安全的最新发展)”可知，黑客们能从这次会议中了解到计算机安全方面的最新发展。故选A项。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Experts have warned that such systems may bring major changes to many different jobs and industries. They also fear the tools, known as “chatbots”, could greatly increase the amount of misinformation in the news media and on social media.”（专家警告说，这样的系统可能会对许多不同的工作和行业带来重大变化。他们还担心，被称为“聊天机器人”的工具可能会大大增加新闻媒体和社交媒体上的错误信息。）可知，专家对AI系统的态度是消极的。故选D项。 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“She notes that the hackers’ work will not end after the gathering. They will spend months afterward creating reports on their findings and identifying specific system vulnerabilities (漏洞). (她指出，黑客的工作不会在会议结束后结束。之后，他们会花几个月的时间创建关于他们的发现和识别特定系统漏洞的报告。)”可知，Chowdhury指出黑客的工作仍将继续，会报告他们的发现和识别特定系统漏洞。由此可知，Chowdhury会同意“提高网络安全的行动不会停止”的观点。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“He says he hopes the DEF CON event will lead to deeper commitments from AI developers to measure and test the safety of their systems. For this to happen, though, AI systems will need to be examined by third parties both before and after deployment (部署). (他说，他希望DEF CON活动将促使人工智能开发人员做出更深入的承诺，以衡量和测试其系统的安全性。不过，要实现这一点，人工智能系统在部署之前和之后都需要由第三方进行检查。)”可推知，人工智能开发人员可能会忽视自己产品的缺点，因此其系统的安全性需要被三方检查和测试。故选B项。 Passage 9 （23-24高二下·贵州黔西·期末）After waking up, you may feel frustrated that you cannot recall the dreams you had last night. Artificial intelligence may be able to help. Previously, there have been AI models that can turn text into images. They can do this by learning from a large amount of data from both tests and images. This time, researchers from Osaka University in Japan have trained an AI system called Stable Diffusion to recreate images based on people’s brain scans, reported Science magazine. The researchers used an online data set provided by the University of Minnesota, US, which consisted of brain scans from four participant as they each viewed a set of 1,000 photos. The scans were recorded by functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). The AI then learned about the brain activities by analyzing changes in blood flow shown by the fMRI data: when a part of the brain is activated, more blood will flow to it. It then matched the brain activities with the photos. Finally, the researchers tested the AI on additional brain scans from the same participants when they viewed photos of a toy bear, airplane, clock and train. If the person looked at an airplane, for example, the AI would use the brain scan data to create an image of a very blurry airplane. Then , it would turn on the previous “text-to-image” model and improve the quality of the image by feeding itself the keyword “airplane”. The final images were “convincing” with about 80 percent of accuracy, according to the researchers. The new study created a novel approach that incorporates texts and images to “decipher the brain”, Ariel Goldstein from Princeton University, US, told Science magazine. In the future, scientists hope that the technology can be used to record imagined thought and dreams or allow people to understand how differently other animals perceive reality. 1. What makes Stable Diffusion different from previous AI models? A．It can turn text into images. B．It can reproduce images based on human’s brain scans. C．It can learn from a large amount of date. D．It assist people recollect their previous memory. 2. How did the researchers test the AI if it can recreate image? A．On additional brain scans from the same participants when they saw photos. B．They analyzed changes in blood flow. C．They used functional magnetic resonance imaging. D．They analyzed the date. 3. What is the meaning of “decipher” in the last paragraph? A．Know about. B．Break down. C．Take over. D．Become ill. 4. Which can be the best title of this passage? A．A new study. B．Artificial Intelligence. C．Functional magnetic resonance imaging. D．Visualizing our dreams. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了一个名为“Stable Diffusion”的人工智能系统，该系统可以根据人们的脑部扫描结果重建图像。未来可能用于记录想象的思想和梦想，或者让人们了解其他动物对现实的感知有何不同。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This time, researchers from Osaka University in Japan have trained an AI system called Stable Diffusion to recreate images based on people’s brain scans”（这次，日本大阪大学的研究人员训练了一个名为Stable Diffusion的AI系统，该系统可以根据人的大脑扫描重建图像）可知，Stable Diffusion与以前的AI模型不同之处在于，它可以根据人的大脑扫描重建图像。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Finally, the researchers tested the AI on additional brain scans from the same participants when they viewed photos of a toy bear, airplane, clock and train.”（最后，研究人员在同一参与者观看玩具熊、飞机、时钟和火车的照片时，对AI进行了额外的大脑扫描测试。）可知，研究人员通过在同一参与者观看照片时对AI进行额外的大脑扫描测试，来测试AI是否可以重建图像。故选A。 3. 词句猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段中“The scans were recorded by functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). The AI then learned about the brain activities by analyzing changes in blood flow shown by the fMRI data: when a part of the brain is activated, more blood will flow to it. It then matched the brain activities with the photos. ”（这些扫描是通过功能性磁共振成像 (fMRI) 记录的。然后，人工智能通过分析 fMRI 数据显示的血流变化来了解大脑活动：当大脑的某个部分被激活时，更多的血液会流向该部分。然后，它将大脑活动与照片进行匹配。）和划线单词所在句子“The new study created a novel approach that incorporates texts and images to “decipher the brain””（这项新研究创造了一种结合文本和图像来“decipher大脑”的新方法）可知，这项新研究了解了大脑活动，由此可知，这项研究创造了一种结合文本和图像来“了解大脑”的新方法。所以“decipher”在这里的意思是“了解”。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“This time, researchers from Osaka University in Japan have trained an AI system called Stable Diffusion to recreate images based on people’s brain scans, reported Science magazine.”（日本大阪大学的研究人员训练了一个名为Stable Diffusion的AI系统，该系统可以根据人的大脑扫描重建图像）和根据文章最后一段“In the future, scientists hope that the technology can be used to record imagined thought and dreams or allow people to understand how differently other animals perceive reality.”（在未来，科学家希望这项技术可以用来记录想象的思想和梦想，或者让人们了解其他动物对现实的感知有何不同。）可知，文章主要讲述了日本大阪大学的研究人员训练了一个名为Stable Diffusion的AI系统，该系统可以根据人的大脑扫描重建图像，未来可能用于记录想象的思想和梦想，或者让人们了解其他动物对现实的感知有何不同。因此，最佳标题应为“想象我们的梦想”。故选D。 Passage 10 （23-24高二下·吉林·期末）ChatGPT appears to have better “bedside manners” than some doctors — at least when their written advice is rated for quality and empathy (同理心), a study has shown. The study, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, used data from social news website Reddit’s Ask Docs forum, in which members can post medical questions answered by verified healthcare professionals. The team randomly sampled 195 exchanges from Ask Docs where a verified doctor responded to a public question. The original questions were then posed to the AI language model ChatGPT, which was asked to respond. Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals, who did not know whether the response came from a human physician or ChatGPT, rated the answers for quality and empathy. Overall, the panel preferred ChatGPT’s answers to those given by a human 79 percent of the time. ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies. Christopher Longhurst, of UC San Diego Health, said:“These results suggest that tools like ChatGPT can efficiently draft high-quality, personalized medical advice for review by clinicians, and we are beginning that process at UCSD Health.” Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.” Some noted that, given ChatGPT was specifically designed to be likable, it was not surprising that it wrote texts that came across as empathic. It also tended to give longer, chattier answers than human doctors, which could have played a role in its higher ratings. Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”. 1. What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 mean? A．dedicated. B．licensed. C．intelligent. D．enthusiastic. 2. What is the percentage difference in empathy ratings between doctors’ responses and ChatGPT’s responses? A．17 percent. B．40 percent. C．57 percent. D．74 percent. 3. What’s Professor Davenport’s view regarding the paper’s proposal for additional investigation into ChatGPT’s support for physicians? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproving. 4. What concern was raised about using ChatGPT? A．Its responses might be one-sided. B．It fails to give empathic responses. C．It may produce unreliable information. D．It is unable to offer high-quality advice. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，ChatGPT似乎比一些医生有更好的“对病人的态度”——至少在他们的书面建议的质量和同理心方面是这样。文章对此进行了介绍。 1. 词句猜测题。根据后文“Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals”（ 最后，由三名有执照的医疗保健专业人员组成的小组）可知，这项发表在《美国医学会内科杂志》(JAMA Internal Medicine)上的研究使用了社交新闻网站Reddit的Ask Docs论坛的数据，在这个论坛上，会员可以发布由有资质的医疗专业人员回答的医疗问题。所以verified是有资质或有执照的健康专家，故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies.(ChatGPT的回答有79%被评为“好”或“非常好”，而医生回答的这一比例为22%；45%的ChatGPT回答被评为“同情”或“非常同情”，而医生的回答只有5%。)”可知，医生的回答和ChatGPTs的回答在共情评分上的百分比差异是40%。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.”(巴斯大学的詹姆斯·达文波特教授没有参与这项研究，他说：“这篇论文并没有说ChatGPT可以取代医生，但是，呼吁进一步研究ChatGPT是否以及如何帮助医生产生回答是相当合理的。”)”可知，达文波特教授对论文中关于进一步调查ChatGPTs对医生的支持的建议持客观态度。故选A。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”.(其他人则告诫不要依赖语言模型来获取事实信息，因为它们倾向于产生虚构的“事实”。)”可知，使用ChatGPT的顾虑是它会产生不可靠信息。故选C。 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·广西南宁·期末）Jan Ernst Matzeliger was born on September 15, 1852. Matzeliger’s father was a Dutch engineer. Showing mechanical gift at a young age, Matzeliger began working in machine shops managed by his father at 10. At 19, he left Suriname to see the world as a sailor on an East Indian merchant ship. After settling in Philadelphia in 1873, Matzeliger struggled to make a living in Philadelphia. In 1877, he moved to Lynn, Massachusetts, to seek work in the town’s rapidly growing shoe industry. He found a position in a shoe factory. Matzeliger learned cloth trade, which made shoes almost wholly by hand. Shoemakers made molds (模具) of customers’ feet with wood or stone. The shoes were then sized and shaped according to the molds. The process of shaping was done entirely by hand. This was considered the most difficult and time-consuming. Matzeliger set out to find a solution to the problems he found in the shoe-making process. He thought there had to be a way to develop a good method for lasting shoes. He began coming up with designs for machines that could do the job. After experimenting with several models, he applied for a patent on a “shoe lasting machine (鞋楦机)”. The machine held a shoe on a shoe tree, pulled the leather down around the heel, set and drove in the nails, and then produced the completed shoe. It could produce 700 pairs of shoes a day — more than 10 times the amount produced by human hands. Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine was an immediate success. In 1889, the Consolidated Lasting Machine Company was formed to make the devices, with Matzeliger receiving a large amount of stock in the organization. Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine increased shoe production greatly. The result was the employment of more unskilled workers and the increase of low-cost, high-quality shoes for people around the world. 1. What can we know about Matzeliger’s childhood? A．He did well in his study. B．He desired to be an engineer. C．He had mechanical talent. D．He lived in a poor family. 2. Why did Matzeliger go to Lynn? A．He wanted to find a job. B．He intended to buy shoes. C．He was appointed to manage a factory. D．He was interested in trade. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward Matzeliger’s invention? A．Unclear. B．Approving. C．Doubtful. D．Tolerant. 4. What is the text mainly about? A．Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine. B．Matzeliger’s unusual growth experience. C．Matzeliger’s surprising talent for making shoes. D．Matzeliger’s contribution to shoe-making industry. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了鞋匠Matzeliger的人生经历，他发明了鞋楦机并申请了专利，为制鞋业做出了巨大贡献。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Showing mechanical gift at a young age, Matzeliger began working in machine shops managed by his father at 10.(Matzeliger从小就表现出机械天赋，10岁开始在父亲经营的机械车间工作。)”可知，Matzeliger在童年时，就表现出机械方面的天赋。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In 1877, he moved to Lynn, Massachusetts, to seek work in the town’s rapidly growing shoe industry. He found a position in a shoe factory.(1877年，他搬到马萨诸塞州的林恩，为了在该镇迅速发展的制鞋业中寻找工作。他在一家鞋厂找到了一份工作。)”可知，Matzeliger去林恩是因为他想找份工作。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“It could produce 700 pairs of shoes a day—more than 10 times the amount produced by human hands.(它每天可以生产700双鞋，是人类双手产量的10倍以上。)”和最后一段“Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine increased shoe production greatly. The result was the employment of more unskilled workers and the increase of low-cost, high-quality shoes for people around the world.(Matzeliger的鞋楦机大大提高了鞋的产量。其结果是雇佣了更多的非技术工人，为世界各地的人们提供了更多低成本、高质量的鞋子)”可知，作者对Matzeliger发明的鞋楦机持认可的态度。故选B项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据最后一段“Matzeliger’s shoe lasting machine increased shoe production greatly. The result was the employment of more unskilled workers and the increase of low-cost, high-quality shoes for people around the world.(Matzeliger的鞋楦机大大提高了鞋的产量。其结果是雇佣了更多的非技术工人，为世界各地的人们提供了更多低成本、高质量的鞋子。)”可知，本文主要讲述了发明了鞋匠Matzeliger发明了鞋楦机，为制鞋业做出了巨大贡献，D项“Matzeliger对制鞋业的贡献”最符合文章大意。故选D项。 Passage 12 （23-24高二下·黑龙江·期末）Researchers have made a digital map showing a tiny piece of a human brain in unknown detail. The map represents a cubic millimeter of brain — an area about half the size of a grain of rice. But even that tiny part is overflowing with a large amount of information — containing about 57,000 cells, 230 millimeters of blood vessels and 150 million synapses (突触), the connections between neurons (神经元). The researchers published their findings in a journal. They have made the data set freely available online and provided tools for analyzing it. “In one respect, our data set is tiny,” Jeff Lichtman, a co-author of the study says. “But it doesn’t feel small, because when you get in it, you see it’s like a huge forest.” For the new paper, the researchers turned to a piece of brain tissue from a person with epilepsy (癫痫). The data has already brought some unexpected findings for the researchers. For instance, they found some rare sites where neurons were connected by more than 50 synapses. This is incredibly uncommon — more than 96 percent of connections between neurons have just one synapse, and more than 99 percent have three or fewer synapses. “These strong connections might show what learning looks like in the brain,” Lichtman assumes. They represent behaviors so well-practiced that they require almost no thought at all, such as moving your foot from the accelerator to the brake when stopping a car. However, he thinks while the tissue sample didn’t have any evidence of disease, they can’t be certain whether these surprises are in some way related to the person’s epilepsy or treatments. Studying other tissue samples could give them a clearer idea. Next, the researchers would like to map a mouse’s brain. But in the meantime, the human statistics they currently have will push other researchers to learn more about the human brain, especially its unknown areas. 1. What does the digital map created by the researchers show? A．Mainly the huge synapses. B．The entire network of neurons. C．Various aspect of the human brain. D．Detailed information about a small brain area. 2. How does paragraph 3 illustrate the rarity of the findings? A．By listing data. B．By citing papers. C．By making an assumption. D．By describing a phenomenon. 3. What is Lichtman’s attitude to the findings? A．Grateful. B．Cautious. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 4. What can we learn about the effect of the research from the last paragraph? A．It is expected. B．It is inspiring. C．It is unknown. D．It is confusing. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了研究人员制作了一张显示人脑一小部分的详细数字地图，这个地图已经为研究人员带来了一些意想不到的发现。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The map represents a cubic millimeter of brain—an area about half the size of a grain of rice. But even that tiny part is overflowing with a large amount of information—containing about 57,000 cells, 230 millimeters of blood vessels and 150 million synapses (突触), the connections between neurons (神经元).”（这张地图代表了一个立方毫米的大脑——一个大约半粒米大小的区域。但即使这个微小的部分也充满了大量的信息——包含约57,000个细胞，230毫米的血管和1.5亿个突触，神经元之间的连接。）可知，研究人员创建的数字地图显示了大脑一小部分的详细信息。故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“They found some rare sites where neurons were connected by more than 50 synapses. This is incredibly uncommon—more than 96 percent of connections between neurons have just one synapse, and more than 99 percent have three or fewer synapses.”（他们发现了一些罕见的地方，那里的神经元通过超过50个突触连接。这是非常罕见的——超过96%的神经元连接只有一个突触，超过99%的神经元连接有三个或更少的突触。）可知，通过列举数据来说明这个发现的稀有性。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, he thinks while the tissue sample didn’t have any evidence of disease, they can’t be certain whether these surprises are in some way related to the person’s epilepsy or treatments. Studying other tissue samples could give them a clearer idea.”（然而，他认为，虽然组织样本没有任何疾病的证据，但他们不能确定这些惊喜是否以某种方式与这个人的癫痫或治疗有关。研究其他组织样本可能会给他们一个更清晰的想法。）可知，Lichtman对于这些发现持谨慎态度。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But in the meantime, the human statistics they currently have will push other researchers to learn more about the human brain, especially its unknown areas.”（但与此同时，他们目前拥有的人类统计数据将推动其他研究人员更多地了解人脑，尤其是它的未知区域。）可知，这项研究的效果是鼓舞人心的，故选B。 Passage 13 （23-24高二下·河北唐山·期末）A lot of scientific and technological achievements within the last 100 years was prophesied (预言) within sci-f literature long before they came into physical existence. Throughout modern history, there has been a symbiotic (共生的) relationship between fiction and those in the science and technology fields. Pioneering science fiction synthesises (综合) and popularizes (普及) new ideas of the imagination, which in turn can lead to others establishing the real-world with such ideas. This idea highlights the notion that these so-called “fiction” writers are not just predicting the future but actually indirectly creating it. For instance, Black Mirror: Nosedive predicted a range of technological developments. It imagined a personality rating system, which is now starting to be introduced within China, as a private credit and behavior scoring system called “Sesame (芝麻) credit”. This system conducts behavioral analysis data based on the citizens ’ bill payments, abilities to hold contracts, shopping habits, online behavior and characteristics of online friendships. Very low scores can affect people’s real-world lives — as described in the Black Mirror, the public is restricted from making reservations at hotels or restaurants, for example. Something as simple as providing inspiration for an idea that an inventor can actually develop shows the shaping effect the domain can have on the world. Google Glass, self-driving cars, artificial intelligence — even human genetic modification, anti-aging processes, and space travel —are all ideas that appeared in science fiction before reality. Elon Musk’s SpaceX plan of colonizing Mars is an example that we are going to see for ourselves. Over time, history shows that science fiction is less of a predictor of the future and more of an indirect creator. With the inspiration of many aspects of our modern life based on sci-fi films, television, books, etc., the genre itself can be seen as effectively playing a part in shaping our future. What do you think will be the next real-world sci-fi creation? Flying cars? Neural networks? We can only wait to find out ... 1. What role does “sci-fi literature” play in the real world according to the text? A．A creator of the future. B．A reflection of the real world. C．A source of new ideas. D．A signal of new scientific breakthroughs. 2. What is the author’s purpose of writing Paragraph 3? A．To recommend a sci-f TV show. B．To explain why sci-fi artworks can predict the future. C．To describe how sci-fi artworks shape the future. D．To show the importance of building the “Sesame credit" system. 3. Why does the author give an example of Elon Musk’s SpaceX plan? A．To tell people where the SpaceX plan came from. B．To prove the SpaceX plan is worthy of investment. C．To show how a sci-fi idea inspires inventors to turn it into reality. D．To emphasize the relationship between virtual and real worlds. 4. What would be the best title for this text? A．How Science Fiction is Shaping Our Future B．Should We Be Worried about the Sci-fi Artworks? C．Why Should We Encourage the Sci-fi Creation? D．Technological Development Contributes to Sci-fi Artworks 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了科幻文学在现实世界中的作用，即它不仅预言了未来的科技成就，而且还间接地创造了未来。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Pioneering science fiction synthesises(综合) and popularizes(普及) new ideas of the imagination, which in turn can lead to others establishing the real-world with such ideas.”(开创性的科幻小说综合并普及了想象中的新思想，这反过来可以引导其他人用这些思想建立现实世界)根据第二段“This idea highlights the notion that these so-called “fiction” writers are not just predicting the future but actually indirectly creating it.”（这个想法强调了这些所谓的“小说”作家不仅预测未来，实际上还间接地创造了未来。)可推知，科幻文学在现实世界中的角色是创造未来。故选A。 2. 推理判断题，根据第三段“For instance, Black Mirror: Nosedive predicted a range of technological developments. It imagined a personality rating system, which is now starting to be introduced within China, as a private credit and behavior scoring system called“Sesame(芝麻) credit”.”（例如，Black Mirror: Nosedive预言了一系列的技术发展。它设想了一种人格评级系统，作为一种被称为“芝麻信用”的私人信用和行为评分系统，目前已开始在中国推广。）可知，作者写第三段的目的是描述科幻艺术作品如何塑造未来。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Something as simple as providing inspiration for an idea that an inventor can actually develop shows the shaping effect the domain can have on the world”（一些简单的事情，比如为一个发明家提供灵感，让他真正发展出来，就能显示出这个领域对世界的塑造效应）以及“Elon Musk’s SpaceX plan of colonizing Mars is an example that we are going to see for ourselves.”(埃隆·马斯克的火星殖民计划就是我们即将亲眼见证的一个例子。)可推知，作者举埃隆·马斯克的SpaceX计划的例子是为了展示科幻想法如何激发发明家将其变为现实。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Pioneering science fiction synthesises(综合) and popularizes(普及) new ideas of the imagination, which in turn can lead to others establishing the real-world with such ideas.”(开创性的科幻小说综合并普及了想象中的新思想，这反过来可以引导其他人用这些思想建立现实世界)根据第二段“This idea highlights the notion that these so-called “fiction” writers are not just predicting the future but actually indirectly creating it.”（这个想法强调了这些所谓的“小说”作家不仅预测未来，实际上还间接地创造了未来。)可知，短文主要讲述了科幻文学在现实世界中的作用，即它不仅预言了未来的科技成就，而且还间接地创造了未来。所以短文的最佳标题为“科幻小说如何塑造我们的未来”。故选A。 Passage 14 （23-24高二下·浙江·期中）When we are desperately searching for our glasses, wallet or keys, we might wish to have a photo-graphic memory, but the truth is we are designed to forget. In fact, the majority of what we experience in a given day is likely to be forgotten in less than 24 hours. And that is a good thing. Think of all the passing encounters with people you will never see again and the times you spend waiting in a queue at the supermarket. If our brains hoarded (贮藏) every moment of every experience, we would never be able to find the information we need among an ever-increasing pile of information. So, if memory is not supposed to be a comprehensive collection of the past, what is the point of remembering at all?To answer this question, it helps to think about what it means to remember in the first place. For more than 25 years, I have studied how we are able to recall past events, an ability known as “episodic memory”. It is described as the uniquely human capability for “mental time travel, roaming at will over what has happened as readily as over what might happen, independently of the physical laws that govern the universe”. I first read this description of mental time travel when I was a graduate student, and I was deeply sceptical. Now, with the wisdom of age, I understand what it meant. When you recall a rich episodic memory, there is a noticeable feeling of being transported back to a point in your past, a specific time and place. For instance, the smell of freshly baked pastries might remind you of having breakfast with your grandmother. Findings from my lab and others have shown that, at the moment of remembering, the brain appears to return a bit to the state that it was in at the time, enabling us to relive these past experiences. This is why, if you have misplaced your keys, it can be helpful to put yourself, mentally into the context where you last saw them. Getting in touch with the sights, sounds and thoughts from an earlier time period can be an effective way of accessing those memories. 1. Why does the author think forgetfulness is a good thing? A．We are born to forget the past events. B．It helps to find the needed information. C．All the encounters are not that pleasant. D．Our brains fail to hoard important moments. 2. What do we know about “episodic memory”? A．It partly depends on the physical laws. B．It explains our ability to remember the past. C．It becomes obvious with the wisdom of age. D．It focuses on purposeful mental time travel. 3. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning freshly baked pastries? A．To express love for grandmother. B．To share a feeling of time travel. C．To illustrate a vivid episodic memory. D．To forget precious past experiences. 4. What can we do to find the misplaced keys? A．Recall the situation where we saw them. B．Search the labs where we do experiments. C．Think in our mind what they looked like. D．Write our real thoughts related to them. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了我们的大脑是如何记忆和遗忘的，以及记忆的重要性。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“If our brains hoarded (贮藏) every moment of every experience, we would never be able to find the information we need among an ever-increasing pile of information.”（如果我们的大脑储存了每一刻的经历，我们将无法在日益增加的信息堆中找到我们需要的信息。）可推知，作者认为遗忘是一件好事，因为这有助于我们在大量的信息中找到我们需要的信息。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“For more than 25 years, I have studied how we are able to recall past events, an ability known as “episodic memory. It is described as the uniquely human capability for “mental time travel, roaming at will over what has happened as readily as over what might happen, independently of the physical laws that govern the universe”.（我已经研究了25年以上我们如何能够回忆起过去的事件，这种能力被称为“情景记忆”。它被描述为一种独特的人类能力，可以“在精神上进行时间旅行，在已经发生的事情和可能发生的事情上随意漫游，不受支配宇宙的物理定律的影响”）可推知，“情景记忆”解释了我们记忆过去的能力。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“For instance, the smell of freshly baked pastries might remind you of having breakfast with your grandmother.”（例如，新鲜烘焙的面点的味道可能会让你想起和奶奶一起吃早餐的情景。）可推知，作者提到新鲜烘焙的面点是为了举例说明一个生动的情景记忆。故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“This is why, if you have misplaced your keys, it can be helpful to put yourself, mentally. into the context where you last saw them. Getting in touch with the sights, sounds and thoughts from an earlier time period can be an effective way of accessing those memories”（这就是为什么，如果你把钥匙放错了地方，把自己心理上放入你最后看到它们的情境中可能会有所帮助。与较早时期的景象、声音和想法接触是获取这些记忆的有效方式。）可推知，我们可以通过回忆我们最后看到钥匙的情境来找到丢失的钥匙。故选A。 Passage 15 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）It all began with an experience one of us (Arinzeh) had more than two decades ago. In 1991, a summer research experience at the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated how engineering could improve the lives of patients. Instead of working in a more traditional area such as automobile design, Arinzeh spent the summer after her junior year of college working in a rehabilitation laboratory. Engineers there were designing new prosthetic (修复的) devices for patients who had lost limbs, and new assistive devices to help paralyzed patients move. The engineers would then collaborate with clinicians at a rehabilitation center to test their developments. Before that summer she hadn’t connected traditional engineering principles with the opportunity to solve biomedical problems. But by the end of those short months, Arinzeh was hooked on the promise of using mechanical engineering to help people move better. Tissue engineering, a budding field at that time, offered a chance to move beyond building prosthetics. Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease. Tissue engineers aim to fully repair and regenerate that tissue so that it regains complete function, but at that time researchers still had a lot to learn about cells and their support structures to solve these problems. The earliest successes were with skin, in which researchers used dermal cells to generate grafts, leading to the first commercial products in the late 1990s. Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue. Because stem cells (干细胞) are precursor (前身) to almost all tissue types, such cells are a promising source of these critical building blocks. But cells don’t grow and differentiate on their own. The cell’s microenvironment can influence stem-cell function in critical ways. Engineered microenvironments, or scaffolds, can effectively promote stem cells and other cell types to form tissues. To construct such scaffolds, some important tools are what are called functional biomaterials. These materials respond to environmental changes such as PH, enzymatic activity, or mechanical load, and their composition can mimic or replicate components of native tissue. One of us (Arinzeh) wanted to use functional biomaterials to create three-dimensional tissue-like structures where cells can grow, proliferate (增殖), and differentiate, ultimately forming and regenerating tissue. Our group’s work started with bone studies in the 1990s, eventually moving into cartilage and the spinal cord over the past decade. The overall goal is to produce structures that could someday help patients struggling with severe injuries and movement disorders to move freely. For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone. Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone. Glycosaminoglycans (GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules. After all these years, the promise that seemed so enticing in 1991 is becoming a practical reality, with huge implications for human health. 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Before working with patients, Arinzeh was an automobile designer. B．Since 1991, tissue engineering has been mainly applied to building prosthetics. C．It’s hard for musculoskeletal tissues to fully recover from disease or injury. D．In the late 1990s, the lack of knowledge about cells and their support structures prevented researchers from making any achievement in tissue engineering. 2. The underlined word “differentiate” is close in meaning to ________. A．change B．divide C．alternate D．reproduce 3. “Scaffolds” are, in essence, ________. A．tissues from one part of a person’s body used to repair another damaged part B．stem cells and other cell types in an engineered microenvironment C．structural support for damaged tissue repair D．functional biomaterials to replace native tissues. 4. What can we learn about the study introduced above? A．It was inspired by the team members’ internship. B．So far, the study has covered multiple musculoskeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage and nervous tissues. C．The electrical activity caused by Piezoelectric materials will generate mechanical stimuli that encourage the growth of musculoskeletal tissues. D．The researchers of this study are the best designers of modern tissue engineering. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了工程师正在为失去肢体的病人设计新的假肢设备，以及帮助瘫痪病人移动的新辅助设备。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三短“Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease.(肌肉骨骼组织（如骨和软骨）和神经组织（如脊髓）的损伤会使人衰弱，并严重限制人的生活质量。此外，这些组织在严重损伤或疾病反应后不能完全再生)”可知，C选项“肌肉骨骼组织很难从疾病或损伤中完全恢复”正确。故选C。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue.(研究人员模仿自然，使用细胞作为构建模块，并制定策略来引导细胞形成适当的组织)”以及but表示转折，可知，研究人员需要制定策略来引导细胞形成适当的组织，说明细胞不会自己生长和改变。故划线词意思是“改变”。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone.(对于骨修复，我们的团队已经研究了由聚合物和陶瓷组成的复合支架，它提供了机械和化学线索来修复骨)”以及“Glycosaminoglycans(GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules.(糖胺聚糖(GACs)是天然软骨组织的主要成分，提供生长因子促进组织形成，Arinzeh设计了包含这些分子的仿生支架)”可知，从本质上讲，“支架”是修复受损组织的结构支撑。故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone.(压电材料通过产生电活动对机械刺激做出反应，用于促进神经组织、软骨和骨骼的生长)”可知，到目前为止，这项研究已经涵盖了多种肌肉骨骼组织，包括骨、软骨和神经组织。故选B。 高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$