21 Unit 4 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（译林版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语 [教材示例] 分析下列加黑部分并体会其语法特征。 1．Born in 1930，in Ningbo，Zhejiang Province，Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955. 2．The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. 3．He was intelligent and experienced enough to notice its potential，and his hard work and determination helped get its mass production started. [我的发现] 1．句1中的黑体词在句中作状语。 2．句2中的黑体词在句中作定语。 3．句3中的黑体词在句中作宾语补足语。 一、过去分词作定语 1．过去分词作定语时的意义 (1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成。 Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. (表示被动) 卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气装在车顶上的大袋子中。 The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon. (表示被动和完成) 会上提出的计划将很快被执行。 (2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。 Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week. 上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。 学生用书第100页 2．过去分词作定语时的位置 (1)前置定语 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，放在所修饰词之前。 The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera. 被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。 [名师点津]　①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left (剩余的)，given (所给的)，concerned (有关的)等。 There are few tigers left. It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out. 剩余的老虎不多了，是相关部门采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。 ②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。 Is there anything unsolved？还有什么没解决的吗？ (2)后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。 Last Tuesday in a mountainous area，there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately (＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck. 上周二在一个山区，有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因等，相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。 1．时间状语 相当于时间状语从句；可在过去分词前加上连词“when, while, until” 等，使其时间意义更明确。 Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. (＝When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.) 从山上看，这个公园非常美丽。 Don’t speak until spoken to. (＝Don’t speak until you are spoken to.) 当别人和你讲话时，你才能讲话。 2．原因状语 相当于原因状语从句或并列结构从句。 Touched by his teacher’s words, the boy cried. (＝The boy was touched by his teacher’s words, so he cried.) 这个男孩被老师的话打动了，所以他哭了。 3．条件状语 相当于条件状语从句；可加连词if, unless等转换成条件状语从句。 Given more time, we could do it much better. (＝If we were given more time, we could do it much better.) 多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。 4．让步状语 相当于让步状语从句；有时可加although, though, even if, even though, whether... or... 等连词转换成让步状语从句。 Warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields. (＝ Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.) 尽管农民们已被告知将有暴风雨，但他们仍然在地里干活。 5．方式、伴随状语 加and可转换成并列结构从句。 The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of his students. (＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of his students.) 老师走进教室， 后面跟着一群学生。 学生用书第101页 [名师点津] ①过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表被动；动词­ing形式与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表主动。 Asked why he was late, he cried. 被问到为何迟到时，他哭了。 Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there. 向窗外看去，我看到一些学生正在那里玩耍。 ②有些过去分词已形容词化，作状语时表示人的状态。常见的有：satisfied, surprised, interested, moved, worried, pleased, disappointed等。 Disappointed at the examination results, the girl stood there without saying a word. 因为对考试结果很失望， 女孩站在那儿一句话也没说。 三、过去分词作宾语补足语 1．过去分词作宾语补足语表示的意义。 (1)过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。 (2) 过去分词作宾语补足语时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 [名师点津] ①使役动词have接过去分词作宾语补足语可以表示动作由他人完成，或者是句中的主语所经历的不好体验。 He had his money stolen.他的钱被人偷了。 He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 ②过去分词在原句中作宾语补足语时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主语补足语了。 The big fire is reported controlled. 据报道这场大火已经得到控制。 2．及物动词跟宾语和宾语补足语，主要有三类动词可以这样使用。 (1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。 I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。 He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。 (2) 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。 I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。 He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 (3) 表示“希望”，“要求”意义的动词。如：like, order, want, wish等。 I would like this matter settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。 I wish my homework finished before five o’clock. 我希望5点前完成我的作业。 3．介词后跟宾语和宾语补足语的结构主要见于with复合结构。 He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 学生用书第102页 核心词汇精研 surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关 (教材原句) He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。 (1) surround sb./sth. (with... ) (用……)围绕，包围 be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围 (2)surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 surroundings n. [pl.] 环境；周围的事物 in... surroundings 在……环境中 [佳句背诵]　To some, happiness is being surrounded by family and friends. 对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ① Surrounded (surround)by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors. ②The policemen decided to search the surrounding (surround)area. ◎能力提升——微写作 ③一群运动员围着教练。 The coach was surrounded by/with a group of players． [语境串记]　Once upon a time，a king who was very polite to surrounding countries lived in a castle surrounded by tall trees and with wonderful surroundings. 从前有个国王，对周边国家很友好，他住在被树林环绕的城堡里，周围环境优美。 accident n．意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇 (教材原句)One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident, but actually this is far from the truth.有人可能认为弗莱明是偶然发现盘尼西林的，但实际上这远非事实。 (1) by accident/chance　　 偶然，意外地 cause a serious accident 造成严重事故 a car accident 小汽车造成的事故 (2) accidental adj. 偶然的 accidentally adv. 偶然地，意外地 [佳句背诵]　Never will I forget the accident that happened in my own childhood, which left a deep impression on me.我永远不会忘记发生在我的童年里的那个意外事件，它给我留下了很深的印象。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①She arrived just as we were leaving, but whether this was by accident or by design I’m not sure. ②The damage couldn’t have been caused accidentally (accident). ◎能力提升——微写作 ③他因为造成这个事故而被禁驾三年。 He was banned from driving for three years because of the accident he caused． favour vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒 (教材原句)As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.” 如路易·巴斯德所说：“幸运青睐有准备者。” (1)in favour of　　　 支持，赞同 in sb.’s favour 对某人有利 show favour to 对……偏爱/偏袒 do sb. a favour/do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 ask sb. a favour/ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮个忙 (2)favourable adj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的 favourite adj. 最喜欢的，特别受喜爱的 学生用书第103页 [佳句背诵]　The man asked me to do him a favour the other day. 不久前的一天，那个人让我帮他一个忙。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①The terms of the agreement are favourable (favour) to both sides. ②The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment. ③The mother is careful to show no favour to any child. ④Most people are in favour of bringing down the housing prices. ◎能力提升——微写作 ⑤ 你能不能帮我一个忙，告诉教授我嗓子哑了。 I wonder if you could do me a favor and tell the professor I’ve lost my voice. charge vt. & vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管 (教材原句)When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙传导电。 (1) in charge of...　 负责/掌管…… (表状态，主语通常为人) take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作) (be) in the charge of sb. ＝in one’s charge 由某人掌管(主语通常为物) free of charge ＝for free 免费 (2) charge sb. with (doing) sth. ＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事 charge for sth. 收……的费用 [佳句背诵]　Before use, the battery must be charged. 电池使用前必须充电。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①He was charged with stealing (steal)a car last week. ②He charged me 50 yuan for repairing the mobile phone. ③The company is in the charge of Miss Green. ④He was charged with murder. ◎能力提升——微写作 ⑤一间带浴室的房间多少钱？ How much do you charge a room with a bath? 维度一　单词拼写 1．One great advantage of this metal (金属) is that it doesn’t rust. 2．As we know, Shang Yang was a politician (政治家) of the Qin state. 3．We moved into a cabin with electricity (电) but no running water. 4．Marx produced a new theory (理论) about historical change based upon conflict between competing groups. 维度二　单句语法填空 1．There are a lot of signs indicating (indicate) men are more likely to have heart attacks than women. 2．He accidentally (accident) let out that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. 3．I countered his charge with sufficient proofs. 4．Some plants can even survive in favorable (favor) surroundings above the snow line. 学生用书第104页 维度三　完成句子 1．在访问附近一个学校的时候，她偶然发现了这个问题。 She discovered the problem by accident during a visit to a nearby school. 2．计算机不但不会破坏就业机会，还能创造就业机会。 Computers, far from destroying jobs, can create employment. 3．这个老师敲黑板以引起学生的注意。 The teacher knocked on the blackboard to catch our attention of the students． 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$