专题06 阅读理解之说明文15篇（济南中考真题+中考模拟）-备战2025年中考英语语法+题型练习(中考真题+名校模拟)(山东济南专用)

专题06 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (济南中考真题+中考模拟) 济南中考真题练 （2024·山东济南·中考真题）In the early 1900s, Austrian scientist Karl Von Frisch discovered the “waggle dance” of honey bees. They dance to communicate where to find food showing an advanced form of communication. His discovery suggested that bees seem to “think” much like humans. Bees can count up to four and even use knowledge learned in one situation in new ones. This amazing ability they have is similar to that of a few mammals (like dolphins, rats, and some monkeys)—metacognition (元认知). Studying bees’ brains is challenging, but scientists have found ways. One such scientist is Clint Perry from Queen Mary University of London. He designed experiments (实验) where bees chose between two spots, one above and one below a black bar. If they landed above, they got a sweet drink below a terrible one. Perry made the test easier or harder by moving the landing spots further from or closer to the black bar. Perry found that bees avoided difficult tests and tried when it was easy, suggesting they can judge (判断) their chances of “passing”. This ability to make decisions according to their chances of success before is similar to how humans choose whether to take a test. However, Perry admits we can’t be sure if bees are truly judging by their own knowledge or just avoiding an unpleasant taste. Although there is much uncertainty, the discovery of metacognition in bees opens up new possibilities. It suggests that bees’ tiny brains may be quite capable (有能力的). It could be that skills such as simple math and navigation take far less actual brainpower than we thought. While bees aren’t as smart as mammals in memory and language, studying their brains could help us understand how our own brains process information. We may also have to rethink how we view the rest of the insect world. There are an awful lot of small insects flying around in the garden and crawling underground. Who knows what those tiny minds might be capable of? 1．Why do bees do the “waggle dance”? A．To count numbers. B．To show their amazing dancing skill. C．To relax themselves. D．To communicate the location of food. 2．What may Clint Perry’s experiments suggest about bees? A．They are more intelligent than monkeys. B．They prefer sweet drinks to terrible ones. C．They can judge their chances of success in a task. D．They have excellent memory and language skills. 3．What is the value of studying bees’ brains? A．It helps us study human brains. B．It reminds us to protect animals. C．It improves our own math abilities. D．It shows bees are our good friends. 4．Why does the writer end the text with a question? A．To add information about bees. B．To get readers interested in insects. C．To show doubts about the research. D．To express opinions about animal testing. 5．What is the text mainly about? A．Bees’ special communication skills. B．How bees process important information. C．The interesting “waggle dance” of bees. D．Bees’ surprising abilities and intelligence. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了蜜蜂令人惊奇的能力。 1．细节理解题。根据“They dance to communicate where to find food showing an advanced form of communication”可知蜜蜂跳舞是为了交流在哪里可以找到食物。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Perry found that bees avoided difficult tests and tried when it was easy, suggesting they can judge (判断) their chances of ‘passing’.”可知他发现，蜜蜂会避开困难的测试，在容易的时候尝试，这表明它们可以判断自己“通过”的机会，即它们可以判断自己在任务中成功的机会。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“studying their brains could help us understand how our own brains process information.”可知研究它们的大脑可以帮助我们了解我们自己的大脑是如何处理信息的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Who knows what those tiny minds might be capable of?”可知谁知道这些昆虫的脑袋能做什么，通过这个问题让读者对昆虫感兴趣。故选B。 5．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了蜜蜂令人惊奇的能力。故选D。 （2024·山东济南·中考真题）In many cases, you may find yourself or somebody faking (假笑) a smile in photos. Why can one easily discover a fake smile and why does it seem so difficult to give a real smile in photos? Scientists have found that a real smile is featured by two main muscle (肌肉) movements. When we smile, we lift our mouth upwards and cause the skin around our eyes to gather into folds. These muscle movements are usually absent in the case of a forced smile, especially when the smile is small. Our brains are highly skilled at distinguishing the differences in muscle movements. That’s why though trying to fake a real smile can be hard, discovering it on someone else is a piece of cake. One of the most common reasons why you look unnatural in photos is an increased awareness (意识) of your appearance. The worry about posture, hair, and makeup can add to the stress, killing the chances of a real smile. A smile looks best when it comes naturally. Warm and welcoming smiles come along with warm and welcoming body language, but when you’re in front of the camera, trying too hard to perform can make your body language appear stiff (僵硬的) and far from welcoming. Besides, facial expressions are not always understood in the same way. A smile can mean differently in different cultures. For example, a wide smile that seems welcoming to some may appear fake and dishonest. This may also influence how people feel about your smile in photos. However, we shouldn’t let this trouble us too much. So, if you want to smile naturally before the camera, perhaps the simplest trick is to give your brain a real reason to feel happy. Maybe recall a joyful moment or just think back to a funny story you read...that should work! 1．What is a real smile connected with? A．Personal characters. B．Educational backgrounds. C．Muscle movements. D．Professional achievements. 2．What does the underlined word “distinguishing” mean in paragraph 2? A．Clearing. B．Telling. C．Spreading. D．Forgetting. 3．What is a reason for people’s unnatural smiles? A．They fail to hide their feelings. B．They are tired of taking photos. C．They care too much about their looks. D．They are weak in performing tricks. 4．What may help you give a real smile according to the writer? A．Recalling a strange story. B．Practicing smiles in the mirror. C．Improving your expression abilities. D．Thinking of a humorous moment. 5．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How can we turn the fake into the real? B．How can we fake a real smile? C．Why is it hard to smile naturally in photos? D．What is needed to take good photos? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了为什么在照片中给人一个真正的微笑看起来如此困难。 1．细节理解题。根据“Scientists have found that a real smile is featured by two main muscle (肌肉) movements.”可知真正的微笑有两个主要的肌肉运动。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据“Our brains are highly skilled at distinguishing the differences in muscle movements”可知我们的大脑非常善于区分肌肉运动的差异，故此处划线部分意为“区分”，和telling意义相近。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“One of the most common reasons why you look unnatural in photos is an increased awareness (意识) of your appearance”可知在照片中看起来不自然的最常见原因之一是对自己外表的认识提高了。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“if you want to smile naturally before the camera, perhaps the simplest trick is to give your brain a real reason to feel happy. Maybe recall a joyful moment or just think back to a funny story you read”可知如果你想在镜头前自然地微笑，也许最简单的技巧就是给你的大脑一个真正的快乐理由，也许回忆起一个快乐的时刻，或者只是回想一下你读过的一个有趣的故事。故选D。 5．最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了为什么在照片中给人一个真正的微笑看起来如此困难，以选项C“为什么在照片中很难自然地微笑”为标题最合适。故选C。 （2023·山东济南·中考真题）A garden is much more than just creating a beautiful environment. It can be a way to save or even make money and, more than that, it can be a place where you can express yourself. For me, it’s a bit of all these things. I know it may sound strange for a 13-year-old girl to be interested in gardening, but I have always been and I would love to make a career (职业) out of it. I have learned many things these past few years. I have been reading about and doing some gardening. So, here is my top advice about gardening. First, you do not need to spend a lot of money to have a beautiful garden. Some of the gardens that I think are the prettiest are just lines of plants. There aren’t many garden decorations (装饰) and pathways. It’s just beautiful plants with fruits and vegetables. We can also find many useful things for free, from pieces of old wood to old pots and pans. Or, we can build things for free from materials that other people have thrown away. If you just remember that planting what is more than you need will take the stress away of losing some plants, you will save yourself a lot of worry, too. Besides, you need to ask yourself which plants produce enough food to make them worth growing. I actually sat down and did the maths on that one this spring. It amazed me what some plants were worth. A tomato, for example, can produce £50-£150 worth of fruit. It takes up a lot of space but that’s a lot of money coming out of a 50-pence seed (种子)! So if I had known earlier what each plant could save us, I would have told my parents to fill our garden with different plants. And finally, gardening doesn’t have to be all or nothing. But then I guess that’s more of a personality weakness than anything. I struggle with doing things a little at a time. Once I decide to do something, I usually devote every waking hour to it for a little while and then get tired. So it’s okay to just have one tomato plant, and it’s okay to have an off year. It will save you a lot of stress. 1．What does the writer want to tell us about gardening in paragraph 1? A．The gardeners can make much money. B．It’s just about creating a beautiful place. C．The most important is to express yourself. D．It means different things to different people. 2．How would the writer describe her favorite garden? A．Simple. B．Expensive. C．Magic. D．Creative. 3．What advice does the writer give us about gardening? A．Use what we can find around us. B．Try to make a career out of it. C．Ask other gardeners to give help. D．Spend as much time as we can. 4．What can we learn about the writer’s gardening experience? A．She wants to grow everything. B．She did everything right. C．She has a lot of fun in doing it. D．She needs to work harder. 5．What does the underlined word “devote” mean in the last paragraph? A．Waste. B．Spend. C．Change. D．Count. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文介绍了作者对园艺的看法，作者也对园艺提供了一些建议。 1．推理判断题。根据“For me, it’s a bit of all these things. I know it may sound strange for a 13-year-old girl to be interested in gardening, but I have always been and I would love to make a career (职业) out of it.”可知，园艺对作者来说，有着重要的意义。故可推知，作者在第一段告诉我们园艺对不同的人意味着不同的东西。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Some of the gardens that I think are the prettiest are just lines of plants. There aren’t many garden decorations (装饰) and pathways. It’s just beautiful plants with fruits and vegetables.”可推知，作者描述的最喜欢的花园是简单的。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“We can also find many useful things for free, from pieces of old wood to old pots and pans. Or, we can build things for free from materials that other people have thrown away.”可推知，作者建议利用周围能找到的东西。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“I know it may sound strange for a 13-year-old girl to be interested in gardening, but I have always been and I would love to make a career (职业) out of it.”以及“It will save you a lot of stress.”可推知，她做这件事很开心。故选C。 5．词句猜测题。根据“Once I decide to do something, I usually devote every waking hour to it for a little while and then get tired.”可知，一旦作者决定做某件事，通常会很投入，然后就会感到疲倦。因此“devote”与“Spend”语义相近。故选B。 （2023·山东济南·中考真题）Warming temperatures and shorter winters might sound like the end of snow days. However, rising temperatures may actually cause snowstorms to dump more snow, says David Robinson. He is a professor at a university in New Jersey. He studies climate (气候) change. Temperature change is one of the greatest in Earth’s climate change over a long period of time. It can happen naturally or because of human activities, such as burning gas and coal. Burning these fuels produces carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) and other pollutants into the atmosphere, which hold heat in the atmosphere, leading to warmer global temperatures over time. But how could warmer temperatures lead to more snow? To get snow, you need moisture (水汽) and freezing temperatures (0℃ or less), says Robinson. Without moisture in the air, there is no precipitation (rain or snow). Robinson says there are signs that snowstorms are becoming stronger. This is because of this connection between moisture and precipitation. “The warmer the air becomes, the more moisture it holds. So, if it’s warming and still cold enough to snow, you can get more snow,” Robinson says. Of the 10 biggest snowfalls in D．C． region, five happened in the past 25 years, according to the NWS. During that same time period, average winter temperatures in D．C． increased. In 1996, the average winter temperature was 1.8℃. In 2020, it was 6℃. Weather experts suggest that rising temperatures may make winter shorter and less cold. But for now, the snow is still falling. One day, winter might not have any days below the freezing temperature. Once temperatures stay above freezing, snowstorms become rain. Until then, we might continue to see strong storms. According to Robinson, that time could come sooner than we think. He says, “When we look back, years from now, we may see that this was the breaking point.” 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How Earth’s climate changes. B．What causes rising temperatures. C．What produces carbon dioxide. D．How pollution influences climate. 2．What will the warming temperatures cause according to the text? A．Less coal. B．Drier weather. C．Longer winters. D．Stronger snowstorms. 3．What is the purpose of paragraph 5? A．To introduce D．C． B．To report the biggest 10 snowstorms. C．To support Robinson’s ideas. D．To show the increase of temperatures. 4．What does Robinson think of the future warming temperatures? A．Impossible. B．Serious. C．Meaningless. D．Amazing. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A science magazine. B．A story book. C．A science fiction. D．A travel guide. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．A 【导语】本文主要讲了温度上升与更多的暴风雪是否有关系的问题。 1．主旨大意题。根据“Burning these fuels produces carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) and other pollutants into the atmosphere, which hold heat in the atmosphere, leading to warmer global temperatures over time.”可知，第二段主要介绍了导致气温上升的原因。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“Robinson says there are signs that snowstorms are becoming stronger. This is because of this connection between moisture and precipitation.”可知，变暖的温度会导致更强的暴风雪。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据“Of the 10 biggest snowfalls in D. C. region, five happened in the past 25 years, …average winter temperatures in D. C. increased. In 1996, the average winter temperature was 1.8℃. In 2020, it was 6℃.”可推知，作者在第五段通过陈述华盛顿地区的事实，进一步印证了Robinson的观点。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据“One day, winter might not have any days below the freezing temperature.”以及“According to Robinson, that time could come sooner than we think.”可推知，Robinson认为未来全球变暖，气温升高会很严重。故选B。 5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲了温度上升与更多的暴风雪是否有关系的问题。故可推知，文章可能来源于一本科学杂志。故选A。 （2022·山东济南·中考真题）Have you ever met large changes in life and work? How would you feel in most cases? In fact, we all have to go through the grief cycle(悲伤周期), which has the following periods: The first period: “It can’t be happening.” Anger: “Why me? It’s not fair.” Depression: “I’m so sad. Why do I have to do all of these?” Acceptance: “It’s going to be OK.” I’m honestly not sure how scientific this model is, but I certainly believe that you will work better after going through these major changes. Find out what your anger does for you—good or bad? What does being angry do for you? Think back to the situation where you have been angry at work and ask yourself how it influences you, including: your relationship with co-workers, the quality(质量) of your work and health, how you feel outside of work, your relationship with friends and family. Find out what makes you angrier and less angry. What makes you angrier? Which thoughts, situations, people or conversations set you off? And what makes you less angry? I’m sure you are not angry all the time. What makes you calm and stops you from feeling angry? Find out. Then start doing less of what makes you angry and more of the things that cool you down. Focus on gratitude. What are you grateful for? As I mentioned above, anger is part of the grief cycle which is connected with what you lose. Gratitude is the opposite of loss because it comes from the good things you have in your life. It’s simple. Every evening, sit down with a piece of paper and make two gratitude lists: three things I was grateful for at work today; three things I was thankful for in life today. Change your focus from “What was done to me” to “What I can do”. I know this is the basic piece of all self-help advice. Life is 10% about what happens to you and 90% about how you deal with it, or you must take responsibility for your own situation, rather than be a victim(牺牲品) of it. That kind of advice can get pretty boring. But that doesn’t make it less true. 1．Why does the writer begin the text by asking questions? A．To explain facts. B．To express disagreement. C．To give opinions. D．To catch the readers’ interest. 2．What’s the writer’s suggestion about dealing with anger? A．Love friends and family. B．Do things that make you peaceful. C．Be friendly to co-workers. D．Write down what makes you angry. 3．What does the underlined word “gratitude” most probably mean? A．Thanks. B．Safety. C．Courage. D．Praise. 4．Which of the following best describes the last piece of advice? A．Creative. B．Special. C．Valuable. D．Doubtful. 5．What is the text mainly about? A．What the grief cycle is about. B．How to deal with the grief cycle. C．What causes the grief cycle. D．How the grief cycle influences people. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，向我们介绍什么是悲伤周期，以及提出如何度过悲伤周期的建议。 1．推理判断题。根据“Have you ever met large changes in life and work? How would you feel in most cases?”可知，文章开篇作者提出问题是为了吸引读者继续阅读的兴趣，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“What makes you calm and stops you from feeling angry? Find out. Then start doing less of what makes you angry and more of the things that cool you down.”可知，作者建议少做让你生气的事，多做能让你冷静下来的事。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。分析“Gratitude is the opposite of loss because it comes from the good things you have in your life.”可知，Gratitude是失去的对立面，因为它来自于你生活中所拥有的美好事物，由此推知，它的意思是“感激”，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“That kind of advice can get pretty boring. But that doesn’t make it less true.”可知，这条建议听起来或许老生常谈，即这是一条或许没什么创意也不太新鲜的建议，故所以可以排除A和B两个选项。而原文的意思是“尽管老生常谈，这条建议依然是真理无误”，即这条建议确实很有价值，值得接纳，故选C。 5．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了什么是悲伤周期，并建议了如何处理悲伤周期的各种情绪。其中介绍概念的篇幅较短，而主体部分集中在针对悲伤周期提出建议上，故选B。 （2022·山东济南·中考真题）Scientists say that hobbies can make kids smarter, healthier and even more successful when they grow up. How? They Help You Learn When you have a hobby, you learn new things. You have to read instructions. You look at websites, magazines and books to get more information about your hobby. More reading makes you a better reader and a better learner. They Help You Be Creative For many hobbies, such as building model cars and making pottery, you have to use your brain as well as your hands. We learn by doing things and by touching things. These kinds of activities make people more creative. They Help You Be Relaxed Having a hobby makes you feel good. Scientists say, “When you make something, the ‘feel-good’ part of your brain gets a message. It makes you feel happy. “ When we feel happy, we have less stress. Too much stress can make people sick. They Help You Build Skills People with hobbies learn how to set goals and solve problems. Learning these skills when you are young can help you when you grow up. For some kids, having a hobby can be the first step to finding a satisfying job in the future. 1．According to the text, in how many ways can hobbies help kids? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 2．For which hobby do you have to use your brain and your hands? A．Watching cartoons. B．Reading novels. C．Building model cars. D．Listening to music. 3．What influence does too much stress have on people? A．It makes them feel sick. B．It helps them succeed. C．It’s good for their health. D．It brings luck to them. 4．If kids have hobbies, they may ________ when they grow up. A．have more opinions B．find better jobs C．face more problems D．make more friends 5．What is the text mainly about? A．The meaning of life. B．The ways of developing hobbies. C．The importance of learning. D．The advantages of hobbies for kids. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，给出关于爱好的方法和建议。 1．细节理解题。根据“They Help You Learn...They Help You Be Creative...They Help You Be Relaxed...They Help You Build Skills”可知，文章提到兴趣爱好可以在四个方面帮助孩子，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“For many hobbies, such as building model cars and making pottery, you have to use your brain as well as your hands.”可知，对于许多爱好，如制作汽车模型和制作陶器，你必须使用你的大脑和你的手。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Too much stress can make people sick.”可知，压力太大会让人生病，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Scientists say that hobbies can make kids smarter, healthier and even more successful when they grow up.”和“For some kids, having a hobby can be the first step to finding a satisfying job in the future.”可知，爱好可以让孩子长大后更聪明、更健康，甚至更成功，对于一些孩子来说，有一个爱好可以是未来找到一份满意工作的第一步。所以如果孩子们有爱好，他们长大后可能会找到更好的工作。故选B。 5．主旨大意题。本文主要给出爱好对于孩子们的好处，故选D。 （2021·山东济南·中考真题）Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate（气候）change will have the biggest influence on the world’s poorest people. New research now suggests that has already happened over the past years. A study coming out in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science found that in most poor countries, higher temperatures are more than 90% likely to have resulted in a fall in economic output（经济产量）, compared to a world without global（全球的）warming. The influence has been less big in richer countries—with some even benefiting（获益） from higher temperatures. “We’re not saying that global warming created inequality（不公平）,” says Noah S. Diffenbaugh, the writer of the study and a professor at Stanford University who studies climate change. But “global warming has slowed down the improvement”. The poorest countries are facing the worst influence of rising temperatures—for which they are least responsible, he adds. The new study builds on past research. A 2015 study in the journal Nature predicted that the average income（平均收入）） in the poorest countries will be 25% lower by 2100 compared to a world without warming, while some of the richest countries—like the USA—could experience an increase in income. And a report from IPCC, the UN’s climate science body, showed that if global temperatures rise more than 1.5℃ by the end of the century, poor countries will likely face very serious challenges, including the disappearance of whole communities and millions of early deaths. “They will suffer the most, as they are already,” said Mary Robinson, who used to be a UN Special Envoy on Climate Change and a president of Ireland. The influence is greater elsewhere, especially in Sub-Saharan, African countries including Sudan, Burkina Faso and Niger, where climate change has driven the average income more than 20% lower. “There are a number of ways by which temperature influences economic activities,” says Diffenbaugh What’s clear is that, for poor countries, the news is all bad. 1．According to the text, warmer temperatures ________. A．are mainly caused by poor countries B．may bring advantages to rich countries C．had no influence on the world before D．can improve the poorest people’s health 2．What does “suffer” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean in Chinese? A．供应 B．犹豫 C．遭受 D．谋利 3．Which of the following will face great economic problems caused by climate change? A．The UN. B．The USA． C．Ireland. D．Burkina Faso. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Climate change will make poor countries poorer. B．We must take action to deal with climate change. C．Climate change can cause millions of early deaths. D．People make good predictions about climate change. 5．From which is the text most probably taken? A．A geography textbook. B．A health magazine. C．A research paper. D．A storybook. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了气温升高会对贫穷国家造成重大影响，使他们更加贫穷。 1．细节理解题。根据“The infl"uence has been less big in richer countries—with some even benefiting（获益） from higher temperatures.”可知，在较富裕的国家，气候变化的影响较小，有些国家甚至从高温中获益。所以，气温升高可能会给富裕国家带来好处。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据画线词后句“as they are already.”以及前文“poor countries will likely face very serious challenges, including the disappearance of whole communities and millions of early deaths.”可知，贫穷国家很可能面临非常严重的挑战，包括整个社区的消失和数百万人的过早死亡。所以，贫穷国家会遭受气温升高所带来的影响。画线词suffer意为“遭受”，故选C。 3．细节判断题。根据“The influence is greater elsewhere,especially in sub-Saharan, African driven the average income more than 20% lower.”可知，布基纳法索（非洲国家）将面临由气候变化引起的重大经济问题。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate （气候） change will have the big influence on the world's poorest people.”以及通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了气温升高会对贫穷国家造成重大影响，使他们更加贫穷。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据“Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate （气候） change will have the big influence on the world's poorest people. New research now suggests that has already happened over the past years.”可知，科学家们早就预测，气候变化导致的气温升高将对世界上最贫穷的人产生重大影响。新的研究表明，这种情况在过去几年已经发生了。本文最有可能来源于一篇研究论文。故选C。 （2021·山东济南·中考真题）Online study can be hard. Zech Hipp was doing it with great difficulty. Zech is 15 years old. He lives in Seattle, Washington, with his four brothers and his mother. “It’s hard to stay focused,” he said. “I can’t stay focused on one thing at a time.” Zech has gotten some helpful advice from his “Big Brother” Owen Kim. Kim is 33 years old. He is Zech’s mentor through a program. The program is called Big Brothers Big Sisters of Puget Sound. A mentor is someone who gives help and advice. Kim and Zech often text, talk over the phone and even video call. Kim gave Zech some advice about how to stay focused while doing school at home. Kim suggests picking one space and always doing your work there. “Make that space as comfortable as possible,” he said. In his room, Zech set up a cubby（小房间）.He has a place where he can make tea. This was Kim’s idea. Here, Zech said he is more separated from everybody else in the house. That’s where he does schoolwork. Kim and Zech have been Big Brother and Little Brother for four years. They used to meet once a week. They would walk through the city or play video games. In spring 2020, COVID-19 started spreading. Kim and Zech had to stop meeting up in person. The illness spreads easily between people. Now, they only communicate over the phone or video call. Kim is older than Zech. He has had different life experiences. When they talk, Kim can give Zech a different point of view about life. Zech said this is helpful. Kim said its been a great thing for him, too. He said Zech has been a wonderful addition to his life. “Owen’s always there,” Zech’s mother said. All of her boys have had Big Brothers or Big Sisters. “It has done such wonders for our family,” she said. “Just having them in our lives has been such a blessing.” 1．What do we know about Zech from Paragraph 1? A．He lives in a big city in India. B．He had trouble learning online. C．His mother is too hard on him. D．There’re five people in his family. 2．What is talked about in Paragraph 2? A．Why Kim and Zech studied together. B．When Big Brothers Big Sisters started. C．What good advice Zech gave to Kim. D．How Kim became Zech’s “Big Brother” 3．Why did Zech set up a cubby in his house? A．To get a new job and do his work there. B．To have a space to study with his brothers. C．To make a special space for schoolwork. D．To make a space for him and Kim to met. 4．Because of the spread of COVID-19,Kim and Zech had to ________ A．part with their family B．stay at home watching videos C．meet up at Zech’s home D．talk on the phone or video call 5．What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a helpful program. B．To help a boy named Zech Hipp. C．To show us how to study online. D．To stop the spread of COVID-19. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．A 【分析】本文就Kim和Zech的关系介绍“普吉特湾的大哥大姐”帮扶计划。 1．细节理解题。根据文中的句子“Online study can be hard. Zech Hipp was doing it with great difficulty.”可知，Zech在线学习有困难。故选B。 2．段落大意题。根据文中的句子“Zech has gotten some helpful advice from his “Big Brother” Owen Kim. Kim is 33 years old. He is Zech’s mentor through a program. The program is called Big Brothers Big Sisters of Puget Sound.”可知，本段主要是说Kim通过“普吉特湾的大哥大姐”帮扶计划，成为了Zech的导师。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文中的句子“In his room, Zech set up a cubby（小房间）.He has a place where he can make tea. This was Kim’s idea. Here, Zech said he is more separated from everybody else in the house. That’s where he does schoolwork.”可知，他设置小房间的目的是为了有独立的空间完成功课。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文中的句子“The illness spreads easily between people. Now, they only communicate over the phone or video call.”可知，Zech得通过电话或视频通话进行交谈。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。本文就Kim和Zech的关系介绍“普吉特湾的大哥大姐”帮扶计划。可知，写本篇文章的目的是为了介绍这个帮扶计划。故选A。 济南中考模拟真题练 （2024·山东济南·三模）From writing Shakespeare-style poetry to making music and writing computer codes, ChatGPT has amazed (使惊讶) the world since its launch by the tech company OpenAI. The technology has become so popular that it has brought up a mixture of praises and criticisms. “Its answers to questions like what to do if someone has a heart attack were incredibly clear and relevant,” an expert said. Its ability to collect data is really impressive (令人印象深刻的). ChatGPT can greatly benefit the productivity of office workers by helping to write reports, emails and even computer codes. They can therefore be freed to focus on more creative tasks. ChatGPT can also write original content and ideas, and potentially help to develop new products and services. “One of the biggest problems with ChatGPT is that it creates content, very confidently, with falsities,” a professor said. This means that ChatGPT doesn’t know the truth about the world—it learns information from various resources but it cannot decide whether it is true or not. In this case, some argue that ChatGPT can be used to make fake news, or even be used for Internet crimes. As for education, many schools have recently banned students from using ChatGPT on school projects because students have begun to use it as a shortcut (捷径) for essays. ChatGPT may also present a real risk for skilled workers to lose their jobs. For example, chatbots can be developed to train employees in an organization, resulting in the unemployment of human trainers. So, what does ChatGPT itself think of the risk? “There are potential dangers in building highly complex chatbots, particularly if they are designed to be similar to humans in their language and behavior.” The chatbot answered. In fact, this passage may actually have been written by ChatGPT! 1．According to paragraph 2, which of the following people would benefit the least from ChatGPT? A．News reporters. B．Factory workers. C．Product designers. D．Computer programmers. 2．What does the underlined word “falsities” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Bad information. B．Silly information. C．Wrong information. D．Not-relevant information. 3．According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a risk of ChatGPT? A．It may be used to create false news reports. B．It may be used to replace experienced workers. C．It may be used to attract teenagers to chat online. D．It may be used by students to cheat in school work. 4．What is the purpose of paragraph 4? A．To give more examples of ChatGPT. B．To summarize the passage about ChatGPT. C．To discuss solutions to ChatGPT-related problems. D．To inspire readers to think critically about ChatGPT. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The wrong things ChatGPT has done. B．The achievements of ChatGPT in the past. C．The advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT. D．The possibility of ChatGPT replacing human beings. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了聊天机器人ChatGPT的优点和缺点。 1．推理判断题。根据“ChatGPT may also present a real risk for skilled workers to lose their jobs. For example, chatbots can be developed to train employees in an organization, resulting in the unemployment of human trainers.”可知ChatGPT可能造成工人失业，由此可推断受益最少的是工人。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据“This means that ChatGPT doesn’t know the truth about the world—it learns information from various resources but it cannot decide whether it is true or not.”可知聊天机器人不知道世界的真相，不能确定信息是对的还是错的，由此可推知此处的“falsities”意思是“错误的信息”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“In this case, some argue that ChatGPT can be used to make fake news, or even be used for Internet crimes. As for education, many schools have recently banned students from using ChatGPT on school projects because students have begun to use it as a shortcut (捷径) for essays. ChatGPT may also present a real risk for skilled workers to lose their jobs.”可知聊天机器人的风险有：用来制造假的新闻报道；代替有经验的工人；被学生用来在功课上作弊。不包括吸引青少年在网上聊天。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读第四段内容可知本段主要介绍了聊天机器人认为自己也是有缺点和优点的，由此可推知本段主要为了提醒读者要辩证地看待聊天机器人。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要介绍了聊天机器人ChatGPT的优点和缺点。故选C。 （2024·山东济南·三模）Cultural experts say Shanxi is home to the largest number of ancient buildings in China. Xuankong Temple at Hengshan Mountiin in Hunyuan County is no doubt one of the most wonderful examples of such a saying. Made of wood, tiles and stones during the mid-Northern Wei Dynasty, the temple is made up of two three-story pavilions and a yard linked by staircases and steps. The staircases and steps are lined along the surface of a sheer cliff rising 50 meters above a stream at the foot of the mountain. Seen from below, Xuankong Temple, which literally means “temple hanging in the sky”, appears terribly dangerous. It is supported only by a few thin stanchions (支柱) standing on protruding (伸出) rocks. For that reason, it was selected by Time magazine as one of the 10 most dangerous buildings in the world in 2010. Sun Shupeng, an engineer, however, disagreed with the idea that Xuankong Temple is, in fact, a dangerous structure. “The temple has been standing firmly on the Hengshan cliff for more than 1,500 years and is still kept intact and solid” he said. “A study of the temple is an exploration of an ancient Chinese engineering miracle.” Sun said the stanchions were only added recently as a psychological comfort to visitors. About twenty thick square beams (梁) support most of the building’s weight. A number of large, deep holes were dug into the cliff’s surface, and two-thirds of the length of the beams together with wedges (楔子) were driven into each one. In addition to its strong building, local people have found that the section of cliff above the temple acts like an umbrella to protect the temple from rain and sunlight. In summer, when the daytime is the longest, the temple only receives about two hours of direct sunlight a day during the morning. The narrow valley it faces also changes the direction of airflow. The wind usually blows toward the cliff facing the temple, but rarely reaches the temple. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? ①The temple is at the top of the mountain. ② There is a river at the foot of the mountain. ③The temple is made of wood, tiles and stones. ④The temple is made up of two yards and a pavilion. A．①② B．②③ C．③④ D．①④ 2．Why does the temple look terribly dangerous ? A．Because it is badly broken. B．Because it was built 1,500 years ago. C．Because it is 50 meters high above a stream. D．Because it seems to be supported only by a few thin stanchions. 3．What does the underlined word “intact” in Paragraph 4 mean ? A．完好无损的 B．摇摇欲坠的 C．恢宏强大的 D．屹立不倒的 4．What is the purpose of writing Paragraph 5? A．To advertise the value of the building. B．To show the safety of Xuankong Temple. C．To explain how Xuankong Temple was built. D．To tell the purpose of building Xuankong Temple. 5．What is the best title for the passage ? A．An Ancient Building Facing a Valley B．An Ancient Building with Three Stories C．Xuankong Temple: a Popular Tourist Attraction D．Xuankong Temple: a Wonder of Ancient Times 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了山西的悬空寺。 1．细节理解题。根据“Made of wood, tiles and stones during the mid-Northern Wei Dynasty,...rising 50 meters above a stream at the foot of the mountain.”可知，这座庙宇由木头、瓷砖和石头制成，且山脚下有一条河。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“It is supported only by a few thin stanchions (支柱) standing on protruding (伸出) rocks.”可知，看起来危险是因为它仅由几根竖立在突出岩石上的细支柱支撑。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据“The temple has been standing firmly on the Hengshan cliff for more than 1,500 years and is still kept intact and solid”可知，这座寺庙在横山悬崖上屹立了1500多年，至今仍完好无损。划线词“intact”与空后“solid坚固的”相对应，意为“完好无损的”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Sun said the stanchions were only added recently as a psychological comfort to visitors. About twenty thick square beams (梁) support most of the building’s weight.”以及通读第五段可知，本段提及的柱子是最近才增加的，只是为了给游客提供心理安慰，由此可推知，第五段是为了表明玄空寺是安全的。故选B。 5．最佳标题题。根据“Xuankong Temple at Hengshan Mountiin in Hunyuan County is no doubt one of the most wonderful examples of such a saying.”以及全文可知，本文主要介绍了山西的悬空寺。故选D。 （2024·山东济南·三模）Scientists in Switzerland have used lasers (激光) to change the path (路线) of a lightning (闪电) strike (攻击). The experiment suggests that in the future, lasers might be useful for protecting large buildings from lightning. Lightning can be very powerful and cause serious problems on the ground. Lightning strike can cause fires, destroy buildings, and even kill people. The damage (损害) from lightning costs billions of dollars every year. In the US, lightning strikes killed close to 450 people between 2006 and 2021. Scientists have been trying to find a way to protect buildings from lightning for a long time. Now the best way is by putting metal rods (竿) on the buildings. These rods are connected to the ground. The lightning is attracted (吸引) to the rods, which safely guide the electricity into the ground. But lightning rods can only protect a small area. Some buildings—such as airports are so large that it’s difficult to protect the whole building using lightning rods. Another idea is to use lasers to guide lightning. Scientists had been working on the idea for over 20 years. Using a powerful laser that can fire about 1,000 times a second, scientists in Switzerland were able to guide lightning strikes for 164 feet. The heat from the laser creates a path of air that is less thick than the air around it. The path also has a special charge (电荷). The lightning can follow this path almost as if it were a lightning rod. Scientist Matteo Clerici said, “The fact that we managed to do it in an outdoor environment is a very big step.” But the laser still didn’t guide the lightning as far as the scientists would like. Besides, the laser is also very expensive. Scientists say it cost about $2 billion. It will probably take 10 or more years before a laser like this is truly able to protect large buildings. 1．What did the scientists use the laser for? A．Changing the path of lightning. B．Protecting the lightning rod. C．Reducing the heat of lightning. D．Slowing down the speed of lightning. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The use of the laser. B．The cost of the laser. C．The power of lightning. D．The way to guide lightning. 3．What is the disadvantage (缺点) of lightning rods? A．Their material is expensive. B．They have short service life. C．Their speed of guiding electricity is low. D．It’s not easy for them to protect large areas. 4．What can we infer (推断) from the last paragraph? A．The laser works better in a lab. B．The technology has yet to be perfected. C．The scientists think poorly of the lightning rod. D．The research result will soon do good to humans. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．Use Lasers to Stop Lightning. B．Lightning Rods Are Out of Date. C．Guide Lightning With a Laser. D．Lightning Can Be Used to Serve People. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了科学家正尝试使用激光技术来改变雷击的路径，以便保护更大的区域范围。 1．细节理解题。根据“Scientists in Switzerland have used lasers (激光) to change the path (路线) of a lightning (闪电) strike (攻击).”可知，科学家利用激光改变了闪电的路线。故选A。 2．段落大意题。根据“Lightning can be very powerful and cause serious problems on the ground.”可知，从第二段我们可以知道闪电有多强大。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“But lightning rods can only protect a small area.”可知，避雷针只能保护一小块区域。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据“It will probably take 10 or more years before a laser like this is truly able to protect large buildings.”可知，在激光真正发挥作用之前，还有很长的路要走，所以这项技术还有待完善。故选B。 5．最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了科学家正尝试使用激光技术来改变雷击的路径，以便保护更大的区域范围。选项C“用激光引导闪电”符合主题，故选C。 （2024·山东济南·三模）Many kids say they don’t like the taste of brassicas (芥属植物) — a group of vegetables that includes broccoli and cabbage. Now scientists think that there could be a good reason for those so-called “picky” eating habits of kids that drive mothers crazy. When chemicals in brassicas mix with some people’s saliva (唾液), they give out bad-smelling smells in the mouth. The study found that the more bad-smelling smells a child’s mouth produces, the more they dislike the food. But why do some people’s mouths make more of these smells than other people’s mouths? To find out, the team collected saliva samples from 98 pairs of parents and children. Every person’s saliva has a microbiome (菌群) in it. The researchers believe this determines how much of the gases are given out when a person eats the vegetables. Maybe our picky eaters are simply those who have the microbiome that increases smell of chemicals. The team mixed samples of the adults’ and children’s saliva with powdered (研成粉的) broccoli. They found that people who were related to each other produced almost the same amounts of the smelly chemicals. Though parents and their children tended to produce similar levels, the parents didn’t mind the taste of brassicas as much as their kids did. The adults may have gotten used to it over time. Experts suggest many food dislikes can be overcome with repeated exposure. This means a picky eater may come to enjoy food they avoid if they try it enough times. Say your child hates cabbage — if you offer them cabbage enough times, in different forms, they may come to enjoy it in the end. What’s more, children learn by observation. If they see you eating a balanced mix of healthy foods, they’ll be more likely to follow. However, watching you eating lots of soda, snack foods, and dessert will make them wonder why they can’t do the same. 1．What leads to kids’ dislike for broccoli according to the text? A．The unhealthy eating habits. B．Mother’s bad cooking. C．Unpleasant smells in mouths. D．Broccoli’s bad smell. 2．What can we learn about “microbiomes” according to Paragraph 3? A．They are everywhere. B．They mostly smell bad. C．Saliva produces them. D．They cause smells. 3．What did the team find in Paragraph 4? A．Kids will accept brassicas sooner or later. B．Powdered food is healthier for children. C．Parents have similar smells in mouths as kids. D．Adults don’t feel the bad tastes of brassicas. 4．How can a mother help kids enjoy brassicas according to the experts? A．By keeping a good diet herself. B．By hiding all unhealthy food. C．By pushing kids to eat more. D．By feeding kids with cabbage. 5．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A story book. B．A science magazine. C．A documentary. D．An advertisement. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了孩子们会挑食的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据“The study found that the more bad smelling smells a child’s mouth produces, the more they dislike the food.”可知孩子嘴里产生的臭味越多，他们就越不喜欢这种食物。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Every person’s saliva has a microbiome (菌群) in it. The researchers believe this determines how much of the gases are given out when a person eats the vegetables.”可知每个人的唾液中都有一个菌群，它决定了一个人吃蔬菜时释放出多少气体。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“They found that people who were related to each other produced almost the same amounts of the smelly chemicals. Though parents and their children tended to produce similar levels”可知彼此有亲缘关系的人产生的气味化学物质数量几乎相同，父母嘴里的气味和孩子相似。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据“If they see you eating a balanced mix of healthy foods, they’ll be more likely to follow”可知如果他们看到你吃的是均衡的健康食物，他们会更有可能遵循，所以一个妈妈可以通过自己保持良好的饮食来帮助孩子们享受芥属植物。故选A。 5．推理判断题。本文主要介绍了孩子们会挑食的原因，故文章来自一本科学杂志。故选B。 （2024·山东济南·二模）As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change. It is reported from a research team from Northwestern University, US that with the development of cities, the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform (变形). In the last three years, the team had put more than 150 temperature sensors (感应器) under Chicago. The places include subway tunnels, underground parking lots and basements (地下室) of buildings. The temperatures they recorded were surprising. For example, air temperatures in underground structures can be up to 25℃ higher compared to the undisturbed ground temperature. After collecting data in Chicago, the team created computer models to see how temperatures will influence the ground until 2051. When heated, some soft materials may contract (收缩), and other materials, such as stone, may expand (膨胀) in size. The models showed that warmer temperatures can cause the ground to expand upward by as much as 1.2 centimeters, or sink downward by as much as 0.8 centimeters. This may even cause the ground to crack (开裂), leaving people who live and work above in dangerous situations. “The effects can be very bad, but it takes a long time to see them.” Rotta Loria, who led the study, said in a report. As scientists have already known a lot about underground climate change, future plans for cities should take it into consideration. Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground. The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity. City planners can try to collect heat underground and send it above for heating. 1．Which of the following is the undisturbed ground? A．Basements. B．Tunnels. C．Public parks. D．Underground parking lots. 2．Because of the rising underground temperature, what may happen? A．Soft materials may expand in size. B．The underground buildings may contract. C．More earthquakes may take place. D．More changes in the ground may happen. 3．What can we do to avoid the underground climate change? A．The materials that can take in heat should be used. B．The number of people who take the underground should be limited. C．Fans should be fixed in the ground. D．More sensors can be put in the ground to record the temperature. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The longest journey begins with the first step. B．Rome was not built in a day. C．One should look at the problem in two ways. D．Provide for a rainy day. 5．Where is the text most probably from? A．A guide book. B．A science book. C．A story book. D．A sports newspaper. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了地下温度不断地上升，给人们带来危险，然而，科学家认为气温上升可能被视为一个机会。城市规划者可以尝试在地下收集热量，并将其输送到上面供暖。 1．细节理解题。根据“The places include subway tunnels, underground parking lots and basements (地下室) of buildings. The temperatures they recorded were surprising. For example, air temperatures in underground structures can be up to 25 ℃ higher compared to the undisturbed ground temperature.”可知，地下室、隧道和地下停车场都属于地下，公园属于地面。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据“the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform (变形)”可知，地下温度上升会导致地面发生变化。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground.”可知，我们可以用吸热材料来避免地下温度升高。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity.”可知，地面温度升高虽然会带来很多消极影响，但是也可以把它看作一个机会，所以我们看待问题应该一分为二来看。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据“As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change.”及结合文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了地下气候变化，所以可能会在一本科学书里看到这篇文章。故选B。 （2024·山东济南·二模）Scientists who study happiness have evidence (证据) to show that being kind to others can result in happiness. Acts as simple as buying a cup of coffee for someone can lift a person’s mood, for example. In studies, behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley and I examined a possible explanation: people who do kind acts underestimate (低估) how much the ones receiving kindness value their behavior. In the experiments, about 1,000 people were asked to do some actions to make someone else feel good. We asked both the person performing the kind act and the one receiving it to answer some questions. The performers were asked to report their own experience and to guess how the receivers might feel. We wanted to understand how valuable people considered these acts to be, so both the performer and receiver had to rate how “big” the act seemed. In all cases, we compared the performer’s expectations of the receiver’s mood with the receiver’s actual experience. For one, both performers and receivers experienced more positive moods. For another, the receivers felt much better than the kind performers expected. The receivers also rated these acts “bigger” than the people performing them did. At first, we studied acts of the kindness done for familiar people, such as friends, classmates or family. But we found that performers underestimated their positive influences on strangers as well. In one experiment, performers in a public park gave away hot chocolate on a cold winter’s day to people that just happened to be nearby. Again, the kind act brought more happiness than the performers expected. These findings suggest that what might seem small could matter a great deal to the person we do it for. Considering these warm actions can improve our own mood and brighter the day of another person, why not choose kindness when we can? 1．What behavior can lift a person’s mood? A．Listening to music alone. B．Buying a cup of coffee for someone. C．Cleaning the street with many friends. D．Traveling to the countryside more often. 2．What did the receivers do in the experiments? A．They showed kindness to others. B．They guessed the performers, feelings. C．They rated how valuable the performers’ act of kindness was. D．They compared the performers’ expectations with their actual results. 3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Different purposes of the research. B．More evidence for the research results. C．Possible influences of the research findings. D．Another explanation of the research methods. 4．What does the underlined word “rate” probably mean? A．Score. B．Imagine. C．Guess. D．Accept. 5．What is the purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a successful study. B．To show the ways to help others. C．To encourage people to show kindness to others. D．To call on people to be a receiver rather than a performer. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了研究表明善举会产生意想不到的积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据“Acts as simple as buying a cup of coffee for someone can lift a person’s mood”可知，为某人买一杯咖啡这样简单的行为就可以提升一个人的心情。故选B。 2． 细节理解题。根据“We wanted to understand how valuable people considered these acts to be, so both the performer and receiver had to rate how ‘big’ the act seemed.”可知，在实验中接受者对表演者的善举进行了评价。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段内容“Again, the kind act brought more happiness than the performers expected.”可知，本段主要是提供了更多的证据来支持研究结果，即表演者也低估了他们对陌生人的积极影响。故选B。 4．词义猜测题。根据“both the performer and receiver had to rate how ‘big’ the act seemed.”可知，表演者和接受者都必须评价这个行为，所以rate是指对某事进行评分或评价，与score含义相近。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据”Scientists who study happiness have evidence (证据) to show that being kind to others can result in happiness.“及“These findings suggest that what might seem small could matter a great deal to the person we do it for.”可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励人们善待他人。故选C。 （2024·山东济南·一模）World First Aid Day is a global observance that is held every year on the second Saturday in September to make people learn about how first aid can save lives. It was introduced in the year 2000 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and has been celebrated each year ever since. Around 100 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies organize ceremonies and events on this day every year. The theme this year is “First Response to Road Crashes” to focus on the importance of giving first aid to save the lives of people involved in road traffic accidents. Worldwide, about 2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured in road crashes each year; road accidents are the primary reason for death among young people aged 15 to 29, given that 49% of deaths are pedestrians (行人). For motorcyclists, wearing a motorcycle helmet can reduce the risk of death in the event of a crash (by up to 40%) and the chance of a serious injury (by up to 70%). Seat belts reduce the risk of death by 45% to 50% for front-seat passengers and up to 75% for rear-seat passengers. Lack of oxygen (or hypoxia) is one of the most common causes of death among traffic accident victims. Road accidents right now rank as the 9th leading cause of death and are expected to climb up to the 7th position by 2030. To respond to the theme of “First Response to Road Crashes”, the IFRC has a toolkit (软件包) on their website that consists of an interactive quiz, posters, and learning material on first aid in response to a road crash. The learning material lists the “Top 10 Prevention/Simple Actions to help avoid a car crash” and the “Top 10 Action/First Aid actions in case of the road accident”. The interactive quiz evaluates (评估) your behavior on the road. It is vital that everyone follows simple rules like respecting other people and traffic regulations, fastening seat belts, wearing helmets and high-visibility protective clothing. All these can prevent road crashes. For more information please click here. 1．What can we know about World First Aid Day from paragraph 1? A．It was founded by IFRC． B．It is celebrated on the same day each year. C．It has a history of 30 years. D．It mainly aims to reduce the traffic accidents. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Some advice on safe driving. B．Danger of breaking traffic rules. C．Some facts about road accidents. D．First-aid tips for road crashes. 3．What can you do with the toolkit? A．Assess your car conditions. B．Finish a quiz to win awards. C．Design posters about first aid. D．Test your knowledge of first aid. 4．What does the underlined word “vital” mean in the last paragraph? A．Harmful. B．Necessary. C．Impossible. D．Common. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A website of health. B．A culture book. C．A science fiction. D．A travel guide. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．A 【导语】本文介绍了世界急救日相关情况以及IFRC关于安全知识的软件包。 1．细节理解题。根据“It was introduced in the year 2000 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and has been celebrated each year ever since.”可知世界急救日是被IFRC成立的。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据“Road accidents right now rank as the 9th leading cause of death and are expected to climb up to the 7th position by 2030.”以及本段内容，可知主要是介绍了一些关于交通事故的事实。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“the IFRC has a toolkit (软件包) on their website that consists of an interactive quiz, posters, and learning material on first aid in response to a road crash”可知软件包可以测试你的急救知识。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据“It is vital that everyone follows simple rules like respecting other people and traffic regulations, fastening seat belts, wearing helmets and high-visibility protective clothing.”可知至关重要的是，每个人都要遵守简单的规则，比如尊重他人和交通规则，系好安全带，戴上头盔，穿上高能见度的防护服。因此vital与“Necessary”同义，故选B。 5．推理判断题。本文介绍了世界急救日相关情况以及IFRC关于安全知识的软件包。因此可能来自健康网站，故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题06 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (济南中考真题+中考模拟) 济南中考真题练 （2024·山东济南·中考真题）In the early 1900s, Austrian scientist Karl Von Frisch discovered the “waggle dance” of honey bees. They dance to communicate where to find food showing an advanced form of communication. His discovery suggested that bees seem to “think” much like humans. Bees can count up to four and even use knowledge learned in one situation in new ones. This amazing ability they have is similar to that of a few mammals (like dolphins, rats, and some monkeys)—metacognition (元认知). Studying bees’ brains is challenging, but scientists have found ways. One such scientist is Clint Perry from Queen Mary University of London. He designed experiments (实验) where bees chose between two spots, one above and one below a black bar. If they landed above, they got a sweet drink below a terrible one. Perry made the test easier or harder by moving the landing spots further from or closer to the black bar. Perry found that bees avoided difficult tests and tried when it was easy, suggesting they can judge (判断) their chances of “passing”. This ability to make decisions according to their chances of success before is similar to how humans choose whether to take a test. However, Perry admits we can’t be sure if bees are truly judging by their own knowledge or just avoiding an unpleasant taste. Although there is much uncertainty, the discovery of metacognition in bees opens up new possibilities. It suggests that bees’ tiny brains may be quite capable (有能力的). It could be that skills such as simple math and navigation take far less actual brainpower than we thought. While bees aren’t as smart as mammals in memory and language, studying their brains could help us understand how our own brains process information. We may also have to rethink how we view the rest of the insect world. There are an awful lot of small insects flying around in the garden and crawling underground. Who knows what those tiny minds might be capable of? 1．Why do bees do the “waggle dance”? A．To count numbers. B．To show their amazing dancing skill. C．To relax themselves. D．To communicate the location of food. 2．What may Clint Perry’s experiments suggest about bees? A．They are more intelligent than monkeys. B．They prefer sweet drinks to terrible ones. C．They can judge their chances of success in a task. D．They have excellent memory and language skills. 3．What is the value of studying bees’ brains? A．It helps us study human brains. B．It reminds us to protect animals. C．It improves our own math abilities. D．It shows bees are our good friends. 4．Why does the writer end the text with a question? A．To add information about bees. B．To get readers interested in insects. C．To show doubts about the research. D．To express opinions about animal testing. 5．What is the text mainly about? A．Bees’ special communication skills. B．How bees process important information. C．The interesting “waggle dance” of bees. D．Bees’ surprising abilities and intelligence. （2024·山东济南·中考真题）In many cases, you may find yourself or somebody faking (假笑) a smile in photos. Why can one easily discover a fake smile and why does it seem so difficult to give a real smile in photos? Scientists have found that a real smile is featured by two main muscle (肌肉) movements. When we smile, we lift our mouth upwards and cause the skin around our eyes to gather into folds. These muscle movements are usually absent in the case of a forced smile, especially when the smile is small. Our brains are highly skilled at distinguishing the differences in muscle movements. That’s why though trying to fake a real smile can be hard, discovering it on someone else is a piece of cake. One of the most common reasons why you look unnatural in photos is an increased awareness (意识) of your appearance. The worry about posture, hair, and makeup can add to the stress, killing the chances of a real smile. A smile looks best when it comes naturally. Warm and welcoming smiles come along with warm and welcoming body language, but when you’re in front of the camera, trying too hard to perform can make your body language appear stiff (僵硬的) and far from welcoming. Besides, facial expressions are not always understood in the same way. A smile can mean differently in different cultures. For example, a wide smile that seems welcoming to some may appear fake and dishonest. This may also influence how people feel about your smile in photos. However, we shouldn’t let this trouble us too much. So, if you want to smile naturally before the camera, perhaps the simplest trick is to give your brain a real reason to feel happy. Maybe recall a joyful moment or just think back to a funny story you read...that should work! 1．What is a real smile connected with? A．Personal characters. B．Educational backgrounds. C．Muscle movements. D．Professional achievements. 2．What does the underlined word “distinguishing” mean in paragraph 2? A．Clearing. B．Telling. C．Spreading. D．Forgetting. 3．What is a reason for people’s unnatural smiles? A．They fail to hide their feelings. B．They are tired of taking photos. C．They care too much about their looks. D．They are weak in performing tricks. 4．What may help you give a real smile according to the writer? A．Recalling a strange story. B．Practicing smiles in the mirror. C．Improving your expression abilities. D．Thinking of a humorous moment. 5．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How can we turn the fake into the real? B．How can we fake a real smile? C．Why is it hard to smile naturally in photos? D．What is needed to take good photos? （2023·山东济南·中考真题）A garden is much more than just creating a beautiful environment. It can be a way to save or even make money and, more than that, it can be a place where you can express yourself. For me, it’s a bit of all these things. I know it may sound strange for a 13-year-old girl to be interested in gardening, but I have always been and I would love to make a career (职业) out of it. I have learned many things these past few years. I have been reading about and doing some gardening. So, here is my top advice about gardening. First, you do not need to spend a lot of money to have a beautiful garden. Some of the gardens that I think are the prettiest are just lines of plants. There aren’t many garden decorations (装饰) and pathways. It’s just beautiful plants with fruits and vegetables. We can also find many useful things for free, from pieces of old wood to old pots and pans. Or, we can build things for free from materials that other people have thrown away. If you just remember that planting what is more than you need will take the stress away of losing some plants, you will save yourself a lot of worry, too. Besides, you need to ask yourself which plants produce enough food to make them worth growing. I actually sat down and did the maths on that one this spring. It amazed me what some plants were worth. A tomato, for example, can produce £50-£150 worth of fruit. It takes up a lot of space but that’s a lot of money coming out of a 50-pence seed (种子)! So if I had known earlier what each plant could save us, I would have told my parents to fill our garden with different plants. And finally, gardening doesn’t have to be all or nothing. But then I guess that’s more of a personality weakness than anything. I struggle with doing things a little at a time. Once I decide to do something, I usually devote every waking hour to it for a little while and then get tired. So it’s okay to just have one tomato plant, and it’s okay to have an off year. It will save you a lot of stress. 1．What does the writer want to tell us about gardening in paragraph 1? A．The gardeners can make much money. B．It’s just about creating a beautiful place. C．The most important is to express yourself. D．It means different things to different people. 2．How would the writer describe her favorite garden? A．Simple. B．Expensive. C．Magic. D．Creative. 3．What advice does the writer give us about gardening? A．Use what we can find around us. B．Try to make a career out of it. C．Ask other gardeners to give help. D．Spend as much time as we can. 4．What can we learn about the writer’s gardening experience? A．She wants to grow everything. B．She did everything right. C．She has a lot of fun in doing it. D．She needs to work harder. 5．What does the underlined word “devote” mean in the last paragraph? A．Waste. B．Spend. C．Change. D．Count. （2023·山东济南·中考真题）Warming temperatures and shorter winters might sound like the end of snow days. However, rising temperatures may actually cause snowstorms to dump more snow, says David Robinson. He is a professor at a university in New Jersey. He studies climate (气候) change. Temperature change is one of the greatest in Earth’s climate change over a long period of time. It can happen naturally or because of human activities, such as burning gas and coal. Burning these fuels produces carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) and other pollutants into the atmosphere, which hold heat in the atmosphere, leading to warmer global temperatures over time. But how could warmer temperatures lead to more snow? To get snow, you need moisture (水汽) and freezing temperatures (0℃ or less), says Robinson. Without moisture in the air, there is no precipitation (rain or snow). Robinson says there are signs that snowstorms are becoming stronger. This is because of this connection between moisture and precipitation. “The warmer the air becomes, the more moisture it holds. So, if it’s warming and still cold enough to snow, you can get more snow,” Robinson says. Of the 10 biggest snowfalls in D．C． region, five happened in the past 25 years, according to the NWS. During that same time period, average winter temperatures in D．C． increased. In 1996, the average winter temperature was 1.8℃. In 2020, it was 6℃. Weather experts suggest that rising temperatures may make winter shorter and less cold. But for now, the snow is still falling. One day, winter might not have any days below the freezing temperature. Once temperatures stay above freezing, snowstorms become rain. Until then, we might continue to see strong storms. According to Robinson, that time could come sooner than we think. He says, “When we look back, years from now, we may see that this was the breaking point.” 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How Earth’s climate changes. B．What causes rising temperatures. C．What produces carbon dioxide. D．How pollution influences climate. 2．What will the warming temperatures cause according to the text? A．Less coal. B．Drier weather. C．Longer winters. D．Stronger snowstorms. 3．What is the purpose of paragraph 5? A．To introduce D．C． B．To report the biggest 10 snowstorms. C．To support Robinson’s ideas. D．To show the increase of temperatures. 4．What does Robinson think of the future warming temperatures? A．Impossible. B．Serious. C．Meaningless. D．Amazing. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A science magazine. B．A story book. C．A science fiction. D．A travel guide. （2022·山东济南·中考真题）Have you ever met large changes in life and work? How would you feel in most cases? In fact, we all have to go through the grief cycle(悲伤周期), which has the following periods: The first period: “It can’t be happening.” Anger: “Why me? It’s not fair.” Depression: “I’m so sad. Why do I have to do all of these?” Acceptance: “It’s going to be OK.” I’m honestly not sure how scientific this model is, but I certainly believe that you will work better after going through these major changes. Find out what your anger does for you—good or bad? What does being angry do for you? Think back to the situation where you have been angry at work and ask yourself how it influences you, including: your relationship with co-workers, the quality(质量) of your work and health, how you feel outside of work, your relationship with friends and family. Find out what makes you angrier and less angry. What makes you angrier? Which thoughts, situations, people or conversations set you off? And what makes you less angry? I’m sure you are not angry all the time. What makes you calm and stops you from feeling angry? Find out. Then start doing less of what makes you angry and more of the things that cool you down. Focus on gratitude. What are you grateful for? As I mentioned above, anger is part of the grief cycle which is connected with what you lose. Gratitude is the opposite of loss because it comes from the good things you have in your life. It’s simple. Every evening, sit down with a piece of paper and make two gratitude lists: three things I was grateful for at work today; three things I was thankful for in life today. Change your focus from “What was done to me” to “What I can do”. I know this is the basic piece of all self-help advice. Life is 10% about what happens to you and 90% about how you deal with it, or you must take responsibility for your own situation, rather than be a victim(牺牲品) of it. That kind of advice can get pretty boring. But that doesn’t make it less true. 1．Why does the writer begin the text by asking questions? A．To explain facts. B．To express disagreement. C．To give opinions. D．To catch the readers’ interest. 2．What’s the writer’s suggestion about dealing with anger? A．Love friends and family. B．Do things that make you peaceful. C．Be friendly to co-workers. D．Write down what makes you angry. 3．What does the underlined word “gratitude” most probably mean? A．Thanks. B．Safety. C．Courage. D．Praise. 4．Which of the following best describes the last piece of advice? A．Creative. B．Special. C．Valuable. D．Doubtful. 5．What is the text mainly about? A．What the grief cycle is about. B．How to deal with the grief cycle. C．What causes the grief cycle. D．How the grief cycle influences people. （2022·山东济南·中考真题）Scientists say that hobbies can make kids smarter, healthier and even more successful when they grow up. How? They Help You Learn When you have a hobby, you learn new things. You have to read instructions. You look at websites, magazines and books to get more information about your hobby. More reading makes you a better reader and a better learner. They Help You Be Creative For many hobbies, such as building model cars and making pottery, you have to use your brain as well as your hands. We learn by doing things and by touching things. These kinds of activities make people more creative. They Help You Be Relaxed Having a hobby makes you feel good. Scientists say, “When you make something, the ‘feel-good’ part of your brain gets a message. It makes you feel happy. “ When we feel happy, we have less stress. Too much stress can make people sick. They Help You Build Skills People with hobbies learn how to set goals and solve problems. Learning these skills when you are young can help you when you grow up. For some kids, having a hobby can be the first step to finding a satisfying job in the future. 1．According to the text, in how many ways can hobbies help kids? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 2．For which hobby do you have to use your brain and your hands? A．Watching cartoons. B．Reading novels. C．Building model cars. D．Listening to music. 3．What influence does too much stress have on people? A．It makes them feel sick. B．It helps them succeed. C．It’s good for their health. D．It brings luck to them. 4．If kids have hobbies, they may ________ when they grow up. A．have more opinions B．find better jobs C．face more problems D．make more friends 5．What is the text mainly about? A．The meaning of life. B．The ways of developing hobbies. C．The importance of learning. D．The advantages of hobbies for kids. （2021·山东济南·中考真题）Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate（气候）change will have the biggest influence on the world’s poorest people. New research now suggests that has already happened over the past years. A study coming out in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science found that in most poor countries, higher temperatures are more than 90% likely to have resulted in a fall in economic output（经济产量）, compared to a world without global（全球的）warming. The influence has been less big in richer countries—with some even benefiting（获益） from higher temperatures. “We’re not saying that global warming created inequality（不公平）,” says Noah S. Diffenbaugh, the writer of the study and a professor at Stanford University who studies climate change. But “global warming has slowed down the improvement”. The poorest countries are facing the worst influence of rising temperatures—for which they are least responsible, he adds. The new study builds on past research. A 2015 study in the journal Nature predicted that the average income（平均收入）） in the poorest countries will be 25% lower by 2100 compared to a world without warming, while some of the richest countries—like the USA—could experience an increase in income. And a report from IPCC, the UN’s climate science body, showed that if global temperatures rise more than 1.5℃ by the end of the century, poor countries will likely face very serious challenges, including the disappearance of whole communities and millions of early deaths. “They will suffer the most, as they are already,” said Mary Robinson, who used to be a UN Special Envoy on Climate Change and a president of Ireland. The influence is greater elsewhere, especially in Sub-Saharan, African countries including Sudan, Burkina Faso and Niger, where climate change has driven the average income more than 20% lower. “There are a number of ways by which temperature influences economic activities,” says Diffenbaugh What’s clear is that, for poor countries, the news is all bad. 1．According to the text, warmer temperatures ________. A．are mainly caused by poor countries B．may bring advantages to rich countries C．had no influence on the world before D．can improve the poorest people’s health 2．What does “suffer” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean in Chinese? A．供应 B．犹豫 C．遭受 D．谋利 3．Which of the following will face great economic problems caused by climate change? A．The UN. B．The USA． C．Ireland. D．Burkina Faso. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Climate change will make poor countries poorer. B．We must take action to deal with climate change. C．Climate change can cause millions of early deaths. D．People make good predictions about climate change. 5．From which is the text most probably taken? A．A geography textbook. B．A health magazine. C．A research paper. D．A storybook. （2021·山东济南·中考真题）Online study can be hard. Zech Hipp was doing it with great difficulty. Zech is 15 years old. He lives in Seattle, Washington, with his four brothers and his mother. “It’s hard to stay focused,” he said. “I can’t stay focused on one thing at a time.” Zech has gotten some helpful advice from his “Big Brother” Owen Kim. Kim is 33 years old. He is Zech’s mentor through a program. The program is called Big Brothers Big Sisters of Puget Sound. A mentor is someone who gives help and advice. Kim and Zech often text, talk over the phone and even video call. Kim gave Zech some advice about how to stay focused while doing school at home. Kim suggests picking one space and always doing your work there. “Make that space as comfortable as possible,” he said. In his room, Zech set up a cubby（小房间）.He has a place where he can make tea. This was Kim’s idea. Here, Zech said he is more separated from everybody else in the house. That’s where he does schoolwork. Kim and Zech have been Big Brother and Little Brother for four years. They used to meet once a week. They would walk through the city or play video games. In spring 2020, COVID-19 started spreading. Kim and Zech had to stop meeting up in person. The illness spreads easily between people. Now, they only communicate over the phone or video call. Kim is older than Zech. He has had different life experiences. When they talk, Kim can give Zech a different point of view about life. Zech said this is helpful. Kim said its been a great thing for him, too. He said Zech has been a wonderful addition to his life. “Owen’s always there,” Zech’s mother said. All of her boys have had Big Brothers or Big Sisters. “It has done such wonders for our family,” she said. “Just having them in our lives has been such a blessing.” 1．What do we know about Zech from Paragraph 1? A．He lives in a big city in India. B．He had trouble learning online. C．His mother is too hard on him. D．There’re five people in his family. 2．What is talked about in Paragraph 2? A．Why Kim and Zech studied together. B．When Big Brothers Big Sisters started. C．What good advice Zech gave to Kim. D．How Kim became Zech’s “Big Brother” 3．Why did Zech set up a cubby in his house? A．To get a new job and do his work there. B．To have a space to study with his brothers. C．To make a special space for schoolwork. D．To make a space for him and Kim to met. 4．Because of the spread of COVID-19,Kim and Zech had to ________ A．part with their family B．stay at home watching videos C．meet up at Zech’s home D．talk on the phone or video call 5．What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a helpful program. B．To help a boy named Zech Hipp. C．To show us how to study online. D．To stop the spread of COVID-19. 济南中考模拟真题练 （2024·山东济南·三模）From writing Shakespeare-style poetry to making music and writing computer codes, ChatGPT has amazed (使惊讶) the world since its launch by the tech company OpenAI. The technology has become so popular that it has brought up a mixture of praises and criticisms. “Its answers to questions like what to do if someone has a heart attack were incredibly clear and relevant,” an expert said. Its ability to collect data is really impressive (令人印象深刻的). ChatGPT can greatly benefit the productivity of office workers by helping to write reports, emails and even computer codes. They can therefore be freed to focus on more creative tasks. ChatGPT can also write original content and ideas, and potentially help to develop new products and services. “One of the biggest problems with ChatGPT is that it creates content, very confidently, with falsities,” a professor said. This means that ChatGPT doesn’t know the truth about the world—it learns information from various resources but it cannot decide whether it is true or not. In this case, some argue that ChatGPT can be used to make fake news, or even be used for Internet crimes. As for education, many schools have recently banned students from using ChatGPT on school projects because students have begun to use it as a shortcut (捷径) for essays. ChatGPT may also present a real risk for skilled workers to lose their jobs. For example, chatbots can be developed to train employees in an organization, resulting in the unemployment of human trainers. So, what does ChatGPT itself think of the risk? “There are potential dangers in building highly complex chatbots, particularly if they are designed to be similar to humans in their language and behavior.” The chatbot answered. In fact, this passage may actually have been written by ChatGPT! 1．According to paragraph 2, which of the following people would benefit the least from ChatGPT? A．News reporters. B．Factory workers. C．Product designers. D．Computer programmers. 2．What does the underlined word “falsities” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Bad information. B．Silly information. C．Wrong information. D．Not-relevant information. 3．According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a risk of ChatGPT? A．It may be used to create false news reports. B．It may be used to replace experienced workers. C．It may be used to attract teenagers to chat online. D．It may be used by students to cheat in school work. 4．What is the purpose of paragraph 4? A．To give more examples of ChatGPT. B．To summarize the passage about ChatGPT. C．To discuss solutions to ChatGPT-related problems. D．To inspire readers to think critically about ChatGPT. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The wrong things ChatGPT has done. B．The achievements of ChatGPT in the past. C．The advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT. D．The possibility of ChatGPT replacing human beings. （2024·山东济南·三模）Cultural experts say Shanxi is home to the largest number of ancient buildings in China. Xuankong Temple at Hengshan Mountiin in Hunyuan County is no doubt one of the most wonderful examples of such a saying. Made of wood, tiles and stones during the mid-Northern Wei Dynasty, the temple is made up of two three-story pavilions and a yard linked by staircases and steps. The staircases and steps are lined along the surface of a sheer cliff rising 50 meters above a stream at the foot of the mountain. Seen from below, Xuankong Temple, which literally means “temple hanging in the sky”, appears terribly dangerous. It is supported only by a few thin stanchions (支柱) standing on protruding (伸出) rocks. For that reason, it was selected by Time magazine as one of the 10 most dangerous buildings in the world in 2010. Sun Shupeng, an engineer, however, disagreed with the idea that Xuankong Temple is, in fact, a dangerous structure. “The temple has been standing firmly on the Hengshan cliff for more than 1,500 years and is still kept intact and solid” he said. “A study of the temple is an exploration of an ancient Chinese engineering miracle.” Sun said the stanchions were only added recently as a psychological comfort to visitors. About twenty thick square beams (梁) support most of the building’s weight. A number of large, deep holes were dug into the cliff’s surface, and two-thirds of the length of the beams together with wedges (楔子) were driven into each one. In addition to its strong building, local people have found that the section of cliff above the temple acts like an umbrella to protect the temple from rain and sunlight. In summer, when the daytime is the longest, the temple only receives about two hours of direct sunlight a day during the morning. The narrow valley it faces also changes the direction of airflow. The wind usually blows toward the cliff facing the temple, but rarely reaches the temple. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? ①The temple is at the top of the mountain. ② There is a river at the foot of the mountain. ③The temple is made of wood, tiles and stones. ④The temple is made up of two yards and a pavilion. A．①② B．②③ C．③④ D．①④ 2．Why does the temple look terribly dangerous ? A．Because it is badly broken. B．Because it was built 1,500 years ago. C．Because it is 50 meters high above a stream. D．Because it seems to be supported only by a few thin stanchions. 3．What does the underlined word “intact” in Paragraph 4 mean ? A．完好无损的 B．摇摇欲坠的 C．恢宏强大的 D．屹立不倒的 4．What is the purpose of writing Paragraph 5? A．To advertise the value of the building. B．To show the safety of Xuankong Temple. C．To explain how Xuankong Temple was built. D．To tell the purpose of building Xuankong Temple. 5．What is the best title for the passage ? A．An Ancient Building Facing a Valley B．An Ancient Building with Three Stories C．Xuankong Temple: a Popular Tourist Attraction D．Xuankong Temple: a Wonder of Ancient Times （2024·山东济南·三模）Scientists in Switzerland have used lasers (激光) to change the path (路线) of a lightning (闪电) strike (攻击). The experiment suggests that in the future, lasers might be useful for protecting large buildings from lightning. Lightning can be very powerful and cause serious problems on the ground. Lightning strike can cause fires, destroy buildings, and even kill people. The damage (损害) from lightning costs billions of dollars every year. In the US, lightning strikes killed close to 450 people between 2006 and 2021. Scientists have been trying to find a way to protect buildings from lightning for a long time. Now the best way is by putting metal rods (竿) on the buildings. These rods are connected to the ground. The lightning is attracted (吸引) to the rods, which safely guide the electricity into the ground. But lightning rods can only protect a small area. Some buildings—such as airports are so large that it’s difficult to protect the whole building using lightning rods. Another idea is to use lasers to guide lightning. Scientists had been working on the idea for over 20 years. Using a powerful laser that can fire about 1,000 times a second, scientists in Switzerland were able to guide lightning strikes for 164 feet. The heat from the laser creates a path of air that is less thick than the air around it. The path also has a special charge (电荷). The lightning can follow this path almost as if it were a lightning rod. Scientist Matteo Clerici said, “The fact that we managed to do it in an outdoor environment is a very big step.” But the laser still didn’t guide the lightning as far as the scientists would like. Besides, the laser is also very expensive. Scientists say it cost about $2 billion. It will probably take 10 or more years before a laser like this is truly able to protect large buildings. 1．What did the scientists use the laser for? A．Changing the path of lightning. B．Protecting the lightning rod. C．Reducing the heat of lightning. D．Slowing down the speed of lightning. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The use of the laser. B．The cost of the laser. C．The power of lightning. D．The way to guide lightning. 3．What is the disadvantage (缺点) of lightning rods? A．Their material is expensive. B．They have short service life. C．Their speed of guiding electricity is low. D．It’s not easy for them to protect large areas. 4．What can we infer (推断) from the last paragraph? A．The laser works better in a lab. B．The technology has yet to be perfected. C．The scientists think poorly of the lightning rod. D．The research result will soon do good to humans. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．Use Lasers to Stop Lightning. B．Lightning Rods Are Out of Date. C．Guide Lightning With a Laser. D．Lightning Can Be Used to Serve People. （2024·山东济南·三模）Many kids say they don’t like the taste of brassicas (芥属植物) — a group of vegetables that includes broccoli and cabbage. Now scientists think that there could be a good reason for those so-called “picky” eating habits of kids that drive mothers crazy. When chemicals in brassicas mix with some people’s saliva (唾液), they give out bad-smelling smells in the mouth. The study found that the more bad-smelling smells a child’s mouth produces, the more they dislike the food. But why do some people’s mouths make more of these smells than other people’s mouths? To find out, the team collected saliva samples from 98 pairs of parents and children. Every person’s saliva has a microbiome (菌群) in it. The researchers believe this determines how much of the gases are given out when a person eats the vegetables. Maybe our picky eaters are simply those who have the microbiome that increases smell of chemicals. The team mixed samples of the adults’ and children’s saliva with powdered (研成粉的) broccoli. They found that people who were related to each other produced almost the same amounts of the smelly chemicals. Though parents and their children tended to produce similar levels, the parents didn’t mind the taste of brassicas as much as their kids did. The adults may have gotten used to it over time. Experts suggest many food dislikes can be overcome with repeated exposure. This means a picky eater may come to enjoy food they avoid if they try it enough times. Say your child hates cabbage — if you offer them cabbage enough times, in different forms, they may come to enjoy it in the end. What’s more, children learn by observation. If they see you eating a balanced mix of healthy foods, they’ll be more likely to follow. However, watching you eating lots of soda, snack foods, and dessert will make them wonder why they can’t do the same. 1．What leads to kids’ dislike for broccoli according to the text? A．The unhealthy eating habits. B．Mother’s bad cooking. C．Unpleasant smells in mouths. D．Broccoli’s bad smell. 2．What can we learn about “microbiomes” according to Paragraph 3? A．They are everywhere. B．They mostly smell bad. C．Saliva produces them. D．They cause smells. 3．What did the team find in Paragraph 4? A．Kids will accept brassicas sooner or later. B．Powdered food is healthier for children. C．Parents have similar smells in mouths as kids. D．Adults don’t feel the bad tastes of brassicas. 4．How can a mother help kids enjoy brassicas according to the experts? A．By keeping a good diet herself. B．By hiding all unhealthy food. C．By pushing kids to eat more. D．By feeding kids with cabbage. 5．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A story book. B．A science magazine. C．A documentary. D．An advertisement. （2024·山东济南·二模）As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change. It is reported from a research team from Northwestern University, US that with the development of cities, the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform (变形). In the last three years, the team had put more than 150 temperature sensors (感应器) under Chicago. The places include subway tunnels, underground parking lots and basements (地下室) of buildings. The temperatures they recorded were surprising. For example, air temperatures in underground structures can be up to 25℃ higher compared to the undisturbed ground temperature. After collecting data in Chicago, the team created computer models to see how temperatures will influence the ground until 2051. When heated, some soft materials may contract (收缩), and other materials, such as stone, may expand (膨胀) in size. The models showed that warmer temperatures can cause the ground to expand upward by as much as 1.2 centimeters, or sink downward by as much as 0.8 centimeters. This may even cause the ground to crack (开裂), leaving people who live and work above in dangerous situations. “The effects can be very bad, but it takes a long time to see them.” Rotta Loria, who led the study, said in a report. As scientists have already known a lot about underground climate change, future plans for cities should take it into consideration. Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground. The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity. City planners can try to collect heat underground and send it above for heating. 1．Which of the following is the undisturbed ground? A．Basements. B．Tunnels. C．Public parks. D．Underground parking lots. 2．Because of the rising underground temperature, what may happen? A．Soft materials may expand in size. B．The underground buildings may contract. C．More earthquakes may take place. D．More changes in the ground may happen. 3．What can we do to avoid the underground climate change? A．The materials that can take in heat should be used. B．The number of people who take the underground should be limited. C．Fans should be fixed in the ground. D．More sensors can be put in the ground to record the temperature. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The longest journey begins with the first step. B．Rome was not built in a day. C．One should look at the problem in two ways. D．Provide for a rainy day. 5．Where is the text most probably from? A．A guide book. B．A science book. C．A story book. D．A sports newspaper. （2024·山东济南·二模）Scientists who study happiness have evidence (证据) to show that being kind to others can result in happiness. Acts as simple as buying a cup of coffee for someone can lift a person’s mood, for example. In studies, behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley and I examined a possible explanation: people who do kind acts underestimate (低估) how much the ones receiving kindness value their behavior. In the experiments, about 1,000 people were asked to do some actions to make someone else feel good. We asked both the person performing the kind act and the one receiving it to answer some questions. The performers were asked to report their own experience and to guess how the receivers might feel. We wanted to understand how valuable people considered these acts to be, so both the performer and receiver had to rate how “big” the act seemed. In all cases, we compared the performer’s expectations of the receiver’s mood with the receiver’s actual experience. For one, both performers and receivers experienced more positive moods. For another, the receivers felt much better than the kind performers expected. The receivers also rated these acts “bigger” than the people performing them did. At first, we studied acts of the kindness done for familiar people, such as friends, classmates or family. But we found that performers underestimated their positive influences on strangers as well. In one experiment, performers in a public park gave away hot chocolate on a cold winter’s day to people that just happened to be nearby. Again, the kind act brought more happiness than the performers expected. These findings suggest that what might seem small could matter a great deal to the person we do it for. Considering these warm actions can improve our own mood and brighter the day of another person, why not choose kindness when we can? 1．What behavior can lift a person’s mood? A．Listening to music alone. B．Buying a cup of coffee for someone. C．Cleaning the street with many friends. D．Traveling to the countryside more often. 2．What did the receivers do in the experiments? A．They showed kindness to others. B．They guessed the performers, feelings. C．They rated how valuable the performers’ act of kindness was. D．They compared the performers’ expectations with their actual results. 3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Different purposes of the research. B．More evidence for the research results. C．Possible influences of the research findings. D．Another explanation of the research methods. 4．What does the underlined word “rate” probably mean? A．Score. B．Imagine. C．Guess. D．Accept. 5．What is the purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a successful study. B．To show the ways to help others. C．To encourage people to show kindness to others. D．To call on people to be a receiver rather than a performer. （2024·山东济南·一模）World First Aid Day is a global observance that is held every year on the second Saturday in September to make people learn about how first aid can save lives. It was introduced in the year 2000 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and has been celebrated each year ever since. Around 100 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies organize ceremonies and events on this day every year. The theme this year is “First Response to Road Crashes” to focus on the importance of giving first aid to save the lives of people involved in road traffic accidents. Worldwide, about 2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured in road crashes each year; road accidents are the primary reason for death among young people aged 15 to 29, given that 49% of deaths are pedestrians (行人). For motorcyclists, wearing a motorcycle helmet can reduce the risk of death in the event of a crash (by up to 40%) and the chance of a serious injury (by up to 70%). Seat belts reduce the risk of death by 45% to 50% for front-seat passengers and up to 75% for rear-seat passengers. Lack of oxygen (or hypoxia) is one of the most common causes of death among traffic accident victims. Road accidents right now rank as the 9th leading cause of death and are expected to climb up to the 7th position by 2030. To respond to the theme of “First Response to Road Crashes”, the IFRC has a toolkit (软件包) on their website that consists of an interactive quiz, posters, and learning material on first aid in response to a road crash. The learning material lists the “Top 10 Prevention/Simple Actions to help avoid a car crash” and the “Top 10 Action/First Aid actions in case of the road accident”. The interactive quiz evaluates (评估) your behavior on the road. It is vital that everyone follows simple rules like respecting other people and traffic regulations, fastening seat belts, wearing helmets and high-visibility protective clothing. All these can prevent road crashes. For more information please click here. 1．What can we know about World First Aid Day from paragraph 1? A．It was founded by IFRC． B．It is celebrated on the same day each year. C．It has a history of 30 years. D．It mainly aims to reduce the traffic accidents. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Some advice on safe driving. B．Danger of breaking traffic rules. C．Some facts about road accidents. D．First-aid tips for road crashes. 3．What can you do with the toolkit? A．Assess your car conditions. B．Finish a quiz to win awards. C．Design posters about first aid. D．Test your knowledge of first aid. 4．What does the underlined word “vital” mean in the last paragraph? A．Harmful. B．Necessary. C．Impossible. D．Common. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A website of health. B．A culture book. C．A science fiction. D．A travel guide. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$