专题04 构词法(讲练)-【上好课】2025年中考英语二轮复习讲练测(全国通用)

2025-02-18
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学段 初中
学科 英语
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年级 九年级
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类型 教案-讲义
知识点 构词法
使用场景 中考复习-二轮专题
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 全国
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品牌系列 上好课·二轮讲练测
审核时间 2025-02-18
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专题04 构词法 考情 分析 考点分布 构词法是英语学习的重要内容,主要涉及单词的构成方式,包括转化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考英语中,构词法的考点主要分布在词汇拼写、单选、阅读理解和综合填空等题型中。 题型分布 1. 词汇拼写:直接考查学生对构词法的理解和应用,如通过加前后缀构成新词。 2. 单选:在单选题中,可能会给出一个派生词或合成词,要求学生选出正确的词义或词性。 3. 阅读理解:在阅读理解中,构词法有助于学生根据上下文推测生词的含义,从而更好地理解文章。 4. 综合填空:综合填空题中,可能会要求学生根据构词法知识填写合适的单词形式。 考法与 比重 近年来,中考英语对构词法的考查比重逐年上升。这既体现在词汇拼写和综合填空等直接考查构词法的题型中,也体现在阅读理解和单选等间接考查构词法的题型中。构词法的考查通常与语境紧密结合,要求学生在理解文章或句子的基础上,运用构词法知识解答问题。 命题 规律 语境化 构词法的考查越来越注重语境化,即要求学生在特定的语境中理解和应用构词法知识。这有助于学生更好地掌握词汇的用法和含义。 综合化 中考英语构词法的考查呈现综合化的趋势,即多种构词法知识可能会在同一道题目中出现,要求学生综合运用所学知识解答问题。 高频化 一些常见的构词法,如派生法和合成法,在中考英语中的考查频率较高。学生需要重点掌握这些构词法的基本规则和常见例词。 生活化 中考英语构词法的考查内容越来越贴近学生的生活实际,如通过构词法知识理解网络新词、科技术语等。这有助于学生将所学知识应用于实际生活中,提高英语应用能力。 考点一 派生法 1.(2024·江苏无锡·一模)Don’t eat too much at a time, or you’ll feel (comfortable). 【答案】uncomfortable 【详解】句意:一次不要吃太多,否则你会觉得不舒服。根据“Don’t eat too much at a time,”可知,如果一次吃太多,你会觉得不舒服,空处用形容词uncomfortable“不舒服的”,作表语。故填uncomfortable。 2.(2024·江苏泰州·一模)The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “ ”. (possible) 【答案】impossible 【详解】句意:凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。根据“The man who has made up his mind to win will never say…”可知,此处是指下定决心要获取胜利的人是不会轻易说“不可能的”,即使面对困难和挑战,也会努力寻找解决方案,而不是轻易放弃;应将形容词possible“可能的”变为impossible“不可能的”,形容词。故填impossible。 3.(2024·江苏泰州·一模)Before Giant Panda Fu Bao returned to China, thousands of (tour) came to Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao. 【答案】tourists 【详解】句意:在大熊猫福宝回到中国之前,成千上万的游客来到爱宝乐园与福宝告别。tour“旅游”,名词;根据“thousands of...came to Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao.”可知,应是游客来跟福宝告别,应用tourist“游客”;“thousands of”后接复数名词。故填tourists。 4.(2024·江苏无锡·二模)In Zhuhai Park, you can enjoy the natural beauty, or (simple) breathe the fresh air. 【答案】simply 【详解】句意:在珠海公园,你可以享受自然美景,或者只是呼吸新鲜空气。分析句子结构可知,此处应用形容词simple的副词形式simply“仅仅,只是”作状语,修饰动词breathe。故填simply。 5.(2024·上海长宁·二模)People in that city prepared to their houses after the terrible flood. (build) 【答案】rebuild 【详解】句意:那场可怕的洪水过后,那个城市的人们准备重建他们的房屋。由“People in that city prepared to…their houses after the terrible flood”可知,此处指重建房屋,rebuild“重建”;prepare to do sth.“准备做某事”,固定短语,故应用动词原形。故填rebuild。 在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词,这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀,加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。 考向1 前缀(前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性) 1.表否定意义的前缀 前缀 示例 un- able→unable usual→unusual happy→unhappy in- correct→incorrect expensive→inexpensive im- polite→impolite patient→impatient possible→impossible dis- like→dislike appear→disappear agree→disagree honest→dishonest non- smoker→non-smoker native→non-native 2.其他 前缀 含义 示例 mis- 错误 understand→misunderstand lead→mislead re- 再;又,重复 view→review build→rebuild write→rewrite inter- 相互;交互在一起 net→Internet national→international a- 处于……状态或过程中 live→alive wake→awake en- 使可能 rich→enrich able→enable courage→encourage tele- 远的;电视的;电话的 control→telecontrol phone→telephone vision→television 考向2 后缀(后缀多数改变词性) 类型 后缀 示例 名词→形容词 -y rain→rainy luck→lucky health→healthy wealth→wealthy -ly love→lovely friend→friendly -ous danger→dangerous humor→humorous -ful use→usefulcare→careful help→helpful -less词义与加-ful时相反 use→useless care→careless -ern west→western south→southern -en gold→golden wood→wooden -al nation→national tradition→traditional -ish fool→foolish child→childish 名词→名词 -ist art→artist piano→pianist tour→tourist science→scientist -hood child→childhood neighbor→neighborhood -ship leader→leadership friend→friendship -ese China→Chinese Japan→Japanese -n, -an, -ian Australia→Australian Europe→European music→musician 动词→名词 -er, -or, -(r)ess teach→teacher win→winner act→actor visit→visitor wait→waitress -ing paint→painting build→building cross→crossing -ment develop→development -(t)ion/-sion/去e加-ation invite→invitation decide→decision discuss→discussion 动词→形容词 -able comfort→comfortable enjoy→enjoyable (去e加)-(t)ive act→active create→creative -(e)d surprise→surprised interest→interested (去e加)-ing interest→interesting excite→exciting 形容词→名词 -ty safe→safety -ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness happy→happiness (-le变)-(il)ity able→ability real→reality possible→possibility -ce(以t结尾去t再加-ce) important→importance silent→silence different→difference -th true→truth warm→warmth -(e)r foreign→foreigner strange→stranger 形容词→副词 -ly real→really final→finally 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i再加-ly happy→happily angry→angrily heavy→heavily 以“辅音字母+le”结尾,去掉e再加-y simple→simply terrible→terribly comfortable→comfortably 以ll结尾,只加y full→fully 少数以e结尾,要去掉e再加-ly true→truly 考点二 合成法 1.(2024·甘肃定西·一模)His brother is ________ boy. He is very handsome. A.a 18 years old B.an 18-year-old C.an 18-years-old D.an 18 year old 【答案】B 【详解】句意:他的弟弟是一个18岁的男孩。他很帅。 考查不定冠词及复合形容词的用法。空格处应作定语修饰boy,所以用复合形容词18-year-old表示“十八岁的”,且此处表示泛指,所以要用不定冠词修饰,结合18-year-old以元音音素开头,所以此处用不定冠词an。故选B。 2.(2023·江苏南京·一模)Which word is formed in the same way as “weekend”? A.unable B.invention C.helpless D.noticeboard 【答案】D 【详解】句意:哪一个单词的构成方式与“weekend”的构成方式相同? 考查构词法。unable不能,由able加否定前缀构成;invention发明,由invent加名词后缀构成;helpless无助的,由help加形容词后缀构成;noticeboard通知栏,由notice“通知”和board“板”构成。题中的weekend“周末”是由week“周”和end“结束”构成。由此可知weekend和noticeboard构词法相同,为合成词,其他均为派生词。故选D。 3.(2024·广西桂林·一模)Which word is formed in the same way as “newspaper”? A.sportsman B.unhappy C.agreement 【答案】A 【详解】句意:哪个单词与“newspaper”的构成方式相同? 考查构词法。sportsman运动员,是由sports和man构成;unhappy不开心的,是由happy加否定前缀构成;agreement协议,是由agree加名词后缀构成。题干中的“newspaper”是由news和paper构成。所以sportsman和newspaper构成方式相同。故选A。 4.(21-22九年级上·江苏苏州·期中)Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A.helpless B.wartime C.hard-working D.blackboard 【答案】A 【详解】句意:下列哪一个不是复合词? 考查复合词。helpless是由动词help和形容词否定后缀less构成,属于派生词;hard-working是由副词hard和动名词working构成;blackboard是由形容词black和名词board构成;wartime是由名词war和名词time构成,意为“战时”。故选A。 5.(2021·江苏南京·二模)Which of the following words is created in the same way as “blackboard”? A.careless B.impolite C.happiness D.bookshop 【答案】D 【详解】句意:下列哪个单词和“blackboard”的构词法相同? 考查构词法。careless粗心的,它是由care+后缀less构成的形容词;impolite无礼貌的,它是由前缀im (表示否定)+polite构成的形容词;happiness幸福,它是由happy(把y变 i)+后缀ness构成的名词;bookshop书 店,它是由book+shop构成的合成词;blackboard黑板,它是由black+board构成的合成词。因此“bookshop”与“blackboard”的构词法相同。故选D。 用两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。 类型 合成方式 示例 合成动词 形容词+动词 dry clean 干洗 名词+动词 sleepwalk梦游 sightsee观光 副词+动词 overcome克服 合成名词 名词+名词 basketball篮球bookshop书店 名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出 动词+副词 get-together (非正式的)聚会,联欢会 形容词+名词 greenhouse温室 blackboard黑板 介词+名词 afternoon下午 合成形容词 名词+形容词 snow-white雪白的 名词/形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted热心的 介词+名词 underground地下的 名词+动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的 形容词/副词+动词过去分词 ready-made现成的 newborn新生的 形容词/副词+动词-ing形式 good-looking漂亮的 hard-working工作努力的 名词+动词过去分词 man-made人造的 heart-broken心碎的 数词+名词 second-hand 二手的 数词+名词+形容词 10-metre-long10米长的 动词+副词 take-away外卖的 合成副词 副词+名词 upstairs在楼上 downstairs在楼下 合成介词 介词+名词 outside在……外面 inside在……里面 介词+副词 without没有 throughout自始至终;遍及 考点三 转化法 英语中,把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下: 类型 示例 名词→动词 book(n.)书→(v.)预订 hand(n.)手→(v.)上交 water(n.)水→(v.)浇水 land(n.)陆地→(v.)着陆 name(n.)名字→(v.)命名 score(n.)分数→(v.)得分 动词→名词 cook(v.)烹饪→(n.)厨师 rain(v.)下雨→(n.)雨 walk(v.)散步,走→(n.)散步 break(v.)打破→(n.)休息 stop(v.)停止→(n.)车站 lift(v.)举起→(n.)电梯 形容词→动词 clean(adj.)干净的→(v.)打扫 open(adj.)开放的→(v.)打开 last(adj.)最后的→(v.)持续 tidy(adj.)整洁的→(v.)使整洁 形容词→名词 right(adj.)正确的→(n.)正确 wrong(adj.)错误的→(n.)错误 back(adj.)后面的→(n.)背部,后面 light(adj.)明亮的→(n.)灯 1.Don’t be with your son, after all he is only seven years old. (patient) 【答案】impatient 【详解】句意:不要对你的儿子没耐心,毕竟他才七岁。根据句子“after all he is only seven years old”可知孩子小,不要没有耐心,“Don’t be”是祈使句的否定形式,后需加形容词,“patient”表示“耐心的”,其反义词“impatient”表示“不耐心的”。故填impatient。 2.The fisherman’s wife said to him, “Why can’t we live in a new house? It’s unfair.” (happy) 【答案】unhappily 【详解】句意:渔夫的妻子不开心地对他说:“我们为什么不能住进新房子呢?这不公平。”根据“said...to him”可知,此处应用副词修饰动词,根据“‘Why can’t we live in a new house? It’s unfair.’”可知,妻子觉得不公平,所以应是不开心地对他说,happy“开心的”,形容词,happily“开心地”,副词,其反义词unhappily“不开心地”符合语境。故填unhappily。 3.Don’t make much noise in public. It’s (polite). 【答案】impolite 【详解】句意:不要在公共场合制造太多噪音。这是不礼貌的。根据“Don’t make much noise in public”可知,在公共场合制造太多噪音是不礼貌的,应用形容词impolite“不礼貌的”,故填impolite。 4.He was an actor several years ago, but now he becomes famous. (know) 【答案】unknown 【详解】句意:几年前他是一个不出名的演员,但现在他变得有名了。根据“but now he becomes famous”和提示词可知,空格处指“不出名的”,英语表达为“unknown”,在此作定语修饰名词actor。故填unknown。 5.Sometimes they strongly (agree) with each other, so they need to communicate more often. 【答案】disagree 【详解】句意:有时他们彼此意见相左,所以他们需要更频繁地沟通。根据“so they need to communicate more often”可知,空处应该表示意见不合,空处应用agree“同意”的否定形式disagree,disagree with sb“与某人意见不合”;根据sometimes可知,时态为一般现在时,主语they是复数形式,谓语动词用原形。故填disagree。 6.Of the four seasons in Chongqing, spring is the most (usual) one, because people are wearing all kinds of clothes. For example, you can see sweaters and T-shirt s at the same time. 【答案】unusual 【详解】句意:在重庆的四季中,春天是最不寻常的一个,因为人们穿着各种各样的衣服。例如,你可以同时看到毛衣和t恤。由“because people are wearing all kinds of clothes. For example, you can see sweaters and T-shirt s at the same time”可知,此处指重庆的春天是最不寻常的,unusual“不寻常的”符合语境。故填unusual。 7.It is (polite) to speak when you are eating things. 【答案】impolite 【详解】句意:你吃东西的时候讲话是不礼貌的。polite意为“有礼貌的”,其反义词impolite,意为“不礼貌的”。根据“to speak when you are eating things”和常识可知,吃东西的时候讲话是不礼貌的,空缺处应用“impolite”在句中作表语。故填impolite。 8.Mr Zhang, your is excellent! Have you ever studied abroad? (pronounce) 【答案】pronunciation 【详解】句意:张先生,你的发音很棒!你去国外学过吗?根据“your...is excellent!”可知,此处缺主语,空处应填名词;pronounce“发音”,动词,其名词形式是pronunciation,为不可数名词。故填pronunciation。 9.My father asked me to my homework because of my poor handwriting. (write) 【答案】rewrite 【详解】句意:因为我的潦草书写,我爸爸让我重新写家庭作业。根据“because of my poor handwriting”可知,因为书写不好,爸爸让我重新写家庭作业,write“写”,rewrite“重写”。故填rewrite。 10.I like shopping at 9 a. m. because the supermarket is (crowd) at that time. 【答案】uncrowded 【详解】句意:我喜欢早上9点去购物,因为那个时候超市不挤。根据“I like shopping at 9 a. m. because the supermarket is...at that time”及英文提示可知,此处表达“不拥挤的”;uncrowded“不拥挤的”,形容词,在此处作表语。故填uncrowded。 11.Reading aloud is (help) to the students who want to improve their English. 【答案】helpful 【详解】句意:大声朗读对那些想要提高英语的学生来说很有帮助。根据“Reading aloud”可知,此处表示大声朗读有助于提高英语,help“帮助”,动词,此处应用形容词作表语,其形容词为helpful“有帮助的”。故填helpful。 12.Experience is a wealth of knowledge and a symbol of . (wise) 【答案】wisdom 【详解】句意:经验是知识的财富,是智慧的象征。由“Experience is a wealth of knowledge and a symbol of…”可知,此处应用名词形式,wisdom是其名词形式。故填wisdom。 13.This chair really makes me (comfortable), so I need another one. 【答案】uncomfortable 【详解】句意:这把椅子真的让我不舒服,所以我需要另一把。根据“so I need another one”可知,这里指这把椅子让我不舒服,comfortable意为“舒服的”,其相反意义的词为uncomfortable,意为“不舒服的”,形容词在句中作宾语补足语,故填uncomfortable。 14.The magazine is a great success and it’s quite popular with these . (read) 【答案】readers 【详解】句意:这个杂志取得巨大成功并且它相当受这些读者的欢迎。read“阅读”,动词,根据“these”可知此处应填名词,reader“读者”,可数名词,符合语境,由“these”可知,应填其复数,故填readers。 15.Nowadays WeChat is used among people of different ages. (wide) 【答案】widely 【详解】句意:如今,微信在不同年龄段的人中广泛使用。wide“宽的”,形容词,根据“is...used”可知,此处应用副词修饰动词,其副词为widely。故填widely。 16.The (invent) from the university spent much of their time developing a new type of energy. 【答案】inventors 【详解】句意:这所大学的发明家们花了很多时间开发一种新型能源。invent“发明”,动词。根据“spent much of their time developing a new type of energy”可知,是人发明一种新型能源,inventor“发明家”符合题意;根据“their”可知,此处应用复数形式。故填inventors。 17.I am sure she failed in the competition because of the look on her face. (happy) 【答案】unhappy 【详解】句意:我确信她在比赛中失败是因为她脸上不高兴的表情。根据“I am sure she failed in the competition”可知,是指脸上不高兴的表情,修饰名词用形容词,happy意为“高兴的”,其相反意义的形容词为unhappy,意为“不高兴的”,故填unhappy。 18.Scientists say some animals will soon because of the serious pollution. (appear) 【答案】disappear 【详解】句意:科学家说,由于严重的污染,一些动物将很快消失。appear“出现”,根据“because of the serious pollution”可知由于严重的污染,一些动物将很快消失,应用disappear“消失”,will后跟动词原形。故填disappear。 19.It’s (polite)to ask your teachers direct questions. 【答案】impolite 【详解】句意: 直接问老师问题是不礼貌的。polite“礼貌的”,根据“ask your teachers direct questions.”可知,直接问老师问题是不礼貌的。impolite“不礼貌的”,形容词。故填impolite。 20.I hope all my are helpful to you.   (suggest) 【答案】suggestions 【详解】句意:我希望我的所有建议都对你有帮助。根据“all my...are helpful”和所给词汇可知,my是形容词性物主代词,后面要接一个名词,suggest“建议”,动词,其名词为suggestions,由all可知,应该用其复数形式。故填suggestions。   21.The boy (careless) put the cup on the table and it fell down. 【答案】carelessly 【详解】句意:男孩粗心把杯子放在桌子上,杯子掉了下来。根据空后“put(放)”是动词,可知此空填副词,careless的副词形式是在其后加ly,意为“粗心大意地,马虎地”。故填carelessly。 22.The never dreamed of having a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. (compete) 【答案】competitor 【详解】句意:这位选手做梦也想不到自己有机会在100米比赛中获得第一名。根据题目可知,此处缺乏主语,应将动词compete“竞争”,转变为名词competitor“竞争者”作为主语。故填competitor。 23.He hit his hand (heavy) against the wall. 【答案】heavily 【详解】句意:他的手重重地打在墙上。根据空前谓语动词“hit his hand”,可判断此空填heavy的副词形式heavily做状语,修饰谓语动词,意思为“重重地击打”。故填heavily。 24.With the money, we have sent many poor children to school. (success) 【答案】successfully 【详解】句意:用这笔钱,我们已经成功地送了许多贫困儿童上学。考查副词修饰动词。此处应用副词修饰动词sent,success的副词形式在词尾加fully。故填successfully。 25.I asked him to help me but he (agree). 【答案】disagreed 【详解】 句意:我请求他帮忙,但他没同意。根据but表转折可知,没有同意,disagree“不同意”;由并列连词but前面的动词asked(ask的过去式)可知,此句用一般过去时,因此动词disagree也要用过去式disagreed。故填disagreed。 26.Some insects are and we should try not to kill them. (harm) 【答案】harmless 【详解】句意:一些昆虫是无害的,我们应该尽量不要杀死它们。根据“we should try not to kill them”可知,这些昆虫无害,be动词后用形容词作表语,harmless“无害的”,形容词。故填harmless。 27.Poor little girl! It is for her to suffer so much. Let’s give her a hand. (fair) 【答案】unfair 【详解】句意:可怜的小女孩!她遭受这么多痛苦是不公平的。让我们帮她一把。fair“公平的”,形容词。根据“Poor little girl!”及“suffer so much”可知,小女孩遭受这么多是不公平的,故用unfair“不公平的”作表语。故填unfair。 28.If we don’t take action to protect the forests, they will soon . (appear) 【答案】disappear 【详解】句意:如果我们不采取行动保护森林,它们很快就会消失。根据“If we don’t take actions to protect the forests”可推知,后果是森林就会消失,disappear“消失”,由appear加否定前缀dis-构成,will后跟动词原形。故填disappear。 29.You should take an active part in the (discuss). 【答案】discussion 【详解】句意:你应该积极参加讨论。the后面需接名词;discuss“讨论”,动词,其名词为discussion。故填discussion。 30.His mother is a nurse and his father is a (manage). 【答案】manager 【详解】句意:他的母亲是一名护士,他的父亲是一名经理。根据“His mother is a nurse and”可知,后面应该填的是他父亲的职业。manage管理,动词。manager经理,可数名词。空前有a,需用可数名词单数形式。故填manager。 31.The man found himself (able) to walk and felt hopeless. 【答案】unable 【详解】句意:这个男子发现他自己不能走,感觉无望。able“能够的”,形容词。根据“felt hopeless”可知,感到无望是因为不能走路,unable“不能的”,形容词作宾补。故填unable。 32.There is a lot of (pollute) in this river. 【答案】pollution 【详解】句意:这条河里有很多污染物。根据“a lot of”可知此处应用“pollute”的名词形式“pollution”,表示“污染物”,是不可数名词。故填pollution。 33.She thinks a good friend must know her (true). 【答案】truly 【详解】句意:她认为好朋友必须真正地了解她。此空修饰动词“know”,应用“true”的副词形式“truly”。故填truly。 34.They are just kidding. Don’t take it (serious). 【答案】seriously 【详解】句意:他们只是在开玩笑。别当真。此空修饰动词“take”,应用“serious”的副词形式“seriously”。故填seriously。 35.As we all know, thinking is really important to students. (dependent) 【答案】independent 【详解】句意:正如我们所知,独立思考对学生来说至关重要。根据括号内提示词dependent以及“... is really important to students.”可知,对学生有益的思考方式是独立思考。所给词dependent意为“依赖的”,应添加否定前缀变为independent“独立的”。故填independent。 36.Most (west) people like eating fast food. 【答案】western 【详解】句意:大部分西方人都喜欢吃快餐。此空修饰名词“people”,因此应用“west”的形容词“western”,表示“西方的”,作定语。故填western。 37.How those people deeply influenced by wars wish to live (peace)! 【答案】peacefully 【详解】句意:那些被战争深深影响的人们多么希望能和平地生活!此空修饰动词“live”,因此应用“peace”的副词形式“peacefully”,表示和平地生活。故填peacefully。 38.My father keeps diaries to remember his (day) life. 【答案】daily 【详解】句意:我爸爸写日记来记录他的日常生活。此处修饰后面的名词“life”,因此应用“day”的形容词“daily”,表示“日常的”,作“life”的定语。故填daily。 39.A lot of (art) perform plays, concerts and operas there. 【答案】artists 【详解】句意:许多艺术家在那里演出戏剧,音乐会和歌剧。art“艺术”,名词。根据“A lot of ...(art) perform plays...”可知,此处指艺术家,把art变为artist“艺术家”;“A lot of”后接复数名词,故填artists。 40.There are four girls in the shop. (Germany) 【答案】German 【详解】句意:在那个商店有四个德国的女孩。此空修饰后面的名词“girls”,因此应用形容词,“Germany”对应的形容词是“German”。故填German。 53 / 54 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 构词法 考情 分析 考点分布 构词法是英语学习的重要内容,主要涉及单词的构成方式,包括转化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考英语中,构词法的考点主要分布在词汇拼写、单选、阅读理解和综合填空等题型中。 题型分布 1. 词汇拼写:直接考查学生对构词法的理解和应用,如通过加前后缀构成新词。 2. 单选:在单选题中,可能会给出一个派生词或合成词,要求学生选出正确的词义或词性。 3. 阅读理解:在阅读理解中,构词法有助于学生根据上下文推测生词的含义,从而更好地理解文章。 4. 综合填空:综合填空题中,可能会要求学生根据构词法知识填写合适的单词形式。 考法与 比重 近年来,中考英语对构词法的考查比重逐年上升。这既体现在词汇拼写和综合填空等直接考查构词法的题型中,也体现在阅读理解和单选等间接考查构词法的题型中。构词法的考查通常与语境紧密结合,要求学生在理解文章或句子的基础上,运用构词法知识解答问题。 命题 规律 语境化 构词法的考查越来越注重语境化,即要求学生在特定的语境中理解和应用构词法知识。这有助于学生更好地掌握词汇的用法和含义。 综合化 中考英语构词法的考查呈现综合化的趋势,即多种构词法知识可能会在同一道题目中出现,要求学生综合运用所学知识解答问题。 高频化 一些常见的构词法,如派生法和合成法,在中考英语中的考查频率较高。学生需要重点掌握这些构词法的基本规则和常见例词。 生活化 中考英语构词法的考查内容越来越贴近学生的生活实际,如通过构词法知识理解网络新词、科技术语等。这有助于学生将所学知识应用于实际生活中,提高英语应用能力。 考点一 派生法 1.(2024·江苏无锡·一模)Don’t eat too much at a time, or you’ll feel (comfortable). 2.(2024·江苏泰州·一模)The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “ ”. (possible) 3.(2024·江苏泰州·一模)Before Giant Panda Fu Bao returned to China, thousands of (tour) came to Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao. 4.(2024·江苏无锡·二模)In Zhuhai Park, you can enjoy the natural beauty, or (simple) breathe the fresh air. 5.(2024·上海长宁·二模)People in that city prepared to their houses after the terrible flood. (build) 在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词,这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀,加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。 考向1 前缀(前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性) 1.表否定意义的前缀 前缀 示例 un- able→unable usual→unusual happy→unhappy in- correct→incorrect expensive→inexpensive im- polite→impolite patient→impatient possible→impossible dis- like→dislike appear→disappear agree→disagree honest→dishonest non- smoker→non-smoker native→non-native 2.其他 前缀 含义 示例 mis- 错误 understand→misunderstand lead→mislead re- 再;又,重复 view→review build→rebuild write→rewrite inter- 相互;交互在一起 net→Internet national→international a- 处于……状态或过程中 live→alive wake→awake en- 使可能 rich→enrich able→enable courage→encourage tele- 远的;电视的;电话的 control→telecontrol phone→telephone vision→television 考向2 后缀(后缀多数改变词性) 类型 后缀 示例 名词→形容词 -y rain→rainy luck→lucky health→healthy wealth→wealthy -ly love→lovely friend→friendly -ous danger→dangerous humor→humorous -ful use→usefulcare→careful help→helpful -less词义与加-ful时相反 use→useless care→careless -ern west→western south→southern -en gold→golden wood→wooden -al nation→national tradition→traditional -ish fool→foolish child→childish 名词→名词 -ist art→artist piano→pianist tour→tourist science→scientist -hood child→childhood neighbor→neighborhood -ship leader→leadership friend→friendship -ese China→Chinese Japan→Japanese -n, -an, -ian Australia→Australian Europe→European music→musician 动词→名词 -er, -or, -(r)ess teach→teacher win→winner act→actor visit→visitor wait→waitress -ing paint→painting build→building cross→crossing -ment develop→development -(t)ion/-sion/去e加-ation invite→invitation decide→decision discuss→discussion 动词→形容词 -able comfort→comfortable enjoy→enjoyable (去e加)-(t)ive act→active create→creative -(e)d surprise→surprised interest→interested (去e加)-ing interest→interesting excite→exciting 形容词→名词 -ty safe→safety -ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness happy→happiness (-le变)-(il)ity able→ability real→reality possible→possibility -ce(以t结尾去t再加-ce) important→importance silent→silence different→difference -th true→truth warm→warmth -(e)r foreign→foreigner strange→stranger 形容词→副词 -ly real→really final→finally 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i再加-ly happy→happily angry→angrily heavy→heavily 以“辅音字母+le”结尾,去掉e再加-y simple→simply terrible→terribly comfortable→comfortably 以ll结尾,只加y full→fully 少数以e结尾,要去掉e再加-ly true→truly 考点二 合成法 1.(2024·甘肃定西·一模)His brother is ________ boy. He is very handsome. A.a 18 years old B.an 18-year-old C.an 18-years-old D.an 18 year old 2.(2023·江苏南京·一模)Which word is formed in the same way as “weekend”? A.unable B.invention C.helpless D.noticeboard 3.(2024·广西桂林·一模)Which word is formed in the same way as “newspaper”? A.sportsman B.unhappy C.agreement 4.(21-22九年级上·江苏苏州·期中)Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A.helpless B.wartime C.hard-working D.blackboard 5.(2021·江苏南京·二模)Which of the following words is created in the same way as “blackboard”? A.careless B.impolite C.happiness D.bookshop 用两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。 类型 合成方式 示例 合成动词 形容词+动词 dry clean 干洗 名词+动词 sleepwalk梦游 sightsee观光 副词+动词 overcome克服 合成名词 名词+名词 basketball篮球bookshop书店 名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出 动词+副词 get-together (非正式的)聚会,联欢会 形容词+名词 greenhouse温室 blackboard黑板 介词+名词 afternoon下午 合成形容词 名词+形容词 snow-white雪白的 名词/形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted热心的 介词+名词 underground地下的 名词+动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的 形容词/副词+动词过去分词 ready-made现成的 newborn新生的 形容词/副词+动词-ing形式 good-looking漂亮的 hard-working工作努力的 名词+动词过去分词 man-made人造的 heart-broken心碎的 数词+名词 second-hand 二手的 数词+名词+形容词 10-metre-long10米长的 动词+副词 take-away外卖的 合成副词 副词+名词 upstairs在楼上 downstairs在楼下 合成介词 介词+名词 outside在……外面 inside在……里面 介词+副词 without没有 throughout自始至终;遍及 考点三 转化法 英语中,把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下: 类型 示例 名词→动词 book(n.)书→(v.)预订 hand(n.)手→(v.)上交 water(n.)水→(v.)浇水 land(n.)陆地→(v.)着陆 name(n.)名字→(v.)命名 score(n.)分数→(v.)得分 动词→名词 cook(v.)烹饪→(n.)厨师 rain(v.)下雨→(n.)雨 walk(v.)散步,走→(n.)散步 break(v.)打破→(n.)休息 stop(v.)停止→(n.)车站 lift(v.)举起→(n.)电梯 形容词→动词 clean(adj.)干净的→(v.)打扫 open(adj.)开放的→(v.)打开 last(adj.)最后的→(v.)持续 tidy(adj.)整洁的→(v.)使整洁 形容词→名词 right(adj.)正确的→(n.)正确 wrong(adj.)错误的→(n.)错误 back(adj.)后面的→(n.)背部,后面 light(adj.)明亮的→(n.)灯 1.Don’t be with your son, after all he is only seven years old. (patient) 2.The fisherman’s wife said to him, “Why can’t we live in a new house? It’s unfair.” (happy) 3.Don’t make much noise in public. It’s (polite). 4.He was an actor several years ago, but now he becomes famous. (know) 5.Sometimes they strongly (agree) with each other, so they need to communicate more often. 6.Of the four seasons in Chongqing, spring is the most (usual) one, because people are wearing all kinds of clothes. For example, you can see sweaters and T-shirt s at the same time. 7.It is (polite) to speak when you are eating things. 8.Mr Zhang, your is excellent! Have you ever studied abroad? (pronounce) 9.My father asked me to my homework because of my poor handwriting. (write) 10.I like shopping at 9 a. m. because the supermarket is (crowd) at that time. 11.Reading aloud is (help) to the students who want to improve their English. 12.Experience is a wealth of knowledge and a symbol of . (wise) 13.This chair really makes me (comfortable), so I need another one. 14.The magazine is a great success and it’s quite popular with these . (read) 15.Nowadays WeChat is used among people of different ages. (wide) 16.The (invent) from the university spent much of their time developing a new type of energy. 17.I am sure she failed in the competition because of the look on her face. (happy) 18.Scientists say some animals will soon because of the serious pollution. (appear) 19.It’s (polite)to ask your teachers direct questions. 20.I hope all my are helpful to you.   (suggest) 21.The boy (careless) put the cup on the table and it fell down. 22.The never dreamed of having a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. (compete) 23.He hit his hand (heavy) against the wall. 24.With the money, we have sent many poor children to school. (success) 25.I asked him to help me but he (agree). 26.Some insects are and we should try not to kill them. (harm) 27.Poor little girl! It is for her to suffer so much. Let’s give her a hand. (fair) 28.If we don’t take action to protect the forests, they will soon . (appear) 29.You should take an active part in the (discuss). 30.His mother is a nurse and his father is a (manage). 31.The man found himself (able) to walk and felt hopeless. 32.There is a lot of (pollute) in this river. 33.She thinks a good friend must know her (true). 34.They are just kidding. Don’t take it (serious). 35.As we all know, thinking is really important to students. (dependent) 36.Most (west) people like eating fast food. 37.How those people deeply influenced by wars wish to live (peace)! 38.My father keeps diaries to remember his (day) life. 39.A lot of (art) perform plays, concerts and operas there. 40.There are four girls in the shop. (Germany) 53 / 54 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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专题04 构词法(讲练)-【上好课】2025年中考英语二轮复习讲练测(全国通用)
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专题04 构词法(讲练)-【上好课】2025年中考英语二轮复习讲练测(全国通用)
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专题04 构词法(讲练)-【上好课】2025年中考英语二轮复习讲练测(全国通用)
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