专题15. 构词法-2025年新高考英语语法知识通关必备及母题对点精练

2025年新高考英语语法知识通关必备及母题对点精练 专题15. 构词法 核心考点思维导图 核心考点讲练 核心考点1. 派生法（Derivation） 派生法指通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词的方法，用派生法构成的词叫做派生词。一般词根决定词义，前缀改变词义，后缀决定词性。 1. 形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 －age short → shortage不足；短缺 －cy efficient → efficiency效率；功效 accurate → accuracy准确性 －dom free → freedom自由；自主 wise → wisdom明智；智慧 －ence different → difference差异 silent → silence沉默 －ness weak → weakness虚弱；弱点 careless → carelessness粗心大意 －th strong → strength力气；强项 wide → width宽 －y －ty －ity disable → disability无能；残疾 responsible → responsibility责任 2.动词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 －al approve → approval赞成；批准 arrive → arrival到来 －ance appear → appearance出现；外貌 perform → performance表演；节目 －ence exist → existence存在；生存 refer → reference参考；查阅 －ion construct → construction建设 evaluate → evaluation评估 －ation consider → consideration考虑 imagine → imagination想象力 －(s)sion discuss → discussion讨论；辩论 admit → admission接纳；准许入学 －ing hear → hearing听力；听觉begin → beginning开始 －ment argue → argument辩论；论据 equip → equipment设备 －ure fail → failure失败；没做到 press → pressure压力 －ture mix → mixture混合；混合物 depart → departure离开；出发 －y recover → recovery恢复；痊愈 discover → discovery发现 其他 vary → variety多样化；种类 tend → tendency趋向；趋势 3.表示＂人＂的后缀 后缀 例词 －er village → villager村民 strange → stranger陌生人 －ar lie → liar说谎者 －ee employ → employee受雇者；雇员 interview → interviewee被面试者 －or invent → inventor发明家 educate → educator教育家；教师 －ess steward → stewardess 女乘务员 host → hostess 女主人；女主持人 －ese China → Chinese中国人 Japan → Japanese日本人 －an America → American美国人 Australia → Australian澳洲人 －ian history → historian历史学家 politics → politician政治家；政客 －ist special → specialist专家 tour → tourist旅行者；观光者 －ant participate → participant参加者 assist → assistant助手；图书管理员 4.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀 后缀 例词 －able accept → acceptable可接受的 comfort → comfortable舒适的 －al person → personal个人的；私人的 nature → natural自然的；天生的 －ful hope → hopeful有希望的 peace → peaceful和平的 －ed confuse → confused感到困惑的 bore → bored感到厌倦的 －ing surprise → surprising令人惊讶的 convince → convincing令人信服的 －ible access → accessible容易到达的；容易取得的 horror → horrible可怕的；恐怖的 －ive effect → effective有效的；生效的 instruct → instructive有教育意义的 －ous anxiety → anxious忧虑的 curiosity → curious好奇的 －some tire → tiresome令人厌倦的 trouble → troublesome麻烦的 －y taste → tasty美味的；可口的 wealth → wealthy富裕的；丰富的 dirt → dirty有灰尘的；脏的 －ern east → eastern东方的；向东的 west → western西方的；向西的 －ish fool → foolish愚蠢的；可笑的 self → selfish自私的 －ic science → scientific科学的 history → historic历史上著名的 －ary imagine → imaginary想象中的 5.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 前缀 例词 dis－ advantage → disadvantage缺点 comfort → discomfort不舒适 il－ legal → illegal不合法的 logical → illogical不合逻辑的 im－ patient → impatient不耐烦的 moral → immoral不道德的 in－ formal → informal非正式的 convenient → inconvenient不方便的 ir－ regular → irregular不规则的 responsible → irresponsible不负责任的 mis－ lead → mislead误导 understand → misunderstand误解 un－ willing → unwilling不愿意的 happy → unhappy不高兴的 后缀 例词 －less hope → hopeless绝望的 care → careless粗心的 6.变动词的前缀和后缀 前缀 例词 en－ large → enlarge扩大 rich → enrich使充实；使丰富 后缀 例词 －en broad → broaden使变宽 hard → harden使变硬 －ify class → classify把……分类 beauty → beautify美化 －ize apology → apologize道歉 emphasis → emphasize强调 对点精练 1. (2024年浙江首考) Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive __________ (solve) to one-time event dressing. 2. (2024年全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed（承诺）to promote the idea at the__________（complete）of their journey. 3. (2024年全国新高考1卷)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective__________(function) structure that is also beautiful. 4. (2023年全国甲卷)__________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. 5. (2023年全国乙卷)The__________(remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 6. (2023年全国新高考1卷)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, __________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. 7. (2022年全国新高考Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international __________ (visible), said Edmondson 8. (2022年全国甲卷·65&66) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental __________ (protect). 9. (2022年全国乙卷·65) As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a __________（responsible）to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 10. (2021年全国乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples. 11. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·64) The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 12. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 13. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 14. (2020年全国Ⅲ卷·64) Filled with___________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 15. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·70) But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s ____________(wonder). 16. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·66) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ____________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 17. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·68) To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ___________(strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 18. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·69) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ___________(energy). 19. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·67) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _______ (globe) fertilizer consumption. 20. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷· 66) My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 答案速对 1. solution 2. completion 3. functional 4. Different 5. remarkable 6. tasty 7. visibility 8. protection 9. responsibility 10. financial 11. interest 12. celebration 13. beautiful 14. curiosity 15. wonderful 16. competition 17. strenthen 18. enegetic 19. global 20. scientist 核心考点2. 转化法 转化法是一个单词由一种词性转化成另外一个词性而词形不变的方法。 对点精练 根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义 1. In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾）that mirrors our fear of the dark. 2. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head, Again, not a move. 3. When it comes to pests, red fire ants would probably top everyone’s list. 4. First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion. 5. Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes. 答案速对 1. 反映 2. 放置；移动 3. 居.....之首 4. 表达 5. 洪水涌出 核心考点3. 合成法 合成法是一个单词由一种词性转化成另外一个词性而词形不变的方法。 1.合成名词 构成方式 例词 名词＋名词 weekend周末 名词＋动词 daybreak黎明 名词＋动名词 handwriting书法 名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药 名词＋介词＋名词 sister-in-law嫂子 代词＋名词 she-wolf母狼，he-goat 动词＋名词 typewriter打字机 动名词＋名词 reading-room阅览室 现在分词＋名词 flying-fish飞鱼 形容词＋名词 freshman大一新生 副词＋动词 outlook景色，风光 介词＋名词 afterbrain后脑 2.合成形容词 构成方式 例词 名词＋形容词 bloodred血红的 名词＋现在分词 French-speaking讲法语的 名词＋to＋名词 one-to-one一对一的 名词＋过去分词 man-made人造的 数词＋名词 one-way单行道的 数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old三岁的 数词＋名词＋ed ten-storeyed十层的 动词＋副词 one-off 一次性的 形容词＋名词 high-quality高质量的 形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词＋形容词 light-green浅绿色的 形容词＋现在分词 ordinary-looking相貌一般的 副词＋形容词 ever-green常青的 副词＋现在分词 hard-working辛勤的 副词＋过去分词 well-known著名的 副词＋名词 fast-food提供快餐的 介词＋名词 indoor室内的 3.合成动词 构成方式 例词 名词＋动词 sleep-walk梦游 形容词＋动词 white-wash粉刷 副词＋动词 overwhelm压倒，制服 4.合成副词 构成方式 例词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot匆忙地 形容词＋副词 everywhere到处 副词＋副词 however尽管如此 介词＋名词 beforehand事先 介词＋副词 forever永远 5.合成代词 构成方式 例词 代词宾格＋self herself 她自己，themselves 物主代词＋self myself 我自己 形容词＋名词 anything 一切 对点精练 语法填空 1. (2024・全国 I 卷)In the club, there are many like-minded people. 2. (2024・全国 I 卷)You need to reschedule your meeting because of the conflict. 3. (2024・全国 I 卷)The fans of the home team outnumber those of the visiting team. 4. (2023年新高考全国 Ⅱ 卷) These small studies provide inspiration and may be a springboard for more complex works in the future. 5. (2023年全国乙卷) The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world, helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport.” 6. (2022年新高考 Ⅰ 卷 )These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter - gatherer people today. 7. (2022年全国甲卷) Goffin’s cockatoos…have been shown to have similar shape - recognition abilities to a human two - year - old. 8. (2022年全国甲卷) These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick - started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. 9. (2021年全国甲) It’s the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame for getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria 10. (2020年全国 Ⅲ 卷) Four years ago they all moved into a three - storey Victorian house in Bristol - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. 答案速对 1. 想法相同的；志同道合的 2. 数量上超过 3. 重新安排 4. 跳板 5. 飞速上升；猛涨 6. 狩猎采集者 7. 形状识别 8. 开启；启动 9. 被列入黑名单的 10. 多代同堂的 核心考点4. 缩短法 缩短法是将字母截短缩写或用首字母组成新单词的方法。 对点精练 1. A few hours before/earlier, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with its choking smog. 2. An earthquake hit the area last night, causing some damage. But people there were mainly talking about the quake in the following days 3. She caught the flu and had to stay in bed. The flu made her feel very uncomfortable. 4. The hotel offers special services and facilities for VIP guests. They have a separate check-in counter and can enjoy free access to the executive lounge. 5. She wrote a memo to remind herself of the meeting. The memo was very important for the work. 答案速对 1. 雾霾（smog=smoke+fog) 2. 地震(=earthquake) 3. 流感(=influenza）4. 重要人物/贵宾(=Very Important Person) 5. 备忘录(=memorandum) 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$