重难点13 阅读理解七选五-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点13 阅读理解之七选五 年份 体裁 词数 设题位置 主题语境 话题 段首 段中 段尾 2024 说明文 281+82 1 4 0 人与社会 “刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式 2023 说明文 255+83 1 2 2 人与自然 选择高校的建议 2022 说明文 225+81 1 4 0 人与自我 健康和健身 2021 说明文 275+102 2 3 0 人与社会 音乐对身体的好处 2020 说明文 282+84 1 3 1 人与自我 积极思考的各种益处 北京高考信息还原(七选五)试题所选文本的题材贴近学生生活,语篇类型以说明文为主,也有议论文。 从考点上看,通常考查学生对说明文和议论文的结构、整体内容以及上下文逻辑意 义的理解和掌握。根据设空处在段落中的位置可分为段首题、段中题和段尾题。设空处在段首,通常考查段落主题句或过渡句;设空处在段中,通常考查过渡句或细节句;设空 处在段尾,通常考查细节句、过渡句或总结句。 纵观历年真题,段中题最多、段尾题最少。其中,2021年和2022年均未考查段尾题。也就是说,对细节句和过渡句考查得最多,对主旨句和总结句考查得相对少些。 一．备考策略 1. 了解篇章的结构特点以及干扰项的特点 (1)通常说明文第一段会交代说明对象,中间几段常用并列或递进的方式围绕说明对象展开说明,最后一段是总结。其段落写作方式是段落首句为主题句,尾句为总结句,中 间分别是解释说明、举例论证、数据论证等。了解文章的写作方式可以帮助学生从 命题者视角审题,进而答题更快、更准。 (2)干扰项通常具有以下特点:主旨概括句常过于宽泛、以偏概全或偏离主题;过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性细节句与语境脱节,虽用了与前后句相同的关键词, 表述内容却偏离主题。 2. 积累信号词,培养举一反三的能力 学生阅读文章时要归纳文中使上下文逻辑连贯的词汇(详见方法透析)。 3. 培养句间、段间逻辑连贯的意识和能力 学生可以将一篇文章以句子为单位打乱顺序并还原。在这个过程中,学生要关注到 句间和段间的逻辑关系,这样逻辑连贯意识和能力可得到培养和提升。 4. 运用瞻前顾后、牢记主旨的策略 (1)设空处前和设空处后的2—3个句子都要读到,与选项比对核心词、比对句子结构。 (2)有时某个选项句子放进空格,前后是说得通的,却和全文的主旨相悖,是要排除的干扰项。 二．方法技巧 1.依据词汇线索 (1)找准代词所指代的对象,定位选项 例1(2023北京海淀期末)People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may tell you how much everyone loves them,what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty much everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of themselves”. 　　　 They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of themselves”. E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth. F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with casual confidence. G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth. 例2(2023北京海淀期末)However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a specialist. Professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. 　　    It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems. B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception. C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry. D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes. (2)根据数词/字复现或同现原则,缩小答案范围 例3　The Olympic Games have expanded from 241 to more than 10,000 competitors since the original reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games. 　　    Although enthusiasts of many activities hope to see their avocations(业余爱好) become Olympic sports, only a few receive one of the wanted chances in the Olympic program. How Are Sports Chosen for the Olympics? A. Dozens of additions have been made in the Olympic program since 1896 with almost 100 events being added since 1980 alone. B. Once a sport is recognized, it then moves to International Sports Federations status. C. A sport may gain recognition but not become a competing event at the Olympic Games. (3)注意以不同形式复现的词汇,如同义词、近义词、同源词(词根相同,但词性不同的词)和反义词 例4(2022北京海淀期中) “We have videos of people being interviewed for jobs and we will manipulate the names of those candidates before others evaluate them,” she says. “What's in a name?” William Shakespeare asked us in Romeo and Juliet. “That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Well, perhaps not. E. Such terms show sound iconicity, or a similarity between a word's form and meaning. F. There is no evidence that the Kates of the world are more extroverted than the Annes. G. Pexman will also examine how people's names could affect their chances of being chosen after an interview. (4)利用主语一致原则,减少干扰项 例5(2022北京海淀期末)If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcement and access the courage to show different sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. 　　     E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth. F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with casual confidence. G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth. 2.巧用上下文的逻辑和衔接关系 (1)并列关系 例6Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 　　     A. We should also try to sleep well the night before. B. It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories. C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick. (2)转折关系 例7　Professor Jerald has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”. However, this is only one side of the story. 　　    They make a promise which they have no intention of carrying out. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way. A. A woman tells another woman she likes her dress when she thinks it looks terrible. B. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell serious lies. C. Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? (3)例证关系 例8Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 　　    The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping. E. That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning. F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea. G. Tononi's team measured the size of these connections,or synapses,in the brains of 12 mice. (4)因果关系 例9　The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 　　     D. Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with. E. It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces. F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time. G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways. 3.利用相同句式定位答案 例10Much of the work in today's world is completed in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent. 　　    Is their money well spent? A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent. B. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention. 4.放大阅读“焦点”、锁定有效关键词、厘清段落结构 例11(2021北京海淀期中) What's in a name? Some words sound like what they mean. And they could influence everything from fictional depictions of aliens to your first impression on a job application. But most words have no apparent connection to what they signify. As the linguist Steven Pinker puts it, we call a dog “dog” because everyone else does. And that's how it has to be . 　　     B. People tend to expect one to have specific traits based on how one's name sounds. C. The English language has developed a rule of names reflecting people's good qualities. D. It would overwhelm our senses if every word we speak came with a deeper meaning. （建议用时：40分钟） 高考真题 一 【2024北京卷】If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things. Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. ___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies. ___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. The advantage that. foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know. So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog. A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each. B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes. C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence. D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing. E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs. F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional. G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position. 二 【2023北京卷】It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 35 When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 36 Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes. Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 38 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates. 39 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission. What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower. A．Higher education has achieved its true potential. B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion. C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor. D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching. E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged. F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities. G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors. 三 【2022年北京卷】Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases. ____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in. It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age. Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness. A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life. B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other. C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind. D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily. E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner. F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life. G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases. 高考模拟试题 一 （2024·北京·三模）Everyone carries a shield（屏障）. Our shields protect what we don’t want others to see, from our embarrassing secrets to our unpredictable feelings. 1 But the problem is that shields can become heavy burdens — easy to put on yet difficult to remove — with terrible effects. Since shields encourage us to hide negative parts of ourselves, we can start to believe that we aren’t worth showing. We might fear how our friends will judge our struggles or how our families will view our ambitions. 2 However, we have to remember that we aren’t perfect, nor should we expect to be. We need to find and cure the wounds underneath our shields, but that means we have to let down our guard. We may even have problems we haven’t admitted to ourselves. 3 Even if it seems insignificant, every problem should be acknowledged before it grows. Before being cured, we must know that we need to be cured, and be okay with admitting that. Knowing this takes bravery and patience, so it’ll be hard. 4 Yet asking for help means admitting our problems to somebody else — it means letting them see what’s behind our shields. To make it easier, we can reveal ourselves to somebody close to us who we trust will understand us and provide personal support. Or, if we fear judgement, we can open up to someone distant but knowledgeable, such as a counsellor or a help line. No matter what, we can find help when we begin searching. 5 We can be more forgiving of faults so we can become comfortable with ours and encourage others to follow. Most importantly, we can let people know that we are willing to listen and help and make it easier to let down our shields. A．This is not a bad thing. B．We need to be understood. C．We shouldn’t expect to do any of it without help. D．In short, we have the power to change this phenomenon. E．Hence we decide to hide ourselves underneath our masks. F．If you can’t trust your partner, it won’t be easy to let them in. G．Maybe we’re hiding something from a friend or scared to admit an error. 二 （2024·北京大兴·三模）The only words you need to say after receiving a compliment (赞美) are “thank you”. But you know that's easier said than done. There are many reasons why you have a hard time accepting compliments. 1 It's a three step process. First, believe what people tell you. If you're still having a hard time taking the compliment, double check. And if it's still hard to accept then you'll have to check yourself. 2 For example, if you're six feet tall and I say, “Wow, you're tall! ” I'm being honest. I'm five foot nine, so plenty of people are tall compared to me. I'm expressing that subjectively, from my shorter vantage point, you are tall. I'm not saying everyone would agree with me. Just like if I say City of God is a great movie, I'm not saying you have to think it's a great movie. You have to listen carefully to compliments. It's not always obvious if you're being complimented for something only others can observe. If you are five foot six inches tall, and weigh seventy pounds, I would say you are slim. But if you are comparing yourself to someone who is shorter, and weighs five pounds less than you, you might call yourself plump. In this extreme example, the outside perspective is more accurate than the internal one.   3 If you're still struggling to accept a compliment, you don't just have to take someone at their word. It can be hard to accept an opinion when it's the opposite of yours, so call in reinforcements. Ask someone else what they think. 4 You can ask two or three or four more people if two isn't enough. 5 If you mislead or lie to people about your opinions, then it's not surprising that you have a hard time trusting that people's compliments are genuine. Be more honest with people around you, and you'll find it much easier to believe what people say about you. A．They will be the tie breaker. B．You can check with someone else instead. C．The causes are complicated but the path to accepting compliments is simpler. D．How honest are you with your friends and family when they ask for your opinion? E．When someone is trying to pay you a compliment, they are speaking subjectively. F．When someone pays you a compliment, they are speaking about something that is observable. G．Similarly, when I call you smart or funny, I'm commenting based on my definition of smart or funny, that's how I see you. 三 （2023高三下·北京海淀·专题练习）My, what a big beak you have! For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bodies of many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. 2 All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. 3 Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins. Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors, from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the changes. The team combined data from different species in different places. Since they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. 5 That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow. A．However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer. B．For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. C．Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors. D．It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to. E．Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies. F．Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat. G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings. 四 （2023·北京·三模）Public speaking and critical thinking What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic (逻辑) — of being able to spot weaknesses in other people’s argument and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence. In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking — the ability to see clearly their lationships among ideas. 1 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas.that, too, is critical thinking. 2 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also discovered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter of arranging the ideas your already have. 3 What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 4 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 5 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class,You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations. If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece. A．Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves. B．This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it. C．It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. D．It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas. E．If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot. F．The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. G．As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well. 五 （2023·北京·三模）How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself? Things may not always go as planned. 1 Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. 2 They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. It also means trusting your instincts, the ability you’re born with, rather than through training and being confident about your ability to face challenges. A resourceful person is not the one getting cross or panicking when something goes wrong. They’re thinking about how to solve the problem. 3 When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. 4 This can boost self-esteem, that is, how you feel about yourself. When you’re facing a challenge, try to focus on the actual problem rather than how you feel about it. Think about where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time. And remember, no one is expected to solve all problems by themselves. If you have a tricky problem that you’re unable to solve, then ask a trusted adult for help. A．You also learn what you’re good at. B．Here is how you can be more resourceful. C．They can be practical things like pens and paper. D．Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways. E．These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on. F．Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best. G．But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations. 六 （2023·北京·三模）In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 1 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read. Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. 2 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language. 4 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing?, the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 5 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English. A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting. B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though. C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change. D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use. E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation. F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking. G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors. 七 （2024·北京海淀·二模）Being sensitive means that you are observant, careful, and thoughtful. It can also mean you sometimes overinterpret or overreact to perceived criticism or judgment. If you tend to be a highly sensitive person, you are more likely to misread signals from others, sense social threats, and struggle to adapt to new circumstances. 1 The power of insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) power” . 2 For example, those working on complex research projects with “sluggish power” persist with focus and determination in the face of challenges such as tight deadlines and limited resources. Their resilience facilitates effective problem-solving, ensuring the successful completion of tasks despite obstacles. 3 That is one of the important reasons why insensitivity allows a person to better survive and adapt in a competitive environment. Knowing oneself is difficult, but knowing oneself correctly is undoubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful people, who all clearly know where their strengths are, what they can do, what they want, and what direction to go. Practicing insensitivity involves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express our needs and opinions positively and with confidence. Secondly, adopt a forward-looking mindset. 4 Additionally, detach from external influences. Avoid excessive concern over others’ opinions and speculation on others’ thoughts. Lastly, manage relationships. Recognize our personal responsibilities while respecting others’ boundaries. Don’t interfere with other people’s subjects and don’t let others interfere with ours either. 5 Once you become a bit “blunt” and slow down the pace, you will feel more comfortable. A．Learn to view the problem as two parts. B．That’s where the need to be insensitive comes from. C．I hope everyone can obtain the ability to be insensitive. D．Behind insensitivity is a strong sense of self-awareness. E．Being a highly sensitive person can come with many challenges. F．It implies the ability to calmly face the setbacks and firmly move forward. G．Focus on long-term goals rather than the ups and downs of life at the moment. 八 （2024·北京东城·二模）Socrates, Galileo, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in common? They all practiced deliberate doubt and used it as a tool to improve their thinking and generate creative ideas. 1 It is about suspending our certainty and letting go of our preconceived (先入为主的) notions in order to explore new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain of something, we tend to stop looking for alternative explanations or possibilities. 2 Doubt can, of course, be unsettling, but it can also result in a greater understanding of a subject and inspire fresh thoughts and insights. 3 But it doesn’t mean we should use it all the time. While deliberate doubt can be a valuable tool for generating creative ideas and exploring complex problems, it can also be counterproductive if it is not practiced in the right way. It’s important to keep in mind that deliberate doubt is not constant doubt. If we’re continuously doubting our own ideas, we’ll be less likely to pursue them and see them through to completion. 4 We spend so much time doubting everything and end up not doing anything. 5 We can become self-critical and unsure of our abilities, which can undermine our self-esteem. As a result, we may be too afraid to try new things or take risks. To avoid these traps, it’s important to strike a balance between doubt and certainty, and to use doubt as a tool to stimulate creative thinking and exploration, rather than as a means of undermining ourselves or others. A．Deliberate doubt can also lead to a lack of confidence. B．But when we doubt, we’re forced to consider other perspectives. C．In this case, deliberate doubt can prevent us from making decisions. D．When practiced all the time, deliberate doubt can lead to a different belief. E．By turning doubt into a deliberate process, we open ourselves to new possibilities. F．Deliberate doubt is the practice of actively questioning our beliefs and assumptions. G．Deliberate doubt can help us to develop a more open-minded approach to the world. 九 【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Do you want to be a cognitive superager when you are old? Just as you take steps towards a future-proofing body, you can enhance your brain’s resilience to age-related disease by boosting cognitive reserve. Andrew Sommerlad, an associate professor of psychiatry, discovers the power of cognitive reserve in studies of older people who show signs of Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症) in their brains. 1 Actually, three years ago, colleagues of Sommerlad had also published findings from Study of Ageing. They showed that higher levels of cognitive reserve are associated with lower levels of dementia. 2 The strong cognitive reserve is helpful to stave off symptoms of brain changes associated not just with dementia but with other brain diseases. It also helps you to function better for longer when facing unexpected life events as you get older. How do you improve it? The younger you implement things that will bolster it, the better. For example, you can do tasks that challenges your brain ability, like crosswords, reading, giving impromptu speech and critical thinking. 3 So, do mind-body practices like yoga, Tai Chi or meditation to reduce stress is also important. This can help you balance the periods of mental demand and relaxation. 4 ideally, seven to nine hours is optimal for enhancing cognitive reserve. Start by improving your sleep hygiene with steps such as avoiding electronic screens. Cognitive reserve is developed through a lifetime of education, curiosity and persistence. 5 A．Its effects are wide reaching. B．Additionally, maintain regular sleep patterns. C．So plan ahead to make sure you keep cognitively busy and engaged! D．There are ways you can improve sleep, for both young and old people. E．It suggests that developing a good cognitive reserve can be powerfully protective. F．However, thinking too hard for too long may wear you out, hurting cognitive reserve. G．They cope better with pathological (病理上的) changes, the higher their powers of cognitive reserve. 十 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】In most adults, learning and thinking begin to decline as early as age 30. People start to perform slightly worse in tests of cognitive abilities such as the rate at which someone does a mental task. 1 These changes are often considered normal aging. But they may instead represent something more like the “summer slide” that some schoolchildren experience in academic progress during summer break. Recent research suggests that a pause of learning is indeed a problem causing cognitive reduction. 2 In a three-month intervention, the researchers provided an encouraging learning environment for 24 older adults. They took at least three classes to learn three new skills. They also discussed issues related to learning barriers and motivation. Over the course these participants’ cognitive scores for memory and flexibility significantly improved. In a follow-up study, the researchers discovered amazingly that they had improved further: 3 In other words, giving these seniors a multicourse routine seemed to bring up their abilities to levels similar to those of college students. The researchers are still investigating why cognitive scores continued to climb after the program’s end, but one possibility is that the experience encouraged these older participants to continue learning and practicing new skills. Older adults are often assumed to be on a downward slide with unrecoverable loss. “Use it or lose it,” the saying goes. 4 Decline, as we so often see it, may not be certain. That’s why we need to create enriched learning environments for adults after their formal education and job training end. 5 Educators know how to educate children and adolescents, and we can adapt that knowledge to develop learning opportunities for adults. Societies could also provide resources and paths toward lifelong learning to ensure that everyone can benefit. Let’s shift the conversation about adults from avoiding loss and decline to learning and growing. A．But this decline can be addressed. B．The slide becomes sharper in their mid-60s. C．Interrupted learning may not only affect children. D．The question now is how society can maximize adult’s chances to keep learning. E．Their cognitive abilities after one year were close to those of adults 50 years younger. F．Older adult research tends to emphasize skill learning only after daily functions start to decline. G．However, the research suggests they can increase both skills and cognitive abilities over a long term. 十一 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】The beginning of the Year of the Dragon has foreshadowed a “Song of Ice and Fire” with the emergence of Sora, a text-to-video AI model. Videos generated by Sora display strong consistency when it comes to characters and backgrounds, and support continuous shots of up to 60 seconds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles. 1 However, film insiders noted that currently, AI-generated 60-second videos cannot support the creation of a full-length movie, and the idea that AI tools will “bomb” the film and television industry is so far unfounded. Meanwhile, experts say not to worry excessively, as the integration of AI will help optimize certain occupations, attract more innovative talents and bring new possibilities to the film and television industry. 2 From the age of film stock to the digital age, from practical effects to digital effects, from 2D to 3D, Sora, like any technological revolution in the century-long history of film, will improve production efficiency, update production and may even create new genres and trends in filmmaking. 3 Students learning film production can view Sora as a helpful assistant to unleash their sci-fi imagination. Facing the panic signals that AI tools will threaten the global film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA of film is art and that human creativity cannot be replaced. 4 Many directors, screenwriters, and actors achieve great works by continuously integrating personal emotions and life experiences. This kind of individual creativity cannot be imitated by machines like Sora. 5 However, just as the invention of printing did not replace literature or the invention of photography did not replace painting, Sora and its subsequent updates and upgrades will not replace film because the core of these art forms is creativity, which is a unique aspect of human thought. A．With OpenAI’s iteration speed, producing AI videos dozens of minutes long is not far off. B．It is also likely to be incorporated into film and television education and training in the future. C．Film and television are closely linked to technological advancements, which stimulate creativity. D．Sora will undoubtedly prompt changes in existing industrial production and may even replace some jobs. E．Sora is undoubtedly “more of an opportunity than a challenge” for the global film and television industry. F．Creativity and film production requires the integration of emotional experiences and individual memories. G．This implies that with just a text description, ordinary people using Sora may be able to become “great directors”. ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点13 阅读理解之七选五 年份 体裁 词数 设题位置 主题语境 话题 段首 段中 段尾 2024 说明文 281+82 1 4 0 人与社会 “刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式 2023 说明文 255+83 1 2 2 人与自然 选择高校的建议 2022 说明文 225+81 1 4 0 人与自我 健康和健身 2021 说明文 275+102 2 3 0 人与社会 音乐对身体的好处 2020 说明文 282+84 1 3 1 人与自我 积极思考的各种益处 北京高考信息还原(七选五)试题所选文本的题材贴近学生生活,语篇类型以说明文为主,也有议论文。 从考点上看,通常考查学生对说明文和议论文的结构、整体内容以及上下文逻辑意 义的理解和掌握。根据设空处在段落中的位置可分为段首题、段中题和段尾题。设空处在段首,通常考查段落主题句或过渡句;设空处在段中,通常考查过渡句或细节句;设空 处在段尾,通常考查细节句、过渡句或总结句。 纵观历年真题,段中题最多、段尾题最少。其中,2021年和2022年均未考查段尾题。也就是说,对细节句和过渡句考查得最多,对主旨句和总结句考查得相对少些。 一．备考策略 1. 了解篇章的结构特点以及干扰项的特点 (1)通常说明文第一段会交代说明对象,中间几段常用并列或递进的方式围绕说明对象展开说明,最后一段是总结。其段落写作方式是段落首句为主题句,尾句为总结句,中 间分别是解释说明、举例论证、数据论证等。了解文章的写作方式可以帮助学生从 命题者视角审题,进而答题更快、更准。 (2)干扰项通常具有以下特点:主旨概括句常过于宽泛、以偏概全或偏离主题;过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性细节句与语境脱节,虽用了与前后句相同的关键词, 表述内容却偏离主题。 2. 积累信号词,培养举一反三的能力 学生阅读文章时要归纳文中使上下文逻辑连贯的词汇(详见方法透析)。 3. 培养句间、段间逻辑连贯的意识和能力 学生可以将一篇文章以句子为单位打乱顺序并还原。在这个过程中,学生要关注到 句间和段间的逻辑关系,这样逻辑连贯意识和能力可得到培养和提升。 4. 运用瞻前顾后、牢记主旨的策略 (1)设空处前和设空处后的2—3个句子都要读到,与选项比对核心词、比对句子结构。 (2)有时某个选项句子放进空格,前后是说得通的,却和全文的主旨相悖,是要排除的干扰项。 二．方法技巧 1.依据词汇线索 (1)找准代词所指代的对象,定位选项 例1(2023北京海淀期末)People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may tell you how much everyone loves them,what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty much everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of themselves”. 　　　 They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of themselves”. E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth. F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with casual confidence. G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth. 解析    设空处在段中。读空格前后的内容并判断逻辑关系:空格前两句主要围绕低自尊的人展开论述;空格后两句主要讲述与They相关的正面信息。由此可判断出低自尊的人与后文中的They形成对比。找准指代对象并确定选项:选项E、F和G的主语分别是Self-esteem、People with a healthy level of self-esteem和you,选项F的主语与空格后两句的主语They及所描述的特点和行为具有一致性。 答案    F 例2(2023北京海淀期末)However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a specialist. Professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. 　　    It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems. B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception. C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry. D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes. 解析    设空处在段中。设空处前一句指出,从事心理治疗的专业医师并不进行评判(pass judgement)或者纠正错误。选项C的内容与设空处前一句有潜在的因果关系,同时This指代前一句话中的内容。 答案    C (2)根据数词/字复现或同现原则,缩小答案范围 例3　The Olympic Games have expanded from 241 to more than 10,000 competitors since the original reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games. 　　    Although enthusiasts of many activities hope to see their avocations(业余爱好) become Olympic sports, only a few receive one of the wanted chances in the Olympic program. How Are Sports Chosen for the Olympics? A. Dozens of additions have been made in the Olympic program since 1896 with almost 100 events being added since 1980 alone. B. Once a sport is recognized, it then moves to International Sports Federations status. C. A sport may gain recognition but not become a competing event at the Olympic Games. 解析    设空处在段中。设空处前一句中的1896对答案有提示。作者在写作过程中如果用到数词/字,为了达到一定的写作效果,有时会多个数词/字连用,因此学生可以观察空格前后是否还有数词/字,尤其是同类的或者是相似的数词/字。本题中,学生可以先定位选项A,选项A指出,从1896年以来,奥林匹克项目增加很多比赛项目,仅1980年以来就增加了几乎100个。1896与上文中的1896呼应,“Dozens of additions have been made in the Olympic program”与下文中的“their avocations become Olympic sports”呼应。 答案    A (3)注意以不同形式复现的词汇,如同义词、近义词、同源词(词根相同,但词性不同的词)和反义词 例4(2022北京海淀期中) “We have videos of people being interviewed for jobs and we will manipulate the names of those candidates before others evaluate them,” she says. “What's in a name?” William Shakespeare asked us in Romeo and Juliet. “That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Well, perhaps not. E. Such terms show sound iconicity, or a similarity between a word's form and meaning. F. There is no evidence that the Kates of the world are more extroverted than the Annes. G. Pexman will also examine how people's names could affect their chances of being chosen after an interview. 解析    设空处在段首。设空处后一句中的核心词是being interviewed(正在被面试)。选项G中复现了interview(n. 面试)。由选项G可知,Pexman将探讨人们的名字能够如何影响面试后(after an interview)被录取的机会,与设空处后的句子语义连贯。 答案    G (4)利用主语一致原则,减少干扰项 例5(2022北京海淀期末)If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcement and access the courage to show different sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. 　　     E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth. F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with casual confidence. G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth. 解析    设空处在段尾。本段前两句话的主语都是you,设空处前一句省略了主语you。一般情况下,作者在写作过程中,为了确保写作的紧凑感和连贯性,不会轻易更换主语。因此,主语一致原则是一个非常好用的信息还原技巧。在本题中,学生可先锁定选项G,G项主语是you,句中的some practice and persistence与前文中的work on the way you talk to yourself、turn off negative self-talk和Keep going逻辑连贯,都围绕低自尊者提升自我价值感展开论述。 答案    G 2.巧用上下文的逻辑和衔接关系 (1)并列关系 例6Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 　　     A. We should also try to sleep well the night before. B. It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories. C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick. 解析    设空处在段尾。首句指出“每种动物都要睡觉,但原因仍然是个谜”。接下来是具体例子,当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时,它们在一个月内就会死亡。选项C指出,同样,如果人类连续几天不睡觉,就会生病,其中的Similarly意思是“同样地”,表示前后内容是并列关系。 答案    C (2)转折关系 例7　Professor Jerald has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”. However, this is only one side of the story. 　　    They make a promise which they have no intention of carrying out. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way. A. A woman tells another woman she likes her dress when she thinks it looks terrible. B. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell serious lies. C. Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? 解析    设空处在段中。由设空处前的“However, this is only one side of the story.”可知,这句话前后的句子是转折关系,且设空处讲的是另外一种情况。选项B中的men和tell serious lies与前文中的women和a “white lie”形成对比。选项A的内容是How-ever前面所述内容的一个具体事例,不符合上下文转折的逻辑关系。 答案    B (3)例证关系 例8Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 　　    The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping. E. That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning. F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea. G. Tononi's team measured the size of these connections,or synapses,in the brains of 12 mice. 解析    设空处在段中。该段首句指出,现在我们还有最直接的证据证明他是对的,推测接下来应该具体描述该证据。此外,设空处后面一句话解释了实验的结果。综合来看,设空处应指出实验的内容,只有G项符合语境。 答案    G (4)因果关系 例9　The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 　　     D. Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with. E. It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces. F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time. G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways. 解析    设空处在段尾。根据设空处前的“the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知,大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很多,这与选项F构成因果关系。 答案    F 3.利用相同句式定位答案 例10Much of the work in today's world is completed in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent. 　　    Is their money well spent? A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent. B. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention. 解析    设空处在段中。设空处前两句介绍了多数人认为的组建优秀团队的最好方 法及体育团队的老板们(Sports team owners)花数百万美元(spend millions of dollars)吸引顶尖人才(attracting top talent)的事例。选项B主要讲公司(Companies)组建优秀团队的做法——花数百万美元(spend millions)雇用顶尖商业人士(hiring top business people), 符合本段主要内容;在句式上,与设空处前一句相同。 答案    B 4.放大阅读“焦点”、锁定有效关键词、厘清段落结构 例11(2021北京海淀期中) What's in a name? Some words sound like what they mean. And they could influence everything from fictional depictions of aliens to your first impression on a job application. But most words have no apparent connection to what they signify. As the linguist Steven Pinker puts it, we call a dog “dog” because everyone else does. And that's how it has to be . 　　     B. People tend to expect one to have specific traits based on how one's name sounds. C. The English language has developed a rule of names reflecting people's good qualities. D. It would overwhelm our senses if every word we speak came with a deeper meaning. 解析    设空处在段尾。从结构上看,如果学生能够在宏观角度上审题,注意到本段两个位置的关键词语,即Some words和most words,就可以根据D选项中的every word快速确定答案,这三个关键词语使本段结构非常紧凑。从内容上看,根据标题和设空处前的内容可知,作者在讨论名字的意义。由D选项可知,如果我们说的每个词都有更深的含义,我们就会感到困惑。D项可以承接上文。 答案    D 注意    有时候学生在答题的过程中,由于逐词逐句地阅读而忽略了明显的提示词。因此,学生在阅读的过程中要灵活收放视角,及时看到命题者在命题过程中留下的答题依据或提示词。 （建议用时：40分钟） 高考真题 一 【2024北京卷】If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things. Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. ___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies. ___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. The advantage that. foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know. So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog. A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each. B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes. C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence. D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing. E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs. F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional. G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position. 【答案】35. G 36. C 37. D 38. F 39. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式的两类人对于个人和企业建立信誉度的优劣势。 35.根据上文“Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes.(拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案)” 可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案，G项中They 指代上文中的Hedgehog，G项“他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场”说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人往往有明确的立场，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。 36.根据上文“They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. (他们专注于一件事并把它做得很好。他们知道自己擅长什么)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备优点，他们可以专注于一件事并知道自己擅长什么。C项“因此，他们的优势是（头脑）清楚和自信”进一步说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的优点，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 37.根据下文“He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. (他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了)”可知，此处介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的缺点。D项“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能会有不利的一面” 引出下文，介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备缺点，符合语境。故选D。 38.根据上文“The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. (“狐狸”型思维方式的人的优势在于，他们更有可能从更广泛的来源中寻找新信息，并且对不确定性和新信息感到舒适)”和下文“They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. (他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外)”可知，此处介绍拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人处理事情的方式。F项“当某件事与他们的观点相矛盾时，他们不会把它当作例外”承上启下，符合语境。故选F。 39.根据上文“The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. (这个问题可以用“像狐狸的刺猬”风格来回答)”和下文“The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. (成为拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人还是拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人的选择是一种错误的权衡)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人和拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人各有优势。A项“换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势”承上启下，符合语境。故选A。 二 【2023北京卷】It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 35 When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 36 Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes. Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 38 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates. 39 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission. What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower. A．Higher education has achieved its true potential. B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion. C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor. D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching. E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged. F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities. G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors. 【答案】35．D 36．F 37．G 38．B 39．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何选择高校提供了一些建议。 35．根据空前内容“It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision.(对于美国的学生和他们的家人来说，这是一年中既快乐又紧张的时刻，因为他们要决定去哪里上大学。家庭经常求助于排名系统来帮助做决定。)”可知，美国的学生和家人们在决定去哪儿上大学时，经常求助于排名系统。而根据下文第三段“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. (最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”可推断出，本文主要讲述的是排名方面出现的问题。选项D“However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.(然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量。)”延续上文内容，指出大学排名存在的问题；而根据下文内容也可以推断，排名中存在的问题是教学质量被忽略。故选D。 36．根据空前内容“When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings.(作为一名研究高等教育的学者，当我与一些家庭交谈时，他们常常惊讶地发现，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名。)”可知，大学排名中优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名让人们觉得很惊讶。选项F“They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.(更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然低估了教学的价值。)”延续上文内容，指的都是大学排名忽略教学质量。其中“more surprised”和上文的“surprised”保持一致。故选F。 37．空前内容“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities.(最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”以及空后内容“The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.(考虑到高质量教学与学生成功之间的联系，排名中没有优秀教学令人惊讶。优质教学是衡量大学成绩的最重要因素之一。)”讲述的都是大学排名中没有考虑到教学。选项G“In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.(事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上。)”与上下文内容相一致，故选G。 38．根据空前内容“Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding.(然而，排名只是高等教育中对教学重视程度较低的一个原因。管理者通常不会将卓越的教学视为增加入学率或资金的一种方式。)”可知，上文分析了教学不被纳入排名的原因，该空应该讲其后果。选项B“Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.(因此，它在招聘或晋升中不受重视。)”是上文内容的延续，正因为管理人员通常不把卓越的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的一种方式，所以教学在招聘和晋升中不受重视。故选B。 39．根据下文内容“Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.(尽管如此，在拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多资源、更高排名和增加入学人数之前，不会有太大变化。从长远来看，大学、学校排名组织和其他机构应该努力使教学成为使命的一个有价值的核心部分。)”可知，此处算是站在大学的角度，提出如何把教学当成他们的首要核心任务。根据“Nevertheless”可知，空处内容和下文内容存在转折关系。选项E“Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.(在最近，努力改进教学水平的现象已经出现了。)”与下文形成转折，旨在说明，促使教学成为核心任务的艰巨性和重要性。故选E。 三 【2022年北京卷】Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases. ____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in. It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age. Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness. A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life. B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other. C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind. D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily. E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner. F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life. G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases. 【答案】35. G 36. B 37. D 38. F 39. C 【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是健康和健身之间密不可分的关系以及我们应该通过哪些健身的方式来让自己有一个健康的身体。 35.根据空前“Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health.(健康和健身帮助一个人过上良好和健康的生活。由于各种各样的压力，我们往往会忽视自己的健康。)”可知因为各种压力，我们的健康容易被忽视，根据空后“It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.(正是我们身体的健康水平帮助我们对抗这些疾病。)”可知身体的健康可以让我们应对各种疾病，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲忽视健康对我们的身体及生活的影响。G项“This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.(这使我们的身体遭受痛苦，而且我们会感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G项中的other diseases与空后的these diseases相互照应，符合上下文语境。故选G项。 36.根据空后“We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body.(为了拥有一个健康的身体我们需要健康。同样，如果我们是健康的，我们自然会被保持健康的身体所吸引。)”可知健康的身体与健身是密不可分的，空处位于句首，应是本段的主旨句，B项“Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.(健康和健身是相互关联的。)”概括全段的主要内容，符合上下文语境。故选B项。 37.根据空前“Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses.(健康是在特定时间内我们身体的状态。我们可能没有任何疾病，但身体仍然虚弱，随时会被病毒攻击。)”可知我们的身体虽然没有生病，但也很虚弱，随时会生病，根据空后“This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy.(这并不一定意味着我们不健康。)”可知生病并不一定表明我们是不健康的。空处承上启下，所以空处应该举例说明我们的身体在虚弱的情况下会生病这样一种状况，D项“For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.(例如，我们可能很容易感冒。)”举例说明我们的身体会在虚弱的情况下生病，承接上文，引出下文，而且空后的This指代D项的we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily这种情况，符合上下文语境。故选D项。 38.根据空前“It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness.(对每个人来说，花些时间在健康和健身方面是很重要的。)”可知我们应该花时间去健身，根据空后“For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style.(例如，我们必须每天锻炼，不管我们的年龄和工作方式。)”可知我们应该每天坚持锻炼，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是我们应该通过哪些活动来进行锻炼，F项“There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.(在我们的生活中有一些活动是每个人都应该做的。)”承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。 39.根据空前“We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases.(我们每天至少应该有6到8个小时的睡眠。它有助于改善我们的免疫系统，保护我们抵抗疾病。)”可知我们应该保障充足的睡眠，根据空后“This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.(这反过来又给了我们健康和健身的新目标。)”可知充足的睡眠会对我们的健康和健身目标很有好处，空处承上启下，所以空处应该继续讲充足的睡眠的好处，C项“It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.(它也帮助我们保持冷静和放松我们的大脑。)”进一步讲了充足的睡眠对于我们的好处，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选C项。 高考模拟试题 一 （2024·北京·三模）Everyone carries a shield（屏障）. Our shields protect what we don’t want others to see, from our embarrassing secrets to our unpredictable feelings. 1 But the problem is that shields can become heavy burdens — easy to put on yet difficult to remove — with terrible effects. Since shields encourage us to hide negative parts of ourselves, we can start to believe that we aren’t worth showing. We might fear how our friends will judge our struggles or how our families will view our ambitions. 2 However, we have to remember that we aren’t perfect, nor should we expect to be. We need to find and cure the wounds underneath our shields, but that means we have to let down our guard. We may even have problems we haven’t admitted to ourselves. 3 Even if it seems insignificant, every problem should be acknowledged before it grows. Before being cured, we must know that we need to be cured, and be okay with admitting that. Knowing this takes bravery and patience, so it’ll be hard. 4 Yet asking for help means admitting our problems to somebody else — it means letting them see what’s behind our shields. To make it easier, we can reveal ourselves to somebody close to us who we trust will understand us and provide personal support. Or, if we fear judgement, we can open up to someone distant but knowledgeable, such as a counsellor or a help line. No matter what, we can find help when we begin searching. 5 We can be more forgiving of faults so we can become comfortable with ours and encourage others to follow. Most importantly, we can let people know that we are willing to listen and help and make it easier to let down our shields. A．This is not a bad thing. B．We need to be understood. C．We shouldn’t expect to do any of it without help. D．In short, we have the power to change this phenomenon. E．Hence we decide to hide ourselves underneath our masks. F．If you can’t trust your partner, it won’t be easy to let them in. G．Maybe we’re hiding something from a friend or scared to admit an error. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．G 4．C 5．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了每个人都带着屏障，这带来了消极的影响，所以我们要学会改变这种想象。 1．根据上文“Our shields protect what we don’t want others to see, from our embarrassing secrets to our unpredictable feelings.”（我们的屏障保护着我们不想让别人看到的东西，从我们尴尬的秘密到我们不可预测的感受）再根据下文“But the problem is that shields can become heavy burdens — easy to put on yet difficult to remove — with terrible effects.”（但问题是，屏障会成为沉重的负担——容易戴上却很难取下——带来可怕的后果）可知，后文进行转折，说的是不好的结果，选项与下文为转折关系，故A选项“这不是一件坏事”切题。故选A项。 2．根据上文“Since shields encourage us to hide negative parts of ourselves, we can start to believe that we aren’t worth showing. We might fear how our friends will judge our struggles or how our families will view our ambitions.”（因为屏障鼓励我们隐藏自己的消极部分，我们可以开始相信我们不值得展示。我们可能会担心朋友会如何评价我们的奋斗，或者家人会如何看待我们的抱负。）可知，选项承接上文说明导致的不良结果。故E选项“因此我们决定把自己藏在面具下”切题。故选E项。 3．根据上文“We may even have problems we haven’t admitted to ourselves.”（我们甚至可能会遇到自己没有承认的问题）可知，选项承接上文继续说明自己的问题。故G选项“也许我们对朋友有所隐瞒，或者害怕承认错误。”切题。故选G项。 4．根据下文“Yet asking for help means admitting our problems to somebody else — it means letting them see what’s behind our shields.”（然而，寻求帮助意味着向别人承认我们的问题——意味着让他们看到我们屏障后面的东西）可知，选项与下文为转折关系说明我们需要帮助。故C选项“我们不应该指望在没有帮助的情况下做任何事情。”切题。故选C项。 5．根据下文“We can be more forgiving of faults so we can become comfortable with ours and encourage others to follow. Most importantly, we can let people know that we are willing to listen and help and make it easier to let down our shields.”（我们可以更加宽容自己的错误，这样我们就能对自己的错误感到舒适，并鼓励别人效仿。最重要的是，我们可以让人们知道我们愿意倾听和帮助，让他们更容易放下我们的屏障。）可知，后文都在说我们是可以改变自己的。故D选项“简而言之，我们有能力改变这种现象”切题，为本段的标题。故选D项。 二 （2024·北京大兴·三模）The only words you need to say after receiving a compliment (赞美) are “thank you”. But you know that's easier said than done. There are many reasons why you have a hard time accepting compliments. 1 It's a three step process. First, believe what people tell you. If you're still having a hard time taking the compliment, double check. And if it's still hard to accept then you'll have to check yourself. 2 For example, if you're six feet tall and I say, “Wow, you're tall! ” I'm being honest. I'm five foot nine, so plenty of people are tall compared to me. I'm expressing that subjectively, from my shorter vantage point, you are tall. I'm not saying everyone would agree with me. Just like if I say City of God is a great movie, I'm not saying you have to think it's a great movie. You have to listen carefully to compliments. It's not always obvious if you're being complimented for something only others can observe. If you are five foot six inches tall, and weigh seventy pounds, I would say you are slim. But if you are comparing yourself to someone who is shorter, and weighs five pounds less than you, you might call yourself plump. In this extreme example, the outside perspective is more accurate than the internal one.   3 If you're still struggling to accept a compliment, you don't just have to take someone at their word. It can be hard to accept an opinion when it's the opposite of yours, so call in reinforcements. Ask someone else what they think. 4 You can ask two or three or four more people if two isn't enough. 5 If you mislead or lie to people about your opinions, then it's not surprising that you have a hard time trusting that people's compliments are genuine. Be more honest with people around you, and you'll find it much easier to believe what people say about you. A．They will be the tie breaker. B．You can check with someone else instead. C．The causes are complicated but the path to accepting compliments is simpler. D．How honest are you with your friends and family when they ask for your opinion? E．When someone is trying to pay you a compliment, they are speaking subjectively. F．When someone pays you a compliment, they are speaking about something that is observable. G．Similarly, when I call you smart or funny, I'm commenting based on my definition of smart or funny, that's how I see you. 【答案】1．C 2．E 3．F 4．A 5．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，短文介绍了很难接受赞美的原因有很多。原因很复杂，但接受赞美的途径更简单。短文介绍了三个接受赞美途径的方法。 1.根据上文“There are many reasons why you have a hard time accepting compliments.”（你很难接受赞美的原因有很多）以及下文“It's a three step process.”（这需要三个步骤）可知，选项承上启下。reasons呼应causes。the path呼应three step process。故C选项“原因很复杂，但接受赞美的途径更简单”切题。故选C项。 2．根据下文“I'm expressing that subjectively, from my shorter vantage point, you are tall. I'm not saying everyone would agree with me. ”（我主观地表示，从我较矮的角度来看，你很高。我并不是说每个人都会同意我的观点）可知，对你的赞扬是出于主观的看法。故E选项“当有人试图赞美你时，他们是在主观地说”切题，为本段的主旨句。故选E项。 3．根据上文“In this extreme example, the outside perspective is more accurate than the internal one. ”（在这个极端的例子中，外部视角比内部视角更准确）可知，选项承接上文说明赞美来自外部视角。故F选项“当有人称赞你时，他们说的是可以观察到的事情”切题。故选F项。 4．根据上文“Ask someone else what they think.”（问问别人的想法）以及下文“You can ask two or three or four more people if two isn't enough. ”（如果两个不够的话，你可以再问两个、三个或四个人）可知，选项承接上下文说明别人会帮助你做出正确的判断。故A选项“他们将是是否相信的关键”切题。故选A项。 5．根据下文“If you mislead or lie to people about your opinions, then it's not surprising that you have a hard time trusting that people's compliments are genuine. Be more honest with people around you, and you'll find it much easier to believe what people say about you.”（如果你在自己的观点上误导或欺骗别人，那么你很难相信别人的赞美是真诚的也就不足为奇了。对周围的人更诚实，你会发现更容易相信别人对你的评价。）可知，本段与诚实话题有关。故D选项“当你的朋友和家人征求你的意见时，你对他们有多诚实？”切题。故选D项。 三 （2023高三下·北京海淀·专题练习）My, what a big beak you have! For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bodies of many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. 2 All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. 3 Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins. Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors, from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the changes. The team combined data from different species in different places. Since they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. 5 That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow. A．However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer. B．For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. C．Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors. D．It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to. E．Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies. F．Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat. G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings. 【答案】1．C 2．G 3．F 4．A 5．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。讲述了地球变暖正在改变动物的外貌，如嘴巴变大。 1．根据上文“For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help mitigate the effects of a warm world. (对人类来说，适应气候变化将主要是技术问题。更多的空调、更好设计的房屋和更大的防洪系统可能有助于缓解全球变暖的影响)”可知，人类依靠的是科学技术来适应气候变化。选项C“动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为（去适应）。”承接上文，说明和人类不同，动物要适应气候变化就只能依靠它们的身体和行为。从而引出下文对于动物适应气候变化发生的变化的讲述，上下文通顺合理。故选C项。 2．空处位于段末应承接上文。上文“In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. (例如，在一些澳大利亚鹦鹉中，自1871年以来，喙的大小增加了4%到10%。另一项研究，这次是在另一种鸟类北美黑眼鹦鹉中，发现了同样的模式)”列举了一些动物因为天气变暖，喙变大的例子。由此推知，空处承接上文，继续举例。选项G“哺乳动物也有类似的趋势，老鼠、鼩鼱和蝙蝠进化出更大的耳朵、尾巴、腿和翅膀”符合语境，是动物应对天气变化外貌发生变化的例子。故选G项。 3．根据上文“‘Allen’s rule’, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded-animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附属物) than those in less hot regions. (“艾伦法则”是以Joel Asaph Allen的名字命名的，他在1877年提出了这一法则，认为在炎热地区的温血动物往往比在不那么炎热地区的动物有更大的附属物)”可知，炎热地区的温血动物往往长有更大的附属物，这是动物对气候的一种适应，选项F“这种适应性增加了动物相对于其身体体积的表面积，帮助它释放多余的热量。”解释了这种现象的产生原因。下文“Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.( 喙拥有丰富的血管，没有绝缘羽毛覆盖，是鸟类散热的理想场所。又比如，与它们的北极近亲相比，原产于撒哈拉沙漠的芬内克狐狸有着惊人的大耳朵)”举例说明动物的这种适应性。上下文通顺合理。故选F项。 4．根据下文“The team combined data from different species in different places. (她的团队综合了来自不同地方不同物种的数据)”可知，团队综合了更多地方的数据，选项A“然而，从更大的角度来看，形式更清晰。”说明观察更多会更清楚地看到这种模式，符合语境，上下文通顺合理。故选A项。 5．根据下文“That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. (随着气候变暖的加速，这种情况可能会改变。由于任何进化适应都会进行利弊权衡，因此尚不清楚这一过程会走多远)”可知，未来这种情况的变化，that指代上文提到的情况，选项B“至少就目前而言，增幅很小，从未超过10%。”说明现在的变化情况，上下文合理通顺，下文预测这种情况的发展,，且下文中的“That may change”指代选项B中的增长。故选B项。 四 （2023·北京·三模）Public speaking and critical thinking What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic (逻辑) — of being able to spot weaknesses in other people’s argument and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence. In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking — the ability to see clearly their lationships among ideas. 1 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas.that, too, is critical thinking. 2 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also discovered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter of arranging the ideas your already have. 3 What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 4 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 5 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class,You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations. If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece. A．Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves. B．This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it. C．It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. D．It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas. E．If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot. F．The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. G．As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．F 5．G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了辩证思考。在某种程度上，辩证思考是一种逻辑思维，即我们能通过分析别人的论点来驳倒他。同时，辩证思考还需要一些相关技能，如从观点中分析事实，评估证据的真实性。 1．根据上文“In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking — the ability to see clearly their lationships among ideas.(从广义上说，批判性思维是集中的、有组织的思维——清楚地看到想法之间的关系的能力)”可知，批判性思维是一种能够清楚地看到想法之间的关系的能力。由此可知，D选项“It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.(人们常说，世界几乎没有新想法，只有重新组织的想法)”能够承接上文，同时引出下文“The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas.that, too, is critical thinking. (最伟大的思想家、科学家和发明家常常把现成的信息以不同的方式组合在一起，从而产生新的想法。这也是批判性思维)”。其中的“reorganized ideas”与下文中的“taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas”相对应。故选D项。 2．空处位于段首，应是本段的主题句。根据下文“As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches.(例如随着课程的进行，你可能会花很长的时间组织你的演讲)”可知，此处讲到了课与演讲。由此可知，E选项“If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.(如果你想知道这和你的公开演讲课有什么关系，答案是相当有关系)”符合语境。其中class是关键词，speaking对应speeches。故选E项。 3．根据上文“Organizing a speech is not just a matter of arranging your ideas you already have. (组织演讲不仅仅是整理你已有的想法)”可知，空处与上文是转折关系，说明组织演讲的深层次意义。由此可知，A选项“Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.(相反，它是塑造思想本身的一个重要部分)”符合语境，其中的“it”指代上文的“Organizing a speech”。故选A项。 4．根据上文“What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking.(适合组织的很多方面也适合公众演讲)”可知，F选项“The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. (你在演讲课上学到的技巧可以从很多方面帮助你成为一个更有效的思考者)”能够承接上文，同时引出下文“As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accurately.(当你努力用清晰、准确的语言表达你的想法时，你会提高你清晰、准确地思考的能力)”。故选F。 5．根据上文“As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accurately.(当你努力用清晰、准确的语言表达你的想法时，你会提高你清晰、准确地思考的能力)”及下文“As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.(当你学会在课堂上批判性地听演讲时，你就能更好地评估演讲者在各种情况下的想法)”可知，G选项 “As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well.(当你研究证据和推理在演讲中的作用时，你就会看到它们如何在其他形式的交流中使用)”能够承上启下，符合语境。故选G项。 五 （2023·北京·三模）How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself? Things may not always go as planned. 1 Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. 2 They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. It also means trusting your instincts, the ability you’re born with, rather than through training and being confident about your ability to face challenges. A resourceful person is not the one getting cross or panicking when something goes wrong. They’re thinking about how to solve the problem. 3 When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. 4 This can boost self-esteem, that is, how you feel about yourself. When you’re facing a challenge, try to focus on the actual problem rather than how you feel about it. Think about where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time. And remember, no one is expected to solve all problems by themselves. If you have a tricky problem that you’re unable to solve, then ask a trusted adult for help. A．You also learn what you’re good at. B．Here is how you can be more resourceful. C．They can be practical things like pens and paper. D．Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways. E．These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on. F．Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best. G．But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations. 【答案】1．G 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了遇到棘手的问题时的应对方法，要足智多谋，随机应变。 1．根据前文“How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself? Things may not always go as planned.(当你自己解决问题的时候是什么感觉?事情可能并不总是按计划进行。)”及下文“Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”可知，遇到棘手的问题时要足智多谋，随机应变。所以选择项G“But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations.(但是足智多谋可以帮助你保持冷静，处理棘手的情况。)”符合上下文语境。故选G。 2．根据前句“Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”和后句“They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. (它们也可以是任何有用的东西，比如信息、建议或你自己的经历。)”中的also可知，空处和下文为并列关系，也是在列举可以利用的资源可能是什么。所以选择项E“These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on. (这些可能是著名的座右铭，总是激励我们继续前进。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。 3．根据后文“When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. (当我们学会自己解决问题而不是立即向别人寻求帮助时，它可以帮助我们建立信心，帮助我们感觉更独立，在做决定时感觉更好。足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”可知，本段主要介绍足智多谋所带来的好处。所以选择项D“Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways.(足智多谋是一种在很多方面对你都有好处的技能。)”符合上下文语境。故选D。 4．前文“ Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. (足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”指出创造性地思考的好处之一是让自己更有准备，空处应也在介绍好处，选项A“You also learn what you’re good at. (你也会知道你擅长什么。)”符合，即好处是对自己更加了解。故选A。 5．根据前句“Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. (接下来，为这个问题想出尽可能多的解决方案。)”和后句“Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time. (最后，回顾一下哪些是有效的，哪些是无效的，这样你就能在下次处理这种情况时做好准备。)”可知，想出尽可能多的解决方案后要权衡和筛选，选出最佳的一个。所以选择项F“Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best. (权衡一下每个方案的优点和缺点，选择最好的。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。 六 （2023·北京·三模）In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 1 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read. Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. 2 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language. 4 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing?, the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 5 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English. A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting. B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though. C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change. D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use. E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation. F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking. G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．G 4．E 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言会随着时间而变化，其原因很多样，变化主要体现在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面。 1．前文“In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other.（在某些方面，语言的变化是令人惊讶的。毕竟，它们代代相传，足以让父母和孩子相互交流。）”引入文章的话题语言的变化，后文“For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries.（例如，在一千多年的时间里，日语的变化相对较小，而英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化。）”用日语和英语的变化情况作为例子，B项“Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.（然而，语言学家发现，所有现存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化——尽管变化的速度不同。）”符合语境，和前文对语言变化的惊讶构成转折，是后文的例证支持的观点，后文的“changed relatively little over a thousand years”“evolved rapidly in just a few centuries”解释了其中的“at different rates”。故选B。 2．前文“Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration.（语言的变化有很多原因。由于社会、经济和政治压力的影响，语言往往会发生大规模变化，因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语言变化的例子。）”点明了本段的主旨语言变化的原因，介绍了外部宏观环境的原因，F项“Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.（即使没有这些影响，如果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式，一门语言也会发生巨大的变化。）”符合语境，承接前文，其中的“these kinds of influences”指前文的“social, economic, and political pressures”，介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充。故选F。 3．前文“But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way.（但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进语言的变化，因为没有两个人使用一种语言的方式完全相同。）”提到了个体使用的语言存在差异，G项“The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.（人们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素。）”符合语境，具体解释了个体语言差异的原因。故选G。 4．空处位于段首，是段落的主旨句，需概括段落内容。后文“Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened.（词汇变化很快，比如从其他语言中借用新词，或者新词被创造、组合或缩略。）”、“While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly.（虽然词汇变化很快，但句子结构——句子中单词的顺序变化得比较慢。）”和“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。）”涉及语言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音，E项“The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.（语言随着时间的推移发生变化的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音。）”符合语境，概括了这三个方面的内容。故选E。 5．后文“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代英语发音的最大区别。）”介绍的是语言变化的发音方面，A项“Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.（声音的变化很难记录，但同样有趣。）”符合语境，引起后文内容。故选A。 七 （2024·北京海淀·二模）Being sensitive means that you are observant, careful, and thoughtful. It can also mean you sometimes overinterpret or overreact to perceived criticism or judgment. If you tend to be a highly sensitive person, you are more likely to misread signals from others, sense social threats, and struggle to adapt to new circumstances. 1 The power of insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) power” . 2 For example, those working on complex research projects with “sluggish power” persist with focus and determination in the face of challenges such as tight deadlines and limited resources. Their resilience facilitates effective problem-solving, ensuring the successful completion of tasks despite obstacles. 3 That is one of the important reasons why insensitivity allows a person to better survive and adapt in a competitive environment. Knowing oneself is difficult, but knowing oneself correctly is undoubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful people, who all clearly know where their strengths are, what they can do, what they want, and what direction to go. Practicing insensitivity involves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express our needs and opinions positively and with confidence. Secondly, adopt a forward-looking mindset. 4 Additionally, detach from external influences. Avoid excessive concern over others’ opinions and speculation on others’ thoughts. Lastly, manage relationships. Recognize our personal responsibilities while respecting others’ boundaries. Don’t interfere with other people’s subjects and don’t let others interfere with ours either. 5 Once you become a bit “blunt” and slow down the pace, you will feel more comfortable. A．Learn to view the problem as two parts. B．That’s where the need to be insensitive comes from. C．I hope everyone can obtain the ability to be insensitive. D．Behind insensitivity is a strong sense of self-awareness. E．Being a highly sensitive person can come with many challenges. F．It implies the ability to calmly face the setbacks and firmly move forward. G．Focus on long-term goals rather than the ups and downs of life at the moment. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．D 4．G 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先解释了敏感性的定义和可能带来的问题，然后转向讨论不敏感性的力量，并给出了实践不敏感性的策略。 1．由上文“Being sensitive means that you are observant, careful, and thoughtful. It can also mean you sometimes overinterpret or overreact to perceived criticism or judgment. If you tend to be a highly sensitive person, you are more likely to misread signals from others, sense social threats, and struggle to adapt to new circumstances. (敏感意味着你善于观察、细心和深思熟虑。这也可能意味着你有时会过度解释或过度反应感知到的批评或判断。如果你是一个高度敏感的人，你更有可能误读他人的信号，感觉到社会威胁，并努力适应新环境)”可知，这里需要一个总结如何应对高度敏感的句子。B选项“That’s where the need to be insensitive comes from. (这就是麻木不仁的必要性的来源)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选B。 2．由上文“The power of insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) power”.(不敏感的力量可以解释为“迟钝的力量”)”可知，上文提到了“迟钝的力量”，接下来应该解释这种力量具体意味着什么。F选项“It implies the ability to calmly face the setbacks and firmly move forward. (它意味着冷静面对挫折并坚定前行的能力)”恰当地解释了“迟钝力量”的正面含义，即在逆境中的韧性，能承接上文，符合题意。故选F。 3．由下文“That is one of the important reasons why insensitivity allows a person to better survive and adapt in a competitive environment. Knowing oneself is difficult, but knowing oneself correctly is undoubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful people, who all clearly know where their strengths are, what they can do, what they want, and what direction to go. (这就是为什么不敏感能让一个人更好地在竞争环境中生存和适应的重要原因之一。认识自己是困难的，但正确地认识自己无疑是一种优秀的能力——这是许多成功人士共有的特点，他们都清楚地知道自己的长处在哪里，自己能做什么，自己想要什么，以及要走的方向)”可知，后文提及自我认知能力及成功人士的特点，此处应引出不敏感与自我意识之间的联系。D选项“Behind insensitivity is a strong sense of self-awareness. (在不敏感的背后是一种强烈的自我意识)”指出不敏感实际上是基于对自我的深刻了解，能引起下文，符合题意。故选D。 4．由上文“Practicing insensitivity involves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express our needs and opinions positively and with confidence. Secondly, adopt a forward-looking mindset.(练习不敏感包括几个关键的策略。首先，要自信。积极自信地表达我们的需求和意见。第二，树立前瞻性思维)”可知，该空需要接续前文关于前瞻性思维策略的内容。G选项“Focus on long-term goals rather than the ups and downs of life at the moment. (关注长期目标，而不是当下生活的起伏)”正好强调了如何实践前瞻性思维，即忽视短期波动，专注于长远规划，能承接上文，符合题意。故选G。 5．由下文“Once you become a bit “blunt” and slow down the pace, you will feel more comfortable (一旦你变得有点“生硬”，放慢节奏，你就会感觉更舒服)”可知，最后一段鼓励读者采纳不敏感的态度，并概述了这样做的好处。C选项“I hope everyone can obtain the ability to be insensitive. (我希望每个人都能获得不敏感的能力)”作为总结性质的句子，鼓励大家学会不敏感，适合放在最后一段段首作为寄语，且能引起下文，符合题意。故选C。 八 （2024·北京东城·二模）Socrates, Galileo, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in common? They all practiced deliberate doubt and used it as a tool to improve their thinking and generate creative ideas. 1 It is about suspending our certainty and letting go of our preconceived (先入为主的) notions in order to explore new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain of something, we tend to stop looking for alternative explanations or possibilities. 2 Doubt can, of course, be unsettling, but it can also result in a greater understanding of a subject and inspire fresh thoughts and insights. 3 But it doesn’t mean we should use it all the time. While deliberate doubt can be a valuable tool for generating creative ideas and exploring complex problems, it can also be counterproductive if it is not practiced in the right way. It’s important to keep in mind that deliberate doubt is not constant doubt. If we’re continuously doubting our own ideas, we’ll be less likely to pursue them and see them through to completion. 4 We spend so much time doubting everything and end up not doing anything. 5 We can become self-critical and unsure of our abilities, which can undermine our self-esteem. As a result, we may be too afraid to try new things or take risks. To avoid these traps, it’s important to strike a balance between doubt and certainty, and to use doubt as a tool to stimulate creative thinking and exploration, rather than as a means of undermining ourselves or others. A．Deliberate doubt can also lead to a lack of confidence. B．But when we doubt, we’re forced to consider other perspectives. C．In this case, deliberate doubt can prevent us from making decisions. D．When practiced all the time, deliberate doubt can lead to a different belief. E．By turning doubt into a deliberate process, we open ourselves to new possibilities. F．Deliberate doubt is the practice of actively questioning our beliefs and assumptions. G．Deliberate doubt can help us to develop a more open-minded approach to the world. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．G 4．C 5．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了刻意怀疑的积极作用和消极作用。 1．根据下文“It is about suspending our certainty and letting go of our preconceived (先入为主的) notions in order to explore new ideas and perspectives.”（它是关于暂停我们的确定性，放弃我们先入为主的观念，以探索新的想法和观点。）可知，下文是对上文“刻意怀疑”定义的具体解释。故F选项“刻意怀疑是积极质疑我们的信念和假设的行为。”切题。故选F项。 2．根据上文“When we’re certain of something, we tend to stop looking for alternative explanations or possibilities.”（当我们确定某事时，我们倾向于停止寻找其他解释或可能性）可知，选项与上文为转折关系且说明怀疑时的做法。故B选项“但当我们怀疑时，我们被迫考虑其他观点。”切题。故选B项。 3．根据下文“While deliberate doubt can be a valuable tool for generating creative ideas and exploring complex problems, it can also be counterproductive if it is not practiced in the right way.”（虽然刻意怀疑可以成为产生创造性想法和探索复杂问题的宝贵工具，但如果不以正确的方式进行怀疑，也可能适得其反。）可知，选项承接下文说明的是刻意怀疑的作用。故G选项“刻意怀疑可以帮助我们以更开放的态度看待世界。”切题。故选G项。 4．根据上文“If we’re continuously doubting our own ideas, we’ll be less likely to pursue them and see them through to completion.”（如果我们一直怀疑自己的想法，我们就不太可能去追求它们，把它们完成。）可知，选项承接上文都在说明刻意怀疑的阻碍作用。故C选项“在这种情况下，刻意怀疑可以阻止我们做出决定。”切题。故选C项。 5．根据下文“We can become self-critical and unsure of our abilities, which can undermine our self-esteem. As a result, we may be too afraid to try new things or take risks.”（我们会变得自我批评，不确定自己的能力，这会损害我们的自尊。因此，我们可能太害怕尝试新事物或承担风险。）可知，本段在说刻意怀疑对自信产生不良的影响。故A选项“刻意的怀疑也会导致缺乏自信。”切题。故选A项。 九 【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Do you want to be a cognitive superager when you are old? Just as you take steps towards a future-proofing body, you can enhance your brain’s resilience to age-related disease by boosting cognitive reserve. Andrew Sommerlad, an associate professor of psychiatry, discovers the power of cognitive reserve in studies of older people who show signs of Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症) in their brains. 1 Actually, three years ago, colleagues of Sommerlad had also published findings from Study of Ageing. They showed that higher levels of cognitive reserve are associated with lower levels of dementia. 2 The strong cognitive reserve is helpful to stave off symptoms of brain changes associated not just with dementia but with other brain diseases. It also helps you to function better for longer when facing unexpected life events as you get older. How do you improve it? The younger you implement things that will bolster it, the better. For example, you can do tasks that challenges your brain ability, like crosswords, reading, giving impromptu speech and critical thinking. 3 So, do mind-body practices like yoga, Tai Chi or meditation to reduce stress is also important. This can help you balance the periods of mental demand and relaxation. 4 ideally, seven to nine hours is optimal for enhancing cognitive reserve. Start by improving your sleep hygiene with steps such as avoiding electronic screens. Cognitive reserve is developed through a lifetime of education, curiosity and persistence. 5 A．Its effects are wide reaching. B．Additionally, maintain regular sleep patterns. C．So plan ahead to make sure you keep cognitively busy and engaged! D．There are ways you can improve sleep, for both young and old people. E．It suggests that developing a good cognitive reserve can be powerfully protective. F．However, thinking too hard for too long may wear you out, hurting cognitive reserve. G．They cope better with pathological (病理上的) changes, the higher their powers of cognitive reserve. 【答案】1．G 2．A 3．F 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是我们可以过增强认知储备来增强大脑对与年龄有关的疾病的抵御能力。 1．根据空后的“They showed that higher levels of cognitive reserve are associated with lower levels of dementia.(他们发现，认知储备水平越高，痴呆症的发病率就越低)”可知，研究人员发现认知储备水平越高，痴呆症的发病率就越低。选项G“They cope better with pathological (病理上的) changes, the higher their powers of cognitive (他们的认知能力越强，就能更好地应对病理性变化)”与下文内容保持一致，指的是当有阿尔茨海默氏症迹象的老年人认知能力越强，就能更好地应对病理性变化。故选G。 2．空处为段首句，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“The strong cognitive reserve is helpful to stave off symptoms of brain changes associated not just with dementia but with other brain diseases. It also helps you to function better for longer when facing unexpected life events as you get older.(强大的认知储备有助于延缓大脑变化的症状，这些变化不仅与痴呆症有关，而且与其他脑部疾病有关。随着年龄的增长，当你面对意想不到的生活事件时，它还能帮助你更好地运作更长时间)”可知，本段主要讲述的是强大的认知储备所带来的影响是各个方面的。选项A“Its effects are wide reaching.(它的影响是广泛的)”与本段内容相符。故选A。 3．根据上文内容“For example, you can do tasks that challenges your brain ability, like crosswords, reading, giving impromptu speech and critical thinking.(例如，你可以做一些挑战你大脑能力的任务，比如填字游戏、阅读、即兴演讲和批判性思维)”可知，上文建议我们可以做一些挑战大脑能力的任务。选项F“However, thinking too hard for too long may wear you out, hurting cognitive reserve.(然而，太长时间的苦思苦想可能会让你精疲力竭，损害认知储备)”是上文内容的延续，指出太长时间的思考会损害认知储备，从而自然引出空后的“So, do mind-body practices like yoga, Tai Chi or meditation to reduce stress is also important.(因此，做瑜伽、太极或冥想等身心练习来减轻压力也很重要)”指出，长时间思考会损害认知储备，所以应该做瑜伽、太极或冥想来减压。故选F。 4．根据空后“ideally, seven to nine hours is optimal for enhancing cognitive reserve. Start by improving your sleep hygiene with steps such as avoiding electronic screens.(理想情况下，7到9小时是增强认知储备的最佳时间。从改善睡眠卫生开始，比如避免使用电子屏幕)”可知，下文讲述的是要保证睡眠。选项B“Additionally, maintain regular sleep patterns.(另外，保持规律的睡眠模式)”与下文内容一致，指的是我们要保持规律的睡眠模式。故选B。 5．根据上文“Cognitive reserve is developed through a lifetime of education, curiosity and persistence.(认知储备是通过一生的教育、好奇心和毅力发展起来的)”可知，本段是文章的总结，指出认知储备需要一生的教育、好奇心和毅力。选项C“So plan ahead to make sure you keep cognitively busy and engaged!(所以提前计划，确保你在认知上保持忙碌和投入)”是上文内容的延续，指出认知储备需要一生的教育、好奇心和毅力，所以我们应该提前计划。故选C。 十 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】In most adults, learning and thinking begin to decline as early as age 30. People start to perform slightly worse in tests of cognitive abilities such as the rate at which someone does a mental task. 1 These changes are often considered normal aging. But they may instead represent something more like the “summer slide” that some schoolchildren experience in academic progress during summer break. Recent research suggests that a pause of learning is indeed a problem causing cognitive reduction. 2 In a three-month intervention, the researchers provided an encouraging learning environment for 24 older adults. They took at least three classes to learn three new skills. They also discussed issues related to learning barriers and motivation. Over the course these participants’ cognitive scores for memory and flexibility significantly improved. In a follow-up study, the researchers discovered amazingly that they had improved further: 3 In other words, giving these seniors a multicourse routine seemed to bring up their abilities to levels similar to those of college students. The researchers are still investigating why cognitive scores continued to climb after the program’s end, but one possibility is that the experience encouraged these older participants to continue learning and practicing new skills. Older adults are often assumed to be on a downward slide with unrecoverable loss. “Use it or lose it,” the saying goes. 4 Decline, as we so often see it, may not be certain. That’s why we need to create enriched learning environments for adults after their formal education and job training end. 5 Educators know how to educate children and adolescents, and we can adapt that knowledge to develop learning opportunities for adults. Societies could also provide resources and paths toward lifelong learning to ensure that everyone can benefit. Let’s shift the conversation about adults from avoiding loss and decline to learning and growing. A．But this decline can be addressed. B．The slide becomes sharper in their mid-60s. C．Interrupted learning may not only affect children. D．The question now is how society can maximize adult’s chances to keep learning. E．Their cognitive abilities after one year were close to those of adults 50 years younger. F．Older adult research tends to emphasize skill learning only after daily functions start to decline. G．However, the research suggests they can increase both skills and cognitive abilities over a long term. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．E 4．G 5．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了大多数成年人的学习能力和思维能力早在30岁时就开始衰退，年龄越大，衰退得越明显。而这一现象是可以解决的，文章通过实验证明了这一点，且表示社会应最大限度地增加成年人继续学习的机会。 1．前文“In most adults, learning and thinking begin to decline as early as age 30. People start to perform slightly worse in tests of cognitive abilities such as the rate at which someone does a mental task.(大多数成年人的学习能力和思维能力早在30岁时就开始衰退。人们开始在认知能力测试中表现得稍微差一些，比如某人完成一项脑力任务的速度)”表明成年人在30岁之后学习和思维能力就开始衰退，B选项“在他们60多岁的时候，下滑幅度会更大”同样表示年纪越大，能力衰退越大，符合本段提出的现象。其中slide与第一句中decline对应。故选B。 2．前文“Recent research suggests that a pause of learning is indeed a problem causing cognitive reduction.(最近的研究表明，学习暂停确实是导致认知能力下降的一个问题)”说明学习暂停会导致认知力下降，下一段“Over the course these participants’ cognitive scores for memory and flexibility significantly improved. In a follow-up study, the researchers discovered amazingly that they had improved further(在这个过程中，这些参与者在记忆力和灵活性方面的认知得分显著提高。在一项后续研究中，研究人员惊奇地发现，他们有了进一步的提高)”可知，这种认知力下降是可以解决的，A选项“但这种下降是可以解决的”与前文进行转折，与下文意思相符。故选A。 3．前文“Over the course these participants’ cognitive scores for memory and flexibility significantly improved. In a follow-up study, the researchers discovered amazingly that they had improved further:(在这个过程中，这些参与者在记忆力和灵活性方面的认知得分显著提高。在一项后续研究中，研究人员惊奇地发现，他们有了进一步的提高：)”可知，前文讲述研究发现参与者的记忆力和灵活性有所提高，后文“In other words, giving these seniors a multicourse routine seemed to bring up their abilities to levels similar to those of college students.(换句话说，给这些老年人上多门课程似乎能把他们的能力提升到与大学生相似的水平)”也讲述这些老年人能力的提高，因此推断E选项“一年后，他们的认知能力接近年轻50岁的成年人”与前后文内容相对应。故选E。 4．上文“Older adults are often assumed to be on a downward slide with unrecoverable loss.(老年人通常被认为是在走下坡路，失去了无法弥补的损失)”表示老年人被普遍认为认知在走下坡路，后文“Decline, as we so often see it, may not be certain. That’s why we need to create enriched learning environments for adults after their formal education and job training end.(正如我们经常看到的那样，衰退可能并不一定会发生。这就是为什么我们需要为成年人在正规教育和职业培训结束后创造丰富的学习环境)”可知， 这种衰退不是一定会发生的，G选项“然而，研究表明，从长远来看，他们可以提高技能和认知能力”中they指代前文提到的老年人，与前文进行转折，引出下文衰退可以避免，他们可以提高技能和认知。故选G。 5．后文“Educators know how to educate children and adolescents, and we can adapt that knowledge to develop learning opportunities for adults.(教育工作者知道如何教育儿童和青少年，我们可以利用这些知识为成年人提供学习机会)”及下文“Let’s shift the conversation about adults from avoiding loss and decline to learning and growing.(让我们把成年人的话题从避免失去和衰退转移到学习和成长上来)”可知，本段重点在于提高成年人的学习和成长，D选项“现在的问题是，社会如何才能最大限度地增加成年人继续学习的机会”符合本段主旨。故选D。 十一 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】The beginning of the Year of the Dragon has foreshadowed a “Song of Ice and Fire” with the emergence of Sora, a text-to-video AI model. Videos generated by Sora display strong consistency when it comes to characters and backgrounds, and support continuous shots of up to 60 seconds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles. 1 However, film insiders noted that currently, AI-generated 60-second videos cannot support the creation of a full-length movie, and the idea that AI tools will “bomb” the film and television industry is so far unfounded. Meanwhile, experts say not to worry excessively, as the integration of AI will help optimize certain occupations, attract more innovative talents and bring new possibilities to the film and television industry. 2 From the age of film stock to the digital age, from practical effects to digital effects, from 2D to 3D, Sora, like any technological revolution in the century-long history of film, will improve production efficiency, update production and may even create new genres and trends in filmmaking. 3 Students learning film production can view Sora as a helpful assistant to unleash their sci-fi imagination. Facing the panic signals that AI tools will threaten the global film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA of film is art and that human creativity cannot be replaced. 4 Many directors, screenwriters, and actors achieve great works by continuously integrating personal emotions and life experiences. This kind of individual creativity cannot be imitated by machines like Sora. 5 However, just as the invention of printing did not replace literature or the invention of photography did not replace painting, Sora and its subsequent updates and upgrades will not replace film because the core of these art forms is creativity, which is a unique aspect of human thought. A．With OpenAI’s iteration speed, producing AI videos dozens of minutes long is not far off. B．It is also likely to be incorporated into film and television education and training in the future. C．Film and television are closely linked to technological advancements, which stimulate creativity. D．Sora will undoubtedly prompt changes in existing industrial production and may even replace some jobs. E．Sora is undoubtedly “more of an opportunity than a challenge” for the global film and television industry. F．Creativity and film production requires the integration of emotional experiences and individual memories. G．This implies that with just a text description, ordinary people using Sora may be able to become “great directors”. 【答案】1．G 2．E 3．B 4．F 5．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了工智能模型Sora对电影产业的影响，但专家表示Sora不会取代人类。 1．根据上文“Videos generated by Sora display strong consistency when it comes to characters and backgrounds, and support continuous shots of up to 60 seconds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles.”（Sora生成的视频在人物和背景方面显示出强大的一致性，并支持长达60秒的连续拍摄，包括高度详细的设置和多个相机角度。）可知，选项承接上文说明使用Sora的意义。故G选项“这意味着，只要一个文本描述，使用Sora的普通人就可能成为“伟大的导演”。故选G项。 2．根据上文“Meanwhile, experts say not to worry excessively, as the integration of AI will help optimize certain occupations, attract more innovative talents and bring new possibilities to the film and television industry.”（与此同时，专家表示不必过度担心，因为人工智能的整合将有助于优化某些职业，吸引更多创新人才，并为影视行业带来新的可能性）可知，选项承接上文说明Sora给影视业带来了机会大于挑战。故E选项“对于全球影视业来说，Sora无疑‘与其说是挑战，不如说是机遇’”切题。故选E项。 3．根据下文“Students learning film production can view Sora as a helpful assistant to unleash their sci-fi imagination.”（学习电影制作的学生可以将Sora视为一个有用的助手，以释放他们的科幻想象力。）可知，Sora可能会被应用于影视教育和培训，成为学生一个有用的助手。故B选项“ 它也有可能在未来被纳入影视教育和培训”切题。故选B项。 4．根据上文“Facing the panic signals that AI tools will threaten the global film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA of film is art and that human creativity cannot be replaced.”（面对人工智能工具将威胁全球电影产业的恐慌信号，电影业内人士辩称，电影的基本DNA是艺术，人类的创造力是不可替代的）和下文“Many directors, screenwriters, and actors achieve great works by continuously integrating personal emotions and life experiences. This kind of individual creativity cannot be imitated by machines like Sora.”（许多导演、编剧和演员通过不断融合个人情感和生活经历来创作伟大的作品。这种个人创造力是Sora这样的机器无法模仿的）可知，选项承接上文说明人类的创造力是不可替代的原因且要引出个人情感和生活经历对伟大作品创作的重要性。故F选项“创意和电影制作需要情感体验和个人记忆的整合”切题。故选F项。 5．根据下文“However, just as the invention of printing did not replace literature or the invention of photography did not replace painting, Sora and its subsequent updates and upgrades will not replace film because the core of these art forms is creativity, which is a unique aspect of human thought.”（然而，正如印刷术的发明没有取代文学，摄影术的发明也没有取代绘画一样，Sora及其后续的更新和升级也不会取代电影，因为这些艺术形式的核心是创造力，这是人类思想的一个独特方面。）可知Sora不会取代电影、让人失去岗位，下文与选项为转折关系说明毫无疑问，Sora肯能促使变化，取代某些岗位。故D选项“Sora将促使现有工业生产发生变化，甚至可能取代一些工作岗位”切题。故选D项。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$