重难点12 阅读表达-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点12 阅读理解之阅读表达 年份 主题 语境 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 细节表达 推断 表达 主旨表达 猜词表达 2024 人与自我 记叙文 268 追求科学研究的独立过程中成长的故事 3 0 0 0 2023 人与社会 记叙文 280 习惯是如何形成的以及对人的影响。 3 0 0 0 2022 人与社会 记叙文 286 发明一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料 3 0 0 0 2021 人与社会 说明文 322 解决争执减情绪负担 3 0 0 0 阅读表达是2021年出现的新题型,要求学生在理解文本的基础上,根据题目要求回答四个问题,旨在考查学生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。 该题型历年所选取的语篇类型不同:2021年和2023年为说明文,2022、2024年为记叙文。四个问题的题型也不同:前两题是细节题;第三题是判断题,要求学生先找出叙述有误的部分(可以是分句、短语或单词)并画线,然后引用文本内容进行改错。第四题属于创新和评价型问题,要求学生基于文本的话题建构思路、表达自己的观点或基于文本中涉及的概念进行创新写作等。 一．备考策略 1. 广泛阅读,锻炼获取、分析和概括信息的能力,用英语思维进行表达 学生平时要锻炼多层次的阅读能力和思考能力,在获取文章信息的基础上,进行分析和概括。同时,要重视积累英语写作词汇、语法知识和地道的英语表达法,多进行写作练习。 试题设置的难度不是一成不变的,但如果英语阅读能力和写作能力提升了,阅读表达题可以迎刃而解。例如,做第三题时,学生通常可以引用原文内容进行改错。但这道题的难度有可能加大,不能从文本中直接找到答案,这就需要学生对文本进行分析和概括。 2. 提高解题能力,轻松应对考试 (1)平行阅读找题眼:一般来讲,前三道题的答案出处在文中的位置顺序与题目顺序一致,因此学生在寻找答案时,可带着问题阅读,按题目顺序定位答案出处。 (2)答案与问题范围对应:做第三题时,不可多答。有的考生出于安全考虑,抄了原文中不属于答案的部分,导致失分。 (3)阅读表达的最后一题是创新写作题,做这道题时,注意以下几点: ①关注问题的要求。观察题目中是否有“Apart from what is mentioned in the pas- sage...”这样的表达。如果有,再使用文章中的内容进行作答是无效的。此外,要根据所给单词的单、复数,推断要求回答的点。如果看到benefit(s),作答一点或多点都可以;如果看到benefits,作答内容就要多于一点,由于有词数限制,建议写两条。本题的评分标准和应用文类似,都是主要从内容和语言两方面评分。 ②言简意赅,减少冗余。转换表达方式可以解决词数超限的问题。必要时,可以用单词代替短语,用非谓语动词代替从句等。 (4)使用规范和准确的语言。只要是写在答题纸上的句子,拼写和语法错误都会导致失分。 (5)检查并规避错误。学生作答结束后,可以针对以下几方面进行快速核查:作答内容和词数是否符合题目要求;拼写、语法和标点是否准确。 二．题型特点要知晓 例(2023北京海淀二模) They say to find out what you really want, go back to when you were a child.When I was a kid, I really wanted to be a painter②, but I was never great at it. I was discouraged, because in art classes my paintings were never the most beautiful. In the third grade, we were given a project to create a portrait. I used the skills and tips we were all taught in class. After we were done, we presented our portraits. We stood in front of the class and explained our techniques. I remember looking at other portraits thinking, “We were given the same skills, why do theirs look so professional and mine looks so amateur①?” But I still really enjoyed painting because it's a forgiving art.② If I don't like what I've put on paper, I can paint over it. I can mix colors and make new ones. Also, I can release some creative juices, use what has inspired me and allow that to pour out of me in a way I may not have imagined. But because I have always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, I just decided to change what beauty looked like. I changed what beauty meant to me.③ Throughout school, they taught us about Picasso, Van Gogh and da Vinci, and I never saw myself or my art in their works. These artists were always painting whatever was in front of them and around them. But that's not what I saw around me. Then I learned about Basquiat, who inspired me to paint abstract pictures.② I paint when I'm moved, and I am often moved by what's natural: emotions, nature, and other forms of art. I am also very moved by pain. When there is pain in the world or in my heart, it can be unbearable. I had a conversation with an activist in St. Louis named Spook, and I explained to her this feeling and she told me, “Pain is energy. You have to learn how to channel that energy into something productive.” So sometimes I channel that pain into art, into a painting.② Even if the picture doesn't turn out aesthetically(美学地) pleasing by society's standards, it's still beautiful that I was able to create something. My paintings may not be a Basquiat, but they're mine, so I love them anyway. 1. What did the author find after the portrait presentation? 试题类型 细节题 原文定位 见文章中的①部分 思路点拨 Others'/Other kids' portraits looked so professional and/but his looked so amateur. (还原原文所指内容)　(修改原文时态)              (修改原文代词mine) 答案 Others'/Other kids' portraits looked so professional and/but his looked so amateur. 2. What factors motivated the author to keep his passion for the arts? 试题类型 细节题 原文定位 见文章中的②部分 思路点拨 (1)因为题目中问的是factors,所以至少要列出两条; (2)修改人称、时态及表达。 答案 ①His childhood dream. ②His belief that paining is a forgiving art. ③The inspiration he got from Basquiat. ④The fact that he could channel pain into art. 3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.   The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards. 试题类型 判断题 原文定位 见文章中的③部分 思路点拨  Step 1:  分析题目:The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards.                     意群1　　　　　 意群2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　意群3 该句子可以划分为三个意群。鉴于本题有连词,因此猜测so后面的意群出错的概率大些。 Step 2: 审读文本:根据第四段“But because I have always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, I just  decided to change what beauty looked like. I changed what beauty meant to me.”可知猜测准确。 Step 3: 确定画线部分:so he tried to meet society's standards Step 4: 做出解释:将画线部分的错误信息改正。 答案 The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards. So he just decided to change what beauty looked like, and he changed what beauty meant to him. Or: So he changed what beauty looked like. Or: So he changed what beauty meant to him. 三．方法技巧 阅读表达的第四题要求学生在对信息进行分析和总结的基础上,输出新的信息,难度高于前三道题,因此,我们总结了不同类型的提问及其解题方法。 1.基于事件进行深入分析 2022年北京高考英语阅读表达的最后一题是“Among Tom's qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us? Why? (In about 40 words)”,在此之后,北京各区高三模拟题中数次出现该设问方式。解决此类问题需要从现象看本质,从文本的记叙性文字中推断出人物的品质。解答该类型题目时注意两点:首先,答题时注意人物的品质和文本细节之间的逻辑关系,不可臆造。其次,平时要积累描述优秀的个人品质的单词,包括但不局限于:persistence、resilience、creativity、sense of responsibility、curiosity和 humility等。 例1(2022北京海淀期末) Q:Which quality of da Vinci's do you appreciate most? How can it benefit you in your life?(In about 40 words)  审题　本题分两部分。关键词是quality和benefit。后者是基于前者展开,因此第一问的构思非常重要。  语篇　Leonardo da Vinci was a genius: wildly imaginative, passionately curious and creative across multiple disciplines—painting, architecture, aeronautics, and engineering. Yet oddly the word “genius” minimizes him by making it seem as if he were touched by lightning. His early biographer made this mistake: “Sometimes, in a supernatural fashion,a single person is gifted by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that it seems that his every act is divine (天赐的).” In fact, the self-taught Leonardo's genius was shaped by his own will and ambition. It did not come from being the divine recipient, like Newton or Einstein. Part of what made Leonardo a genius, what set him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart, was creativity. His talent for combining observation with fantasy allowed him to make unexpected leaps that related things seen to things unseen. Leonardo was also a very human genius. He made mistakes. He left a trail of unfinished projects, flying machines that never flew, tanks that never rolled. “Tell me if ever I did a thing... Tell me if anything was ever made.” His flawed humanity makes Leonardo more accessible. Even though we may never be able to match his talents, we can learn from him and try to be more like him. His life offers a wealth of lessons. Seek knowledge for its own sake. Not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure. Leonardo did not need to know how heart valves work to paint the Mona Lisa, nor did he need to figure out how fossils got to the top of mountains to produce the Virgin of the Rocks. By allowing himself to be driven by pure curiosity, he got to explore more horizons and see more connections. Keep a childlike sense of wonder. At a certain point in life, most of us quit puzzling over everyday phenomena. We might savor the beauty of a blue sky, but we no longer bother to wonder why it is that color. Leonardo did. Be curious, observe things, see things unseen, respect facts, be open to mystery... We can ever learn enough from Leonardo. 答题　回答第一问时,学生要基于文章的内容写出达·芬奇的优秀品质,该品质需要准确、恰当;题干中的quality是单数,因此只写一项。回答第二问时,学生要基于第一问所答的内容写出该品质的益处,这是基于第一问的延伸。 参考范文     The quality I appreciate most is his curiosity/being curious. It inspires me to acquire knowledge and obtain a deeper insight into the subjects. Besides, it helps develop my creative thinking because it enables me to see things in a different way. 点评　分数区间:4—5分。范文结构清晰。第一句表明最欣赏的品质是好奇心。此处要注意有关品质的形容词和名词形式的使用,不要出现语法错误。在回答第二问时使用了平行结构,一方面与获取知识有关,另一方面与创造力有关,内容全面。恰当地使用了代词I和me,符合题目要求。 2.基于文内论述进行平行延伸 　　本类问题典型的设问方式是“In addition to/Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, what do you think of...?”等。本类问题要求学生在阅读文本后写出与文中提到的内容平行、但又不重复的要素。学生可积累些典型的解题思路,例如对于要求写益处(benefits)的题,可以从以下三个方面进行表述:身体的(physical)、精神的(mental)和社会的(social)。 例2(2022北京海淀一模) Q:Besides the fresh start effect, in what other ways do you motivate yourself in your life? (In about 40 words)  审题　首先,问题中出现了Besides the fresh start effect,那么回答中不能出现the fresh start effect这种方式。其次问题中用了ways,说明学生要写出不止一条激励方式。考虑到本题的词数限制,建议学生写两条。  语篇　You might not have heard of the “fresh start effect”, but if you've ever made a New Year's resolution, you're familiar with it. It refers to the human tendency to take action towards achieving a goal after a special occasion or key date has passed. The fresh start effect is simple. Most people want to improve themselves in some way. When we hit important milestones, we're often likely to reflect: Are we where we thought we'd be by a certain age? Was this year a successful year, or did we waste it? Annual landmarks like birthdays, or the start of a new year, signify a new time period and an opportunity to leave slip-ups behind and to set new goals for better behavior. Research shows that anticipation of a new beginning is a key motivator for the fresh start effect. For example, people aged 29, 39, 49 etc. were 48% more likely to run a marathon for the first time. When they were approaching a new decade, they were more likely to search for meaning in their lives and try to improve themselves. The reason is simple. When we see our past self as separate from our current self, we feel it easier to introduce new goals and take action. What's interesting about the fresh start effect is that we don't need to wait for big mile-stones to take advantage of this sudden dose of motivation. Studies show that the first day of each month and even each week can also inspire us. These days, known as “temporal landmarks”, encourage us to step back and evaluate our current situation. And when we do this, we gain the motivation to be better: we become more driven and more productive. That is why people are more likely to start diets or exercise plans on Monday, rather than the next day. Fresh starts are exciting opportunities to learn from your mistakes and move forward. So if you're currently experiencing loss of motivation, questioning the meaning of your work, or just feel like you're stuck in a rut, why don't you use the fresh start effect in your own life?  答题　答案应从两方面进行构思。构思过程中要对两个方面进行区分,避免出现内容重叠、逻辑不清等情况。在写出一条具体的激励自己的方式后,应对该方式进行解释说明。 参考范文     I constantly remind myself of my ultimate goal to motivate myself, in which way I can visualize my success. Besides, I would celebrate every milestone along the way. The sense of achievement will give me more power to move forward. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文行文流畅、结构清晰且内容充实。从做事过程中提醒自己最终目标(ultimate goal)和庆祝每个里程碑(milestone)两方面展开说明,逻辑清晰,内容合理、全面。 3.基于现象表达个人观点 　　本类题型常见的设问方式为“Do you agree with the idea that...? Why or why not?”等。 解答这类问题时,首先要对问题中提到的现象或者事物有清晰的了解,在此基础上发表观点。由于本题的词数限制,不建议写“It depends.”这样模棱两可的答案。相比之下,如果学生回答“是”或者“不是”,更容易在不超过要求词数的前提下,从多方面阐述理由。其次,可以结合文章中作者的观点,在“是”或者“不是”中作出选择。这类问题并没有禁止学生利用文章中提到的论据。因此,选择和作者同样的观点既表明自己理解了内容,又可以利用文章中的某些论据,可以提高得分效率。 例3(2023北京海淀期末) Q:Do you prefer to have a “shallow” conversation or a “deep” discussion with strangers? And give your reasons.(In about 40 words)  审题    学生首先要关注问题中的关键词,即a “shallow” conversation和a “deep” discussion。利用关键词在文中准确定位,清楚了解两个关键词的含义。同时应画出文中提到的带有对其中一种交流方式的倾向性的表达(如文章的前两句),结合自己的思考,给出两个理由。  语篇    Engaging in meaningful conversations with others strengthens social bonds and boosts well-being far more than small talk does. Yet many people fear or even actively avoid intimate (亲密的) conversations, especially with those they don't know well. Why are we so unwilling to engage in an activity that could benefit us so acutely? According to new research, it may be due to miscalculated expectations, and changing them could foster deeper connections. In a series of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,participants either engaged in “shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they're grateful for). Before chatting, they predicted how awkward and uncomfortable the conversation would be, how close they would feel to their conversation partner afterward, and how much they would enjoy the interaction. Participants who consistently overestimated the awkwardness of the conversations also greatly underestimated how much they'd enjoy the more intimate conversations, as well as how close they'd feel to their partner. The noticeable difference between participants' expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn't care about the details of their lives. “We underestimate, essentially, how social others are,” explains study author Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago. Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. Yet participants appeared able to course-correct. When they were told ahead of time that it's common to underestimate how much strangers care about each other, they voluntarily steered the talks into deeper directions, potentially reaping the benefits of doing so. A single reminder likely isn't enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, Epley warns. But making the effort to engage in just a few positive interactions could help someone mentally reset. “After having a meaningful conversation, people usually want to have another one,” he says. “But you can learn only from experiences that you have,” he adds. “If you think it will be unpleasant to talk to someone and therefore never try, you'll never find out that you were wrong.” 答题    首先在文中找到两个概念的具体内涵:“shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they're grateful for)。根据文章整体思路,建议选择a “deep” discussion。在解释部分建议提供两个理由,从不同方面支撑自己的观点。  参考范文     I prefer to have a deep discussion with strangers because engaging in a meaningful conversation helps me to enlarge my social circle. Close relationships between friends come from in-depth communication. Also, it can be beneficial to my mental health, considering not only the delight of sharing but also the emotional bonds. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文语言流畅、逻辑清晰。明确表达观点后从“人际关系”和“个人心理健康”两方面说明理由,两个理由用Also衔接,上下文语义连贯,在保证衔接得当的同时也方便阅卷老师找到要点。在内容上,提出每个理由后,都进行了扩展,内容充实。 4.学习新的概念并进行迁移 　　阅读表达题的文章多为说明文,有时作者会提到一个新的概念或原理,从它的定义、使用范围、影响等方面进行说明。出题者往往在最后一题中针对新的概念或原理进行提问,希望学生在理解文章的基础上继续思考,考查学生学习和迁移知识的能力。 解答这类问题时,可以参考以下步骤:先分析概念或原理,再列出与所分析的概念或原理相关的要素,必要时对各要素之间的关系进行分析,最后根据所列出的要素(及各要素之间的关系)作答。 例4(2022北京丰台期末) Q:In addition to the benefits mentioned in this passage, what do you think are some other benefits of foraging?(In about 40 words)  审题　本题涉及文中介绍的新概念——foraging(觅食)。题目中有In addition to the benefits mentioned in this passage,因此在答案中不能提及文中提到的益处。  语篇　When 16-year-old Violet Brill looks out her window, she doesn't see only grass and trees—she sees a great meal. Her father, famous plant expert Steve “Wildman” Brill, carried her along on his foraging(觅食)tours from the time she was a little girl.In the past decade or so, a renewed interest in foraging for edible(可食用的)plants has begun to appear—an interest that has truly blossomed recently. “I think we've had a lot of time to get outdoors, and look around,” says Adele Nozedar, author of Foraging with Kids. “There is rapid growth in foraging in the past year.” Kids are natural-born foragers. Take them out into the woods and they'll happily gather fallen leaves, or root around in the undergrowth for hidden treasures. Foraging is definitely a gateway to nature.① Kids learn quickly that it's not just a bunch of green stuff outside. All those plants have a purpose. And by encouraging a love of nature, foraging also encourages a love of the environment②.“Having a strong connection to the land means you're more likely to protect it,” says David Hamilton, author of Family Foraging. “And you can't get much more connected to the land than eating from it.” Plus, foraging brings good news for parents of picky eaters: When kids search for and pick their own food, they're more likely to be invested in it. Foraging for wild edibles encourages kids to try new, nutritious foods③—especially kids who tend to turn their noses up at the vegetables on their plates. For instance, Hamilton remembers taking a group of boys camping and asking them to gather enough lamb's-quarters for dinner. They came back with three days' worth of the greens, which he turned into pesto(意大利青酱). They absolutely loved it,” he says. “There's something empowering about finding your own food, especially for kids.”  答题　首先明确foraging的概念;然后分析foraging的益处(见文中的①、②和③),注意这些益处不能出现在答案中。结合文章内容可知,foraging活动涉及三个要素:家长、孩子和自然。那么可以基于这三个要素构思要点及结构。  参考范文     Foraging has many other benefits. For example, it strengthens the bonds between parents and their kids. In the process of foraging and working together, they can get to know each other better. What's more, kids will cherish their food, which leads to less food waste. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文采用了总—分结构。从两个方面阐述foraging的其他益处:先从“家长—孩子”的角度,说明了增进亲子关系的益处;再从“孩子—自然”的角度说明了有助于孩子们珍惜食物的益处。用What's more连接两点益处,文章结构紧凑、内容连贯。 5.描述事件或特殊经历 例5(2020北京海淀期中) Q: Who is the “Bessie” in your life? How does he or she help you to pursue your dream?(In about 40 words)  审题　题目的关键信息为Bessie和help you to pursue your dream。学生应首先关注文中的Bessie如何帮助作者追求梦想:她用自己不寻常的人生经历鼓励了处于低谷的作者,告诉她无论在多艰难的环境中也要坚持到底,不放弃心中的梦想。本文为记叙文,在阅读的过程中学生可以梳理出事件的起因(经济状况不允许作者追求她的建筑师梦想)、经过(黑人女歌手Bessie用她的个人经历激励了作者)和结果(作者决定继续勇敢追求梦想)。 I started drawing houses at six. Unlike most girls, my dream was to build a backyard clubhouse—a dream that was unrealistic given that we lived in an apartment. By high school I continued drawing and my dream broadened—to become an architect. My older brother told me that took a university education. But my family couldn't afford that kind of education. Still, I fanned the flames of hope. I got a part-time job at Bayside Bowl and started saving money. My bank account, however, was growing quite slowly. When I looked at college catalogs, I couldn't imagine how I would ever get there. I decided to shrink (缩小) my dream to a more realistic size. Soon after that, a newcomer started frequenting Bayside Bowl. She arrived alone and always carried a pink bag with a ball inside. Her dark, wrinkled skin and curly gray hair made her stand out among our younger customers. She talked to me whenever I cleaned near her lane. I learned her name was Bessie. She had been a singer for as long as she could remember. In her 20s she had tried to get a job as a restaurant singer. “I was a young black woman, and in the early 1950s doors didn't exactly open wide for me. Zilch!” she said. I admired her ability to pick up the splits, but I also appreciated her advice. “Life's like bowling,” she would say. “Set your eyes on your target and follow through.” Indeed, Bessie hadn't let the “zilch” stop her. She had saved up and enrolled in the Brightwood Music Academy. It turned out this lady with the pink bowling bag was the Bessie Richards, a recording artist of the 1960s. Bessie moved on to live with her sister, but before leaving, she left me with a $50 tip for helping her at the lanes, a reminder to ignore the “zilch” in my life, and some lines of poetry she had copied from a book. Bessie said, “Read this when the going gets tough.It'll help you follow through and reach for your goal.” These are the lines: Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. A year has passed since I last bowled with Bessie, and I've resumed my drawing. I'm working and saving money, taking drawing classes, and applying for internships (实习期的工作). Whenever I'm discouraged, I reread those lines of poetry. There'll be no barren field of frozen snow nor zilch for me. Inspired by Bessie and the poem, I plan to continue to dream.  答题　在答题时要结合生活经历,将整个经历的来龙去脉叙述清楚,同时要关注时态 的准确性,描述过去发生的事件时主要采用一般过去时、过去完成时等时态。  参考范文     My classmate Li. Though eager to join the school basketball team, I hesitated because I was not sure whether I could manage my time.(起因) Li shared his experience with me, encouraged me to pursue my dream and offered practical advice.(经过) Inspired, I determined to give it a shot.(结果) 点评　分数区间:4—5分。范文紧扣主题,联系生活经历;时态准确,词汇、句式丰富;事件描述完整:有明确的起因(想加入篮球队但担心时间管理问题)、具体的经过(Li分享经验、鼓励作者继续追求梦想、提供实用的建议)和最后的结果(作者下定决心勇敢尝试)。本文生动阐述了同班同学Li对于作者追逐篮球梦想的帮助,很好地完成了写作任务。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一、高中真题 【2024北京卷】 Growing up, I idealised independence. I always wanted my own efforts to be enough. When I decided to pursue a postgraduate degree, I wanted to develop a novel research programme and quickly establish myself as an independent scientist. But I was unrealistically optimistic about what I could achieve. As I began designing experiments, my committee members warned me about the challenges I would face. But my need for independence drove me to push forward with my research plan. As a result, the first four years of my postgraduate career were defined by a series of failures. During my second year, I failed my comprehensive exam because my proposal was unclear. During my third year, I discovered that after treating thousands of seeds, I obtained just one plant I could use for experiments. By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. My adviser and I devised (想出) a somewhat unusual solution: I would spend three months in a collaborating (合作的) lab to obtain specialised training. I worked extensively with other students, constantly asked questions, and helped with ongoing projects to learn everything I could. Finally, I conducted an elegant experiment that would not have been possible without the help of the members in the lab. My adviser saw this experience as a groundbreaking success, emphasising the collaborating skills I acquired. A few months later, when I repeated the experiment in my home lab, I produced more publishable data. By learning when to ask for help, I eventually found myself on the way to becoming an independent scientist. 40. In the beginning, what drove the author to push forward with the research plan? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. What was the solution by the adviser and the author after those repeated failures? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. > The adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success because publishable data had been produced. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. From this story, what can you learn about “independence”? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【2023北京卷】 Habit formation is the process by which behaviours become automatic. People develop countless habits as they explore the world, whether they are aware of them or not. Understanding how habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits. Habits are built through learning and repetition. A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues(刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal. Over time, thoughts of the behaviour and ultimately the behaviour itself are likely to be triggered(触发) by these cues. A “habit loop(环)” is a way of describing several related elements that produce habits. These elements are called the cue, the routine, and the reward. For example, stress could serve as a cue that one responds to by eating, which produces the reward﹣the reduction of stress. While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it’s not necessarily performed in response to a deep﹣rooted urge, as a habit is. Old habits can be difficult to shake, and healthy habits are often harder to develop. But through repetition, it’s possible to form new habits. The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour. While you are able to pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit. Take some time to think about what leads to bad habits and re﹣evaluate what you get out of them (or don’t). Consider and keep in mind why you want to make a change, including how the change reflects your values. 40．How are habits built? 41．In what way is a routine different from a habit? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time. 43．What benefit(s) have you got from one of your good habits?(In about 40 words) 【2022北京卷】 Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had to be a better portable drink solution and decided to innovate from something he saw in his own home: fruit infused (浸泡) water. Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. “I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains. The bottle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allows the great tastes and natural sugars of the various fruits and vegetables you choose to come through the water, without any of the seeds or skins flowing through. Tom is proud of his design and excited to be selling the Fun Bottle on his website and in stores, but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG). Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give other entrepreneurial youth, he says, “Prepare and have your family’s support. It is important to know from the beginning that there are a lot of highs and lows, and there is no such thing as overnight success.” 40. What did Tom witness at his own school? 41. Where did Tom get the idea for the original model for the Fun Bottle? 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement then underline it and explain why. Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. 43. Among Tom’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us? Why?(In about 40 words) 二．高考模拟试题 一 （2024·北京大兴·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 “I know I should do it, but exercising makes me feel miserable. I’m out of breath, hot and sweaty, and it just hurts. ” Does this sound familiar? You’re not alone. About 97 percent of us think that getting enough exercise is important for health. One study of 3, 500 adults who used a fitness tracker found that less than 4 percent actually met the goal of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. Aside from health, what are your motivations for exercising? A 2024 study of 489 young Spanish adults found that men exercise to improve their self-image, while women are more likely to be motivated by weight loss or reducing body fat. The findings suggest that there’s a relationship between intrinsic motivation and level of physical activity, but how do you get intrinsically motivated if exercise makes you feel miserable? Here are a few suggestions to help you overcome your bad feelings about exercise: First, recognize that most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout. The trick for you is to limit the discomfort while exercising. Your exercise should be physically challenging, but if you’re really struggling, dial it down. Ease up, go slower, use less weight, take a break, or stop sooner; whatever it takes so that you can feel the effort you’re making but you’re not overwhelmed by it. You’re not being a quitter as long as you complete the exercise and do it again the next time. Second, pair exercise with something that you enjoy. Get earbuds so you can listen to music or a favorite podcast. You can also give yourself a reward for finishing the workout. For example, you could only watch a favorite program on days that you’ve exercised. Third, do the activity with a friend. If you set a routine exercise schedule with your friend, you’ll go, even if you don’t feel like doing so. You wouldn’t want to disappoint your friend, would you? Maybe instead of hating exercise, you can dislike it less and take pride in doing it and enjoying its effects. 1．How many of the people involved in the study actually get enough exercise? 2．What do the findings of 2024 study suggest? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Even the most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout, so the more physically challenging, the more effective your exercise would be. 4．What other ways can make you dislike exercise less? Why? (In about 40 words) 二 （2021·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities （实体）, whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence. Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception（感知）, attention, and reasoning in the offline world. "We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia," said Park. The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country. "Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors," noted Huang. "As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform." 1．What may an online profile photo reflect? 2．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. 4． Describe the profile photo you use for your social media such as WeChat or Weibo. Why do you choose it 三 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题后要求回答问题。 Fashion’s Melt Down Throwaway culture is trashing the planet—but one young chemical engineer has her own way to turn it over. Fast fashion has changed the way we dress. We buy more clothes, more often–but we wear them less. Alina Bassi, founder of Kleiderly, wants to give our clothing waste another chance at a useful life. Bassi has always cared about the threat of climate change, but she actually started her career in the oil industry. After a few years, she landed at bio-bean, a startup that turned waste coffee grounds into products that could be burnt for heat and fuel. After a year, Bassi was keen to branch out—used coffee grounds are not the biggest threat facing the planet. Instead, she poured her efforts into tackling a much bigger global polluter: the fashion industry. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, we produce 100 billion items of clothing per year, and this is set to double by 2050. But they don’t last long enough to offset(抵消) the carbon cost of producing the material, creating the clothes, and then shipping them to customers. “It makes no sense that we have such a high carbon footprint for something so short-lived.” Bassi says. Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi has developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture. Fashion companies have some other ways to reduce fashion waste, from creating clothes designed to last, to recycling the fabric to make more clothing. But “a problem this big needs multiple solutions,” Bassi says. “We think about the multiple lives of a product and how we can keep reusing it instead of letting it fall into landfills or incinerators (焚化炉),” she says. 1．Why did Bassi switch her focus to the fashion industry? 2．How did she tackle the problems caused by the fashion industry? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ● Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. 4．Please briefly present your own solution(s) to the throwaway problem in daily life. (about 40 words) 四 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 For years, psychologists have known how to measure the intelligence of individuals, but only recently have they begun to investigate the issue of group intelligence. This notion stems from the observation that some groups seem to work fantastically across tasks, even tasks that are not very similar. Early investigations suggest that group intelligence is not the sum of the intelligence of the individuals in it. So what is the secret to their success? Researchers at Google have tackled this question. They collected thousands of data points on hundreds of groups and combed through them trying to find patterns. Are the members of effective groups friends outside of work? Do groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds work together best? They put forward many theories but found no patters to support them. In fact, who was in the group apparently did not seem to make a difference; instead, the difference between more and less effective groups seemed to lie in the interaction among the members. In effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time—not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a project. Additionally, in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, using energetic and enthusiastic gestures. Moreover, side conversations between individual members during meetings, far from being a distraction, actually increased the group’s productivity. The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur exclusively in face-to-face interaction. One might argue that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood the principles. However, understanding group intelligence can help business and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance. The reason is that our social and professional lives are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction that apparently underlines effective group performance. 1．What is the finding of previous studies on group intelligence? 2．Why is it important for people to understand group intelligence? 3．Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why. ▶Although side conversations distract members during meetings, they can help to boost the group’s efficiency. 4．Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, what other way(s) can we use to improve group intelligence?(In about 40 words) 五 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 “I can’t” might actually mean “I don’t want to,” “I’m afraid,” “I’m confused,” or even “I don’t know how.” And after parsing out hidden meanings for the hundredth time, I can understand why my childhood gymnastics coach had put a gym-wide ban on the phrase. Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again. It wasn’t that he wanted people to do things beyond their skill or safety level. The policy was against the words themselves. He felt they were a shield to hide behind instead of admitting more useful and actionable hesitations. “I’m afraid.” “I’ve never done it by myself.” “I need to rest a few minutes before I try.” “I’m embarrassed to try in front of other people.” “I don’t want to, because...”. Academic experiences can follow the same pattern. Answering unexpected questions or trying a new protocol in front of an audience can be crippling, Homework problems can compound and seem to get worse with each try instead of better. We end up uttering “I can’t,” because sometimes it’s easier than “I am so frustrated and exhausted that I want to cry,” “This makes me feel so dumb,” or even “I need help.” As an asthmatic, my most vivid memories come from the annual hazing ritual known as the gym-class mile run. For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” My heart still starts to race just thinking of the number of times my self-preserving. “I can’t” was met with a dismissive “Of course, you can.” But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t. So why try? The number of laps I have avoided with well-timed bathroom breaks is staggering. I can’t go back and tell my childhood self that the mile run wasn’t worth the anticipatory anxiety. But I can remember how badly I wished even one classmate had acknowledged that I had barely missed the school record in sit-and- reach instead of teasing me about laps the next day. I can remember that “I can’t” can so often mean something else. And I can take the time to try to ask the right questions, so that I can say something more useful in response than “Of course you can.” 1．What were people supposed to do if they said “I can’t” in my childhood gymnastics? 2．What does “I can’t” actually mean when I said that in the gym-class mile run? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that. 4．Describe one of your experiences of dealing with “I can’t”. (In about 40 words) 六 （2024·北京朝阳·模拟预测）阅读表达 I had a great interest in researching the topic of how to improve your sense of direction, because my own sense of direction is absolutely terrible. Take going to the toilet in a restaurant, for example. I can find my way there easily enough because there are signs pointing me in the right direction. But getting back to my table is another story. After all, there are no helpful signs saying, “This is where you were sitting less than five minutes ago”. However, rather than accept the situation of myself frequently walking into cupboards and backtracking down dead ends, I’m determined to give my sense of direction a much-needed improvement. Nowadays, of course, it’s easy to rely on GPS (全球卫星定位系统) to find your way. But if you really want to improve your sense of direction, it’s a good idea to count on yourself. Studying a map and memorizing the way before you set out does have its benefits—not least because the amount of mental energy it requires means it’s more likely to stick in your mind. Looking at electronic maps on a big screen—or even studying a paper map—also allows you to get a sense of that all-important bigger picture and how everywhere fits together. Paying full attention is key, too. It’s important to notice what’s around you—in    all directions. Instead of staring straight ahead, make sure you look up, down and behind you as well. This will come in particularly useful when you’re on the return journey—even if it’s just finding your way back from the toilet in a restaurant. Try to relax when you’re on unfamiliar ground. It’s all too easy to be anxious and afraid if you imagine you may be lost—but this sudden feeling of anxiety will only prevent you from calmly working out which way to go. Besides, getting lost is one of the best ways to discover new places and add more detail to that ever-growing mental map—both of which will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. Finally, your sense of direction is a use-it-or-lose-it skill. If you only stick to the ways you already know, it’s never going to get any better. So, now’s the time to start exploring! 1．What problem does the writer have according to the passage? 2．According to the passage, what can we do to improve the sense of direction? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, and then underline it and explain why. To become “direction smarter”, we need to stay calm instead of being anxious, so we must avoid getting lost in all circumstances. 4．In addition to the ways mentioned in the passage, what else can you do to find your ways in a new place? (In about 40 words) 七 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】As a kid, I dreamed of becoming a marine biologist and I lived out this fantasy by setting up aquariums(鱼缸) at home. Then, at 20, I was introduced to photographer David Liittschwager, who hired me to help him with a magazine assignment on marine life. David’s assignment was to document the amazing biodiversity found in the ocean. My role was to collect species for him to photograph. Every night, I would cast a floating lamp. Like moths drawn to a flame, mysterious creatures would emerge from the depths in search of this light. I’d then set up aquariums to house them as they waited for David to take their shot. Those evenings made me feel as if I were on another planet. I had never imagined such strange life-forms could exist in our oceans. But I didn’t grasp the true magic of what was in front of me until I saw the photographs David took. The biggest surprise was his image of a baby flounder. I caught this fish by accident. Only later did I notice its two tiny eyeballs staring back at me. But David’s photograph of this flounder revealed a universe of detail that even my eager eyes had missed. His macro lens magnified its ribs. The lightning-fast exposure froze its motion. A precisely aimed light released the rainbow hidden in its skin. And the black background removed all distractions to focus our attention on the quiet beauty at hand. Years after that project, I was snorkeling(潜水) on a shallow reef. Out of the darkness, another baby flounder emerged and settled on my mask. This time I knew what to look for. Before working for David, I had assumed the goal of photography was simply to reproduce an observation so that others could share the same experience. It had never occurred to me that photography could expand our visual perception and therefore teach us to see the world anew. 1．What was the author’s responsibility in David’s assignment? 2．Why was David’s image of a baby flounder the biggest surprise to the author? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ▶Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could reproduce an observation. 4．What can help you see the world anew?(In about 40 words) 八 【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Anxiety is not deadly, because being able to feel anxious shows that our fight-or-flight system is operational, which is an indicator of brain and sensory health. Once we accept that being anxious is a normal part of life, we can use it to our benefit. Anxiety can help build our emotional strength. If we want to build emotional strength, we need to face some degree of mental stress. Of course, unpleasant and abuse tend to cause more harm than good, but the experience of occasional anxiety, stress, and tension substantially increases our emotional courage. Anxiety can increase your emotional connection. Clinical science has identified that sharing our anxieties with our loved ones is one of the most effective strategies to build connection. When my patients learn to open up and share their anxieties with their partners, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional connection. Anxiety can help us rebalance. When we feel genuinely anxious because of stress, it’s our body’s way of telling us to rebalance. Nobody is truly limitless. When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also less stressed and anxious. Anxiety can be a healthy, helpful emotion that is a constructive aspect of human life. When it comes to occasional experience of anxiety, it can emotionally help boost our courage. It can also build up emotional connect ion when we express our sensitive feelings to others. And in the form of stress, it can serve as an internal indicator to remain balanced and healthy. Now it’s high time we started putting it to good use． 1．Why is anxiety not deadly? 2．When can anxiety increase our emotional connection? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why? When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also more stressed and anxious． 4．As a student, how do you make use of test anxiety to help you be better prepared for exams? (In about 40 words) 九 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】If you are a psychology enthusiast, you have probably heard of the famous marshmallow test (棉花糖实验). In this task, kids are given a marshmallow, and are told that they can eat that marshmallow now, or wait a little while, and have two marshmallows instead. Some kids eat the marshmallow immediately, but most try their best to wait for two. When the researchers followed up with those kids later in life, children who waited longer had better life outcomes: more academic success, better social behavior, and even markers of better health. They believe those children who keep waiting are the ones with the most self-control-a key factor in success, and that’s why they are so successful later. But what if the behavior in the marshmallow test has more to do with cultural norms than self-control? A 2022 study tested the idea that children may decide how long to wait for rewards based on what they are accustomed to waiting for in their culture. For example, in the United States, there is no widespread mealtime custom of waiting until everyone is served. In Japan, however, there is. Because of this difference in norms, the researchers hypothesized that Japanese children would wait longer in the marshmallow test than the American children. This is exactly what they found later in experiments. But this isn’t conclusive evidence; after all, maybe Japanese children actually have better self-control, or maybe they differ from American children in other ways that could explain the result. In the U. S., gifts are usually given on special occasions and children usually have to wait before they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, however, gift-giving happens more often, and children usually open presents immediately. Given these cultural differences, scientists expected that if they ran the test with gifts instead of marshmallows, American kids would wait longer. Once again, their hypothesis was correct. This is a powerful result because it demonstrates the importance of culture and habit in shaping behavior. If a child waits only few minutes before giving up on two marshmallows but much longer to unwrap a gift, can we really say that child lacks self-control? I don’t think so. I think it just means that they are adjusting well to their social settings. 1．According to the researchers, why do children who wait longer have better life outcomes? 2．What was the purpose of the 2022 study? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. When scientists ran the test with gifts, American kids behaved the same as they did in the test with marshmallows. 4．Besides the cases mentioned in the passage, please give one or two examples to show how culture shapes your behavior. (In about 40 words) 十 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】As the saying goes, “time waits for no man”. Time is always against us, and we just can’t stop it. Maybe that’s why some of us are always running late for appointments. But if timekeeping is not what you’re good at, don’t stress. There might be a good reason for your lack of punctuality. People’s attitudes to being on time vary. Some clock-watch and make sure they’re bang on time for a meeting. It is, after all, rude to be late, and if you can make it on time, why can’t everyone else? But if, like me, you want to make every second count, you might try to squeeze as much as you can into the time you have available. However, when your schedule doesn’t run to plan, your punctuality inevitably slips. People who lack promptness have been described as “time benders”. Author Grace Pacie told the BBC that “they’re the people who don’t want to be late, but they have a strange resistance to being early, and they don’t allow enough time.” They assume their journey to an appointment will always go smoothly, and the train will always be on time! Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negative — even if sometimes wrong. Experts say: Being consistently late might not be your fault. It could be your type. The punctually-challenged often share personality characteristics, such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking. It is also possible people are late so not to be conspicuous and to avoid the anxious wait for others to turn up. Maybe we latecomers should make more of an effort and follow the advice I heard to not “try” to be on time but “decide” to be on time. 1．What does “time benders” refer to? 2．What are the personality characteristics of time benders? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t care about being late so they don’t allow enough time. 4．What do you usually do to be on time? (In about 40 words) ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点12 阅读理解之阅读表达 年份 主题 语境 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 细节表达 推断 表达 主旨表达 猜词表达 2024 人与自我 记叙文 268 追求科学研究的独立过程中成长的故事 3 0 0 0 2023 人与社会 记叙文 280 习惯是如何形成的以及对人的影响。 3 0 0 0 2022 人与社会 记叙文 286 发明一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料 3 0 0 0 2021 人与社会 说明文 322 解决争执减情绪负担 3 0 0 0 阅读表达是2021年出现的新题型,要求学生在理解文本的基础上,根据题目要求回答四个问题,旨在考查学生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。 该题型历年所选取的语篇类型不同:2021年和2023年为说明文,2022、2024年为记叙文。四个问题的题型也不同:前两题是细节题;第三题是判断题,要求学生先找出叙述有误的部分(可以是分句、短语或单词)并画线,然后引用文本内容进行改错。第四题属于创新和评价型问题,要求学生基于文本的话题建构思路、表达自己的观点或基于文本中涉及的概念进行创新写作等。 一．备考策略 1. 广泛阅读,锻炼获取、分析和概括信息的能力,用英语思维进行表达 学生平时要锻炼多层次的阅读能力和思考能力,在获取文章信息的基础上,进行分析和概括。同时,要重视积累英语写作词汇、语法知识和地道的英语表达法,多进行写作练习。 试题设置的难度不是一成不变的,但如果英语阅读能力和写作能力提升了,阅读表达题可以迎刃而解。例如,做第三题时,学生通常可以引用原文内容进行改错。但这道题的难度有可能加大,不能从文本中直接找到答案,这就需要学生对文本进行分析和概括。 2. 提高解题能力,轻松应对考试 (1)平行阅读找题眼:一般来讲,前三道题的答案出处在文中的位置顺序与题目顺序一致,因此学生在寻找答案时,可带着问题阅读,按题目顺序定位答案出处。 (2)答案与问题范围对应:做第三题时,不可多答。有的考生出于安全考虑,抄了原文中不属于答案的部分,导致失分。 (3)阅读表达的最后一题是创新写作题,做这道题时,注意以下几点: ①关注问题的要求。观察题目中是否有“Apart from what is mentioned in the pas- sage...”这样的表达。如果有,再使用文章中的内容进行作答是无效的。此外,要根据所给单词的单、复数,推断要求回答的点。如果看到benefit(s),作答一点或多点都可以;如果看到benefits,作答内容就要多于一点,由于有词数限制,建议写两条。本题的评分标准和应用文类似,都是主要从内容和语言两方面评分。 ②言简意赅,减少冗余。转换表达方式可以解决词数超限的问题。必要时,可以用单词代替短语,用非谓语动词代替从句等。 (4)使用规范和准确的语言。只要是写在答题纸上的句子,拼写和语法错误都会导致失分。 (5)检查并规避错误。学生作答结束后,可以针对以下几方面进行快速核查:作答内容和词数是否符合题目要求;拼写、语法和标点是否准确。 二．题型特点要知晓 例(2023北京海淀二模) They say to find out what you really want, go back to when you were a child.When I was a kid, I really wanted to be a painter②, but I was never great at it. I was discouraged, because in art classes my paintings were never the most beautiful. In the third grade, we were given a project to create a portrait. I used the skills and tips we were all taught in class. After we were done, we presented our portraits. We stood in front of the class and explained our techniques. I remember looking at other portraits thinking, “We were given the same skills, why do theirs look so professional and mine looks so amateur①?” But I still really enjoyed painting because it's a forgiving art.② If I don't like what I've put on paper, I can paint over it. I can mix colors and make new ones. Also, I can release some creative juices, use what has inspired me and allow that to pour out of me in a way I may not have imagined. But because I have always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, I just decided to change what beauty looked like. I changed what beauty meant to me.③ Throughout school, they taught us about Picasso, Van Gogh and da Vinci, and I never saw myself or my art in their works. These artists were always painting whatever was in front of them and around them. But that's not what I saw around me. Then I learned about Basquiat, who inspired me to paint abstract pictures.② I paint when I'm moved, and I am often moved by what's natural: emotions, nature, and other forms of art. I am also very moved by pain. When there is pain in the world or in my heart, it can be unbearable. I had a conversation with an activist in St. Louis named Spook, and I explained to her this feeling and she told me, “Pain is energy. You have to learn how to channel that energy into something productive.” So sometimes I channel that pain into art, into a painting.② Even if the picture doesn't turn out aesthetically(美学地) pleasing by society's standards, it's still beautiful that I was able to create something. My paintings may not be a Basquiat, but they're mine, so I love them anyway. 1. What did the author find after the portrait presentation? 试题类型 细节题 原文定位 见文章中的①部分 思路点拨 Others'/Other kids' portraits looked so professional and/but his looked so amateur. (还原原文所指内容)　(修改原文时态)              (修改原文代词mine) 答案 Others'/Other kids' portraits looked so professional and/but his looked so amateur. 2. What factors motivated the author to keep his passion for the arts? 试题类型 细节题 原文定位 见文章中的②部分 思路点拨 (1)因为题目中问的是factors,所以至少要列出两条; (2)修改人称、时态及表达。 答案 ①His childhood dream. ②His belief that paining is a forgiving art. ③The inspiration he got from Basquiat. ④The fact that he could channel pain into art. 3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.   The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards. 试题类型 判断题 原文定位 见文章中的③部分 思路点拨  Step 1:  分析题目:The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards.                     意群1　　　　　 意群2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　意群3 该句子可以划分为三个意群。鉴于本题有连词,因此猜测so后面的意群出错的概率大些。 Step 2: 审读文本:根据第四段“But because I have always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, I just  decided to change what beauty looked like. I changed what beauty meant to me.”可知猜测准确。 Step 3: 确定画线部分:so he tried to meet society's standards Step 4: 做出解释:将画线部分的错误信息改正。 答案 The author has always wanted to paint beautiful pictures, so he tried to meet society's standards. So he just decided to change what beauty looked like, and he changed what beauty meant to him. Or: So he changed what beauty looked like. Or: So he changed what beauty meant to him. 三．方法技巧 阅读表达的第四题要求学生在对信息进行分析和总结的基础上,输出新的信息,难度高于前三道题,因此,我们总结了不同类型的提问及其解题方法。 1.基于事件进行深入分析 2022年北京高考英语阅读表达的最后一题是“Among Tom's qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us? Why? (In about 40 words)”,在此之后,北京各区高三模拟题中数次出现该设问方式。解决此类问题需要从现象看本质,从文本的记叙性文字中推断出人物的品质。解答该类型题目时注意两点:首先,答题时注意人物的品质和文本细节之间的逻辑关系,不可臆造。其次,平时要积累描述优秀的个人品质的单词,包括但不局限于:persistence、resilience、creativity、sense of responsibility、curiosity和 humility等。 例1(2022北京海淀期末) Q:Which quality of da Vinci's do you appreciate most? How can it benefit you in your life?(In about 40 words)  审题　本题分两部分。关键词是quality和benefit。后者是基于前者展开,因此第一问的构思非常重要。  语篇　Leonardo da Vinci was a genius: wildly imaginative, passionately curious and creative across multiple disciplines—painting, architecture, aeronautics, and engineering. Yet oddly the word “genius” minimizes him by making it seem as if he were touched by lightning. His early biographer made this mistake: “Sometimes, in a supernatural fashion,a single person is gifted by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that it seems that his every act is divine (天赐的).” In fact, the self-taught Leonardo's genius was shaped by his own will and ambition. It did not come from being the divine recipient, like Newton or Einstein. Part of what made Leonardo a genius, what set him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart, was creativity. His talent for combining observation with fantasy allowed him to make unexpected leaps that related things seen to things unseen. Leonardo was also a very human genius. He made mistakes. He left a trail of unfinished projects, flying machines that never flew, tanks that never rolled. “Tell me if ever I did a thing... Tell me if anything was ever made.” His flawed humanity makes Leonardo more accessible. Even though we may never be able to match his talents, we can learn from him and try to be more like him. His life offers a wealth of lessons. Seek knowledge for its own sake. Not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure. Leonardo did not need to know how heart valves work to paint the Mona Lisa, nor did he need to figure out how fossils got to the top of mountains to produce the Virgin of the Rocks. By allowing himself to be driven by pure curiosity, he got to explore more horizons and see more connections. Keep a childlike sense of wonder. At a certain point in life, most of us quit puzzling over everyday phenomena. We might savor the beauty of a blue sky, but we no longer bother to wonder why it is that color. Leonardo did. Be curious, observe things, see things unseen, respect facts, be open to mystery... We can ever learn enough from Leonardo. 答题　回答第一问时,学生要基于文章的内容写出达·芬奇的优秀品质,该品质需要准确、恰当;题干中的quality是单数,因此只写一项。回答第二问时,学生要基于第一问所答的内容写出该品质的益处,这是基于第一问的延伸。 参考范文     The quality I appreciate most is his curiosity/being curious. It inspires me to acquire knowledge and obtain a deeper insight into the subjects. Besides, it helps develop my creative thinking because it enables me to see things in a different way. 点评　分数区间:4—5分。范文结构清晰。第一句表明最欣赏的品质是好奇心。此处要注意有关品质的形容词和名词形式的使用,不要出现语法错误。在回答第二问时使用了平行结构,一方面与获取知识有关,另一方面与创造力有关,内容全面。恰当地使用了代词I和me,符合题目要求。 2.基于文内论述进行平行延伸 　　本类问题典型的设问方式是“In addition to/Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, what do you think of...?”等。本类问题要求学生在阅读文本后写出与文中提到的内容平行、但又不重复的要素。学生可积累些典型的解题思路,例如对于要求写益处(benefits)的题,可以从以下三个方面进行表述:身体的(physical)、精神的(mental)和社会的(social)。 例2(2022北京海淀一模) Q:Besides the fresh start effect, in what other ways do you motivate yourself in your life? (In about 40 words)  审题　首先,问题中出现了Besides the fresh start effect,那么回答中不能出现the fresh start effect这种方式。其次问题中用了ways,说明学生要写出不止一条激励方式。考虑到本题的词数限制,建议学生写两条。  语篇　You might not have heard of the “fresh start effect”, but if you've ever made a New Year's resolution, you're familiar with it. It refers to the human tendency to take action towards achieving a goal after a special occasion or key date has passed. The fresh start effect is simple. Most people want to improve themselves in some way. When we hit important milestones, we're often likely to reflect: Are we where we thought we'd be by a certain age? Was this year a successful year, or did we waste it? Annual landmarks like birthdays, or the start of a new year, signify a new time period and an opportunity to leave slip-ups behind and to set new goals for better behavior. Research shows that anticipation of a new beginning is a key motivator for the fresh start effect. For example, people aged 29, 39, 49 etc. were 48% more likely to run a marathon for the first time. When they were approaching a new decade, they were more likely to search for meaning in their lives and try to improve themselves. The reason is simple. When we see our past self as separate from our current self, we feel it easier to introduce new goals and take action. What's interesting about the fresh start effect is that we don't need to wait for big mile-stones to take advantage of this sudden dose of motivation. Studies show that the first day of each month and even each week can also inspire us. These days, known as “temporal landmarks”, encourage us to step back and evaluate our current situation. And when we do this, we gain the motivation to be better: we become more driven and more productive. That is why people are more likely to start diets or exercise plans on Monday, rather than the next day. Fresh starts are exciting opportunities to learn from your mistakes and move forward. So if you're currently experiencing loss of motivation, questioning the meaning of your work, or just feel like you're stuck in a rut, why don't you use the fresh start effect in your own life?  答题　答案应从两方面进行构思。构思过程中要对两个方面进行区分,避免出现内容重叠、逻辑不清等情况。在写出一条具体的激励自己的方式后,应对该方式进行解释说明。 参考范文     I constantly remind myself of my ultimate goal to motivate myself, in which way I can visualize my success. Besides, I would celebrate every milestone along the way. The sense of achievement will give me more power to move forward. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文行文流畅、结构清晰且内容充实。从做事过程中提醒自己最终目标(ultimate goal)和庆祝每个里程碑(milestone)两方面展开说明,逻辑清晰,内容合理、全面。 3.基于现象表达个人观点 　　本类题型常见的设问方式为“Do you agree with the idea that...? Why or why not?”等。 解答这类问题时,首先要对问题中提到的现象或者事物有清晰的了解,在此基础上发表观点。由于本题的词数限制,不建议写“It depends.”这样模棱两可的答案。相比之下,如果学生回答“是”或者“不是”,更容易在不超过要求词数的前提下,从多方面阐述理由。其次,可以结合文章中作者的观点,在“是”或者“不是”中作出选择。这类问题并没有禁止学生利用文章中提到的论据。因此,选择和作者同样的观点既表明自己理解了内容,又可以利用文章中的某些论据,可以提高得分效率。 例3(2023北京海淀期末) Q:Do you prefer to have a “shallow” conversation or a “deep” discussion with strangers? And give your reasons.(In about 40 words)  审题    学生首先要关注问题中的关键词,即a “shallow” conversation和a “deep” discussion。利用关键词在文中准确定位,清楚了解两个关键词的含义。同时应画出文中提到的带有对其中一种交流方式的倾向性的表达(如文章的前两句),结合自己的思考,给出两个理由。  语篇    Engaging in meaningful conversations with others strengthens social bonds and boosts well-being far more than small talk does. Yet many people fear or even actively avoid intimate (亲密的) conversations, especially with those they don't know well. Why are we so unwilling to engage in an activity that could benefit us so acutely? According to new research, it may be due to miscalculated expectations, and changing them could foster deeper connections. In a series of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,participants either engaged in “shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they're grateful for). Before chatting, they predicted how awkward and uncomfortable the conversation would be, how close they would feel to their conversation partner afterward, and how much they would enjoy the interaction. Participants who consistently overestimated the awkwardness of the conversations also greatly underestimated how much they'd enjoy the more intimate conversations, as well as how close they'd feel to their partner. The noticeable difference between participants' expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn't care about the details of their lives. “We underestimate, essentially, how social others are,” explains study author Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago. Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. Yet participants appeared able to course-correct. When they were told ahead of time that it's common to underestimate how much strangers care about each other, they voluntarily steered the talks into deeper directions, potentially reaping the benefits of doing so. A single reminder likely isn't enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, Epley warns. But making the effort to engage in just a few positive interactions could help someone mentally reset. “After having a meaningful conversation, people usually want to have another one,” he says. “But you can learn only from experiences that you have,” he adds. “If you think it will be unpleasant to talk to someone and therefore never try, you'll never find out that you were wrong.” 答题    首先在文中找到两个概念的具体内涵:“shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they're grateful for)。根据文章整体思路,建议选择a “deep” discussion。在解释部分建议提供两个理由,从不同方面支撑自己的观点。  参考范文     I prefer to have a deep discussion with strangers because engaging in a meaningful conversation helps me to enlarge my social circle. Close relationships between friends come from in-depth communication. Also, it can be beneficial to my mental health, considering not only the delight of sharing but also the emotional bonds. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文语言流畅、逻辑清晰。明确表达观点后从“人际关系”和“个人心理健康”两方面说明理由,两个理由用Also衔接,上下文语义连贯,在保证衔接得当的同时也方便阅卷老师找到要点。在内容上,提出每个理由后,都进行了扩展,内容充实。 4.学习新的概念并进行迁移 　　阅读表达题的文章多为说明文,有时作者会提到一个新的概念或原理,从它的定义、使用范围、影响等方面进行说明。出题者往往在最后一题中针对新的概念或原理进行提问,希望学生在理解文章的基础上继续思考,考查学生学习和迁移知识的能力。 解答这类问题时,可以参考以下步骤:先分析概念或原理,再列出与所分析的概念或原理相关的要素,必要时对各要素之间的关系进行分析,最后根据所列出的要素(及各要素之间的关系)作答。 例4(2022北京丰台期末) Q:In addition to the benefits mentioned in this passage, what do you think are some other benefits of foraging?(In about 40 words)  审题　本题涉及文中介绍的新概念——foraging(觅食)。题目中有In addition to the benefits mentioned in this passage,因此在答案中不能提及文中提到的益处。  语篇　When 16-year-old Violet Brill looks out her window, she doesn't see only grass and trees—she sees a great meal. Her father, famous plant expert Steve “Wildman” Brill, carried her along on his foraging(觅食)tours from the time she was a little girl.In the past decade or so, a renewed interest in foraging for edible(可食用的)plants has begun to appear—an interest that has truly blossomed recently. “I think we've had a lot of time to get outdoors, and look around,” says Adele Nozedar, author of Foraging with Kids. “There is rapid growth in foraging in the past year.” Kids are natural-born foragers. Take them out into the woods and they'll happily gather fallen leaves, or root around in the undergrowth for hidden treasures. Foraging is definitely a gateway to nature.① Kids learn quickly that it's not just a bunch of green stuff outside. All those plants have a purpose. And by encouraging a love of nature, foraging also encourages a love of the environment②.“Having a strong connection to the land means you're more likely to protect it,” says David Hamilton, author of Family Foraging. “And you can't get much more connected to the land than eating from it.” Plus, foraging brings good news for parents of picky eaters: When kids search for and pick their own food, they're more likely to be invested in it. Foraging for wild edibles encourages kids to try new, nutritious foods③—especially kids who tend to turn their noses up at the vegetables on their plates. For instance, Hamilton remembers taking a group of boys camping and asking them to gather enough lamb's-quarters for dinner. They came back with three days' worth of the greens, which he turned into pesto(意大利青酱). They absolutely loved it,” he says. “There's something empowering about finding your own food, especially for kids.”  答题　首先明确foraging的概念;然后分析foraging的益处(见文中的①、②和③),注意这些益处不能出现在答案中。结合文章内容可知,foraging活动涉及三个要素:家长、孩子和自然。那么可以基于这三个要素构思要点及结构。  参考范文     Foraging has many other benefits. For example, it strengthens the bonds between parents and their kids. In the process of foraging and working together, they can get to know each other better. What's more, kids will cherish their food, which leads to less food waste. 点评　分数区间4—5分。范文采用了总—分结构。从两个方面阐述foraging的其他益处:先从“家长—孩子”的角度,说明了增进亲子关系的益处;再从“孩子—自然”的角度说明了有助于孩子们珍惜食物的益处。用What's more连接两点益处,文章结构紧凑、内容连贯。 5.描述事件或特殊经历 例5(2020北京海淀期中) Q: Who is the “Bessie” in your life? How does he or she help you to pursue your dream?(In about 40 words)  审题　题目的关键信息为Bessie和help you to pursue your dream。学生应首先关注文中的Bessie如何帮助作者追求梦想:她用自己不寻常的人生经历鼓励了处于低谷的作者,告诉她无论在多艰难的环境中也要坚持到底,不放弃心中的梦想。本文为记叙文,在阅读的过程中学生可以梳理出事件的起因(经济状况不允许作者追求她的建筑师梦想)、经过(黑人女歌手Bessie用她的个人经历激励了作者)和结果(作者决定继续勇敢追求梦想)。 I started drawing houses at six. Unlike most girls, my dream was to build a backyard clubhouse—a dream that was unrealistic given that we lived in an apartment. By high school I continued drawing and my dream broadened—to become an architect. My older brother told me that took a university education. But my family couldn't afford that kind of education. Still, I fanned the flames of hope. I got a part-time job at Bayside Bowl and started saving money. My bank account, however, was growing quite slowly. When I looked at college catalogs, I couldn't imagine how I would ever get there. I decided to shrink (缩小) my dream to a more realistic size. Soon after that, a newcomer started frequenting Bayside Bowl. She arrived alone and always carried a pink bag with a ball inside. Her dark, wrinkled skin and curly gray hair made her stand out among our younger customers. She talked to me whenever I cleaned near her lane. I learned her name was Bessie. She had been a singer for as long as she could remember. In her 20s she had tried to get a job as a restaurant singer. “I was a young black woman, and in the early 1950s doors didn't exactly open wide for me. Zilch!” she said. I admired her ability to pick up the splits, but I also appreciated her advice. “Life's like bowling,” she would say. “Set your eyes on your target and follow through.” Indeed, Bessie hadn't let the “zilch” stop her. She had saved up and enrolled in the Brightwood Music Academy. It turned out this lady with the pink bowling bag was the Bessie Richards, a recording artist of the 1960s. Bessie moved on to live with her sister, but before leaving, she left me with a $50 tip for helping her at the lanes, a reminder to ignore the “zilch” in my life, and some lines of poetry she had copied from a book. Bessie said, “Read this when the going gets tough.It'll help you follow through and reach for your goal.” These are the lines: Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. A year has passed since I last bowled with Bessie, and I've resumed my drawing. I'm working and saving money, taking drawing classes, and applying for internships (实习期的工作). Whenever I'm discouraged, I reread those lines of poetry. There'll be no barren field of frozen snow nor zilch for me. Inspired by Bessie and the poem, I plan to continue to dream.  答题　在答题时要结合生活经历,将整个经历的来龙去脉叙述清楚,同时要关注时态 的准确性,描述过去发生的事件时主要采用一般过去时、过去完成时等时态。  参考范文     My classmate Li. Though eager to join the school basketball team, I hesitated because I was not sure whether I could manage my time.(起因) Li shared his experience with me, encouraged me to pursue my dream and offered practical advice.(经过) Inspired, I determined to give it a shot.(结果) 点评　分数区间:4—5分。范文紧扣主题,联系生活经历;时态准确,词汇、句式丰富;事件描述完整:有明确的起因(想加入篮球队但担心时间管理问题)、具体的经过(Li分享经验、鼓励作者继续追求梦想、提供实用的建议)和最后的结果(作者下定决心勇敢尝试)。本文生动阐述了同班同学Li对于作者追逐篮球梦想的帮助,很好地完成了写作任务。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一、高中真题 【2024北京卷】 Growing up, I idealised independence. I always wanted my own efforts to be enough. When I decided to pursue a postgraduate degree, I wanted to develop a novel research programme and quickly establish myself as an independent scientist. But I was unrealistically optimistic about what I could achieve. As I began designing experiments, my committee members warned me about the challenges I would face. But my need for independence drove me to push forward with my research plan. As a result, the first four years of my postgraduate career were defined by a series of failures. During my second year, I failed my comprehensive exam because my proposal was unclear. During my third year, I discovered that after treating thousands of seeds, I obtained just one plant I could use for experiments. By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. My adviser and I devised (想出) a somewhat unusual solution: I would spend three months in a collaborating (合作的) lab to obtain specialised training. I worked extensively with other students, constantly asked questions, and helped with ongoing projects to learn everything I could. Finally, I conducted an elegant experiment that would not have been possible without the help of the members in the lab. My adviser saw this experience as a groundbreaking success, emphasising the collaborating skills I acquired. A few months later, when I repeated the experiment in my home lab, I produced more publishable data. By learning when to ask for help, I eventually found myself on the way to becoming an independent scientist. 40. In the beginning, what drove the author to push forward with the research plan? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. What was the solution by the adviser and the author after those repeated failures? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. > The adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success because publishable data had been produced. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. From this story, what can you learn about “independence”? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】40. The need to be recognized as an independent scientist. 41. The author would spend three months in a collaborating lab to obtain specialised training. 42. The adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success because publishable data had been produced. It is because the author had acquired the collaborating skills by working with others there so that the adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success. 43. In the story’ success in becoming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved through collaboration, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face of setbacks. From the story, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passionately, true independence often involves recognizing the value of collaboration and learning than to seek help. (答案言之有理即可) 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在追求科学研究的独立过程中遇到的挑战、失败、学习和成长的故事。 40.考查细节理解。根据第二段“As I began designing experiments, my committee members warned me about the challenges I would face. But my need for independence drove me to push forward with my research plan. (当我开始设计实验时，我的委员会成员警告我，我将面临的挑战。但是我对独立的需求驱使我推进我的研究计划)”可知，一开始，是作者对独立的需求驱使作者推进这个研究计划。故答案为：The need to be recognized as an independent scientist. 41.考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“My adviser and I devised (想出) a somewhat unusual solution: I would spend three months in a collaborating (合作的) lab to obtain specialised training. (我的导师和我想出了一个有点不同寻常的解决方案：我将在一个合作实验室里待上三个月，接受专门培训)”可知，在反复的失败之后，导师和作者的解决方案是，作者将花三个月的时间在合作实验室接受专门培训。故答案为：The author would spend three months in a collaborating lab to obtain specialised training. 42.考查细节理解。根据最后一段“My adviser saw this experience as a groundbreaking success, emphasising the collaborating skills I acquired. A few months later, when I repeated the experiment in my home lab, I produced more publishable data.(我的导师认为这段经历是一次开创性的成功，强调了我获得的合作技能。几个月后，当我在家里的实验室里重复这个实验时，我得到了更多可发表的数据)”可知，导师认为作者在实验室的经历是一次开创性的成功，这是因为作者通过与他人合作获得了合作技能，而不是因为产生了可发表的数据。故答案：The adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success because publishable data had been produced. It is because the author had acquired the collaborating skills by working with others there so that the adviser considered the author’s experience in the lab a groundbreaking success. 43.开放性问题。答案言之有理即可。通读全文可知，作者成为一名独立科学家的成功最终是通过合作、适应性学习和面对挫折的韧性来实现的。从这个故事中，我们了解到，虽然独立最初是理想化的，并被热情地追求，但真正的独立往往包括认识到合作的价值，并学会何时寻求帮助。故答案为：In the story, success in becoming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved through collaboration, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face of setbacks. From the story, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passionately, true independence often involves recognizing the value of collaboration and learning when to seek help. 【2023北京卷】 Habit formation is the process by which behaviours become automatic. People develop countless habits as they explore the world, whether they are aware of them or not. Understanding how habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits. Habits are built through learning and repetition. A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues(刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal. Over time, thoughts of the behaviour and ultimately the behaviour itself are likely to be triggered(触发) by these cues. A “habit loop(环)” is a way of describing several related elements that produce habits. These elements are called the cue, the routine, and the reward. For example, stress could serve as a cue that one responds to by eating, which produces the reward﹣the reduction of stress. While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it’s not necessarily performed in response to a deep﹣rooted urge, as a habit is. Old habits can be difficult to shake, and healthy habits are often harder to develop. But through repetition, it’s possible to form new habits. The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour. While you are able to pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit. Take some time to think about what leads to bad habits and re﹣evaluate what you get out of them (or don’t). Consider and keep in mind why you want to make a change, including how the change reflects your values. 40．How are habits built? 41．In what way is a routine different from a habit? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time. 43．What benefit(s) have you got from one of your good habits?(In about 40 words) 【答案】40．Habits are built through learning and repetition. 41．A routine involves repeated behaviour while a habit is a deep﹣rooted urge. 42．Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time. Because building a healthy habit takes many months. 43．I have a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Therefore, I can study energetically every morning, which makes me study efficiently. Also, I am very healthy. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。习惯的形成是行为自动形成的过程。人们在探索世界的过程中养成了无数的习惯，不管他们是否意识到这些习惯。文章主要说明了习惯是如何形成的以及对人的影响。 40．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“Habits are built through learning and repetition.(习惯是通过学习和重复建立起来的)”可知，习惯是通过学习和重复建立起来的。故填Habits are built through learning and repetition.。 41．考查细节理解。根据第三段中“While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it’s not necessarily performed in response to a deep﹣rooted urge, as a habit is.(虽然一个常规包括重复的行为，但它不一定是为了应对深度﹣根深蒂固的冲动，就像习惯一样)”可知，常规不同于习惯在于：常规是重复的行为，而习惯是深度﹣根深蒂固的冲动，故填A routine involves repeated behaviour while a habit is a deep﹣rooted urge.。 42．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“While you are able to pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit.(虽然你可以在几周内养成一个新的习惯，但是要养成一个健康的习惯却需要好几个月的时间)”可知，养成一个新的习惯需要好几周，而要养成一个健康的习惯却需要好几个月的时间。所以句子“Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time.”中“a shorter time”错误，应该为many months，故填Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time. Because building a healthy habit takes many months.。 43．开放试题，言之有理即可。题干问“你的一个好习惯给你带来了什么好处？（大约40个字）”，答案可以是：我有早睡早起的好习惯。因此，我可以每天早上精力充沛地学习，这使我学习效率高。而且，我很健康。故填I have a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Therefore, I can study energetically every morning, which makes me study efficiently. Also, I am very healthy.。 【2022北京卷】 Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had to be a better portable drink solution and decided to innovate from something he saw in his own home: fruit infused (浸泡) water. Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. “I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains. The bottle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allows the great tastes and natural sugars of the various fruits and vegetables you choose to come through the water, without any of the seeds or skins flowing through. Tom is proud of his design and excited to be selling the Fun Bottle on his website and in stores, but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG). Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give other entrepreneurial youth, he says, “Prepare and have your family’s support. It is important to know from the beginning that there are a lot of highs and lows, and there is no such thing as overnight success.” 40. What did Tom witness at his own school? 41. Where did Tom get the idea for the original model for the Fun Bottle? 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement then underline it and explain why. Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. 43. Among Tom’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us? Why?(In about 40 words) 【答案】 40. Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school. 41. Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. 42. Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG. 43. I think the quality of perspicacity will be important, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31) 【解题导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。 40.【解析】 考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school. 41.【解析】 考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions ”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“ From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. ”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的Fun Bottle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了Fun Bottle的原始模型。故答案为Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. 42.【解析】 考查细节理解。根据第四段中“but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是Fun Bottle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“all the profits”，应修改为“part of the profits”，故答案为Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG. 43.【解析】 开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：I think the quality of perspicacity im is portant, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31) 二．高考模拟试题 一 （2024·北京大兴·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 “I know I should do it, but exercising makes me feel miserable. I’m out of breath, hot and sweaty, and it just hurts. ” Does this sound familiar? You’re not alone. About 97 percent of us think that getting enough exercise is important for health. One study of 3, 500 adults who used a fitness tracker found that less than 4 percent actually met the goal of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. Aside from health, what are your motivations for exercising? A 2024 study of 489 young Spanish adults found that men exercise to improve their self-image, while women are more likely to be motivated by weight loss or reducing body fat. The findings suggest that there’s a relationship between intrinsic motivation and level of physical activity, but how do you get intrinsically motivated if exercise makes you feel miserable? Here are a few suggestions to help you overcome your bad feelings about exercise: First, recognize that most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout. The trick for you is to limit the discomfort while exercising. Your exercise should be physically challenging, but if you’re really struggling, dial it down. Ease up, go slower, use less weight, take a break, or stop sooner; whatever it takes so that you can feel the effort you’re making but you’re not overwhelmed by it. You’re not being a quitter as long as you complete the exercise and do it again the next time. Second, pair exercise with something that you enjoy. Get earbuds so you can listen to music or a favorite podcast. You can also give yourself a reward for finishing the workout. For example, you could only watch a favorite program on days that you’ve exercised. Third, do the activity with a friend. If you set a routine exercise schedule with your friend, you’ll go, even if you don’t feel like doing so. You wouldn’t want to disappoint your friend, would you? Maybe instead of hating exercise, you can dislike it less and take pride in doing it and enjoying its effects. 1．How many of the people involved in the study actually get enough exercise? 2．What do the findings of 2024 study suggest? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Even the most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout, so the more physically challenging, the more effective your exercise would be. 4．What other ways can make you dislike exercise less? Why? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Less than 4 percent of the people involved in the study actually get enough exercise. 2．The findings suggest that there’s a relationship between intrinsic motivation and level of physical activity. 3．Even the most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout, so the more physically challenging, the more effective your exercise would be. While it’s true that habitual exercisers may experience some discomfort, it’s not accurate to say that the more physically challenging the exercise, the more effective it necessarily is. Exercise effectiveness depends on factors such as individual fitness goals, proper form, and avoiding overexertion, which can lead to injury or burnout. 4．Engage in activities you genuinely enjoy. Additionally, practice mindfulness during exercise, focusing on how it positively impacts your mental and physical health. These methods work because they enhance enjoyment, a sense of accomplishment, and personal connection to the activity. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章提供了关于如何克服对运动的负面感受、提高内在动机以及引用研究结果来讨论人们运动动机的信息。通过提出实用的建议，如调整运动强度、结合个人兴趣、以及与朋友一起锻炼等策略，来帮助读者建立对运动的积极态度。 1．考查细节理解。由文章第二段中“One study of 3, 500 adults who used a fitness tracker found that less than 4 percent actually met the goal of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. (一项针对3500名使用健身追踪器的成年人的研究发现，只有不到4%的人真正达到了每周150分钟适度运动的目标。)”可知，在参与这项研究的人中，只有不到4%的人真正得到了足够的锻炼。故答案为：Less than 4 percent of the people involved in the study actually get enough exercise. 2．考查细节理解。由文章第三段中“A 2024 study of 489 young Spanish adults found that men exercise to improve their self-image, while women are more likely to be motivated by weight loss or reducing body fat. The findings suggest that there’s a relationship between intrinsic motivation and level of physical activity, but how do you get intrinsically motivated if exercise makes you feel miserable? (2024年对489名西班牙年轻人进行的一项研究发现，男性锻炼是为了改善自我形象，而女性锻炼的动机更可能是减肥或减少体脂。研究结果表明，内在动机和体育活动水平之间存在联系，但如果运动让你感到痛苦，你如何获得内在动机呢？)”可知，研究结果表明，内在动机和体育活动水平之间存在关系。故答案为：The findings suggest that there’s a relationship between intrinsic motivation and level of physical activity. 3．考查细节理解。由文章第五段中“First, recognize that most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout.  The trick for you is to limit the discomfort while exercising.  Your exercise should be physically challenging, but if you’re really struggling, dial it down.  Ease up, go slower, use less weight, take a break, or stop sooner;  whatever it takes so that you can feel the effort you’re making but you’re not overwhelmed by it.  You’re not being a quitter as long as you complete the exercise and do it again the next time. (首先，要认识到大多数习惯性锻炼者在锻炼过程中都会遇到一些不适。对你来说，诀窍是在锻炼时限制不适。你的锻炼应该是对身体的挑战，但如果你真的很挣扎，那就减少运动量。放松，慢一点，少用点重量，休息一下，或者早点停下来；只要你能感受到你所付出的努力，但不会被它压垮，你就会付出任何代价。只要你完成了练习，下次再做一次，你就不是一个放弃者。)”可知，虽然习惯性锻炼者确实会感到一些不适，但说锻炼对身体的挑战越大，就越有效并不准确。锻炼的有效性取决于个人健身目标、适当的形式和避免过度用力等因素，这些因素可能会导致受伤或倦怠。故答案为： Even the most habitual exercisers experience some discomfort with their workout, so the more physically challenging, the more effective your exercise would be. While it’s true that habitual exercisers may experience some discomfort, it’s not accurate to say that the more physically challenging the exercise, the more effective it necessarily is. Exercise effectiveness depends on factors such as individual fitness goals, proper form, and avoiding overexertion, which can lead to injury or burnout. 4．考查语言表达。参加你真正喜欢的活动。此外，在锻炼中练习专注力，关注它如何对你的身心健康产生积极影响。这些方法之所以有效，是因为它们增加了乐趣、成就感和个人与活动的联系。故答案为： Engage in activities you genuinely enjoy. Additionally, practice mindfulness during exercise, focusing on how it positively impacts your mental and physical health. These methods work because they enhance enjoyment, a sense of accomplishment, and personal connection to the activity. 二 （2021·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities （实体）, whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence. Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception（感知）, attention, and reasoning in the offline world. "We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia," said Park. The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country. "Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors," noted Huang. "As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform." 1．What may an online profile photo reflect? 2．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. 4． Describe the profile photo you use for your social media such as WeChat or Weibo. Why do you choose it 【答案】1．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. 2．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. 3．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online. 4．possible version 1: I use a picture of a coffee mug as my profile photo. I use it because it is my favorite coffee mug and I want everyone to admire it. Besides, I am careful about privacy and don’t want to display my face to strangers online. possible version 2: I use a picture of myself as my profile photo, and in the picture I am smiling confidently. I used it because I want people to feel that I am a confident person and I am trustworthy. 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，一张网上的个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. (总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国更有可能使用档案照片，关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往比较强调的脸，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country. (在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online. 4．开放题。考生言之有理则可。参考答案为：possible version 1: I use a picture of a coffee mug as my profile photo. I use it because it is my favorite coffee mug and I want everyone to admire it. Besides, I am careful about privacy and don’t want to display my face to strangers online. possible version 2: I use a picture of myself as my profile photo, and in the picture I am smiling confidently. I used it because I want people to feel that I am a confident person and I am trustworthy. 三 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题后要求回答问题。 Fashion’s Melt Down Throwaway culture is trashing the planet—but one young chemical engineer has her own way to turn it over. Fast fashion has changed the way we dress. We buy more clothes, more often–but we wear them less. Alina Bassi, founder of Kleiderly, wants to give our clothing waste another chance at a useful life. Bassi has always cared about the threat of climate change, but she actually started her career in the oil industry. After a few years, she landed at bio-bean, a startup that turned waste coffee grounds into products that could be burnt for heat and fuel. After a year, Bassi was keen to branch out—used coffee grounds are not the biggest threat facing the planet. Instead, she poured her efforts into tackling a much bigger global polluter: the fashion industry. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, we produce 100 billion items of clothing per year, and this is set to double by 2050. But they don’t last long enough to offset(抵消) the carbon cost of producing the material, creating the clothes, and then shipping them to customers. “It makes no sense that we have such a high carbon footprint for something so short-lived.” Bassi says. Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi has developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture. Fashion companies have some other ways to reduce fashion waste, from creating clothes designed to last, to recycling the fabric to make more clothing. But “a problem this big needs multiple solutions,” Bassi says. “We think about the multiple lives of a product and how we can keep reusing it instead of letting it fall into landfills or incinerators (焚化炉),” she says. 1．Why did Bassi switch her focus to the fashion industry? 2．How did she tackle the problems caused by the fashion industry? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ● Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. 4．Please briefly present your own solution(s) to the throwaway problem in daily life. (about 40 words) 【答案】1．Because it’s a much bigger global polluter. 2．Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. Bassi used the principles of a circular economy and developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. 3．Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. According to the passage, the new material can be used to make different products. 4．I think an effective solution is to reduce the use of disposable items, such as using reusable water bottles, purchasing reusable shopping bags, and reducing the use of single-use items like plastic bags and straws. 【导语】本文是新闻报道。讲述了一次性文化正在破坏这个星球，但一位年轻的化学工程师Bassi有她自己的方法来扭转这一局面。 1．考查推理判断。根据第四段“According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, we produce 100 billion items of clothing per year, and this is set to double by 2050. But they don’t last long enough to offset(抵消) the carbon cost of producing the material, creating the clothes, and then shipping them to customers. “It makes no sense that we have such a high carbon footprint for something so short-lived.” Bassi says.(根据艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会的数据，我们每年生产1000亿件衣服，到2050年，这一数字将翻一番。但它们持续的时间不够长，不足以抵消生产材料、制作衣服、然后运送给客户的碳成本。“如此短暂的事物产生如此高的碳足迹是没有道理的。”Bassi说。)”可知，Bassi把她的注意力转向了时尚行业是因为，衣服已成为更大的全球污染源。故回答：Because it’s a much bigger global polluter. 2．考查细节理解。根据第五段“Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi has developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture.(Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具)”可知，Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。故回答：Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. 3．考查细节理解。根据第五段“This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture.(这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具)”可知，“Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing.”这句中，“more clothing”表述错误，因为根据文中内容可知，你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是更多衣服。故回答：According to the passage, the new material can be used to make different products. 4．开放性试题。我认为一个有效的方法是减少使用一次性用品，例如使用可重复使用的水瓶，购买可重复使用的购物袋，并减少使用塑料袋和吸管等一次性物品。故回答：I think an effective solution is to reduce the use of disposable items, such as using reusable water bottles, purchasing reusable shopping bags, and reducing the use of single-use items like plastic bags and straws. 四 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 For years, psychologists have known how to measure the intelligence of individuals, but only recently have they begun to investigate the issue of group intelligence. This notion stems from the observation that some groups seem to work fantastically across tasks, even tasks that are not very similar. Early investigations suggest that group intelligence is not the sum of the intelligence of the individuals in it. So what is the secret to their success? Researchers at Google have tackled this question. They collected thousands of data points on hundreds of groups and combed through them trying to find patterns. Are the members of effective groups friends outside of work? Do groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds work together best? They put forward many theories but found no patters to support them. In fact, who was in the group apparently did not seem to make a difference; instead, the difference between more and less effective groups seemed to lie in the interaction among the members. In effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time—not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a project. Additionally, in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, using energetic and enthusiastic gestures. Moreover, side conversations between individual members during meetings, far from being a distraction, actually increased the group’s productivity. The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur exclusively in face-to-face interaction. One might argue that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood the principles. However, understanding group intelligence can help business and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance. The reason is that our social and professional lives are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction that apparently underlines effective group performance. 1．What is the finding of previous studies on group intelligence? 2．Why is it important for people to understand group intelligence? 3．Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why. ▶Although side conversations distract members during meetings, they can help to boost the group’s efficiency. 4．Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, what other way(s) can we use to improve group intelligence?(In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Previous studies found that group intelligence is not the sum of the intelligence of the individuals in it. 2．Because understanding group intelligence can help business and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance. 3．Although side conversations distract members during meetings, they can help to boost the group’s efficiency. The underlined part is wrong, because side conversations won’t distract members. 4．There are other ways to improve group intelligence, such as fostering mutual respect between group members, encouraging members to value each other’s contributions, opinions and setting clear and achievable goals. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍关于影响群体智力的因素的研究和研究的意义。 1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Early investigations suggest that group intelligence is not the sum of the intelligence of the individuals in it.(早期的研究表明，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和)”可知，先前的研究发现，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和。故答案为Previous studies found that group intelligence is not the sum of the intelligence of the individuals in it. 2．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“However, understanding group intelligence can help business and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance.(然而，了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本改变，以提高群体绩效)”可知，理解群体智力很重要是因为理解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本改变，以提高群体绩效。故答案为Because understanding group intelligence can help business and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance. 3．考查推理判断。根据第三段中“Moreover, side conversations between individual members during meetings, far from being a distraction, actually increased the group’s productivity.(此外，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话非但不会分散注意力，反而提高了团队的生产力。)”可知，句中“distract members”错误，因为个别成员之间的谈话不会分散注意力。故答案为Although side conversations distract members during meetings, they can help to boost the group’s efficiency. The underlined part is wrong, because side conversations won’t distract members. 4．开放性问题。答案符合逻辑即可，注意字数。例如：可以提高团队智力的方法有很多，比如培养团队成员之间的相互尊重，鼓励成员重视彼此的贡献和意见，以及设定明确和可实现的目标。故答案为There are other ways to improve group intelligence, such as fostering mutual respect between group members, encouraging members to value each other’s contributions, opinions and setting clear and achievable goals. 五 （2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 “I can’t” might actually mean “I don’t want to,” “I’m afraid,” “I’m confused,” or even “I don’t know how.” And after parsing out hidden meanings for the hundredth time, I can understand why my childhood gymnastics coach had put a gym-wide ban on the phrase. Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again. It wasn’t that he wanted people to do things beyond their skill or safety level. The policy was against the words themselves. He felt they were a shield to hide behind instead of admitting more useful and actionable hesitations. “I’m afraid.” “I’ve never done it by myself.” “I need to rest a few minutes before I try.” “I’m embarrassed to try in front of other people.” “I don’t want to, because...”. Academic experiences can follow the same pattern. Answering unexpected questions or trying a new protocol in front of an audience can be crippling, Homework problems can compound and seem to get worse with each try instead of better. We end up uttering “I can’t,” because sometimes it’s easier than “I am so frustrated and exhausted that I want to cry,” “This makes me feel so dumb,” or even “I need help.” As an asthmatic, my most vivid memories come from the annual hazing ritual known as the gym-class mile run. For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” My heart still starts to race just thinking of the number of times my self-preserving. “I can’t” was met with a dismissive “Of course, you can.” But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t. So why try? The number of laps I have avoided with well-timed bathroom breaks is staggering. I can’t go back and tell my childhood self that the mile run wasn’t worth the anticipatory anxiety. But I can remember how badly I wished even one classmate had acknowledged that I had barely missed the school record in sit-and- reach instead of teasing me about laps the next day. I can remember that “I can’t” can so often mean something else. And I can take the time to try to ask the right questions, so that I can say something more useful in response than “Of course you can.” 1．What were people supposed to do if they said “I can’t” in my childhood gymnastics? 2．What does “I can’t” actually mean when I said that in the gym-class mile run? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that. 4．Describe one of your experiences of dealing with “I can’t”. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．50 push-ups 2．“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” 3．There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that. According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”. 4．I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。有时候，当人们说“我不能”时，他们并不是说他们没有能力做某事，而是他们害怕、困惑或不知道如何做。作者提醒人们，说“我不能”比承认自己需要帮助、害怕或沮丧要容易得多。说“我不能”的时候，其实我们想说的是别的，所以我们应该试着使用更有帮助的词语，这样我们才能得到我们需要的帮助。 1．考查细节理解。根据第段二中“Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again.(任何使用它的人，即使是其他教练，在尝试再次交谈之前都必须做50个俯卧撑)”可知，在我小时候的体操训练中，如果有人说“我不能”，他会被罚做50个俯卧撑。故答案为50 push-ups。 2．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.”(对我来说，“我不能”实际上意味着“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”)”可知，我在体育课上说“我不能”的意思是：“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”故答案为“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” 3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中“But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t.(但是，让我们求助于“我不能”比隐藏我们更深层次的感受会造成更大的伤害。最终，我们和我们周围的人开始相信这一点。我知道有些事情我已经不再尝试了，因为，嗯，我就是不能。)”可知，作者停止尝试是因为自己相信“我不能”，而不是真正“没有能力去做”。所以句中“the fact that I am not able to do that.”表述错误。故答案为There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that.    According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”. 4．开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制即可。故答案为I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better. 六 （2024·北京朝阳·模拟预测）阅读表达 I had a great interest in researching the topic of how to improve your sense of direction, because my own sense of direction is absolutely terrible. Take going to the toilet in a restaurant, for example. I can find my way there easily enough because there are signs pointing me in the right direction. But getting back to my table is another story. After all, there are no helpful signs saying, “This is where you were sitting less than five minutes ago”. However, rather than accept the situation of myself frequently walking into cupboards and backtracking down dead ends, I’m determined to give my sense of direction a much-needed improvement. Nowadays, of course, it’s easy to rely on GPS (全球卫星定位系统) to find your way. But if you really want to improve your sense of direction, it’s a good idea to count on yourself. Studying a map and memorizing the way before you set out does have its benefits—not least because the amount of mental energy it requires means it’s more likely to stick in your mind. Looking at electronic maps on a big screen—or even studying a paper map—also allows you to get a sense of that all-important bigger picture and how everywhere fits together. Paying full attention is key, too. It’s important to notice what’s around you—in    all directions. Instead of staring straight ahead, make sure you look up, down and behind you as well. This will come in particularly useful when you’re on the return journey—even if it’s just finding your way back from the toilet in a restaurant. Try to relax when you’re on unfamiliar ground. It’s all too easy to be anxious and afraid if you imagine you may be lost—but this sudden feeling of anxiety will only prevent you from calmly working out which way to go. Besides, getting lost is one of the best ways to discover new places and add more detail to that ever-growing mental map—both of which will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. Finally, your sense of direction is a use-it-or-lose-it skill. If you only stick to the ways you already know, it’s never going to get any better. So, now’s the time to start exploring! 1．What problem does the writer have according to the passage? 2．According to the passage, what can we do to improve the sense of direction? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, and then underline it and explain why. To become “direction smarter”, we need to stay calm instead of being anxious, so we must avoid getting lost in all circumstances. 4．In addition to the ways mentioned in the passage, what else can you do to find your ways in a new place? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．The sense of direction is absolutely terrible. 2．Study the map before departure, focus fully, try to relax, get lost, increase mental maps, and explore more 3．To become “direction smarter”, we need to stay calm instead of being anxious, so we must avoid getting lost in all circumstances. Because getting lost will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. 4．Using the Sun: during the day, the sun generally points south at noon. Using Stars: at night, the North Star is located due north and is the best sign to search for the north. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们如何培养自己的方向感。 1．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“I had a great interest in researching the topic of how to improve your sense of direction, because my own sense of direction is absolutely terrible (我非常有兴趣研究如何提高你的方向感，因为我自己的方向感绝对很糟糕)”可知，作者的问题是方向感很差，故答案为The sense of direction is absolutely terrible. 2．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“Studying a map and memorizing the way before you set out does have its benefits (在出发前研究地图并记住路线确实有好处)”、第五段“Paying full attention is key too. (全神贯注也是关键。)”、第六段“Try to relax when you’re on unfamiliar ground. (当你在陌生的地方时，试着放松。)”、第六段“Besides, getting lost is one of the best ways to discover new places and add more detail to that ever-growing mental map—both of which will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. (此外，迷路是发现新地方和为不断增长的心理地图添加更多细节的最佳方式之一—从长远来看，这两种方式都将帮助你变得“更聪明”。)”、最后一段“Finally, your sense of direction is a use-it-or-lose-it skill. If you only stick to the ways you already know, it’s never going to get any better. So, now’s the time to start exploring! (最后，你的方向感是一种要么使用要么失去的技能。如果你只坚持你已经知道的方式，它永远不会变得更好。现在是时候开始探索了。)”可知，提高方向感的方法有：出发前研究地图、全神贯注、试着放松、迷路和增加心里地图以及多多探索，故答案为Study the map before departure, focus fully, try to relax, get lost, increase mental maps, and explore more。 3．考查细节理解。根据文章第六段“Besides, getting lost is one of the best ways to discover new places and add more detail to that ever-growing mental map—both of which will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. (此外，迷路是发现新地方和为不断增长的心理地图添加更多细节的最佳方式之一—从长远来看，这两种方式都将帮助你变得“更聪明”。)”可知，迷路帮助你变得“更聪明”，故答案为To become “direction smarter”, we need to stay calm instead of being anxious, so we must avoid getting lost in all circumstances. Because getting lost will help you become “direction smarter” in the long term. 4．考查开放回答。只要能够科学的指出辨明方向的方法即可，故答案为Using the Sun: during the day, the sun generally points south at noon. Using Stars: at night, the North Star is located due north and is the best sign to search for the north. 七 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】As a kid, I dreamed of becoming a marine biologist and I lived out this fantasy by setting up aquariums(鱼缸) at home. Then, at 20, I was introduced to photographer David Liittschwager, who hired me to help him with a magazine assignment on marine life. David’s assignment was to document the amazing biodiversity found in the ocean. My role was to collect species for him to photograph. Every night, I would cast a floating lamp. Like moths drawn to a flame, mysterious creatures would emerge from the depths in search of this light. I’d then set up aquariums to house them as they waited for David to take their shot. Those evenings made me feel as if I were on another planet. I had never imagined such strange life-forms could exist in our oceans. But I didn’t grasp the true magic of what was in front of me until I saw the photographs David took. The biggest surprise was his image of a baby flounder. I caught this fish by accident. Only later did I notice its two tiny eyeballs staring back at me. But David’s photograph of this flounder revealed a universe of detail that even my eager eyes had missed. His macro lens magnified its ribs. The lightning-fast exposure froze its motion. A precisely aimed light released the rainbow hidden in its skin. And the black background removed all distractions to focus our attention on the quiet beauty at hand. Years after that project, I was snorkeling(潜水) on a shallow reef. Out of the darkness, another baby flounder emerged and settled on my mask. This time I knew what to look for. Before working for David, I had assumed the goal of photography was simply to reproduce an observation so that others could share the same experience. It had never occurred to me that photography could expand our visual perception and therefore teach us to see the world anew. 1．What was the author’s responsibility in David’s assignment? 2．Why was David’s image of a baby flounder the biggest surprise to the author? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ▶Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could reproduce an observation. 4．What can help you see the world anew?(In about 40 words) 【答案】1．The author’s responsibility was to collect species for David to photograph. 2．Because it revealed a universe of detail that the author had missed and showed the magic of photography. 3.Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could reproduce an observation./Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could expand our visual perception and teach us to see the world anew. 4．Seeing the world through different perspectives, experiencing new cultures, learning about diverse ideas and beliefs, engaging in meaningful conversations, traveling to new places, and being open to change and growth can all help you see the world anew. 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。这篇文章主要讲作者回忆自己年轻时协助摄影师David Liittschwager拍摄海洋生物的经历，通过David拍摄的鱼的照片，意识到摄影可以扩展视觉感知，让人重新看待世界，后来作者潜水时再次遇到小鱼，有了新的认知。 1．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的“My role was to collect species for him to photograph.(我的职责是收集物种供他拍摄)”可知，作者的职责是为大卫收集物种供他拍摄。故答案为The author’s responsibility was to collect species for David to photograph. 2．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段的“But David’s photograph of this flounder revealed a universe of detail that even my eager eyes had missed. His macro lens magnified its ribs. The lightning-fast exposure froze its motion. A precisely aimed light released the rainbow hidden in its skin. And the black background removed all distractions to focus our attention on the quiet beauty at hand.(但大卫对这条比目鱼的照片揭示了一个宇宙的细节，甚至是我热切的眼睛都错过了。他的微距镜头放大了它的肋骨。闪电般的曝光冻结了它的运动。一束精确瞄准的光释放了隐藏在它皮肤里的彩虹。黑色的背景消除了所有的干扰，使我们的注意力集中在眼前的宁静之美)”可知，大卫拍摄的照片揭示了作者错过的许多细节，展现了摄影的魅力，这让作者感到惊喜。故答案为Because it revealed a universe of detail that the author had missed and showed the magic of photography. 3．考查细节理解。从最后一段的“Years after that project, I was snorkeling on a shallow reef. Out of the darkness, another baby flounder emerged and settled on my mask. This time I knew what to look for. Before working for David, I had assumed the goal of photography was simply to reproduce an observation so that others could share the same experience. It had never occurred to me that photography could expand our visual perception and therefore teach us to see the world anew.(在那个项目几年后，我在一个浅滩上浮潜。黑暗中，另一条小比目鱼出现在我的面具上。这次我知道该找什么了。在为大卫工作之前，我一直认为摄影的目的仅仅是再现观察结果，这样其他人就可以分享同样的经历。我从来没有想过摄影可以扩展我们的视觉感知，从而教会我们重新看待世界)”可知，作者意识到摄影可以扩展我们的视觉感知，让我们重新看待世界，而不只是简单地再现一个观察结果。故答案为Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could reproduce an observation./Encountering a baby flounder while snorkeling deepened the author’s understanding that photography could expand our visual perception and teach us to see the world anew. 4．开放题。要求考生谈谈“什么能帮助你重新看待世界？”考生言之有理即可，例如“通过不同的视角看待世界，体验新的文化，了解不同的想法和信仰，进行有意义的对话，去新的地方旅行，对变化和成长持开放态度，这些都可以帮助你重新看待世界”。故答案为Seeing the world through different perspectives, experiencing new cultures, learning about diverse ideas and beliefs, engaging in meaningful conversations, traveling to new places, and being open to change and growth can all help you see the world anew. 八 【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Anxiety is not deadly, because being able to feel anxious shows that our fight-or-flight system is operational, which is an indicator of brain and sensory health. Once we accept that being anxious is a normal part of life, we can use it to our benefit. Anxiety can help build our emotional strength. If we want to build emotional strength, we need to face some degree of mental stress. Of course, unpleasant and abuse tend to cause more harm than good, but the experience of occasional anxiety, stress, and tension substantially increases our emotional courage. Anxiety can increase your emotional connection. Clinical science has identified that sharing our anxieties with our loved ones is one of the most effective strategies to build connection. When my patients learn to open up and share their anxieties with their partners, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional connection. Anxiety can help us rebalance. When we feel genuinely anxious because of stress, it’s our body’s way of telling us to rebalance. Nobody is truly limitless. When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also less stressed and anxious. Anxiety can be a healthy, helpful emotion that is a constructive aspect of human life. When it comes to occasional experience of anxiety, it can emotionally help boost our courage. It can also build up emotional connect ion when we express our sensitive feelings to others. And in the form of stress, it can serve as an internal indicator to remain balanced and healthy. Now it’s high time we started putting it to good use． 1．Why is anxiety not deadly? 2．When can anxiety increase our emotional connection? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why? When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also more stressed and anxious． 4．As a student, how do you make use of test anxiety to help you be better prepared for exams? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Because being able to feel anxious shows that our fight-or-flight system is operational, which is an indicator of brain and sensory health. 2.When we share our anxieties with our loved ones. 3．When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also more stressed and anxious. Because according to the passage, when we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge less stressed and anxious. 4．I can use test anxiety to motivate myself to study harder and be better prepared for exams by reminding myself of the importance of doing well and the consequences of not being prepared. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章就“焦虑”这一话题展开了论述，分析了焦虑的积极作用和如何利用焦虑。 1．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“Anxiety is not deadly, because being able to feel anxious shows that our fight-or-flight system is operational, which is an indicator of brain and sensory health.(焦虑并不是致命的，因为能够感到焦虑表明我们的战斗或逃跑系统在运作，这是大脑和感官健康的一个指标。)”可知，作者认为焦虑并不是致命的，因为能够感到焦虑表明我们的战斗或逃跑系统在运作，这是大脑和感官健康的一个指标。故答案为Because being able to feel anxious shows that our fight-or-flight system is operational, which is an indicator of brain and sensory health. 2．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Clinical science has identified that sharing our anxieties with our loved ones is one of the most effective strategies to build connection. When my patients learn to open up and share their anxieties with their partners, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional connection.(临床科学已经确定，与我们所爱的人分享我们的焦虑是建立联系的最有效策略之一。当我的病人学会敞开心扉，与伴侣分享他们的焦虑时，他们几乎总是报告一种更大的情感联系。)”可知，研究表明当我们与自己所爱的人分享焦虑时就可以建立更大的情感联系。故答案为When we share our anxieties with our loved ones. 3．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also less stressed and anxious.(当我们注意到我们的内在暗示并承认我们的弱点时，我们会变得更加专注和健康，也会减少压力和焦虑。)”可知，当我们注意到我们的内在暗示并承认我们的弱点时，我们会变得更加专注和健康，也会减少压力和焦虑。由此可知，原句：When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also more stressed and anxious.中的“and also more stressed and anxious”表述错误，应该是“and also less stressed and anxious.”。故答案为When we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge more focused and healthier overall and also more stressed and anxious. Because according to the passage, when we pay attention to our internal cues and acknowledge our weaknesses, we emerge less stressed and anxious. 4．开放题。要求考生谈谈自己将会如何利用考试焦虑来帮助自己更好地准备考试，考生言之有理即可。故参考答案为I can use test anxiety to motivate myself to study harder and be better prepared for exams by reminding myself of the importance of doing well and the consequences of not being prepared. 九 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】If you are a psychology enthusiast, you have probably heard of the famous marshmallow test (棉花糖实验). In this task, kids are given a marshmallow, and are told that they can eat that marshmallow now, or wait a little while, and have two marshmallows instead. Some kids eat the marshmallow immediately, but most try their best to wait for two. When the researchers followed up with those kids later in life, children who waited longer had better life outcomes: more academic success, better social behavior, and even markers of better health. They believe those children who keep waiting are the ones with the most self-control-a key factor in success, and that’s why they are so successful later. But what if the behavior in the marshmallow test has more to do with cultural norms than self-control? A 2022 study tested the idea that children may decide how long to wait for rewards based on what they are accustomed to waiting for in their culture. For example, in the United States, there is no widespread mealtime custom of waiting until everyone is served. In Japan, however, there is. Because of this difference in norms, the researchers hypothesized that Japanese children would wait longer in the marshmallow test than the American children. This is exactly what they found later in experiments. But this isn’t conclusive evidence; after all, maybe Japanese children actually have better self-control, or maybe they differ from American children in other ways that could explain the result. In the U. S., gifts are usually given on special occasions and children usually have to wait before they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, however, gift-giving happens more often, and children usually open presents immediately. Given these cultural differences, scientists expected that if they ran the test with gifts instead of marshmallows, American kids would wait longer. Once again, their hypothesis was correct. This is a powerful result because it demonstrates the importance of culture and habit in shaping behavior. If a child waits only few minutes before giving up on two marshmallows but much longer to unwrap a gift, can we really say that child lacks self-control? I don’t think so. I think it just means that they are adjusting well to their social settings. 1．According to the researchers, why do children who wait longer have better life outcomes? 2．What was the purpose of the 2022 study? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. When scientists ran the test with gifts, American kids behaved the same as they did in the test with marshmallows. 4．Besides the cases mentioned in the passage, please give one or two examples to show how culture shapes your behavior. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Because they believe those children are the ones with the most self-control. 2．To test if the behavior in the marshmallow test has more to do with cultural norms than self-control. 3．When scientists ran the test with gifts, American kids behaved the same as they did in the test with marshmallows. When scientists ran the test with gifts instead of marshmallows, American kids waited longer than Japanese kids. 4．In some cultures, individuals tend to value collectivism over individualism, leading to behaviors such as prioritizing group harmony and cooperation. In contrast, in cultures that prioritize individualism, behaviors like independence and self-reliance are more prevalent. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现那些能够延迟满足的孩子在后续的生活中表现更好，包括更好的学业成绩、更好的社交行为以及更健康的生活指标。 1．考查细节理解。根据第二段的“When the researchers followed up with those kids later in life, children who waited longer had better life outcomes: more academic success, better social behavior, and even markers of better health. They believe those children who keep waiting are the ones with the most self-control-a key factor in success, and that’s why they are so successful later. (当研究人员对这些孩子以后的生活进行跟踪调查时，等待时间较长的孩子有更好的生活结果：学业上更成功，社会行为更好，甚至身体更健康。他们相信那些坚持等待的孩子是最有自制力的——这是成功的关键因素，这就是为什么他们后来会如此成功。)”可知，根据研究人员的说法，等待时间更长的孩子会有更好的生活结果是因为那些孩子是最有自制力的，故答案为Because they believe those children are the ones with the most self-control. 2．考查细节理解。根据第三段的“But what if the behavior in the marshmallow test has more to do with cultural norms than self-control? (但是，如果棉花糖测试中的行为更多地与文化规范有关，而不是自我控制呢？) ”和第四段的“A 2022 study tested the idea that children may decide how long to wait for rewards based on what they are accustomed to waiting for in their culture. (2022年的一项研究验证了这样一种观点，即儿童可能会根据他们在自己的文化中习惯等待的时间来决定等待奖励的时间。)”可知，2022年研究的目的是测试棉花糖测试中的行为是否更多地与文化规范而非自我控制有关，故答案为To test if the behavior in the marshmallow test has more to do with cultural norms than self-control. 3．考查细节理解。根据第七段的“In the U. S., gifts are usually given on special occasions and children usually have to wait before they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, however, gift-giving happens more often, and children usually open presents immediately. (在美国，礼物通常是在特殊的场合送的，孩子们通常要等一等才能打开礼物。然而，在日本，送礼的频率更高，孩子们通常会立即打开礼物。)”可知，“美国孩子的行为与他们在棉花糖测试中的行为相同。”这一说法是错误的，因为文章提到，当测试是用礼物而不是棉花糖进行时，美国孩子实际上等待的时间更长。因此，美国孩子的行为在这两种情况下是不同的。当科学家们用礼物代替棉花糖进行测试时，美国孩子比日本孩子等的时间长，故答案为When scientists ran the test with gifts instead of marshmallows, American kids waited longer than Japanese kids. 4．开放性试题。举例说明文化塑造行为，例如：在一些文化中，个人倾向于重视集体主义而非个人主义，这导致了诸如优先考虑群体和谐与合作等行为。相比之下，在重视个人主义的文化中，独立和自力更生等行为更为普遍，故答案为In some cultures, individuals tend to value collectivism over individualism, leading to behaviors such as prioritizing group harmony and cooperation. In contrast, in cultures that prioritize individualism, behaviors like independence and self-reliance are more prevalent. 十 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】As the saying goes, “time waits for no man”. Time is always against us, and we just can’t stop it. Maybe that’s why some of us are always running late for appointments. But if timekeeping is not what you’re good at, don’t stress. There might be a good reason for your lack of punctuality. People’s attitudes to being on time vary. Some clock-watch and make sure they’re bang on time for a meeting. It is, after all, rude to be late, and if you can make it on time, why can’t everyone else? But if, like me, you want to make every second count, you might try to squeeze as much as you can into the time you have available. However, when your schedule doesn’t run to plan, your punctuality inevitably slips. People who lack promptness have been described as “time benders”. Author Grace Pacie told the BBC that “they’re the people who don’t want to be late, but they have a strange resistance to being early, and they don’t allow enough time.” They assume their journey to an appointment will always go smoothly, and the train will always be on time! Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negative — even if sometimes wrong. Experts say: Being consistently late might not be your fault. It could be your type. The punctually-challenged often share personality characteristics, such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking. It is also possible people are late so not to be conspicuous and to avoid the anxious wait for others to turn up. Maybe we latecomers should make more of an effort and follow the advice I heard to not “try” to be on time but “decide” to be on time. 1．What does “time benders” refer to? 2．What are the personality characteristics of time benders? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t care about being late so they don’t allow enough time. 4．What do you usually do to be on time? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．It refers to people who lack promptness./People who lack promptness have been described as “time benders”. 2.The characteristics such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking./They often share personality characteristics, such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking. 3．According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t care about being late so they don’t allow enough time. According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t want to be late, but they have a strange resistance to being early, so they don’t allow enough time. 4．My method to be on time is making a clear schedule so that I can prepare in advance. Besides, I am used to allowing enough time in case something unexpected happens. Sometimes to get up early, I will set an alarm and check it before bedtime. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了也许迟到不是我们的错，并介绍了我们为什么会迟到。 1．考查词句猜测。根据第三段“People who lack promptness have been described as “time benders”.(做事不及时的人被称为‘不守时的人’。)”可知，“不守时的人”是做事不及时的人。故答案为It refers to people who lack promptness./People who lack promptness have been described as “time benders”. 2．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“The punctually-challenged often share personality characteristics, such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking.(不守时的人通常有共同的性格特征，比如乐观、自制力低、焦虑或喜欢寻求刺激。)”可知，“不守时的人”的性格特征是乐观、自我控制水平低、焦虑或寻求刺激的倾向。故答案为The characteristics such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking./They often share personality characteristics, such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking. 3．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Author Grace Pacie told the BBC that “they’re the people who don’t want to be late, but they have a strange resistance to being early, and they don’t allow enough time.(作家Grace Pacie告诉BBC：‘他们是不想迟到的人，但他们对早到有一种奇怪的抗拒，他们不给自己足够的时间。’)”可知，不守时的人也不想迟到，但是他们对早到有一种奇怪的抗拒，所以他们不给自己足够的时间，“don’t care about being late”是错误的，故答案为According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t care about being late so they don’t allow enough time. According to Grace Pacie, time benders don’t want to be late, but they have a strange resistance to being early, so they don’t allow enough time. 4．考查推理判断。根据我自己的经验，我准时的方法是制定一个明确的时间表，这样我就可以提前做好准备。此外，我习惯留出足够的时间，以防意外发生。有时为了早起，我会设置闹钟并在睡觉前检查它。故答案为My method to be on time is making a clear schedule so that I can prepare in advance. Besides, I am used to allowing enough time in case something unexpected happens. Sometimes to get up early, I will set an alarm and check it before bedtime. ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$