专题1 第8讲 体裁微解——议论文-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

第8讲　体裁微解——议论文 议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点： 选材 主要选自一些外国期刊，如Newsweek，Time，Business Week，The Economist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。 内容 内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。 结构 大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。 语言 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。 命题 议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。 高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下： 真题体验　(2023·全国乙·D) If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地了解无文字社会的重要性。 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about. C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段的内容可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people. C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者提到库克船长是为了说明他的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。 34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线单词上文可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。画线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 35．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World B．A Short History of Australia C．A History of the World in 100 Objects D．How Art Works Tell Stories 答案　C 解析　文章出处题。根据第一段、第二段最后一句以及最后一段的第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。 A The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th century.The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we are. Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture，the environment，during the organism’s life.Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime，but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代)．For the geneticists，they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics，which is nature.An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes(基因) determines one’s personality，rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality development. Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth.When applied to human beings，it means how the person is raised，which includes nutrition，education，care，as well as the kind of surroundings，such as cultural influence，family and friends. The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced by one’s environment. While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality，nature dramatically outweighs nurture，for nature can be likened to a foundation.The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied.However，nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.Even without nurture，the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction.More so，even when the nurture impact is successfully effected，it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person.It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the substance of a person. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自16世纪以来一直是比较的主题。文章论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。 1．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence. B．Personality development is determined by nurture. C．Nature impacts gene expression in later generation. D．Environment shapes personality more than genetics. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature does not just affect...can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代)．”可知，先天影响后代的基因表达。故选C。 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．What nurture means to human beings. B．How living things develop after birth. C．How nurture shapes human development. D．How surroundings influence human beings. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers to the conditions...When applied to human beings，it means...”可知，第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。故选A。 3．How does the author stress the greater importance of nature? A．By giving examples. B．By making contrast. C．By conducting experiments. D．By citing research data. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its part...nature dramatically outweighs nurture...However，nature is regarded as being of most importance...creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.”可推知，作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。故选B。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A Long Story of Nature and Nurture B．A New Research on Nature and Nurture C．Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are? D．Which Is More Important，Nature or Nurture? 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段及下文探讨可知，文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知，D项“哪个更重要，先天还是后天？”最适合作文章标题。故选D。 B (2023·福建南平三模) A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.On the one hand，we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals：tools，language and a theory of mind.On the other hand，we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries：chimps，crows and now bees that use tools，dolphins with signature whistles.But what do those boundaries mean? As a biologist who studies animal behaviour，I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities.I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us，but we can recognize animals for what they are，and be amazed at their abilities，without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans. Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.For example，the same serotonin(血清素) influences anxiety in humans and mazes(迷惑) exploration in crayfish.In a tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas，crayfish explore both，but prefer the darker areas，consistent with their night lifestyle. Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety？No.In the bees’ case，they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun” —but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people.I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions，and I am not trying to be a killjoy，but there is something about all this humanizing that prevents exploration，instead of encouraging it. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制。 5．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To list out facts. B．To raise an argument. C．To arouse readers’ interest. D．To explain a concept. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段的“A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.”可推知，第一段的目的是提出论点——在我们对动物的看法中有一个长期存在的冲突。故选B。 6．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．Behaviour mechanisms work. B．Crayfish prefer the light sections. C．The assumption proves reasonable. D．Animals are similar to human in mind. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.For example...”可知，第三段提到行为机制起作用。故选A。 7．What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4? A．Criticizing. B．Explaining. C．Confirming. D．Acknowledging. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据本段前三句可知，作者不认同文章开头提到的某些研究人员描述的蜜蜂滚动小木球是为了娱乐的观点，作者认为蜜蜂的这种行为可能在展示某个有趣行为，而不是像人一样为了消遣寻乐。因此可推断，作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此画线词disparaging的意思是“贬低”，和criticizing意思相近，故选A。 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Feelings：Guiding Human Being B．Boundaries：Making No Sense C．Humanizing：Covering the Truth D．Animals：Mirroring Human Behaviours 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制，也就是说人类将动物的行为人性化掩盖了动物行为机制的真相，故选C。 强化练(十二)　议论文 A (2023·浙江温州第二次适应性考试) Today，poetry and science are often considered to be mutually exclusive(互相排斥的) career paths.But that wasn’t always the case.The mathematician Ada Lovelace and the physicist James Clerk Maxwell were both accomplished poets.The poet John Keats was a licensed surgeon.Combining the two practices fell out of favor in the 1800s.But translating research into lyrics，haiku，and other poetic forms is resurging(再现) among scientists as they look for alternative ways to inspire others with their findings. “Poetry is a great tool for questioning the world，” says Sam Illingworth，a poet and geoscientist who works at the University of Western Australia.Through workshops and a new science-poetry journal，called Consilience，Illingworth is helping scientists to translate their latest results into poems that can attract appreciation from those outside of their immediate scientific field. Stephany Mazon，a scientist from the University of Helsinki in Finland，joined one of Illingworth’s workshops.In the workshop，she was grouped with other scientists and tasked with writing a haiku，a 17-syllable-long poem，which spotlighted water，a fluid that featured in all of the group members’ research projects.“It was a lot of fun，and surprisingly easy to write the poem，” Mazon says.She plans to continue writing.“We do a disservice(伤害) to ourselves to think that scientists can’t be artistic and that art can’t be used to communicate scientific ideas，” Mazon says. That viewpoint is echoed by Illingworth，who thinks science communication initiatives are too often dominated by public lectures with their hands-off PowerPoint slides.“Actually，when science communication involves writing and sharing poems，it invites a two-way dialogue between experts and nonexperts，” he says.Scientist-poet Manjula Silva，an educator at Imperial College London，agrees.Poetry provides a way to translate complex scientific concepts into a language that everyone can understand，Silva says. Scientists and poets are both trying to understand the world and communicate that understanding with others.The distinction between scientists and poets is less than people might think.We’re all just people with hopefully really interesting things to say and to share. 语篇解读　这是一篇议论文，主要讨论了诗歌和科学并不总是被认为是互相排斥的。科学家们可以通过诗歌的形式促进科学交流。 1．What is the purpose of mentioning the celebrities in paragraph 1? A．To display they were talented. B．To confirm they were out of favor. C．To encourage different career paths. D．To show poetry and science can be combined. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Today，poetry and science are often considered to be mutually exclusive(互相排斥的) career paths.But that wasn’t always the case.”可推知，后文提到的历史名人的目的是表明诗歌和科学是可以相结合的，故选D。 2．What are Illingworth’s workshops aimed to do? A．Promote a new science-poetry journal. B．Inspire outsiders to pursue their careers in science. C．Encourage science communication through poems. D．Get scientists to exchange ideas about the latest research. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Through workshops and a new science-poetry journal，called Consilience，Illingworth is helping scientists to translate their latest results into poems that can attract appreciation from those outside of their immediate scientific field.”可知，伊林沃思的研讨会旨在鼓励通过诗歌进行科学交流。故选C。 3．What does Illingworth think of the dominant ways of science communication? A．Conventional. B．Effective. C．Innovative. D．Complex. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据第四段首句“That viewpoint is echoed by Illingworth，who thinks science communication initiatives are too often dominated by public lectures with their hands-off PowerPoint slides.”可知，伊林沃思认为，科学交流倡议往往被公开讲座的幻灯片所主导，这是一种老套的方式。故选A。 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Scientists Take on Poetry B．Scientists and Poets Think Alike C．Poetry：A Great Tool to Question the World D．Science Communication：A Two-way Dialogue 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。综合分析文章可知，文章首先引用数学家 Ada Lovelace 和物理学家James Clerk Maxwell 都是杰出诗人的例子，说明诗歌和科学在过去并不是相互排斥的领域。随后提到现在，随着科学家们在寻找更多向外部人员灌输科研成果的方法，将研究成果转化为诗歌、俳句等文学形式的做法再次流行起来。综上，文章主要强调科学家开始研究诗歌。故选A。 B (2023·山东济宁二模) People generally feel secure with certainty.To be certain is to have power and control.Certainty is often used as a metric(衡量标准) of value，shaping how people view themselves and others.For example，people tend to respect those who present themselves as certain while viewing those expressing uncertainty as wishy-washy and untrustworthy.Young people growing up in a culture that identifies strongly with certainty are told that to be certain is to be secure，right，and good.It is the idea，more than uncertainty itself，that causes great anxiety. But the reality is that certainty is transient(转瞬即逝的)；it is more a feeling than a fact.Too often people act as if certainties are drawn in permanent marker：Thick，clear，definitive，and rigid.But they are not.They are actually drawn with pencil—ready for revision，editing，and change. Springtide’s recent report，The State of Religion and Young People：Navigating Uncertainty，allows us to hear how young people are questioning certainty and increasingly rejecting the rules that isolate them from themselves and one another.Milly，a 25-year-old girl quoted in Springtide’s report，described her experience in a group discussion where uncertainty was welcomed rather than criticized： “Like，struggling to know what or what not to believe...That’s something we talked about in the group.It actually makes me feel a little bit better.It’s like，oh，like we can have doubts.We can struggle with these feelings and they’re still，we’re still accepted，you know？So that was actually kind of refreshing”．(Springtide,2021，p.46)． Young people are not rejecting certainty，but they are not accepting prepackaged answers or one-dimensional solutions.They are reexamining pre-drawn labels，beliefs，and identities and daring to ask “Why？” Their courage to question is an invitation to all of us to reconsider and rediscover uncertainty.We can listen to and learn from young people，embracing(拥抱) this opportunity as a moment of critical self-reflection and growth.If we will accept uncertainties，we might discover the ways that multiple beliefs，practices，values，identities，and communities can coexist and develop together. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了人们通常对确定性感到安全，但作者认为确定性是短暂的、易变的。我们更应该学习年轻人，欣然接受不确定性，把它作为自我反省和成长的机会。 5．What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To explain a concept. B．To advocate a culture. C．To introduce a different opinion. D．To confirm an assumption. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。根据第一段首句及第二段中“But the reality is that certainty is transient”可知，作者认为确定性是短暂的、易变的，这与人们通常认为的观点不同。故可推断第一段的目的是“引出一个不同的观点”。故选C。 6．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Certainties. B．Realities. C．Markers. D．Pencils. 答案　A 解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前后的“Too often people act as if certainties are drawn in permanent marker：Thick，clear，definitive，and rigid.But they are not.”可知，画线词they应该代指前文的“certainties”。故选A。 7．What was Milly’s attitude towards the group discussion? A．Intolerant. B．Doubtful. C．Unconcerned. D．Positive. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。根据第三段中“Milly，a 25-year-old girl quoted in Springtide’s report，described her experience in a group discussion where uncertainty was welcomed rather than criticized”以及第四段中“So that was actually kind of refreshing”可推知，Milly对小组讨论持积极肯定的态度。故选D。 8．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Young people tend to reject certainty. B．Young people prefer prepackaged answers. C．People should learn to embrace uncertainty. D．People generally regard uncertainty as an opportunity. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We can listen to and learn from young people，embracing(拥抱) this opportunity as a moment of critical self-reflection and growth.”可知，作者认为我们可以倾听年轻人的声音，向他们学习，欣然接受不确定性，把它作为自我反省和成长的关键时刻。故选C。 C There’s no doubt that positive thinking impacts one’s life.However，in recent years，I’ve come to understand that perhaps positive thinking can result in toxic(有毒的) positivity，which has negative consequences.What we should be aiming for instead is emotional validation(验证)． Toxic positivity is the maintenance of positive thinking even in situations where it isn’t appropriate.“It often comes at the risk of denying our own real feelings or the feelings of others，” says Nina Vasan，MD.While positive thinking in general is a great thing，toxic positivity isn’t.It’s the act of denying anything negative that’s actually happening，and it can involve making people feel bad for having normal human emotions.Someone practicing toxic positivity might say things like “everything happens for a reason” or “just look on the bright side” when a friend shares something difficult in his/her life. Vasan tells us that with toxic positivity，emotions like sorrow and anger are pushed aside.However，emotional validation allows you to have your feelings.To be exact，emotional validation is about allowing people to experience their feelings and acknowledging that having negative feelings is real and often important.That doesn’t mean it promotes and encourages negative thinking endlessly，though. Toxic positivity encourages us to focus only on the positive，which can stop us from dealing with the feelings we need to work through.Practicing emotional validation is a healthier option for you and the ones you love.“This can be as simple as saying ‘I understand you’re really sad’，” explains Vasan.Offering your understanding shows our loved ones that we care about their feelings.Besides，instead of telling someone to look on the bright side，you should offer words and thoughts of support instead. Toxic positivity has become prevalent(盛行的)，and you probably know a lot of people who dismiss your negative experiences with statements like “You’re too sensitive”．Now you can say：Whatever you’re feeling is temporary and allowing yourself to feel it will help you get through it. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者认为积极的思维方式有可能会带来有害的积极，引发负面的结果。建议我们去追求情感验证，正视自己的、他人的负面情感。 9．What can we know about emotional validation? A．It permits emotional ups and downs. B．It denies people’s negative feelings. C．It helps maintain positive in hard times. D．It avoids risks in terrible situations. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“However，emotional validation allows you to have your feelings.To be exact，emotional validation is about allowing people to experience their feelings and acknowledging that having negative feelings is real and often important.”可知，情感验证不否定人的负面感受，承认其真实存在和重要性，也就是认可情感的起伏变动。故选A。 10．What may the author recommend you to say to a sad person? A．Perhaps something fortunate is still waiting for you. B．I’m sure there’s a good reason for what has happened. C．I understand your sadness but being sensitive is no good. D．You have every right to feel upset and I am here for you. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段末句“Besides，instead of telling someone to look on the bright side，you should offer words and thoughts of support instead.”可知，对于有负面感受的人，我们应该表明我们对他的支持。由此推断，对于一个伤心的人，作者可能会建议我们说：你有权感到难过，而我会支持你。故选D。 11．What is the main idea of the text? A．Promoting positivity is worthwhile. B．Admitting negativity is reasonable. C．Sticking to positivity is significant. D．Expressing negativity is inappropriate. 答案　B 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段末句“What we should be aiming for instead is emotional validation(验证)．”以及全文内容可知，作者认为积极的思维方式有可能会带来有害的积极，引发负面的结果，建议我们去追求情感认可，正视自己的、他人的负面情感。因此，B项“承认负面情感是合理的”符合文章大意。故选B。 12．In which section of a newspaper can we most probably read the text? A．Psychology. B．Economy. C．Society. D．Health. 答案　A 解析　文章出处题。文章论证了积极的思维方式有可能会带来有害的积极，引发负面的结果。建议我们去追求情感验证，正视自己的、他人的负面情感，应属于心理范畴。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$