专题1 第7讲 体裁微解——说明文-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

第7讲　体裁微解——说明文 说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章，旨在让读者了解信息。说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。主要具有以下特点： 选材 实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。 内容 用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物或说明一项研究。 形式 总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。 语言 主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。 命题 主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。 说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下： 策略指导 技法解读 抓首尾段 首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申、强调主题。 梳理文章结构 整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。 破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅰ·C) The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so，I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 28．What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。 29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 30．What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so，I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了关于数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends. C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践方法。故选A。 A (2023·浙江嘉兴二模) For the first time，scientists have measured what actually happens with face-to-face interactions when employees start to work at an open-plan office，and their results show these modern workspaces are not as cooperative as you’d think. Two researchers from Harvard Business School and Harvard University wanted to test whether removing walls at a real-world workplace really increases interactions between co-workers.“To our knowledge，no prior study has directly measured the effect on actual interaction that results from removing walls to create an open office environment，” Ethan S．Bernstein and Stephen Turban write in the paper.To that end，they approached two multinational companies that were re-organizing their office spaces at the global headquarters，and enlisted small groups of employees for two studies. For eight weeks before the office redesign and eight weeks afterward，the researchers tracked employees’ social interactions and locations.This data was analyzed together with email and instant messaging information from the company’s servers to measure differences in how people were communicating with each other. What they found was a pretty astonishing difference in face-to-face interactions—but not in the direction you might think.Across both experiments，employees’ social interactions in person decreased by a crazy 70 percent，while emails saw an uptick by roughly 20 to 50 percent. So，instead of spending more time cooperating with co-workers in the new space where everyone could see them，people got their heads down and tried to preserve their privacy any way they could.According to these results，it appears that being forced into a more open-plan environment can make people switch from chatting to others in person to sending an email or using instant messaging instead. As the team notes，it’s not automatically a bad thing，but it can certainly change work dynamics in an unexpected way.“That can have important consequences for how—and how productively—work gets done，” the researchers conclude. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，在开放式办公室工作时，员工并不像你想象中的那样合作，反而为了保护隐私，他们互动减少，更多地使用电子邮件交流。 1．How did the two multinational companies redesign their offices? A．By expanding the total floor areas. B．By updating the computer servers. C．By changing the employees’ locations. D．By tearing down the space boundaries. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。由第二段中的“To our knowledge，no prior study has directly measured the effect on actual interaction that results from removing walls to create an open office environment”和“To that end，they approached two multinational companies that were re-organizing their office spaces...”可知，为了做研究，研究人员联系了两家跨国公司，这两家公司通过打破空间边界(即拆除墙壁)来重新设计办公室。故选D。 2．Why did the employees prefer email or instant messaging in an open office space? A．To reduce the risk of privacy leaks. B．To establish efficient communication. C．To facilitate indirect social interaction. D．To transform traditional work patterns. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段首句“So，instead of spending more time cooperating with co-workers in the new space where everyone could see them，people got their heads down and tried to preserve their privacy any way they could.”可知，员工更喜欢在开放式办公场所通过发电子邮件或即时消息进行交流，是因为他们想降低隐私泄露的风险。故选A。 3．What can be inferred from the researchers’ saying in the last paragraph? A．Further relevant research needs conducting. B．Their research findings are of practical value. C．Their team intends to change working environment. D．People hold different opinions on how work gets done. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“‘That can have important consequences for how—and how productively—work gets done，’ the researchers conclude.”可知，研究人员认为他们的研究结果具有实用价值。故选B。 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Real-world workplaces increase employees’ interaction. B．Work dynamics don’t have much effect on work efficiency. C．Modern workspaces change workers’ way of communication. D．Open-plan offices can’t promote cooperation between co-workers. 答案　D 解析　主旨大意题。 综合分析全文尤其通过倒数第二段可知，文章介绍了一项研究，该研究表明，在开放式办公室工作时，员工并不像你想象中的那样合作，反而为了保护隐私，他们互动减少，更多地使用电子邮件交流，D项“开放式办公室不能促进同事之间的合作”符合文意。故选D。 B (2023·河北唐山二模) Machine learning sees reasoning as a categorization task with a fixed set of predetermined labels.It views the world as a fixed space of possibilities，calculating and weighing them all.This approach，of course，has achieved notable successes when applied to stable and well-defined situations such as chess or computer games.When such conditions are absent，however，machines struggle. In 2008，Google launched Flu Trends，a web service that aimed to predict flu-related doctor visits using big data.The project，however，failed to predict the 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak.After several unsuccessful adjustments to its algorithm(算法)，Google finally stopped the project in 2015. In such unstable situations，the human brain behaves differently.Sometimes，it simply forgets.Instead of getting trapped in irrelevant data，it relies only on the most recent information and makes creative decisions.This is a feature called intelligent forgetting.Adopting this approach，an algorithm that relies on a single data point would have reduced Google Flu Trends’ prediction error by half. Intelligent forgetting is just one dimension of psychological AI，an approach to machine intelligence that also includes other features of human intelligence such as causal reasoning，intuitive(直觉) psychology，and physics.Soon，this approach to AI will finally be recognized as fundamental for solving poorly-defined problems.Exploring these amazing features of the human brain will finally allow us to make machine learning smart. One feature of psychological AI is that it is explainable.Until recently，researchers assumed that the more transparent an AI system was，the less accurate its predictions were.This mirrored the widespread but incorrect belief that complex problems always need complex solutions.Now，this idea will be laid to rest.As the case of flu predictions illustrates，powerful and simple psychological algorithms can often give more accurate predictions than complex algorithms.Psychological AI opens up a new vision for explainable AI: Instead of trying to explain complex systems，we can check first if psychological AI offers a simple and equally accurate solution. Without the help of human psychology，it will become clearer that the application of this type of machine learning to unstable situations eventually runs up against impassable limitations.We will finally recognize that more computing power makes machines faster.Not smarter. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了心理人工智能可以让人工智能变得更聪明。 5．Why is Flu Trends mentioned? A．To clarify a concept. B．To tell the serious outbreak. C．To support the author’s idea. D．To provide readers with the truth. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段的后两句以及第二段内容可知，提到“流感趋势”是为了支持作者在第一段提出的观点。故选C。 6．What is the advantage of human brain according to the passage? A．It can think outside the box. B．It can avoid unclear problems. C．It is capable of learning over time. D．It is good at following instructions. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段前三句可知，在不稳定的情况下，人类的大脑不会被无关的数据困住，而是只依赖于最新的信息，并做出创造性的决定。由此可推知，人脑的优势是可以跳出思维定式。故选A。 7．Which has the similar meaning with the underlined word “transparent” in paragraph 5? A．Similar. B．Unique. C．Complete. D．Clear. 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据第五段第三句可知，画线词所在句的观点反映了“复杂的问题总是需要复杂的解决方案”这一错误理念。由此可推知，画线词所在句句意为“研究人员认为人工智能系统越清晰，其预测就越不准确”。故画线词的意思是“清晰的”。故选D。 8．What does the author intend to tell us? A．AI speeds up the computing greatly. B．Psychological AI can make smarter AI. C．AI system works well in stable situations. D．AI will outperform the human brain someday. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。通读全文尤其根据第四段最后一句和最后一段第一句可知，作者想告诉我们心理人工智能可以让人工智能变得更聪明。故选B。 强化练(十一)　说明文 A (2023·湖南邵阳一模) Schoolchildren across the United Kingdom will learn how to prevent loneliness.In January,2018，British Prime Minister Theresa May appointed the first “minister of loneliness”．Her administration released an 84-page plan detailing the actions it would take to prevent loneliness.Starting in primary school，students will have lessons in “relationships education”． The Brigham Young University psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad，one of the foremost scholars on loneliness in the United States，warns that the U．S.has a significant loneliness problem of its own and that schools desperately need to follow the U．K.’s lead and include preventive measures into their lessons. Indeed，according to a recent report by the health care company Cigna，nearly half of adults in the U．S.reported feeling alone.Marriage rates and religious participation rates are also dropping and both are risk factors for social isolation and loneliness.The prevalence(普遍) of loneliness seems to be especially acute among young adults.One study found that Americans aged 21 to 30 reported feeling lonely twice as many days as adults aged 50 to 70.Studies suggest loneliness results in a variety of health issues，such as decreased immunity to viral infections，poor sleep，and cardiovascular(心血管的) issues. The ideal school curriculum(课程) for teaching loneliness prevention would target social isolation as well as the cognitive processes that make people feel lonely.“Recognizing that it’s something that we need to take seriously for our health is a primary and critical step，” Holt-Lunstad says.She advocates for a sort of “social education” that would be put into existing health-education curriculum to teach students how to build and maintain friendships and relationships. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了英国将在学校开设相关课程教学生们如何防止孤独。 1．How does Holt-Lunstad find the loneliness problem in the United States? A．It is not serious and easy to deal with. B．It is serious and needs measures to control. C．It is not as serious as in the United Kingdom. D．It is more serious than it is in the United Kingdom. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。由第二段“The Brigham Young University psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad...warns that the U．S.has a significant loneliness problem of its own and that schools desperately need to follow the U．K.’s lead and include preventive measures into their lessons.”可知，Holt-Lunstad认为在美国，人们的孤独问题也很严重，并且需要采取措施来应对。故选B。 2．What does the underlined word “acute” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Average. C．Severe. D．Frequent. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。由画线词下文“One study found that Americans aged 21 to 30 reported feeling lonely twice as many days as adults aged 50 to 70.”可知，孤独在年轻人中更普遍，更严重。由此推知，画线词意为“严重的”。故选C。 3．What result may loneliness cause? A．Poor sleep. B．Higher religious participation rates. C．Lower marriage rates. D．Increased immunity to viral infections. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。由第三段中“Studies suggest loneliness results in a variety of health issues，such as decreased immunity to viral infections，poor sleep，and cardiovascular(心血管的) issues.”可知，孤独会导致睡眠不好。故选A。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Finding the Cause of Loneliness B．Learning to Fight Loneliness at School C．Loneliness—the Cause of Many Health Problems D．Loneliness—a Serious Problem in Modern Society 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读文章尤其第一段内容可知，本文主要介绍孤独成了一个严重的问题，英国将在学校开设相关课程教学生们如何防止孤独。故选B。 B (2023·山东烟台一模) A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match：players each take turns responding，knowing instinctively(本能地) when to speak and when to listen.This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.However，according to a recent study，animals also seem to know when to speak and when to listen. The study involved over 300 animals including birds，mammals(哺乳动物)，insects，and frogs which practice turn-taking behavior.These animals alternate their call and response in a similar way humans communicate.Monkeys，for example，often exchange calls to locate each other in the wild and figure out whether they know one another. While forms of communication are mostly sound-based，several species have more creative forms of viewable communication.Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures，while birds，insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays. Kobin Kendrick，the main co-author on the study，says that making comparisons among animals that take turns when communicating can give us a better understanding of how this feature evolved in humans and our ancestors.“We know very little about the evolution and origin of the human language，so any possibility of gaining insight into it is worth going after，” he says. Additionally，while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly，well-mannered animals，Kendrick stresses that this isn’t always the case.Owl(猫头鹰) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding.“This can be seen as an exception to the rule，highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general，” says Kendrick. One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don’t know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest.Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking，allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons.“We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other，and we hope the study will drive more crosstalk between humans and animals in the future，” says Kendrick. 语篇解读　本文是说明文。一项新的研究发现，动物似乎也能像人一样知道在交谈中什么时候该说话，什么时候该聆听。 5．What can we learn about the turn-taking behavior? A．It is a unique human quality. B．It is an acquired athletic skill. C．It occurs between familiar relations. D．It features complexity and interaction. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“...This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.”可知，轮流行为具有复杂性和交互性。故选D。 6．Which of the following is a form of visual intercommunication? A．Frogs show skin colors. B．Bees release smells. C．Eagles scream in the sky. D．Monkeys exchange calls. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段首句“While forms of communication are mostly sound-based，several species have more creative forms of viewable communication.”及后文的举例可知，青蛙显出的皮肤颜色属于视觉交流的一种形式。故选A。 7．Why are “owl chicks” mentioned in paragraph 5? A．To propose a definition. B．To give a contrast. C．To present an argument. D．To make a prediction. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段首句“Additionally，while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly，well-mannered animals，Kendrick stresses that this isn’t always the case.”可知，第五段提到猫头鹰雏鸟是为了和有序、彬彬有礼的动物画面做对比。故选B。 8．What aspect of research does the last paragraph highlight? A．Research budget. B．Research range. C．Research frequency. D．Research background. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking，allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons.”可知，最后一段强调了研究的另一目标——扩大研究范围。故选B。 C (2023·江苏南京二模) Cars powered by batteries made from seawater and planes fueled by ammonia(氨) will become common over the next 10 years，Bill David，a professor of materials chemistry has predicted. Most batteries for electric cars and smartphones are powered by lithium(锂)，which has to be mined，but David thinks that they will be overtaken by batteries made from sodium(钠)，which can be obtained from seawater and salt.The future of air travel could also be greener thanks to biofuels. David said，“We are developing an ammonia-based plane.In principle，we can improve on an Airbus A320 or a Boeing 787 and essentially replace jet fuel with ammonia.” David said that batteries could，at first，combine sodium and lithium，as sodium was not quite as powerful as lithium but is much more sufficient.“It’s not quite perfect in terms of performance，so we need both，” David said.“Sodium is on the way up and most electric cars have had a combination of lithium and sodium batteries in them.My estimate is that by 2040 I would not be surprised if there were ten times more sodium batteries than lithium ones，maybe even 100 times.” The first generation of mass-produced sodium batteries has been used for an electric car for the first time.Sodium will not be the final answer to eco-friendly air travel，however，which is why David’s team is looking into the use of ammonia.Some companies are looking into whether jet fuel can be replaced with hydrogen，but David sees ammonia as more sustainable.He said，“If you do the sums，then at 500mph you get the same amount of power as jet fuel，but just 40 per cent of the range.However，even with the range hit，a 787 could still go from London to New York.” However，a report from the Royal Society on net-zero aviation，which David co-wrote，says that replacing jet fuel with biofuel would require half of the agricultural land in the UK. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了英国材料化学教授比尔·戴维对未来的预测，他认为未来10年内，使用从海水和盐中提取的钠制造的电池以及使用氨作为燃料的飞机将会普及。 9．What is an advantage of sodium batteries? A．Their performance is easy to improve. B．Their raw material is easily accessible. C．They are widely applied to various vehicles. D．They are more powerful than other batteries. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Most batteries for electric cars and smartphones are powered by lithium(锂)，which has to be mined，but David thinks that they will be overtaken by batteries made from sodium(钠)，which can be obtained from seawater and salt.”可知，钠电池的优点在于原材料比锂更容易获得，故选B。 10．According to David，which is ideal for future electric cars? A．Lithium battery. B．Sodium battery. C．Hydrogen fuel. D．Ammonia fuel. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“My estimate is that by 2040 I would not be surprised if there were ten times more sodium batteries than lithium ones，maybe even 100 times.”可知，未来电动汽车中钠电池的应用会更广泛，故选B。 11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Hydrogen casts a light on jet fuel market. B．Electric car makers favor sodium batteries. C．Ammonia features sustainability and practicability. D．Companies have mass-produced recycled batteries. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。根据第五段中“Sodium will not be the final answer to eco-friendly air travel，however，which is why David’s team is looking into the use of ammonia.Some companies are looking into whether jet fuel can be replaced with hydrogen，but David sees ammonia as more sustainable.”可知，本段主要在讲氨具有可持续性和实用性的特点。故选C。 12．What’s David’s attitude to replacing jet fuel with biofuel? A．Tolerant. B．Unclear. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. 答案　C 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段“However，a report from the Royal Society on net-zero aviation，which David co-wrote，says that replacing jet fuel with biofuel would require half of the agricultural land in the UK.”可知，他认为用生物燃料代替喷气燃料将需要英国一半的农业用地，故可推知，他对这一做法的态度是谨慎的，故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$