专题1 第4讲 题型突破——词句猜测题-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

第4讲　题型突破——词句猜测题 词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。 　　　　　　词义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义 词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，29题) 2．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，30题) 3．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph？ (2023·浙江1月，24题) 4．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，30题) 下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。 一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段) In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to. 30．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Understand. B．Paint. C．Seize. D．Transform. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段尾句“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.”中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为“理解”。故选A。 二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测 真题体验　(2023·全国甲·B片段) Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY(do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。 根据画线短语后文对该短语的解释“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可推知，此处指Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。C项“a specialist”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。故选C。 三、3种构词法助力词义猜测 例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry. 分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。 四、上下文语境助力词义猜测 有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅰ·C片段) Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 　　　　　　代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代 代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，29题) 2．What does “I” refer to in the text？(2019·全国Ⅱ，21题) 解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2020·新课标Ⅰ·C片段) In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea. His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers. 29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Developing a serious mental disease. B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia. C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea. 答案　D 解析　代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句的内容，即that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。 　　　　　　句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意 高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。设问方式多以如下形式出现： What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean？ (2019·浙江，24题) 句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对画线句子进行解释性的描述。其解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2019·浙江·B片段) Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.” 24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Money spent without hesitation. B．Money not legally made. C．Money offered without conditions. D．Money not tied together. 答案　C 解析　句意猜测题。根据下文的内容尤其是木板上写的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。 A (2023·浙江台州二模) Alarming levels of dangerous chemicals known as Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS) were discovered in food packaging at many well-known fast-food restaurants and grocery store chains，a new report found. Often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down in the environment，PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂) and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups.PFAS can also be found in the ink used to print logos and instructions on food containers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls exposure to PFAS a “public health concern”，citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a person’s resistance to infectious diseases. Regulatory limits for how much PFAS food packaging should contain can vary greatly.For instance，a new law in California set the limit at less than 100 ppm.“Compared to America，Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success，” said Xenia Trier，an expert at the European Environment Agency.“It does work to set limits and enforce them.PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food.Even though it was not 100%，we still saw considerable transmission.In general，transmission from packaging to food is increased as the temperature of the food rises.It is the same with the time spent in wrapping materials，” Trier told NBS，one of the major American mass-media companies. In response to the issue，Whole Foods became the first grocery chain to publicly commit to remove PFAS from takeout containers and bakery paper.Many other companies followed suit.Experts say people who want to avoid PFAS in their takeout and food delivery packaging should favor companies that have promised to remove the chemicals.“As soon as you receive your takeout，you’d better take food out of the container immediately，and never reheat food in its original container.Instead，remove your food and heat it in glass containers，” Trier said. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题。 1．What can we learn about PFAS in food packaging? A．They are natural chemicals in food. B．They do little harm to consumers’ health. C．They are used to break down the chemicals. D．They can make wrappers resistant to grease and water. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂) and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups”可知，食品包装中的PFAS可以使包装防油防水。故选D。 2．What is Xenia Trier’s attitude to setting a lower limit of PFAS? A．Favorable. B．Neutral. C．Ambiguous. D．Opposed. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据第四段中“‘Compared to America，Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success，’ said Xenia Trier”可知，对于设定更低的PFAS下限，Xenia Trier持支持态度。故选A。 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A．Considerable migration of grease and water. B．PFAS transmission from packaging to food. C．Wrapper exposure to high food temperature. D．Regulatory limits concerning food packaging. 答案　B 解析　代词指代题。根据第四段中“PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food.Even though it was not 100%，we still saw considerable transmission.”可知，句中it指代上文提及的“PFAS从纸张到食品中的转移”。故选B。 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Food packaging contains dangerous chemicals. B．Consumers are recommended to have PFAS-free products. C．PFAS found in food packaging have become a great concern. D．The government has taken measures to reduce PFAS exposure. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。综合分析文章可知，本文主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题，C项最能概括文章大意。故选C。 B (2023·山东济南一模) There is nothing quite like enjoying the sights，sounds and culture of a city while tasting a cup of coffee outdoors.But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko，an Israeli(以色列的) company，began to be tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place to try the new technology. With global warming heating up the temperature，it will soon be too hot to sit outside in cafes.While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while，most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them，consuming too much water and power.After two years of development，the perfect solution to the problem was found.“We have invented a new generation of air conditioner，” Kinonko CEO Leizer said. As Leizer introduced，the energy is from the pressure created between liquid nitrogen(氮) and gas nitrogen.When liquid nitrogen at －196 degrees turns into gas，it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it. The technology is unique and amazing.Beyond the coolness of the concept，it also has other advantages.The work unit doesn’t need to be power-driven，and doesn’t blow out harmful warm air as it works.As for the potential price，it will probably be no more expensive than any other air conditioner.In addition，the liquid nitrogen container will need to be replaced every seven to ten days，depending on usage.This makes it an affordable option for all sorts of businesses.The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统，这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场，使人们在炎热的天气下，能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。 5．What does the underlined word “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1? A．Warm. B．Dry. C．Hot. D．Freezing. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An outdoor cooling system...began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”可知，这种制冷系统是针对炎热天气研发的，而且将在Tel Aviv进行测试，故这座城市是非常闷热的。画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。故选C。 6．What problem do the existing outdoor cooling systems have? A．They are wasteful. B．They overheat easily. C．They often break down. D．They are slow to cool the air. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while，most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them，consuming too much water and power.”可知，现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力，是比较浪费的。故选A。 7．What does paragraph 3 mainly explain? A．What powers the engine. B．What turns liquid into gas. C．How the pressure is formed. D．How the new system works. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段中的“When liquid nitrogen at － 196 degrees turns into gas，it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.”可知，该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。故选D。 8．What is the purpose of this text? A．To promote a company. B．To settle an energy crisis. C．To introduce a technology. D．To market a misting system. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。根据第一段中的“An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko，an Israeli(以色列的) company，began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”和最后一段中的“The technology is unique and amazing.”及“The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.”可推知，本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。故选C。 强化练(八)　词句猜测题 A (2023·湖北武汉5月模考) Quantum theory(量子理论) is perhaps the most successful scientific idea ever.Yet，a century after its birth，something remains deeply puzzling about quantum theory.It does not tell us how physical systems behave.Instead，it treats any physical system as a black box：if you do this to it now，it will react like that later.What happens in between？The theory simply doesn’t tell us. An idea has recently begun to catch on.Perhaps there is no need to make anything up about what lies behind quantum theory.Perhaps it really does reveal to us the deep structure of reality，where a property is no more than something that affects something else.Perhaps this is precisely what “properties” are：the effects of interactions. Think of a simple object such as a blue teacup.Its being blue is not a property of the cup alone：colors happen in our brain as a result of the certain biological structure of our eyes and as a consequence of the interactions between daylight and the cup’s surface.Its being “a teacup” refers to its potential function as a drinking container：for an alien who doesn’t know about drinking tea，the very concept of a teacup is meaningless.As quantum theory shows：they are defined by their physical interactions with the rest of the world. Then，it comes with a lesson.We understand reality better if we think of it in terms of interactions，not individuals.This is why，in classic game theory，the winners in the long run are those who cooperate.Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual’s fortunes.It misunderstands the true nature of reality，and is ultimately self-defeating，which leads to unimaginable consequence and prevents us from addressing challenges that all humankind faces as a whole. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了量子理论向我们揭示了现实的深层结构以及相互作用的影响。 1．What possibly does quantum theory tell according to the text? A．How physical systems behave. B．How to treat physical systems. C．What effects one has on itself. D．What the structure of reality is. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Perhaps it really does reveal to us the deep structure of reality，where a property is no more than something that affects something else.”可知，量子理论可能告诉我们现实的结构是什么。故选D。 2．How does the author explain “the effects of interactions”？ A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By quoting a scientist. D．By conducting a survey. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“Think of a simple object such as a blue teacup...”可推知，作者通过举例子解释“相互作用的影响”。故选A。 3．What does “It” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．The consequence we bear. B．The theory in classic games. C．The fortunes individuals have. D．The way to measure success. 答案　D 解析　代词指代题。根据画线词上文“Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual’s fortunes.”以及后文“misunderstands the true nature of reality，and is ultimately self-defeating，which leads to unimaginable consequence”可知，我们用个人的财富来衡量成功，这太愚蠢了，这种衡量成功的方法误解了现实的本质，最终会弄巧成拙，导致难以想象的后果。故it指的是“衡量成功的方法”。故选D。 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To clarify a physics theory. B．To draw attention to interaction. C．To challenge a popular idea. D．To present reflections on games. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。根据最后一段中“We understand reality better if we think of it in terms of interactions，not individuals.”可推知，文章的主要目的是吸引人们注意相互作用。故选B。 B (2023·广东深圳一模) From cottages surrounded by impressive gardens to days spent exploring sandy beaches and deep woods filled with wildlife，in My Family and Other Animals，English writer Gerald Durrell provided a vivid account of his family’s time on the Greek island of Corfu in the 1930s. Come for the arresting descriptions of Corfu landscapes and stay for Durrell’s laugh-out-loud tales of his unusual family.This book，Durrell wrote humorously in the introduction，“was intended to be a nostalgic(怀旧的) account of natural history，but in the first few pages，I made the mistake of introducing my family.” Durrell，later known for his zoo keeping and the preservation of wildlife，was just a child during his family’s five-year stay in Corfu.He is 10-year-old Gerry in the book—curious，passionate about animals and a detailed storyteller of his strange family：his imaginative elder brother Larry with his literary ambitions，love-struck sister Margo，sporty brother Leslie and his ever-calm，loving mother. Durrell’s attention to detail is what makes the book so winning，with every sight，sound and smell of the island brought to life.One minute you’ll be laughing as Larry’s clever literary friends walk down to the daffodil-yellow cottage，the next you’ll be catching your breath as Durrell describes swimming at night in the Ionian Sea：“Lying on my back in the silky water，staring at the sky，only moving my hands and feet slightly，I was looking at the Milky Way stretching like a silk scarf across the sky and wondering how many stars it contained.” My Family and Other Animals is quite difficult to classify，being one part travel，one part autobiography，one part natural history，and one part comedy，with a thread of descriptive language running throughout that sometimes raises it nearly to poetry. As a real delight to read，it’s the perfect literary escapism for any adult or older teenager who is currently walking down a tough road in life. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章推荐了英国作家杰拉尔德·达雷尔的一本书——《追逐阳光之岛》。 5．Which word best describes Durrell’s life in Corfu? A．Risky. B．Busy. C．Tough. D．Diverse. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段“From cottages surrounded by impressive gardens to days spent exploring sandy beaches and deep woods filled with wildlife，in My Family and Other Animals，English writer Gerald Durrell provided a vivid account of his family’s time on the Greek island of Corfu in the 1930s.”可知，达雷尔在科孚岛的生活是多样的。故选D。 6．What does the underlined sentence mean in paragraph 2? A．I introduced my family by mistake. B．I shouldn’t have introduced my family. C．I couldn’t help introducing my family. D．I gave wrong information about my family. 答案　C 解析　句意猜测题。根据语境和画线句前文“This book，Durrell wrote humorously in the introduction，‘was intended to be a nostalgic(怀旧的) account of natural history，but...’”可知，达雷尔是以幽默的口吻说的这句话。从而推知画线句意为“我情不自禁地介绍了自己的家”。故选C。 7．What are paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly about? A．The book’s writing feature. B．Durrell’s rich imagination. C．Some interesting plots of the book. D．Some vivid descriptions of the island. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第四段中“Durrell’s attention to detail is what makes the book so winning，with every sight，sound and smell of the island brought to life.”和第五段“My Family and Other Animals is quite difficult to classify，being one part travel，one part autobiography，one part natural history，and one part comedy，with a thread of descriptive language running throughout that sometimes raises it nearly to poetry.”可知，这两段主要介绍了这本书的写作特点。故选A。 8．What is the purpose of this text? A．To share an experience. B．To recommend a book. C．To introduce a writing style. D．To describe an unusual place. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段“As a real delight to read，it’s the perfect literary escapism for any adult or older teenager who is currently walking down a tough road in life.”可知，这篇文章的目的是推荐《追逐阳光之岛》这本书。故选B。 C (2023·山东青岛一模) Everyone knows what makes a good story.Our hero starts their journey as a flawed being.In scene after scene，they face challenges that push them down new paths.By the end of the tale，they overcome setbacks and become a better person in the process. We love these plots in the novels we read but the principles of a good story offer much more than entertainment.Recent research shows that the narratives we tell ourselves about our lives can powerfully help us recover from stress.People who generate tales of struggling and turning over a new leaf from their own lives appear to have much better mental health.Professor Dan McAdams put forward this idea and discovered that whether someone can describe having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of mental health.Another key theme involved is finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. McAdams invited 14-and 15-year-olds to join in an experiment to write about their experiences of failure and success.Half of them were then given extra instructions to describe the ways they had made their success a reality and how the failure had changed them for the better.Eight weeks later，members of this group reported greater persistence and better grades in their schoolwork. Exciting as these results are，some experts sound a few notes of caution.They worry that，hearing about the power of self-narratives，many people may feel they have to find a positive turning point in life.If they can’t，they could end up feeling guilty about having somehow “failed”． Clearly，self-narratives aren’t the panacea.Nevertheless，if you hope for self-improvement，you can use the findings to good effect.By recognizing ourselves as the hero at the center of our own struggles，we can all become the author of our own destiny and change ourselves for the better. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最近的研究结果：我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来，那些讲述自己在生活中挣扎并重新开始的人似乎有更健康的心理状态。 9．What does the research focus on? A．The causes of stress. B．The principles of narrative. C．The connection between struggle and well-being. D．The link between mental health and self-narratives. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Recent research shows that the narratives we tell ourselves about our lives can powerfully help us recover from stress.People who generate tales of struggling and turning over a new leaf from their own lives appear to have much better mental health.”可知，研究的重点是心理健康和自我叙述之间的联系。故选D。 10．Why is the experiment mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To give proof. B．To make predictions. C．To draw a conclusion. D．To make comparisons. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。第二段提到研究表明，我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来，拥有更健康的心理状态，结合第三段描述的实验过程和结果可推知，在第三段提到这个实验是为了提供证据证明该研究结果。故选A。 11．What does the underlined word “panacea” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Attempt to get rid of worries. B．Means of recognizing yourself. C．Solution to adolescent problems. D．Guarantee to become better people. 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中“If they can’t，they could end up feeling guilty about having somehow ‘failed’”可知，自我叙述并不能保证自己可以成为更好的人。故画线词意为“保证成为更好的人”。故选D。 12．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Embrace Life Struggles B．Be Your Own Hero C．Ways to Make a Good Story D．The Power of Self-improvement 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了最近的研究结果：我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来。那些讲述自己在生活中挣扎并重新开始的人似乎有更健康的心理状态。我们要认识到自己是奋斗中的英雄，可以主宰自己的命运，让自己变得更好。故B选项“Be Your Own Hero”能概括大意，适合作文章标题。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$