专题1 第3讲 题型突破——主旨大意题-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题 主旨大意题既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。尽管这类题在阅读中考查比例不高，但难度大，易失分。 选项特征 　　　　　　标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题 记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都有可能会考查到标题归纳题。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What can be a suitable title for the text？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，27题) 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text？(2023·浙江1月，35题) 3．Which can be a suitable title for the text？(2022·全国甲，27题) 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text？(2022·全国乙，31题) 此类试题的解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅱ·B) Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes，at two middle schools and two high schools，include hands-on experiments such as soil testing，flower-and-seed dissection，tastings of fresh or dried produce，and work in the garden.Several times a year，students cook the vegetables they grow，and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.” 27．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的学校园艺项目Urban Sprouts，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“Growing Vegetable Lovers”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。 　　　　　　文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨 说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都可能会考查文章大意题。设问方式多以如下形式出现： What is the text mainly about？(2023·浙江1月，27题) 此类试题的解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·浙江1月·B) Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash! A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn’t need.Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice：Lead by action. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home. C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。C项“How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。 　　　　　　段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意 段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题归纳题和文章大意题，段落大意题考查频率较低。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，32题) 2．What is the first paragraph mainly about？(2023·全国乙，32题) 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，34题) 此类试题的解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段) ... This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down. ... 32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则。本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。故选B。 A (2023·河北石家庄质检三) While the rest of us are sleeping，freshwater turtles(龟) from Central America to Asia are getting out of the water and basking(月光浴) at night.There have been reports of this behavior before，but now a new study is the first to document the widespread occurrence.The findings suggest this may be a common and almost entirely overlooked aspect of many species’ ecology. Dr.Donald McKnight，one of the researchers，said he and a colleague first observed freshwater turtles night basking at the Ross River in Townsville，Australia.“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，” says McKnight. For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles. It would be lovely to think the turtles are just enjoying some leisure time when things are quiet.But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.Given the warming planet，that’s admittedly a bit depressing.However，not all of the nighttime baskers were escaping too-warm water.According to the study，turtles in India exhibited more basking on cooler nights，rather than warmer nights，and those in Africa spent more time basking at night in winter than in summer.The reasons for these differences are unclear.It may be that at some sites or seasons，turtles are escaping unfavourably warm water temperatures，while at others，they are taking advantage of the warm air to increase their body temperature and escape unfavourably cold water. Regardless of the “why” behind different species’ reasons for midnight basking，it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现淡水龟夜间出水是因为水温变化。 1．Why do the freshwater turtles from Australia get out of water at night? A．To search for extra food. B．To avoid natural enemies. C．To cool themselves down. D．To enjoy the quietness outside. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段的“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，”可知，澳大利亚的淡水龟晚上游出水是为了给自己降温。故选C。 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How the study was conducted. B．What the study brought about. C．Why the study was carried out. D．Where the study was made. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段“For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles.”可知，本段主要介绍了研究是如何进行的。故选A。 3．Which of the following are the researchers certain about? A．Turtles in Africa flee water often on summer nights. B．The water is unfavourable for turtles to survive in India. C．The reasons for turtles’ different behaviors are obvious. D．Night basking is caused by the change of water temperature. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.”可知，研究人员能够确定的是月光浴由水温的变化引起。故选D。 4．How does the author feel about the finding? A．Skeptical. B．Positive. C．Surprised. D．Desperate. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段“...it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change.”可推知，作者对此项发现持积极态度。故选B。 B Kindness is seen as a true strength，and the success of civilizations relies on kindness.We teach children from a young age to “be kind to one another” and “treat others the way you want to be treated”．Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.According to Mayo Clinic，when we perform acts of kindness，the pleasure center in our brain is activated，releasing the stress-reducing hormone(激素)．Individuals who volunteer on a regular basis report greater life satisfaction.That said，consider the following question：Could kindness ever be considered harmful to us when it has such clear benefits？Let’s think about this assuming we are in the workplace. You are a new person on the team，and you want to be well-liked and respected by your co-workers.You are a kind person and tell your team，“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.” Though you may truly mean this，there are people in this world who can consider your kindness as weakness unfortunately.This can lead to you being taken advantage of by others. Let’s fast-forward to a year later.You have been in your position now for one year，and you are working with the same team.You notice that your co-workers continue asking for your succor over and over again.In fact，the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them.Imagine the level of discouragement you’re feeling! In a very broad sense，it is advantageous to be kind to others，and your kind acts will be appreciated and，perhaps，pay off.However，you need to be willing to say “no”．When people ask you for a favor，assess if you have the time，energy and attention to give to them.To truly be kind，sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文，主题语境是“人与自我”。本文讲述了真正的善良并不是一味满足他人的要求，要学会拒绝。 5．Why is Mayo Clinic mentioned? A．To stress the importance of kindness. B．To explain the reasons for being kind. C．To show the positive effect of kindness. D．To assess the current kindness education. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.”可知，善良甚至被证明对健康有益。紧接着，作者陈述了Mayo Clinic的观点，即当我们做善事时，大脑中的愉快中枢被激活，释放出减压激素。定期做志愿者的人对生活的满意度更高。由此可知，作者提及Mayo Clinic是为了说明善良的积极影响。 6．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “succor” in paragraph 3? A．Comfort. B．Company. C．Interaction. D．Assistance. 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.”及第三段中的“continue asking for”“the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them”可知，画线词所在句表示“你注意到你的同事们继续不停地向你寻求帮助”。画线词succor意为“帮助，援助”，与assistance同义，故选D。 7．What does the author suggest doing in the last paragraph? A．Finding the best way to refuse others. B．Being a little more self-focused. C．Being grateful for others’ kind gestures. D．Acknowledging your efforts and sacrifices. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“you need to be willing to say ‘no’... sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying ‘no’ to others and saying ‘yes’ to yourself”可知，有时你需要更自如地对别人说“不”，对自己说“是”。由此可推知，作者给出的建议是要更加注重自我一些。故选B。 8．What is the text mainly discussing? A．Are we hurting ourselves with kindness? B．Why are random acts of kindness important? C．Is the power of kindness at work undervalued? D．How can showing kindness promote well-being? 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，作者先引入“善良”这一话题，进而提到善良的益处，然后笔锋一转，发出疑问“当善良有如此明显的好处时，它会被认为对我们有害吗？”。接着作者以工作场所中的例子对这一问题进行阐释和论述，最后给出了自己的建议。由此可知，本文主要讨论的是善良是否会对我们有害。 强化练(六)　主旨大意题(1) A (2023·山东济南一模) On Mondays，two of my children get ready for school in an unusual way.Each packs plenty of food and water，a pair of rubber boots and sometimes a cup of hot chocolate.Then，I drop them off at a nearby park where they spend the entire day outside at a certified forest school. When I first signed them up for forest school program，I loved the idea，but as a mum，I was concerned about a few things：Would they be comfortable outside for that long？Would they stay engaged for that many hours？Then I asked them if time ever seemed to move slowly，they stared at me in confusion.They didn’t understand my question，which fittingly removed it. In this program，kids direct their own play，climbing tall trees or testing ice on the frozen lake.They are never told their play is too high or too sharp，but are rather trusted to self-adjust.Something else my sons appreciate about forest school is not being told to move on to the next activity，but being left to stay in a particular spot for as long as their curiosity allows. “What about all the things they’re missing in real school？” concerned parents have asked me.Neither of their classroom teachers thinks it’s a problem but most significantly，my kids are learning new and different skills that a classroom cannot teach.They are learning to sit silently and observe nature up close—a skill that’s virtually impossible to develop in a noisy and overcrowded classroom setting.They are making social connections across a broader range of age groups.They cooperate together，using their different sizes and strengths to fulfill various roles within their games. I appreciate it that forest school is shaping my boys’ relationship with the outdoors.They’re learning how to spend extended periods of time in nature，what to do to pass the time，and developing knowledge that will get them much closer to nature in the coming decades. 语篇解读　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要介绍了作者送孩子们在一所认证的森林学校度过一整天，在那里孩子们接近大自然，能学到很多在校内学不到的技能。 1．What is special about the forest school program? A．Teachers engage in kids’ play. B．Kids play and learn outdoors. C．It focuses on nature protection. D．It offers various food and drinks. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Then，I drop them off at a nearby park where they spend the entire day outside at a certified forest school.”以及第三段中的“In this program，kids direct their own play，climbing tall trees or testing ice on the frozen lake.”可知，这个森林学校项目的特殊之处在于孩子们在户外玩耍和学习。故选B。 2．How did the author feel about kids’ reaction to her questions? A．Awkward. B．Concerned. C．Relieved. D．Proud. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Then I asked them if time ever seemed to move slowly，they stared at me in confusion.They didn’t understand my question，which fittingly removed it.”可知，孩子们对作者的问题感到很迷惑，这也消除了作者的担忧，由此可知，见到孩子们的这种反应，作者打消了顾虑。故选C。 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The concerns caused by the program. B．The benefits gained from role plays. C．The skills acquired by children. D．The games loved by teachers. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。根据第四段中的主题句“Neither of their classroom teachers thinks it’s a problem，but most significantly，my kids are learning new and different skills that a classroom cannot teach.”以及后面内容可知，第四段主要讨论孩子们在森林学校学到的技能。故选C。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Nature：a Wonderland for the Young B．Forest School Program Proves a Hit C．Parks Are Replacing Traditional Schools D．Forest School：a Fine Place for My Kids 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。综合分析全文可知，作者介绍了一所森林学校的特殊之处，以及孩子们在那里能学到许多在校内学不到的技能，作者感激森林学校可以塑造孩子与户外的关系，所以D项“Forest School：a Fine Place for My Kids”能概括文章的主题。故选D。 B (2023·湖南新高考教学教研联盟联考) For 20 years，two brothers living in the dirty neighborhood of Wazirabad in India’s capital，Delhi，have been treating wounded black kites(鸢) that fall from the city’s skies. Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad rescue birds of prey—mostly injured by paper kite strings—and carry them to a basement garage at home.Here，they begin nursing them to health：cleaning and bandaging wounds，fixing wings and broken bones. Small miracles happen in the basement.Here lives are saved，a living is made and there’s some happiness too.“You don’t care for things because they share the same country，religion or politics，” say the brothers.“Life itself is relationship.That’s why we can’t abandon the birds.” The brothers talk about how a neighborhood bird hospital refused to treat the first kite they rescued because it was a “non-vegetarian bird”．At that time，they were teenage bodybuilders and that’s how they “came to know about flesh and muscles”．They figured out ways to bandage the kites.They became passionate about birds.“We’d lie on the ground，watching the elegant flights in the sky，” they say.“The head would spin.Have you ever felt dizzy looking into the sky？” The street outside the brothers’ home becomes a smelly pool of sewage water which comes into the basement during the rainy season.Pigs wander in a muddy channel.Air quality reaches dangerous peaks.Yet there’s life and hope.Monkeys climb playfully over some electric wires that hang unsteadily over narrow streets.An airplane in the sky is reflected in a pool of quiet water. When the weather clears，skies are filled with paper kites.And then the birds begin dropping，and the brothers are back at their job.Sometimes the birds fall after bumping against buildings in the smog or getting entangled(缠住) in overhead wires.At one point，there were more than 100 wounded birds in the basement.The brothers once swam across the river to rescue a bird with a broken wing. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍了20多年来，印度的Mohammad Saud和Nadeem Shehzad两兄弟一直在拯救从德里上空坠落的受伤的鸢的故事。 5．Why do the brothers treat wounded kites? A．They do it for political reasons. B．They like to see miracles happen. C．They are deeply religious people. D．They view kites as family members. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Life itself is relationship.That’s why we can’t abandon the birds.”可推知，他们拯救这些受伤的鸢，是因为他们把它们视为家人。故选D。 6．Why did the hospital refuse to treat the wounded kite? A．Kites are not protected birds. B．Kites keep their heads spinning. C．Kites threaten other creatures. D．Kites are harmful to the environment. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The brothers talk about how a neighborhood bird hospital refused to treat the first kite they rescued because it was a ‘non-vegetarian bird’．”可知，医院之所以拒绝治疗他们救的第一只鸢，是因为它是一只“非素食鸟”，说明鸢威胁到别的生物。故选C。 7．How does the author develop the fifth paragraph? A．By listing some data. B．By making an analysis. C．By telling a sad story. D．By making comparisons. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段提到的“The street outside the brothers’ home becomes a smelly pool of sewage water which comes into the basement during the rainy season...”和“Yet there’s life and hope.”可知，本段描写了两兄弟居住的地方环境恶劣，同时也指出这里也有生命，有希望。我们可以推断作者是以对比的手法展开描述的。故选D。 8．What might be the most suitable title for the text? A．Indian Kites Are in Danger of Extinction B．Paper Kites Are Posing a Threat to Indian Birds C．Two Brothers Are Saving Birds Dropping from the Sky D．Huge Numbers of Kites Are Flying over the City of Delhi 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。综合分析全文可知，文章介绍了印度两兄弟拯救从天空坠落受伤的鸢的故事，C项“Two Brothers Are Saving Birds Dropping from the Sky”能概括文章大意，适合作文章标题。故选C。 C (2023·福建莆田质检) From the moment we are born，we interact with the world through movement.We move our lips to smile or to talk.We extend our hand to touch.How does our brain remember this wide range of motions？How does it learn new ones？How does it make the calculations necessary for us to grab a glass of water，without dropping it，squashing it，or missing it? Technion Professor Jackie Schiller from the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and her team examined the brain at a single-neuron(单神经元) level to shed light on this mystery.They found that calculation happens not just in the interaction between neurons，but within each individual neuron.It turns out that each of these cells is not a simple switch，but a complicated calculating machine. This discovery，published recently in the Science，promises changes not only to our understanding of how the brain works，but better understanding of conditions ranging from Parkinson’s disease to autism.And if that isn’t enough，these same findings are expected to advance machine learning，providing inspiration for new architectures. “We used to think of each neuron as a sort of whistle，which either rings，or doesn’t，” Prof.Schiller explains.“Instead，we are looking at a piano.Its keys can be struck at the same time，or in order，producing an infinity(无限) of different tunes.” This complex music playing in our brains is what enables us to learn and perform an infinity of different，complex and precise movements. These same findings can also serve as an inspiration for the machine learning community.Deep neural networks，as their name suggests，attempt to create software that learns and functions somewhat similarly to a human brain.Although their advances constantly make the news，these networks are primitive compared to a living brain.A better understanding of how our brain actually works can help in designing more complex neural networks，enabling them to perform more complex tasks. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。我们的大脑是如何记住每一个动作的呢？它如何学习新的知识？Jackie Schiller教授和她的团队在单神经元水平上检查了大脑，揭开了谜团。 9．Why does the author raise the questions in paragraph 1? A．To pursue answers. B．To raise his puzzles. C．To introduce the topic. D．To share his interest. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“...her team examined the brain at a single-neuron(单神经元) level to shed light on this mystery.They found that...”可知，“this mystery”指代的就是第一段中的那些问题，故可推知作者在第一段提出那些问题是为了引出文章的话题，故选C。 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The result of the research. B．The function of a single neuron. C．The methods of the research. D．The applications of the discovery. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，这一发现有助于我们对大脑工作方式的新的理解，还可帮助我们更好地理解各种疾病、推动机器学习，因此本段主要介绍了该发现可以应用的方面。故选D。 11．What does Schiller stress in her explanation in paragraph 4? A．The way that neurons work. B．The music that neurons play. C．The difficulties that researchers encounter. D．The process where neurons produce memory. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“‘We used to think of each neuron as a sort of whistle，which either rings，or doesn’t，’ Prof.Schiller explains.‘Instead，we are looking at a piano.Its keys can be struck at the same time，or in order，producing an infinity(无限) of different tunes.’”可知，Schiller推翻了以往对神经元的工作原理的理解，而是把神经元比喻成一架钢琴，强调的是神经元的运作方式。故选A。 12．What might be the best title for the text? A．Individual Neuron Works like a Piano B．Calculation Happens Between Neurons like a Machine C．Complex Neural Networks in the Brain Enable People to Learn D．The Mystery of Learning and Remembering Movement Has Been Uncovered 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段第一句可知，文章主要讲述了Jackie Schiller教授和她的团队在单神经元水平上检查了大脑，揭开了人脑学习和记忆动作的奥秘。D项“学习和记忆动作的奥秘已被揭开”适合作本文标题。故选D。 强化练(七)　主旨大意题(2) A (2023·浙江嘉兴二模) Joe Horan，a physical education teacher，has started the program Building Men to create a positive vision of manhood not just for himself，but also for the boys he teaches.Looking back，Mr Horan says his program developed from a low point in his life.In 2004 as he went through a hard time，he felt society’s definition of manhood was leading him down the wrong path.His life，he says，lacked substance and depth.“A desire became planted in my heart，that is，to find healing from the unhealthy messages I believed about manhood，” he says.Then，his sister recommended a book，Season of Life by Jeffrey Marx，which digs into the discovery of what being a man is all about.Joe took all the clues and started to put life lessons into his class. Despite limited resources and funding，Building Men began at one middle school in the district in 2006.It grew on a shoestring budget，expanding school by school，year by year.Today,33 teachers，like Mr Colabufo，work across 18 schools.Mr Colabufo has known Mr Horan for several years，noting many people are aware of the program’s success.“Joe’s a legend in this district，” Mr Colabufo says. The program appeals to boys at first because of a basketball component，but its secret is how it dives into off-the-court issues through discussions on character.Building Men helps participants gain insight，work to restore self-worth，and learn to calm emotions.SIR is a central component of lessons，standing for significance，integrity，and relationships. At a recent breakfast fundraiser，Shateek Nelson，a senior at Nottingham High School，shared his experience，having participated in Building Men since middle school.He said he learned to see the bigger picture，rather than living in the moment.He also came to realize his actions affect others，and now he factors that into his decisions. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了一位名叫Joe Horan的体育老师受个人经历启发开办了为男孩们塑造积极男子汉形象的Building Men项目。 1．What motivated Joe Horan to start the program Building Men? A．An instructional book. B．His personal experience. C．His sister’s suggestion. D．The society’s expectation. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Looking back，Mr Horan says his program developed from a low point in his life.In 2004 as he went through a hard time，he felt society’s definition of manhood was leading him down the wrong path.”可知，他的个人经历促使他创建了该项目。故选B。 2．What does the underlined word “shoestring” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Flexible. B．Proper. C．Tight. D．Balanced. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Despite limited resources and funding，Building Men began at one middle school in the district in 2006.”可知，最初该项目资金紧张，故而“budget”(预算)也会紧张。故shoestring意为“紧张的”。故选C。 3．What did Shateek Nelson learn from participating in Building Men? A．One should dream big and then start small. B．One should live each day as if it were the last day. C．It is good to gain real-life experience at middle school. D．It is essential to think more of others in decision-making. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“He said he learned to see the bigger picture，rather than living in the moment.He also came to realize his actions affect others，and now he factors that into his decisions.”可知，Shateek Nelson从参与该项目中学到了在做决定时要多考虑他人的福祉。故选D。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．SIR：Core Component of Physical Education B．Healthy Life：Involving Substance and Depth C．Building Men：Teaching Boys About Manhood D．Manhood：Teenagers’ Power of Handling Issues 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。综合分析文章可知，全文主要介绍了一位名叫Joe Horan的体育老师受个人经历启发开办了为男孩们塑造积极男子汉形象的Building Men项目。故选C。 B (2023·河北邯郸一模) School is important for children and parents everywhere，and there are a lot who take the education of youth very seriously.Parents want their children to succeed，and a lot of children want to do well in school.A new study，which was done by Brigham Young University，has found that students perform better in school if they go on more cultural field trips. Field trips have always been seen as fun for students，and they look forward to their chances to get out of the classroom and go somewhere fun.But field trips can be difficult for teachers to plan，because they need to make sure that there is learning and value included.Some have argued about the worth of field trips，and whether they are worth a student missing a whole day out of school. However，Heidi Erickson，one of the researchers in the study，stated that there is no harm in taking students out of the classroom，even for multiple days throughout the year，as long as they are learning and in an appropriate space.The study had 4th- and 5th- grade students from 15 schools take part in this study.They went on three cultural field trips during the school year，to an art museum，a live theater performance，and a classical concert.Then the researchers looked at their school year compared to students who did not take part and this is where they saw the difference. The study found that students who went on multiple field trips a year had higher test scores，performed better in class and had a greater cultural responsibility over time when compared to students who did not go on as many field trips. Although there has been a remarkable decrease in the number of field trips due to various reasons，this new study is showing the true value of field trips，especially when they are considered “cultural”． 语篇解读　本文是说明文。研究发现，如果学生经常去博物馆、艺术馆等文化场所，那么他们的学习成绩可能会得到提高。 5．Why is it hard for teachers to plan field trips? A．Teachers are concerned about the price. B．Teachers don’t believe in the worth of field trips. C．Students have to miss a whole day out of school. D．Teachers have to ensure students’ meaningful experiences. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But field trips can be difficult for teachers to plan，because they need to make sure that there is learning and value included.”可知，老师需要确保文化旅游活动对学生来说是有收获的，故策划是有难度的。故选D。 6．What is Heidi Erickson’s attitude to cultural field trips? A．Skeptical. B．Favorable. C．Concerned. D．Tolerant. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However，Heidi Erickson，one of the researchers in the study，stated that there is no harm in taking students out of the classroom...”可知，Heidi Erickson对文化旅游活动持支持态度。故选B。 7．How did the researchers draw the conclusion? A．By asking students questions. B．By taking field trips themselves. C．By doing surveys among teachers. D．By comparing different groups of students. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“The study had 4th- and 5th-grade students from 15 schools take part in this study...Then the researchers looked at their school year compared to students who did not take part and this is where they saw the difference.”可知，研究者通过对比经常参与文化旅游活动和不参加文化旅游活动的学生得出了结论。故选D。 8．What is the main idea of the text? A．Cultural field trips improve students’ grades. B．Students perform better in an appropriate space. C．Why cultural field trips are popular with students. D．Why the number of students’ field trips is dropping. 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。综合分析全文可知，本文主要讲述的是文化旅游活动对提高学生的学习成绩有帮助。A项“Cultural field trips improve students’ grades.”能概括全文大意。故选A。 C (2023·江西赣州一模) In less than 2 months，the artificial intelligence (AI) program ChatGPT has become a cultural sensation(轰动)．ChatGPT is developed with a technique called Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback to train the language model，enabling it to automatically create text based on written prompts.I asked it to rewrite the first scene of the classic American play Death of a Salesman.The output was an amusing conversation.This is certainly fun，but there are serious implications for generative AI programs like ChatGPT in science and academia. Many concerns relate to how ChatGPT will change education.It certainly can write essays about a range of topics.I gave it both an exam and a final project.It did well finding factual answers，but the scholarly writing still has a long way to go.If anything，the implications for education may push academics to rethink their courses in innovative ways and give assignments that aren’t easily solved by AI.That could be for the best. More worrisome are the effects of ChatGPT on writing scientific papers.In a recent study abstracts created by ChatGPT were submitted to academic reviewers，who only caught 63% of these fakes.That’s a lot of AI-generated text that could find its way into the literature soon. The text written by ChatGPT is not acceptable.An AI program cannot be an author.Still，according to Editorial Policies，text generated by ChatGPT (or any other AI tools) cannot be used in the work，nor can figures，images，or graphics be the products of such tools.Breaking these policies will be considered scientific misconduct(学术不端) no different from plagiarism(剽窃) of existing works. The scientific record is ultimately one of the human efforts of struggling with important questions.Machines play an important role，but as tools for the people giving the hypotheses(假设)，designing the experiments and making sense of the results.Ultimately the product must come from—and be expressed by—the wonderful computer in our heads. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了ChatGPT虽然可以输出文章，但它不是作家，作品必须来自我们的大脑，ChatGPT是只起着提供假设、设计实验和理解结果作用的工具。 9．What does the underlined word “implications” probably mean in paragraph 1? A．Competitions. B．Incidents. C．Restrictions. D．Effects. 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子中的关键词“but”再结合下文“Many concerns relate to how ChatGPT will change education.”可知，本句句意为“这当然很有趣，但对于像ChatGPT这样的生成式人工智能程序在科学和学术界有着严重的影响”。画线词与D项意思一致。故选D。 10．What could be ChatGPT’s benefit for education，if any? A．It could help better the scholarly writing. B．It could write essays about varieties of topics. C．It could be used to design difficult assignments. D．It could urge academics to make improvements. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段的“If anything，the implications for education may push academics to rethink their courses in innovative ways and give assignments that aren’t easily solved by AI.That could be for the best.”可知，如果说ChatGPT对教育有好处的话，那就是它敦促学者们做出改进。故选D。 11．What can be inferred about ChatGPT? A．It is welcomed by academics. B．It may cause scientific misconduct. C．It is basically useless for scientific research. D．It works greatly to the advantage of education. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Still，according to Editorial Policies，text generated by ChatGPT (or any other AI tools) cannot be used in the work，nor can figures，images，or graphics be the products of such tools.Breaking these policies will be considered scientific misconduct(学术不端) no different from plagiarism(剽窃) of existing works.”可知，ChatGPT可能导致学术不端行为。故选B。 12．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．ChatGPT Is Fun，But Not an Author B．ChatGPT Has Become a Cultural Sensation C．ChatGPT Will Change Our Way of Education D．ChatGPT Plays an Important Role in Science 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。综合分析文章可知，本文主要介绍ChatGPT虽然可以输出文章，但它不是作家，作品必须来自我们的大脑，ChatGPT是只起着提供假设、设计实验和理解结果作用的工具。因此A项“ChatGPT很有趣，但不是作家”适合作为本文的标题。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$