专题1 第2讲 题型突破——推理判断题-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

第2讲　题型突破——推理判断题 推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。 选项特征 　　　　　　隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲 隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34 题) 2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？(2023·全国甲，35题) 3．What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake？ (2023·全国乙，26题) 4．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2？ (2023·全国乙，33题) 5．What can we infer about the author？(2023·浙江1月，26题) 6．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题) 7．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？(2022·全国乙，35题) 解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·全国甲·D片段) ... Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 35．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Food should be provided for grizzlies. B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C．A special path should be built for grizzlies. D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。 　　　　　　观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项 此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题) 2．What does the author think of Weiner’s book？(2023·全国甲，31题) 3．How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake？(2023·全国乙，27题) 4．What do people usually think of British food？(2023·全国乙，28题) 5．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars？ (2023·浙江1月，25题) 6．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US？ (2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题) 7．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney？(2022·全国甲，34题) 解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段) ... In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 35．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。 根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。 　　　　　　写作意图题——文体特点推意图 各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图： 1．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？(2021·天津6月，40题) 2．What is the purpose of this text？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题) 二、具体段落的写作目的/意图： 1．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题) 2．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？(2023·全国甲，29题) 3．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph？(2023·浙江1月，28题) 4．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4？(2023·浙江1月，34题) 解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·全国甲·C片段) ... Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life. ... 29．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? A．To compare Weiner with them. B．To give examples of great works. C．To praise their writing skills. D．To help readers understand Weiner’s book. 答案　D 解析　写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。 　　　　　　推断低频题——内容细节巧判断 这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现： 1．Where is the text most probably taken from？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题) 2．What might the author continue talking about？(2023·全国乙，31题) 3．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from？(2023·全国乙，35题) 4．Where is this text probably taken from?(2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题) 5．What is the text？(2022·全国乙，27题) 解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下： 真题体验　(2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段) ... In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to. ... Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user：the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity. 28．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing. C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings. 答案　A 解析　文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“In this ‘book of books’，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.”以及最后一段中的“From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。 A (外刊阅读·原创题)　选自 magazine New Scientist I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about stargazing from cities based on that very assumption.My argument is that stargazing can sometimes be easier to do from urban areas，especially for people who are new to the pastime and want to learn their way around the night sky. Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution，particularly after reading a recent study in Science suggesting that，from 2011 to 2023，light pollution has got worse quickly.It reported the results of a citizen science project that collected information from people all over the world，totalling more than 51,000 observations of the night sky，finding that it is brightening by close to 10 per cent each year. Light pollution isn’t just a problem for stargazers.It is a driver of biodiversity loss，particularly affecting birds.It harms human health too，with an influence on mental health and links found to some cancers.It is also a huge carbon emitter—the energy used sending light into the sky is simply a waste of electricity. The International Dark Sky Association has a simple set of guidelines that people can follow to limit their contribution to light pollution.This includes making sure that any outdoor light you install is necessary，only points exactly where you need it and is only used when required.You should also limit the amount of blue light in your outdoor lighting. The biggest causes for light pollution in cities are things like streetlights and bright lights from big commercial businesses，such as supermarkets.You can write to your local government if you are concerned about unnecessary light pollution in your area. It isn’t all that bad，though.Countryside charity CPRE has run a UK annual star count each February since 2019 to build up a picture of how light pollution is changing.By its estimates，in the UK at least，light pollution got better and，by 2023，still hasn’t got worse. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。 1．What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To introduce a book. B．To state the author’s belief. C．To argue over the ideal place for stargazing. D．To introduce the topic to be discussed. 答案　D 解析　写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about...My argument is...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。 2．Which of the following shows the correct structure of the passage? A．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6) B．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2 & 3)→Part 2(Para.4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6) C．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Para.3)→Part 3(Paras.4 & 5)→Part 4(Para.6) D．Part 1(Para.1)→Part 2(Para.2)→Part 3(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 4(Paras.5 & 6) 答案　C 解析　文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Light pollution is overemphasized. B．Light pollution doesn’t exist in the UK. C．Light pollution is a global challenging issue. D．Light pollution can be reduced with joint efforts. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“It isn’t all that bad，though.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。 4．In which section of a newspaper can we most probably read this text? A．Travel. B．Environment. C．Entertainment. D．Culture. 答案　B 解析　文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。 B Fluid(流体) intelligence is a decisive factor of human cognition(认知)．Studies show that high fluid intelligence predicts professional success，social mobility，health，and longevity，and also relates to stronger additional cognitive capacities like memory.Now，new research has mapped the parts of the brain that support our ability to think quickly. “Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence，such as problem solving and reasoning，”says lead study author Professor Lisa Cipolotti of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology. Despite modern science largely agreeing that fluid intelligence is a key aspect of what makes us human，it’s quite difficult for scientists to study these matters：In order to establish which parts of the brain are necessary for a certain ability，researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.So，earlier studies have mainly made use of functional imaging(fMRI) techniques，which are not entirely accurate and sometimes can be misleading. This latest project，led by Professor Cipolotti，included a total of 227 patients who had experienced brain injuries，like a brain tumor or stroke.The team completed this using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices(APM)：the best-established test of fluid intelligence. The APM features various multiple-choice visual pattern problems of increasing difficulty.Each of the problems shows an incomplete pattern of geometric figures and asks participants to select the missing piece from a set of multiple possible choices.Next，researchers introduced a novel “lesion-deficit mapping(损伤缺陷映射)” approach that helped to make out the complex patterns of common brain injuries，such as stroke. Results show fluid intelligence-damaged performance was mostly limited to patients with right frontal damage，as opposed to a wide set of regions distributed across the brain. “Our approach of combining novel ‘lesion-deficit mapping’ with detailed investigation of APM performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence，” Professor Cipolotti concludes. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。 5．What is the significance of the recent findings? A．They define the term fluid intelligence. B．They challenge the previous human cognition. C．They illustrate the function of fluid intelligence. D．They lock the position involving fluid intelligence. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence...”可知，最近的研究首次表明大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。故选D。 6．What adds to the difficulty of studying fluid intelligence? A．Lack of financial support. B．Lack of advanced technology. C．Lack of suitable subjects. D．Lack of professional guidance. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In order to...researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.”可知，缺乏合适的受试者是造成科学家难以研究的主要原因。故选C。 7．What is the main purpose of paragraph 5? A．To list the result of the study. B．To explain the feature of APM. C．To praise the researchers’ efforts. D．To offer solutions to brain injuries. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。综合分析第五段可知，本段承接第四段，详细介绍了流体智力测试方案——瑞文高级推理测验(APM)的细节。故选B。 8．What does Prof.Cipolotti think of the research? A．Fruitful. B．Perfect. C．Time-consuming. D．Labour-saving. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence”可知，Prof.Cipolotti认为他们的这次研究是富有成效的。故选A。 强化练(三)　推理判断题(1) A (2023·福建漳州质检) Mary has struggled to find the right words to convey her thoughts and feelings ever since she was a child.She was often told that she was “too quiet” or “too shy”，and as she grew older，she became increasingly self-conscious about her inability to articulate herself.It wasn’t that she didn’t have anything to say—far from it.Mary’s mind was constantly racing with ideas and observations，but no matter how hard she tried，she just couldn’t seem to get the words out. “Mary，I need to talk to you，” Mr Thompson，the boss of Mary’s new company，said one day，his voice serious.Mary’s heart sank.“Don’t worry，” Mr Thompson said，noticing Mary’s panic.“It’s not that kind of conversation.I just wanted to talk to you about something that’s been on my mind lately.” He paused for a moment，collecting his thoughts.“I’ve noticed that you’ve been struggling a bit lately.It seems like you’re having a tough time communicating with customers.I hear that you’re good at writing.So why not join our Advertising Department？Besides，I have another suggestion...” Mary kept nodding，unable to find the words to express her gratitude. Following Mr Thompson’s suggestion，Mary joined a writing competition.She had always been a talented writer，and she knew that she had the potential to create something truly special.So she set to work，pouring her heart and soul into her essay.The words started flowing，and Mary found herself writing with a newfound sense of clarity and purpose. The judges of the competition were amazed by Mary’s essay，and they selected it as the winner.Mary was excited，and she was grateful to have finally found the right way to do a good job. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了玛丽在老板汤普森先生的建议下，通过写作来表达自己，并且找到了做好工作的正确方法。 1．What does the underlined word “articulate” mean in paragraph 1? A．Teach. B．Express. C．Behave. D．Encourage. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Mary has struggled to find the right words to convey her thoughts and feelings ever since she was a child.”可知，随着年龄的增长，她越来越意识到自己无法表达自己。因此猜测articulate意为“表达”。故选B。 2．Why did Mr Thompson have a talk with Mary? A．To point out her mistakes. B．To advise her to quit the job. C．To offer her some help. D．To comfort her struggles. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“He paused for a moment，collecting his thoughts.‘...I hear that you’re good at writing.So why not join our Advertising Department？Besides，I have another suggestion...’”可推知，汤普森先生和玛丽进行谈话是为了给她提供帮助。故选C。 3．What was Mary’s feeling when creating her essay? A．Confident. B．Determined. C．Inspired. D．Relaxed. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“She had always been a talented writer，and she knew that she had the potential to create something truly special...and Mary found herself writing with a newfound sense of clarity and purpose.”可推知，玛丽在创作文章时感到很自信。故选A。 4．What can best describe Mary’s experience? A．Actions speak louder than words. B．All things are easy that are done willingly. C．Loses on one side and gains on the other. D．Diligence can make up for lack of intelligence. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，玛丽不擅长用言语表达自己，却在写作方面很有天赋。最终找到了做好工作的正确方法。因此C项：Loses on one side and gains on the other.能描述玛丽的经历。故选C。 B (2023·山东临沂一模) For anyone trying to lose weight，there’s a truth we can all universally acknowledge that better health is often positioned as a numbers game.Hit the right number，and all your health problems will magically resolve，so the logic goes.Yet increasingly，science is revealing that losing weight may not be a silver bullet after all.In a mouse study published in the journal Science，looking specifically at an inflammatory(发炎的) eye condition linked to obesity called macular degeneration(黄斑退化)，researchers found the struggle for better health doesn’t necessarily begin and end with weight loss. Researchers conducted experiments on mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 11 weeks，making them gain weight.The mice were then put on a diet of low-fat food for 9 weeks，making them lose weight.Another group of mice only ate the low-fat diet as a control.Researchers shot lasers into the eyes of both the yo-yo dieter mice and the control mice to encourage atypical blood vessel(非典型性血管) growth，a mark of macular degeneration. Among the mice that had gained and then lost weight，there was about 40 percent more atypical blood vessel growth than their stable diet peers.Driving the growth appeared to be macrophages(巨噬细胞)．In the yo-yo dieter mice，these cells had been reprogrammed to cause inflammation.Taken together，these cells appeared to have an outsize role in atypical blood vessel growth in the eyes.Meanwhile，in the mice fed only a low-fat diet，inflammatory changes were absent.The results suggest that eating a high-fat diet that causes weight gain，even if followed by weight loss，leaves an inflammatory mark on mouse macrophages. The research comes during a period of renewed interest in anti-obesity drugs.But medicines that help people shed pounds do not treat inflammation linked to a history of weight gain.“How to engage these findings with medicine interventions is a challenge，” says Bapat，head of the research. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了减肥并不能解决所有的健康问题。 5．Which of the following best explains “a silver bullet” underlined in paragraph 1? A．A workable solution. B．A tough choice. C．An ultimate objective. D．A major challenge. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Hit the right number，and all your health problems will magically resolve，so the logic goes.”以及画线词所在句中的关键词“Yet”可知，画线词所在句与上文是转折关系，再结合下文中“researchers found the struggle for better health...weight loss”可知，减肥不能解决所有的健康问题，所以a silver bullet的意思指“有效的解决办法”。故选A。 6．How do researchers carry out the experiment? A．By making comparisons. B．By listing examples. C．By controlling test methods. D．By analyzing diet components. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Researchers conducted experiments on mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 11 weeks，making them gain weight.The mice were then put on a diet of low-fat food for 9 weeks，making them lose weight.Another group of mice only ate the low-fat diet as a control.”以及第三段第一句可推断出研究人员是通过对比的方法进行的实验。故选A。 7．What can we learn about the research results? A．Stable dieting drives the growth of macrophages. B．Reprogrammed cells are to blame for weight gain. C．Inflammatory changes are caused by the low-fat diet. D．Losing weight doesn’t resolve the inflammation tied to weight gain. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The results suggest that eating a high-fat diet that causes weight gain，even if followed by weight loss，leaves an inflammatory mark on mouse macrophages.”可知，减肥并不能解决与体重增加相关的炎症。故选D。 8．What will the research focus on next? A．Exploring ways of losing weight. B．Tracking the history of weight loss. C．Treating obesity-linked inflammation. D．Boosting interest in anti-obesity drugs. 答案　C 解析　后续内容题。根据最后一段中的“The research comes during a period of renewed interest in anti-obesity drugs...‘How to engage these findings with medicine interventions is a challenge，’says Bapat，head of the research.”可知，接下来的研究将关注治疗与肥胖相关的炎症。故选C。 C (2023·江苏徐州5月模拟) If reducing stress has been on your summer to-do list，there’s one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends：get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend. A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力) building techniques：physical exercise，spending time in nature and social connection.The activity works by helping normalize the hormonal changes that result from long-time stress and enhancing the emotional resources that help us cope. Walking quickly activates(激活) the body’s stress response.And when the walk is over，the stress system comes back down to baseline.Regular exercise helps your stress response become more efficient，says Jennifer Heisz，associate professor at McMaster University. As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate，blood pressure and cortisol levels，as well as self-reported stress levels.One possible explanation，the researchers say，is that spending time in nature lowers the activity of our sympathetic nervous system，which regulates stress hormones，and taps into the parasympathetic(副交感)nervous system，which promotes our calm and relaxation responses. Taking that hike with a loved one can further reduce stress by adding the important element of social connection.Talking with trusted friends helps people process stressful events and lifts self-esteem.Social support has positive effects on the brain and body，scientific research finds. Earlier this year，Cassie Moreno was in a rut of stress and anxiety.She was starting a new job，struggling to make new friends，and going through a breakup.Strolling along the Hudson River with other women，the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm. “I was，like，how do we live here？Look at the water! How did we get this lucky？” she says. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在大自然中快速行走有益于身心健康。 9．What is the purpose of paragraph 2? A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify an argument. C．To present a fact. D．To introduce a topic. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。根据第二段中的“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力) building techniques：physical exercise，spending time in nature and social connection.”可知，此处解释了和朋友一起在户外散步能够减压的理论依据，也就是阐释上文提出的观点。故选B。 10．What is an advantage of spending time in nature? A．Reducing blood pressure. B．Lifting self-esteem. C．Raising stress hormones. D．Activating nervous system. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate，blood pressure and cortisol levels，as well as self-reported stress levels.”可知，花时间待在大自然中能降低血压水平。故选A。 11．What does Cassie Moreno’s remark in the last paragraph indicate? A．She was refreshed with confidence. B．She was in a state of stress and anxiety. C．She was struggling through a hard time. D．She was amazed by the fantastic scenery. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Strolling along the Hudson River with other women，the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.”再结合最后一段Cassie说的话可推断出，Cassie Moreno感到信心十足，精神抖擞。故选A。 12．How is the passage developed? A．By giving explanations. B．By making comparisons. C．By listing examples. D．By proving assumptions. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。分析文章可知，第一段提出观点“和朋友一起在户外散步能够减压”；第二段指出“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力) building techniques：physical exercise，spending time in nature and social connection.”；后续段落分项进行解释，因此可推断文章使用了作诠释的方法来说明观点。故选A。 强化练(四)　推理判断题(2) A (2023·安徽蚌埠质检四) Packing up your kids and heading to the best beach attractions in the U．S.is one of the most popular family vacation ideas.From coast to coast，here are the most kid-friendly beach attractions in the U．S.，where sun，sand and surf are just the beginning of the family vacation experience. Inn by the Sea，Cape Elizabeth，Maine Located in Cape Elizabeth，the 45-room Inn by the Sea is the best East Coast beach hotel for dog lovers.And even if you don’t have a dog in your family group，you can head to its dog shelter partnered with the Animal Refuge League.Guests can play with，walk and even adopt the rescue dog if so moved. Chatham Bars Inn，Chatham，Massachusetts Dating back to 1914 and open year-round，the Chatham Bars Inn has 217 guest rooms along with plenty of seaside charm.Lie on the inn’s private beach，or relax by the oceanfront pool.The inn’s boats take guests on whale-watching and fishing. The Lodge at Gulf State Park，a Hilton Hotel Gulf Shores，Alabama The Lodge at Gulf State Park is an environmentally friendly family beach attraction designed for getaway-from-it-all nature-filled escapes.Built to meet LEED Gold standards，the Lodge offers 350 guest rooms in casual contemporary style with views of the Gulf of Mexico. Hotel Del Coronado，Coronado Island，California Recognized as one of the best beach sites in the U．S.，Hotel Del Coronado has a history of more than 130 years.This kid-friendly U．S.beach hotel’s 901 guest rooms are located in different “neighborhoods” around the hotel. 语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。文章是一则介绍四个海边旅馆的相关情况的广告。 1．What can guests do in Inn by the Sea? A．Appreciate the West Coast view. B．Have fun with rescue dogs. C．Join the Animal Refuge League. D．Take the inn’s boats to fish. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据Inn by the Sea，Cape Elizabeth，Maine部分的“Guests can play with，walk and even adopt the rescue dog if so moved.”可知，客人在Inn by the Sea可以和搜救犬开心地玩。故选B。 2．Which hotel has the most guest rooms? A．Inn by the Sea. B．Chatham Bars Inn. C．The Lodge at Gulf State Park. D．Hotel Del Coronado. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。对比四个海边旅馆的房间数可知，客房最多的酒店是Hotel Del Coronado。故选D。 3．Who is the text intended for? A．Guides. B．Advertisers. C．Parents. D．Kids. 答案　C 解析　读者对象题。根据第一段中的“Packing up your kids and heading to the best beach attractions in the U．S.is one of the most popular family vacation ideas.”可推知，这篇文章是写给父母的。故选C。 B (2023·山东青岛一模) A six-year-old longing to keep a unicorn in her backyard figured she’d get the hard part out of the way first. Last November，Madeline wrote a letter to the Los Angeles County Department of Animal Care and Control with a straightforward request，“Dear LA County，I would like your approval if I can have a unicorn in my backyard if I can find one.Please send me a letter in response.” Director Mayeda replied two weeks later.The department does in fact license unicorns，she said，under certain conditions.Those include polishing the unicorn’s horn at least once a month with a soft cloth，feeding it watermelon at least once a week，covering it with only nontoxic and biodegradable sparkles and giving it regular access to sunlight，moonbeams and rainbows.And，because unicorns are indeed very rare to find，the department is also giving Madeline a toy unicorn to keep her company during her search，as a token of appreciation. “It is always rewarding to hear from young people who thoughtfully consider the requirements of providing a loving home for animals，” Mayeda wrote in the letter.“I like your sense of responsible pet ownership to seek permission in advance to keep a unicorn in Los Angeles County.” Mayeda told the Washington Post that this is the first time the department has received a request for a license for a unicorn or any mythical creature.They were impressed with the first-grader for wanting to ask permission in the first place，and doing her research to work out how to go about that.She and her colleagues deal with a lot of “life-and-death” issues on the job，whether that’s seeing cases of animal abuse or animals hurting people or making decisions about having to put down dangerous or sick animals.So Madeline’s letter has considerably brightened their spirits，and she is due to visit the department this week to discuss her unicorn license application.Safe to say，she’s in for a magical surprise. 语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了六岁的孩子Madeline写信给洛杉矶县动物保护与控制部门，希望获得许可养一只独角兽。 4．Why did Madeline write the letter? A．To apply to visit a unicorn. B．To learn to provide animal care. C．To ask permission to keep a pet. D．To figure out how to find a unicorn. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Dear LA County，I would like your approval if I can have a unicorn in my backyard if I can find one.Please send me a letter in response.”可知，Madeline写这封信是为了请求允许养宠物。故选C。 5．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．Her application was disapproved. B．Requirements should be met for the license. C．She was presented with a live unicorn. D．Guidance was given for her search. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Director Mayeda replied two weeks later.The department does in fact license unicorns，she said，under certain conditions.Those include polishing...feeding it watermelon...covering it with...and giving it...”可知，要获得许可应满足一些要求。故选B。 6．Which of the following best describes Mayeda? A．Imaginative. B．Sensitive. C．Flexible. D．Convincing. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“‘It is always rewarding to hear from young people who thoughtfully consider the requirements of providing a loving home for animals，’Mayeda wrote in the letter.‘I like your sense of responsible pet ownership to seek permission in advance to keep a unicorn in Los Angeles County.’”可推知，Mayeda很体贴，善解人意。故选B。 7．Why does the department think the letter “has considerably brightened their spirits”？ A．Because it is the first application letter for a pet. B．Because animal protection is a life-and-death issue. C．Because they are worn out with their daily work. D．Because they are touched with the girl’s deeds. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They were impressed with the first-grader for wanting to ask permission in the first place，and doing her research to work out how to go about that.”可推知，该部门认为这封信“振奋了他们的精神”是因为他们被女孩认真的行为感动了。故选D。 C (2023·山东聊城一模) I’ve been working steadily for hours now，but feel as if I haven’t even started.My attention is being pulled from my assigned task—writing this story—by a myriad of what I believe are necessary work interruptions. Unfortunately，all too many of us are having such “squirrel” days，according to Dr.Gloria Mark，a professor of informatics at the University of California，Irvine，who studies how digital media impacts our lives.Mark explained how decades of research has tracked the decline of the ability to focus. “In 2004，we measured the average attention on a screen to be 2 minutes，” Mark said.“Some years later，we found attention spans to be about 75 seconds.Now we find people can only pay attention to one screen for an average of 47 seconds.” Not only do people concentrate for less than a minute on any one screen，Mark said，but when attention is diverted from an active work project，it also takes about 25 minutes to refocus on that task. How can that be？“If we look at work in terms of switching projects，as opposed to the micro view of switching screens，we find people spend about 10 minutes in any work project before being interrupted and then switch to another work project，” Mark said. Yes，but then we return to the original work，right？Wrong，Mark said.Instead，when we are interrupted on project two，we switch yet again to a different task—call it project three.Unbelievably，her research has shown we are also interrupted on project three，and move on to project four. “And then you go back and pick up the original interrupted project，” Mark explained.“But it’s not like you’re interrupted and you do nothing.For over 25 minutes，you’re actually working on other things.” “However，there’s also a switch cost，” Mark added.“A switch cost is the time it takes you to go back to your work：‘Where was I？What was I thinking of？’ That additional effort can also lead to errors and stress.” 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。文章讲述了加州大学的格洛丽亚·马克博士研究数字媒体如何影响我们的生活。 8．What will happen if you are having “squirrel” days? A．You will be in a bad mood. B．You will be writing a story about squirrels. C．You will be addicted to digital media. D．You will be constantly distracted from your task. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“My attention is being pulled from my assigned task—writing this story—by a myriad of what I believe are necessary work interruptions.”以及第二段中的“Unfortunately，all too many of us are having such ‘squirrel’ days，...”可知，总有这样那样的事使我们分心，不得不停下手中的任务，有这种经历的人即过着“松鼠”的日子。故选D。 9．Which aspect of “attention” does Mark’s research focus on? A．Its type. B．Its lasting time. C．Its function. D．Its development. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的关键词“the average attention，attention spans”可知，马克的研究集中在注意力的持续时长方面。故选B。 10．Why is it difficult for many of us to refocus on the original task? A．We concentrate less and less on the screen. B．Switching screens affects working efficiency. C．We are interrupted by some other work projects. D．More important projects remain to be completed. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第六段“Yes，but then we return to the original work，right？Wrong，Mark said.Instead，when we are interrupted on project two，we switch yet again to a different task—call it project three.Unbelievably，her research has shown we are also interrupted on project three，and move on to project four.”可知，我们中的许多人很难重新专注于最初的任务是因为我们会一次又一次被其他工作项目打断，从而一次次切换到别的任务。故选C。 11．What is Mark’s attitude toward attention switch? A．She considers it a good thing. B．She thinks it has some bad effects. C．She considers it time-saving. D．She thinks it will cost people dearly. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段“‘However，there’s also a switch cost，’ Mark added.‘A switch cost is the time it takes you to go back to your work：‘Where was I？What was I thinking of？’ That additional effort can also lead to errors and stress.’”可知，对于注意力的转换，马克认为这需要成本，即重新回到工作中所花费的时间，以及由此导致的错误和失误，因此注意力的转换对工作和学习有一些不好的影响。故选B。 强化练(五)　推理判断题(3) A (2023·山东聊城一模) Cambridge Open Days，July and September 2023 Every July and September，the University of Cambridge opens its doors to welcome prospective applicants and their parents and supporters to find out what it’s really like to live and study here. July Open Days－6 and 7 July 2023 Our next Open Days will take place on 6 and 7 July 2023 and will include both online and in-person elements.You can find out all about our courses，the Colleges and departments，University facilities，the application process，student life and finance via： •Information stands •Course presentations and sample lectures •College and department tours •Q & A sessions with current students and staff The programme will run from 9：30－16：30(UK time) and is similar on both days so you should only need to attend one of the days.Further details will be announced in due course. September Open Day－15 September 2023 With a focus on choosing your College，our September Open Day provides another opportunity for you to visit the Cambridge Colleges and ask current students and staff any questions you may have. Booking information •To attend our Open Days you must register in advance. •Bookings for our July Open Days will open in May 2023. •Bookings for our September Open Day will open in summer 2023，after the July Open Days. Subscribe to our Student Newsletter to be notified when bookings open and for details of other opportunities，advice and resources. 语篇解读　这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了剑桥大学校园开放日的相关信息。 1．Who will be most interested in Cambridge Open Days? A．Its previous applicants. B．Its possible students. C．High school graduates. D．Its cooperative partners. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段“...the University of Cambridge opens its doors to welcome prospective applicants and their parents and supporters to find out what it’s really like to live and study here.”可推知，对剑桥大学的开放日最感兴趣的应该是潜在的申请人，即可能前往该校读书的学生。故选B。 2．What can we learn about July Opening Days? A．The programme hours will add up to seven. B．Participants will offer a course presentation. C．The programme will be virtual. D．It is advisable to attend one of the days. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据July Open Days－6 and 7 July 2023部分最后一段中的“The programme will run from 9：30－16：30(UK time) and is similar on both days so you should only need to attend one of the days.”可知，作者建议7月开放日的两天只参加一天。故选D。 3．What should you do if you want to attend September Open Day? A．Ask college staff’s permission. B．Make an appointment in May. C．Register after July Open Days. D．Sign up for it in Student Newsletter. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据Booking information部分“Bookings for our September Open Day will open in summer 2023，after the July Open Days.”可知，9月的开放日应该是在7月开放日后报名。故选C。 B (2023·浙江温州三模) Scientists at Purdue University created the world’s whitest paint—a discovery that not only adds yet another choice to the “which white should we paint this wall” dilemma，but also might help the climate crisis. The paint was developed by Purdue mechanical engineering professor Xiulin Ruan and his team.It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming.“When we started this project seven years ago，we had saving energy and fighting climate change in mind，” Ruan said in a podcast(播客) episode of This Is Purdue.They wanted to create a paint that would reflect sunlight away from a building，dramatically decreasing the need for air conditioning. Heating，cooling，and lighting account for 28 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions.And overusing air conditioning can overwhelm a city’s power grid and cause blackouts(停电)．In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power，which lead to 40 deaths.This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places. The paint reflects 98.1% of solar radiation while also giving out infrared(红外线的) heat.Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out，a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power.Covering a roof area of 1,000 square feet with the paint could create 10 kilowatts of cooling power，the researchers found.“That’s more powerful than the air conditioners used by most houses，”Ruan told This Is Purdue. You can’t buy the paint just yet，but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market.While individual action to fight climate change can help save our planet，it’s important to note that the vast majority of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be traced back to 100 companies.Maybe we can douse(浇) those companies with this white paint，too—it could be worth a shot. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了普渡大学的科学家们创造了世界上最白的涂料——这一发现不仅为“我们应该把这面墙涂成哪种白色”的困境增加了另一个选择，而且可能有助于解决气候危机。 4．What is known about the paint? A．It has different colors. B．It doesn’t cost much. C．It uses heating technology. D．It is climate-friendly. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a discovery that...might help the climate crisis”以及第二段中的“It works through a passive cooling technology that offers great promises to reduce space cooling cost and global warming.”可知，这种涂料有助于解决气候危机。故选D。 5．What is the Queens blackout mentioned to show? A．The poor management of power. B．The significance of the paint. C．The importance of air conditioning. D．The result of global warming. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In a Queens blackout in 2006,175,000 people were left without power，which lead to 40 deaths.This paint could effectively be an alternative to air conditioners in some places.”可推知，皇后区停电事件是为了说明涂料的意义。故选B。 6．Which aspect of the paint is talked about in paragraph 4? A．Its application. B．Its function. C．Its composition. D．Its disadvantage. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The paint reflects 98.1% of solar radiation while also giving out infrared(红外线的) heat.Because the paint takes in less heat from the sun than it gives out，a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without using power.”可知，第四段主要谈论了涂料的功能。故选B。 7．What can be learned from the last paragraph? A．The quality of the paint needs improving. B．The paint will bring profits to the 100 companies. C．Researchers want to see the paint in commercial use. D．Individual efforts matter in creating the whitest paint. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段“You can’t buy the paint just yet，but researchers are partnering with a company to put the paint on the market.”可推知，研究人员希望看到这种涂料在商业上的应用。故选C。 C (2023·广东茂名二模) Do you often compare yourself to other people？Comparisons can help to make decisions and motivate you but they can also pull you into a comparison trap. Whether it’s the number of goals you’ve scored at football or how many books you’ve read，it’s easy to compare yourself to someone else.Scientists say it’s a natural behaviour that helps humans learn from each other，live happily together and achieve more.Although comparing can be good for you，it’s not always helpful and you can find yourself stuck in a comparison trap.This is when you always measure yourself against others and base your feelings on how well they seem to be doing. Becky Goddard-Hill is a child therapist (someone who helps children understand their feelings) and author of Create Your Own Confidence.She says that comparisons can make us feel good and bad about ourselves.“Comparing up” means seeing someone doing better than you and using that to inspire yourself to aim higher and try harder.However，Goddard-Hill says，“Sometimes it can make you feel rubbish about yourself and knock your confidence.” “Comparing down” is when you see someone who seems like they’re not doing as well as you.This might make you feel you’re doing well，says Goddard-Hill，but it can also stop you wanting to improve. If your feelings depend on what other people are doing，“Surround yourself with cheerleaders，” suggests Goddard-Hill.Notice how people make you feel and spend time with friends who celebrate your strengths rather than compare themselves to you.If you follow social media accounts that make you feel you are failing in any way，unfollow them.“Find ones that make you laugh or show you lovely places instead，” she says.Finally，focus on your own achievements and how you can improve.“The best person you can compete with is yourself，” says Goddard-Hill. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在我们的生活中，我们经常容易陷入比较陷阱，从而影响自己。专家建议我们要关注自己，和自己比较。 8．How does a comparison trap affect us? A．It makes us focus on our own behaviour. B．It stops us from learning from each other. C．It prevents us from living happily together. D．It bases our feelings on others’ achievements. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Although comparing can be good for you，it’s not always helpful and you can find yourself stuck in a comparison trap.This is when you always measure yourself against others and base your feelings on how well they seem to be doing.”可知，比较陷阱会让我们总是把自己的感受建立在别人的成就上。故选D。 9．What’s true about “Comparing up” and “Comparing down”？ A．Both of them usually enhance our confidence. B．Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. C．The former is positive while the latter is negative. D．The former makes us feel good while the latter makes us feel bad. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“‘Comparing up’ means seeing someone doing better than you and using that to inspire yourself to aim higher and try harder.However，Goddard-Hill says，‘Sometimes it can make you feel rubbish about yourself and knock your confidence.’‘Comparing down’ is when you see someone who seems like they’re not doing as well as you.This might make you feel you’re doing well，says Goddard-Hill，but it can also stop you wanting to improve.”可知，“比上”和“比下”都既有优点又有缺点。故选B。 10．What does Goddard-Hill suggest? A．Aiming to be our best. B．Trying to be the best. C．Trying to be a cheerleader. D．Valuing someone else’s achievements. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Finally，focus on your own achievements and how you can improve.‘The best person you can compete with is yourself，’ says Goddard-Hill.”可知，Goddard-Hill建议我们与自己竞争，力争做最好的自己就好。故选A。 11．In which section of the magazine can you find the passage? A．Achievement. B．Entertainment. C．Health. D．Politics. 答案　C 解析　文章出处题。根据倒数第二段中的“Becky Goddard-Hill is a child therapist (someone who helps children understand their feelings) and author of Create Your Own Confidence.She says that comparisons can make us feel good and bad about ourselves.”可知，文章主要讲述的是比较会让我们的心理不健康，所以这篇文章选自健康专栏。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$