题材导练 人与自然 题材7 人与动植物-【步步高】2024年高考英语大二轮专题复习与增分策略（新高考）

题材7　人与动植物 A spread/spred/v.展开；扩散，蔓延；传播 outgrow/ˌaʊt'ɡrəʊ/v.比……长得高(或大、快) native/'neɪtɪv/adj.本地的；当地的 shelter/'ʃeltə(r)/n.住处；遮蔽物，庇护处；(人或动物)收容所 v．提供庇护 agency/'eɪdʒənsi/n.服务机构；代理机构 ban/bæn/n.禁止，禁令 v．禁止，取缔 ecological/ˌiːkə'lɒdʒɪk(ə)l/adj.生态(学)的 out of control失去控制 in the end终于，最后 B reside/rɪ'zaɪd/v.居住在；定居于 sprout/spraʊt/v.生长；发芽；(使)出现 n．幼芽，新梢；苗 evolution/ˌi：və'lu：ʃn/n.进化；演变；发展 intensify/ɪn'tensɪfaɪ/v.(使)增强；加剧 adapt/ə'dæpt/v.(使)适应；改编，改写 design/dɪ'zaɪn/v.设计；计划；筹划；制订；意欲 n．设计；布局；构思 analyze/'ænəlaɪz/v.分析 detect/dɪ'tekt/v.发现；查明；侦察出 hang around(在某处附近)等待，逗留，闲荡 cling to紧抓；坚持；附着 be associated with与……有关 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A (2023·山东齐鲁名校3月大联考) Jessica Damiano moved into a new home in the spring of 2005.At the time，she was delighted to see a flowering plant growing in the garden.She did not know the name of the beautiful plant.But that did not matter to her.She loved it! Two years later，Damiano graduated from Cornell University’s master gardener program.She worked as a gardening writer for a local newspaper.That was when she found out the truth.She discovered that her favorite plant was called purple loose strife and that it was considered “invasive(入侵的)” in her home state of New York.However，she told herself that the plant was not spreading on the property and that it was not out of control. Then she learned more.Some plants known to be invasive are what Damiano calls “wolves in sheep’s clothing”．This means they may seem harmless and well-contained in the garden but become harmful in other places. Birds eat the seeds of invasive plants and spread them to other places.Those seeds grow into new plants that outgrow native plants.This is because invasive plants often are not eaten by local wildlife，which would otherwise keep them under control.If not controlled，invasive plants grow larger and push out native plants that provide food and shelter for birds，insects，and small animals.This harms the local environment. Many state environmental agencies ban the sale and use of plants found to be harmful to human or ecological health.But some invasive plants are not officially considered invasive.Others may be listed as invasive in one area but not another.And some invasive plants continue to be sold in stores. So，what is a gardener to do？Damiano says to avoid any plants sold as “vigorous”“fast-spreading”“quick-climbing” or a“rapid self-sower”．She warns that these are all sellers’ code words(暗号) for invasive plants.Next，learn about your local area：Which plants are invasive？And which plants are native？Ask government agencies，universities and colleges，and environmental groups.You can also do your own research at libraries or online. In the end，Damiano replaced that plant with the native and equally beautiful blazing star plant.This plant has been growing happily without problems in her garden for the past 15 years. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Damiano了解入侵植物的过程以及如何避免种植入侵植物的建议。 1．How did Damiano react when she first learned purple loose strife was “invasive”？ A．She felt regretful for loving it. B．She reported it to the government. C．She didn’t take the fact seriously. D．She got rid of the plant immediately. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“However，she told herself that the plant was not spreading on the property and that it was not out of control.”可知，当Damiano第一次得知紫色松花是入侵物种时，她没有认真对待这件事。故选C。 2．Why can invasive plants grow better than native plants? A．They need less water. B．They have fewer natural enemies. C．They adapt to the environment quicker. D．They have longer roots and bigger leaves. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的“Those seeds grow into new plants that outgrow native plants.This is because invasive plants often are not eaten by local wildlife，which would otherwise keep them under control.”可知，入侵植物能比本土植物生长得更好是因为它们的天敌更少。故选B。 3．What does the author mainly intend to express in paragraph 5? A．Policies about invasive plants vary in different areas. B．Some invasive plants are not harmful. C．Invasive plants are rarely seen in stores. D．The government’s attitude to invasive plants is improper. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第五段内容尤其是第二、三句可知，作者在第五段中主要想表达关于入侵植物的政策在不同地区有所不同。故选A。 4．Which is a method the gardener can use to avoid planting invasive plants? A．Giving up any plants that sell well in the local area. B．Choosing plants that can provide food for wild animals. C．Refusing to say the code words of sellers for invasive plants. D．Referring to books for information on which plants are invasive. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“You can also do your own research at libraries or online.”可知，园丁可以通过参阅书籍了解哪些植物具有入侵性来避免种植入侵植物。故选D。 B (2023·浙江宁波十校3月联考) Lizards that once resided in forests but now hang around urban areas of Puerto Rico have genetically morphed(变化) to survive life in the city，researchers have found. The Puerto Rican crested anole，a brown lizard with a bright orange throat fan，has sprouted special scales(鳞片) to better cling to smooth surfaces such as walls and windows，scientists say.“We are watching evolution as it’s unfolding，” said Kristin Winchel，a biology professor.As urbanization intensifies around the world，it’s important to understand how organisms adapt and humans can design cities in ways that support all species，Winchell said. The study analyzed 96 Anolis lizards，comparing the genetic makeup of forest-dwellers to those living in Puerto Rico’s capital.Scientists found that 33 genes within the lizard genome were repeatedly associated with urbanization. “You can hardly get closer to a smoking gun，” said Wouter Halfwerk，an evolutionary ecologist who was not involved in the study.He said he was impressed that the scientists were able to detect such a clear genomic signature of adaptation：“The ultimate goal within the field of urban adaptive evolution is to find evidence for heritable traits and their genomic architecture.” The changes in these lizards，whose life spans are roughly seven years，can occur quickly，within 30 to 80 generations，enabling them to escape from predators and survive in urban areas，Winchell added.The larger limbs，for example，enable them to run more quickly across a hot parking lot，and the special scales to hold onto surfaces far more smooth than trees. The study focused on adult male lizards，so it’s unclear whether females are changing in the same way or at the same rate as males，and at which point in a lizard’s life the changes are occurring.Halfwerk，whose own research showed how one frog species changed its mating call in urban areas，said scientists should look next for possible constraints(限制) on the evolutionary response and how morphology relates to mating behavior. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究结果：曾经栖息在森林中的蜥蜴已经发生了基因变异，以求在城市中生存。 5．What do researchers find about lizards in the study? A．Lizards evolve to adapt to the human cities. B．Lizards are not capable of surviving in the urban areas. C．Lizards have a negative impact on smooth surfaces of modern buildings. D．Lizards no longer have natural habitat in forests as a result of urbanization. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，研究人员发现，曾经栖息在森林中的蜥蜴已经发生了基因变异以求在城市中生存，即它们为适应城市而进化。故选A。 6．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By analyzing previous research data. B．By comparing different lizard species. C．By citing the famous scientists’ words. D．By studying Anolis lizards in urban and natural areas. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“The study analyzed 96 Anolis lizards，comparing the genetic makeup of forest-dwellers to those living in Puerto Rico’s capital.”可知，研究人员通过分析对比生活在城市和森林里的阿诺利斯蜥蜴来进行研究。故选D。 7．What was Wouter Halfwerk’s attitude towards the study? A．Favorable. B．Tolerant. C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据第四段中“The ultimate goal within the field of urban adaptive evolution is to find evidence for heritable traits and their genomic architecture.”可知，Wouter Halfwerk认为这项研究可以为城市适应性进化领域找到遗传特征及其基因组结构的证据。因而他对此研究是认可的。故选A。 8．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．All frog species have changed its mating call in urban areas. B．Only adult male lizards evolve to have larger limbs and special scales. C．Halfwerk will continue to study how morphology relates to mating behavior. D．The future study might focus on the limitations on the evolutionary response. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“scientists should look next for possible constraints(限制) on the evolutionary response and how morphology relates to mating behavior”可知，接下来的研究可能关注进化反应的限制因素。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$