高考题型1 阅读理解(知识必备)-2025年高考英语艺术生文化课考前100天

艺术生文化课考前100天英语 第三部分 题型策略篇 高考题型一阅读理解 考点一 细节理解题 ◆◆ 解读高考命题 揭开神秘面纱◆ 细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了 1,正确选项的特征 较大的比重，但比较简单，常分为直接信息题 同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替 和间接信息题。直接信息题是可以在原文中 换：词性或者语态发生变化 直接找到答案的细节题，主要考查原文中的 语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化， 时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题需要通 设置为答案。 过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图 选 正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达。 表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时 项 2.干扰选项的特征 间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加 特 张冠李藏：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的 工，整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在 征 内容 高考中占大多数。 无中生有：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 曲解文意：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个 L,特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what 细节处有些变动。 which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头 颠倒是非：在意思上与原文大相径庭。 命引出的问题： 正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。 题 2.以是非题的形式。true/false,not true/ 方 false或EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少： 式 3.以According to..开头提间方式： 4.以填空题的形式： 5.就文中年代数字、排序、识图等提问。 点拨题型技法 探析典型考法◆◆ 一、直接信息题 第一步：看题目，从题干中提取关键信息 直接信息题一般可以直接从原文找到答 解题第二步：采取速读技巧快速定位原文信 案，在解答此类问题时，可采用“带着问题找答 技法息，仔细比对选项和文中细节，进而确定 案”的方法。 答案。 -148 第三部分题型策略篇 【典例】(2023·新课标全国I卷阅读A) 21.What is an advantage of MacBike? Bike Rental Guided Tours A.It gives children a discount. Welcome to Amsterdam,welcome to B.It offers many types of bikes. MacBike.You see much more from the seat of C.It organizes free cycle tours. a bike!Cycling is the most economical, D.It has over 2,500 rental shops. sustainable and fun way to explore the city, 【分析】 with its beautiful canals,parks,squares and 第一步：阅读题干，找出题千关键词 countless lights.You can also bike along lovely advantage of MacBike。 landscapes outside of Amsterdam. 第二步：根据Why MacBike部分中的“We Why MacBike offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, MacBike has been around for almost 30 including basic bikes with foot brake,bikes years and is the biggest bicycle rental company with hand brake and gears,bikes with child in Amsterdam.With over 2,500 bikes stored in seats,.and children's bikes..”可知，MacBike公 our five rental shops at strategic locations,we 司的一个优势是能提供各种款式的自行车，以 make sure there is always a bike available for 满足各类人群的需求。原文中使用了wide you.We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety,B选项中使用了同义表达many types, variety,including basic bikes with foot brake 故B项正确。 (刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears(排 二、间接信息题 挡)，bikes with child seats,and children's 间接信息题一般命题的隐蔽性更强，其正 bikes. 确选项一般都会在原文的基础上予以改造。 Prices 第一步：看题目，从题干中提取关键信息 Hand Brake. Foot Brake, 第二步：采取速读技巧寻找原文信息，将 Three Gears No Gears 解题 题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的 1 hour €7.50 技法 €5.00 转换，将确定的文章信息进行加工处理， 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 进行进一步的辨别，进而确定答案。 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 【典例】(2021·全国乙卷阅读D) Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 During an interview for one of my books, Guided City Tours my interviewer said something I still think The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer about often.Annoyed by the level of Windmill,the Skinny Bridge,the Rijksmuseum, distraction(千扰)in his open office,he said, Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour "That's why I have a membership at the departs from Dam Square every hour on the coworking space across the street-so I can hour,starting at 1:00 pm every day.You can focus.His comment struck me as strange. buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book After all,coworking spaces also typically use online. an open office layout(布局).But I recently -149 艺术生文化课考前100天英语 came across a study that shows why his on creative tasks. approach works. So why do so many of us hate our open The researchers examined various levels of offices?The problem may be that,in our noise on participants as they completed tests of offices,we can't stop ourselves from getting creative thinking.They were randomly divided drawn into others'conversations while we're into four groups and exposed to various noise trying to focus.Indeed,the researchers found levels in the background,from total silence to that face-to-face interactions and conversations 50 decibels(分贝)，70 decibels,and85 affect the creative process,and yet a coworking decibels.The differences between most of the space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of groups were statistically insignificant; noise while also providing freedom from however,the participants in the 70 decibels interruptions. group-those exposed to a level of noise similar 32.Why does the interviewer prefer a to background chatter in a coffee shop- coworking space? significantly outperformed the other groups. A.It helps him concentrate. Since the effects were small,this may suggest B.It blocks out background noise. that our creative thinking does not differ that C.It has a pleasant atmosphere. much in response to total silence and 85 D.It encourages face-to-face interactions. decibels of background noise. 【分析】 But since the results at 70 decibels were 第一步：阅读题千，找出关键词：the significant,the study also suggests that the interviewer:prefer a coworking space right level of background noise-not too loud 第二步：辨别选项(It helps him and not total silence-may actually improve concentrate)与原文（第一段中“That's why I one's creative thinking ability.The right level have a membership at the coworking space of background noise may interrupt our normal across the street-so】can focus.”)可知，采访 patterns of thinking just enough to allow our 者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他 imaginations to wander,without making it 集中精力。比对选项和信息句可知， impossible to focus.This kind of "distracted concentrate替换了文中的focus,.进行了语义转 focus"appears to be the best state for working 化。故选A。 150 第三部分题型策略篇 考点二推理判断题 ◆解读高考命题— 解开神秘面纱◆ 推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型， 1.正确选项的特征 属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字 (1)立足原文，只推一步，即根据原文，一步即可 面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节 推得答案 的分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层 (2)选项一般不会出现绝对概念，如only, 意义及隐含意义。推理判断题通常占阅读理解 never,all,absolutely等。正确答案的表述 总题数的20%一35%，仅次于细节理解题。这 般有点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词 几年高考对推理判断题的考查，难度呈上升 汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may, 趋势。 might,can,could,possibly,probably 2.干扰选项的特征 常用infer,imply,.suggest,conclude,.learn, (1)张冠李戴：把文章中作者的观点与其他人的 intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问，或 观点混淆在一起。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can, 刘 (2)曲解文意：推测意义与文章表层意义有 could,might,.would等或其他表示可能性的副 项 区别， 词或词组，如probably,most likely等。 特 (3)偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章某一句话相 1.We can infer from the passage/first/last 征 似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方 paragraph...that 换了儿个单词，造成句意的改变。 2.The passage/author implies/suggests that (4)无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的 命 生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但文章中并无相 题 3.It can be concluded from the passage 关的信息。 方 that (5)鱼目混珠：此类干扰项常出现在词句理解类 式 4.The main purpose of the passage is 试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含 义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。 5.Where does this passage probably come (6)扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内 from? 容，命题者特别注意对文章范围的限定，有时通 6.What's the author's attitude towards.. 过加上almost,all,nearly,more than, 7.The writer developed the passage/his main normally,usually等词语对文章加以限制。 idea by 8.The first last paragraph serves as a (n) ◆点拨题型技法 探析典型考法◆◆ 一、根据特定信息进行推断 判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这 有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息， 句话所隐含的深层含义。 到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、 151 艺术生文化课考前100天英语 【典例】 was stressful getting lights and cameras set up (2023·全国乙卷阅读B)I,iving in lowa in the limited time.Still,looking back on the and trying to become a photographer specializing photos,they are some of my best shots though in landscape(风景)can be quite a challenge, they could have been so much better if I would mainly because the corn state lacks geographical have been prepared and managed my time variation. wisely. Although landscapes in the Midwest tend 26.What can we infer from the author's to be quite similar,either farm fields or trip with friends to Devil's Lake? highways,sometimes I find distinctive character in A.They went crazy with the purple quartz the hills or lakes.To make some of my rock. landscape shots,I have traveled up to four B.They felt stressed while waiting for the hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time sunset. frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends C.They reached the shooting spot later to state parks or to the countryside to go on than expected. adventures and take photos along the way. D.They had problems with their equipment. Being at the right place at the right time is 【分析】 decisive in any style of photography.I often 根据题干的信息找到第四段，由其中的 leave early to seek the right destinations so I "However,we did not mark the route so we can set up early to avoid missing the moment I ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. am attempting to photograph.I have missed Once we found the place,it was stressful plenty of beautiful sunsets sunrises due to getting lights and cameras set up in the limited being on the spot only five minutes before the time.”可知，文中描述的是作者和朋友几乎完全 best moment. 错过了日落，之后安置拍摄设备的时间就非常 One time my friends and I drove three 有限了，也就是说他们比预想的到达得晚。故C hours to Devil's Lake,Wisconsin,to climb the 项正确。 purple quartz(石英)rock around the lake. 二、根据作者的思想倾向和感情色彩推断 After we found a crazy-looking road that hung 观点态度 over a bunch of rocks,we decided to 所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对 photograph the scene at sunset.The position 某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作 enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset 者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、 in the background.We managed to leave this 乐观：客观、中立：反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者 spot to climb higher because of the spare time 的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的 until sunset.However,we did not mark the 字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文 route(路线)so we ended up almost missing the 中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词 sunset entirely.Once we found the place,it 或副词。 -152 第三部分题型策略篇 【典例】(2021·新高考全国I卷阅读D) in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. Popularization has in some cases changed It is our hope that in coming decades,advances the original meaning of emotional(情感的) in science will offer new perspectives(视角) intelligence.Many people now misunderstand from which to study how people manage their emotional intelligence as almost everything lives.Emotional intelligence.with its focus on desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be both head and heart,may serve to point us in measured by an IQ test,such as character, the right direction. motivation,confidence,mental stability, 34.What is the author's attitude to the optimism and“people skills”.Research has popularization of emotional intelligence? shown that emotional skills may contribute to A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. some of these qualities,but most of them move C.Doubtful. D.Unclear. far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. 【分析】 We prefer to describe emotional 根据第三段信息句“Although popular intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far used for either good or bad purposes.The ahead of what research can reasonably support, ability to accurately understand how others are the overall effects of the publicity have been feeling may be used by a doctor to find how more beneficial than harmful...The best to help her patients,while a cheater might popularization of emotional intelligence has use it to control potential victims. Being helped both the public and researchers... emotionally intelligent does not necessarily 知，作者认为，尽管关于情商的流行观，点远远超 make one a moral person. 过了研究所能合理支持的范畴，但普及的总体 Although popular beliefs regarding 效果一直是利大于弊的。信息句中字里行间体 emotional intelligence run far ahead of what 现作者的态度和观，点：more beneficial than research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more harmful;the most positive aspect;has helped, beneficial than harmful.The most positive 由此可知，作者认为情商普及对人们是有利的。 aspect of this popularization is a new and much 故选A。 needed emphasis(重视)on emotion by 三、根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 employers,educators and others interested in 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内 promoting social well-being.The popularization of 容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现 emotional intelligence has helped both the 日期、地点或通讯社名称等：广告类文章因其格 public and researchers re-evaluate the 式特殊，容易辨认：产品说明类文章如器皿、设 functionality of emotions and how they serve 备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药 people adaptively in everyday life. 品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等： Although the continuing popular appeal of 来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。 emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope 【典例】(2021·全国甲卷阅读A) that such attention will excite a greater interest Take a view,the Landscape(风景) 153 艺术生文化课考前100天英语 Photographer of the Year Award,was the idea I was back in my home town of of Charlie Waite,one of today's most respected Macclesfield to take some winter images. landscape photographers.Each year,the high Walking up a path through the forest towards standard of entries has shown that the Awards Shutlingsloe,a local high point,I came across are the perfect platform to showcase the very a small clearing and immediately noticed the best photography of the British landscape.Take dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. a view is a desirable annual competition for The small pine added to the interest and I photographers from all corners of the UK and placed it centrally to take the view from the beyond. foreground right through into the forest. Mike Shepherd(2011) 23.Where can the text be found? Skiddaw in Winter A.In a history book.B.In a novel. Cumbria,England C.In an art magazine.D.In a biography. It was an extremely cold winter's evening 【分析】 and freezing fog hung in the air.I climbed to 根据第一段中的“Each year,the high the top of a small rise and realised that the mist standard of entries has shown that the Awards was little more than a few feet deep,and are the perfect platform to showcase the very though it was only a short climb,I found best photography of the British landscape. myself completely above it and looking at a Take a view is a desirable annual competition wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sun for photographers from all corners of the UK setting in the west.I used classical techniques, and beyond.(每年参赛作品的高水准表明，该奖 translated from my college days spent in the 项是展示英国风景最佳摄影作品的完美平台。 darkroom into Photoshop,to achieve the black- 对于英国和世界各地的摄影师来说，Take a and-white image(图像). uie是一项令人向往的年度竞赛)”并结合下文 Timothy Smith(2014) 对两位获奖者及其作品的介绍可知，这篇文章主 Maccles field Forest 要介绍了摄影比赛Take a vie心以及获奖的相关 Cheshire,England 情况，最可能出现在一本艺术杂志上。故选C。 -154 第三部分题型策略篇 考点三主旨大意题 ◆◆解读高考命题 揭开神秘面纱。 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的 2.Which of the following best states the 题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领 theme of the passage? 会大意的能力，而且对考生的归纳、概括能力提 3.What is the subject discussed in this 出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依 passage? 据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、 ·段落大意类： 主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。 1.What is the second paragraph mainly 所以，遇到主旨题切勿草率行事，一定要读完读 about? 通文意后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最 2.What does the writer try to express in 后来做。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳 Paragraph 4? 题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大 3.Which of the following can best 意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选 summarize Paragraph 2? 项的特征。 二、正确选项特征 一、命题方式 1.文章标题的特点：新颖性、概括性、针 ·文章标题类： 对性。 1.What is the best title for the text? 2.文章标题的确定应巧用排除法并关注选 2.What can be a suitable title/headline for 项的核心词。 the text? 3.大多数说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻 3.Which of the following best summarizes 报道往往在段首提出主题，遵从：提出主题 the passage? 细节支撑一阐明主题的行文格式。 4.Which of the following can be the best 4.主旨大意类题目的解答应充分关注关键 title for the text? 词、题材和篇章结构，并巧妙运用反推法，格外 ·文章大意类： 注意扩大范围和以偏概全的干扰项。 1.What is the text/passage mainly about? ◆◆ 点拨题型技法 探析典型考法◆。 一、段落大意题 序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比 1.概括段落大意 各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段 大意。 的逻辑结构。如该段是按总一分顺序组织，首 2.揣摩段落大意 句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通 种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分一总顺序 过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发 组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分一总一分的顺 挥想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 -155 艺术生文化课考前100天英语 【典例】(2023·全国乙卷阅读D》 the African people of Benin and the Incas,all If you want to tell the history of the whole of whom appear in this book,can speak to us world,a history that does not privilege one now of their past achievements most powerfully part of humanity,you cannot do it through through the objects they made:a history told texts alone,because only some of the world through things gives them back a voice.When has ever had texts.while most of the world, we consider contact(联系)between literate and for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of non-literate societies such as these,all our humanity's later achievements,and until fairly first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, recently even many literate(有文字的)societies only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the recorded their concerns not only in writing but other half of that conversation,we have to read in things. not just the texts,but the objects. Ideally a history would bring together 32.What is the first paragraph mainly texts and objects,and some chapters of this about? book are able to do just that,but in many cases A.How past events should be presented. we simply can't.The clearest example of this B.What humanity is concerned about. between literate and non-literate history is C.Whether facts speak louder than words. perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay, D.Why written language is reliable. between Captain Cook's voyage and the 【分析】 根据文章首段可知，如果你想讲述不偏袒 Australian Aboriginals.From the English side, 人类历史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你就不 we have scientific reports and the captain's 能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一， record of that terrible day.From the 直到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字， Australian side,we have only a wooden shield 还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。所以此段 (dropped by a man in flight after his first 是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈 experience of gunshot.If we want to 现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。 reconstruct what was actually going on that 二、文章大意题 day,the shield must be questioned and 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段 interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written 落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文 reports. 章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心 In addition to the problem of miscom- 思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的 prehension from both sides,there are victories 基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题 accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially 句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体 when only the victors know how to write. 归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主 Those who are on the losing side often have 题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步 only their things to tell their stories.The 加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的 Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals, “重心”和支撑性细节。 156 第三部分题型策略篇 用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文 amount to each plant.After harvest,users 尾或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主 simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded 题信息可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句 pod(容器)to get the next growth cycle 的四个小窍门： started. (1)段落中出现表示转折的词语（如 Moreover,having a system in the same however,,but,in fact,actually等)时，该句很 building where it's eaten means zero emissions 可能是主题句。 (排放)from transporting plants from soil to (2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很 salad.In addition,t there's no need for 可能就是文章主旨。 pesticides and other chemicals that pollute (3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主 traditional farms and the surrounding 旨：反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关 environment. 键词。 BMF employees live out sustainability in (4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, their everyday lives.About half of them walk thus,in short,conclude,conclusion等词。 or bike to work.Inside the office,they 【典例】(2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷阅读C) encourage recycling and waste reduction by We all know fresh is best when it comes to limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use food.However,most produce at the store plastic."We are passionate about reducing went through weeks of travel and covered waste. carbon and chemicals in our hundreds of miles before reaching the table. environment,"said a BMF employee. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to 31.What does the text mainly talk about? reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm A.BMF's major strengths. (BMF)shortens it even more. B.BMF's general management. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be C.BMF's global influence. set up for a family.Additionally,it could serve D.BMF's technical standards. a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant 【分析】 or school.The innovative design requires little 快速通读全文，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微 effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of 农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运 fresh greens. 输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约 Specifically,it's a farm that relies on new 水资源、减少化学污染以及员工的环保生活方 technology.By connecting through the Cloud, 式等。故选A。 BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a 三、标题归纳题 convenient app that provides growing data in 1.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上， real time.Because the system is automated,it 揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 significantly reduces the amount of water 2.反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去 needed to grow plants.Rather than watering 设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然 rows of soil,the system provides just the right 后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项。 157