专题15 阅读理解C篇及长难句分析 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

专题15 阅读理解C篇及长难句分析 目录 题型综述 2 01 复合句 2 02 分隔结构 3 03 省略或倒装 4 解题攻略 4 01 找谓语，定主语 4 02 提主干，去枝叶 5 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 5 04 看搭配，防隔离 6 05 关键词，抓线索 高考练场 10 变式演练 19 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 · 复合句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 原文：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the market place for those goods and services that they want most。 结构分析： 主句：The American economic system is organized around... 定语从句：in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced... 宾语从句：what shall be produced，作determine的宾语 定语从句：that they want most，修饰“goods and services” 中文翻译： 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 原文：The research findings, which were published in a prestigious scientific journal and attracted widespread attention, suggest that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases, although further clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy, and this is a significant breakthrough in the medical field. 结构分析：复合句。“which were published in a prestigious scientific journal and attracted widespread attention” 是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰 “The research findings”。“suggest that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases” 是句子的谓语和宾语部分，其中 “that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases” 是一个宾语从句，“being developed” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the new drug”。“although further clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy” 是一个让步状语从句。“and this is a significant breakthrough in the medical field” 是一个并列句。 中文翻译：这些研究结果发表在一家著名的科学杂志上并引起了广泛关注，它们表明正在研发的新药在治疗某些疾病方面有很大的潜力，尽管还需要进一步的临床试验来证实其安全性和有效性，而这在医学领域是一个重大突破。 · 分隔结构 高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。 原文：The scientist, who is well - known for his research in the field of physics, a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhood, and whose contributions have had a profound impact on modern science, said that, in his opinion, the experiment, if carried out according to the strict procedures, would surely achieve the expected results. 结构分析：“who is well - known for his research in the field of physics” 和 “whose contributions have had a profound impact on modern science” 是两个并列的定语从句，修饰 “The scientist” ；“a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhood” 是插入语，对 “physics” 进行补充说明 ；“said that” 后面是宾语从句，“in his opinion” 是插入语，在宾语从句中 “if carried out according to the strict procedures” 是省略句，完整形式为 “if the experiment is carried out according to the strict procedures” 。句子的主干 “The scientist said that...” 被多个定语从句和插入语分割，成分出现分离现象 。 中文翻译：这位科学家，因其在物理学领域的研究而闻名，物理学是一门从他童年起就一直令他着迷的学科，并且他的贡献对现代科学产生了深远影响，他说，在他看来，如果按照严格的程序进行实验，肯定会取得预期的结果。 原文：The project, despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementation, a period full of challenges and uncertainties, and although we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning, has finally achieved great success. 结构分析：“despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementation” 是让步状语，“we faced during its implementation” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “difficulties” ；“a period full of challenges and uncertainties” 是插入语，对 “implementation” 进行解释 ；“although we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning” 是让步状语从句 。主句是 “The project has finally achieved great success”，句子被插入语和多个状语成分分割，造成句子成分的分离 ，同时在定语从句中存在关系代词的省略。 中文翻译：尽管在项目实施过程中我们面临许多困难，那是一段充满挑战和不确定性的时期，而且尽管一开始我们资金不足，但这个项目最终还是取得了巨大成功。 · 省略或倒装 在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。 原文：Never before has such a technological innovation had such a profound impact on society as the invention of the Internet, which has not only revolutionized the way we communicate and access information but also transformed various industries and economic models. 结构分析：这是一个倒装句，正常语序为 “Such a technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on society before as the invention of the Internet”。“Never before” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “has” 提前。“which” 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 “the invention of the Internet”，在定语从句中，“not only...but also...” 连接两个并列的谓语动词 “has revolutionized” 和 “has transformed”。 中文翻译：以前从未有过像互联网发明这样的技术创新对社会产生如此深远的影响，它不仅彻底改变了我们交流和获取信息的方式，还改变了各个行业和经济模式。 原文：Not until all the candidates have passed the strict screening process and demonstrated their qualifications and abilities will the company make a final decision on who to hire, and this cautious approach is aimed at ensuring that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company. 结构分析：倒装句和复合句。“Not until all the candidates have passed the strict screening process and demonstrated their qualifications and abilities will the company make a final decision on who to hire” 是一个倒装句，“Not until” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “will” 提前。“on who to hire” 是一个介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “decision”。“and this cautious approach is aimed at ensuring that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company” 是一个并列句，其中 “that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company” 是一个宾语从句，作 “ensuring” 的宾语。 中文翻译：直到所有候选人都通过严格的筛选过程并展示出他们的资格和能力，公司才会就雇佣谁做出最终决定，而这种谨慎的做法旨在确保新员工能够满足公司的高标准和要求。 · 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 句意： · 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】 句意： · 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】 句意： · 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】 句意： · 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】 句意： · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． （2025年嘉定一模C篇）The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. （2025年虹口一模C篇）But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. （2025年静安一模C篇） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). ........... Today, his plays are highly popular and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural backgrounds. The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. 43. Which of the reasons is NOT mentioned to support skepticism about Shakespeare’s authorship? A. Official records didn’t mention Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright. B. Shakespeare’s education background couldn’t support his literary achievements. C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants. D. There was a lack of specific details of Shakespeare’s life. 45. The charm of Shakespeare’s plays today lies in that ________. A. his plots are full of conflicts B. his plays are translated into many languages C. he succeeded from a modest background D. he pictures people of real feelings which can exist today （2025年普陀区一模C篇） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. ......... More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. （2025年杨浦一模C篇） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” ......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism （2025年金山一模C篇） .......... Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? （2025年长宁一模C篇） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. （2025年徐汇一模C篇） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. ......... Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B. Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C. Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D. Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. （2025年宝山一模C篇） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 46.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book. Who can break free from it? Consumption has taken on great importance in the relationships we develop with others. We often organize visits with others around the act of consuming, whether that be sitting down to eat a home-cooked meal as a family, or meeting friends for a shopping excursion at the mall. In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift-giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities. In Subculture: The Meaning of Style, sociologist Dick Hebdige observed that identity is often expressed through fashion choices. This happens because we choose consumer goods that we feel say something about who we are. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle, and in doing so, send visual signals to others about the kind of person we are. So, from the sociological perspective, there’s much more to consumption than meets the eye. In fact, there’s so much to study about consumption that there’s a whole subfield dedicated to it: the sociology of consumption. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 44. The author presents a person’s daily life in paragraph 3 in order to _____________. A. encourage people to spend more time working than consuming B. show the variety of consumer products available on the market C. suggest that producing goods is no longer part of modern life D. highlight the constant presence of consumption in people’s life 45. What can be inferred about consumption in paragraph 4 and 5? A. It discourages gift-giving. B. It conveys individuality. C. It defines culture. D. It sets the fashion trends. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The divided opinions on consumption. B. The effects of consumerism on people’s life. C. The philosophy of consumption in social life. D. The balance between consumption and production. （二） （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study. In some cases, participants were given accurate information, while in others, they saw factual errors. Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response. Participants were asked to rate the accuracy of the information on a seven-point scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errors were introduced, the information presented in a static format was rated as 4.24 on average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the voice assistant scored 5.29. Participants rated all of the systems higher for answers where no errors were introduced, but the differences were smaller for the voice assistant and chatbot. “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell from UK. “The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” People have learned that these models generate false information sometimes. “But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That should be in media literacy training.” 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 44. In paragraph 3, text errors in the study can be summarized as________ A. inevitable and conflicting B. minor and common C. obvious and internally inconsistent D. repetitive and randomly selected 45. According to Mike Katell, which of the following is NOT a reason why people find conversational chat agents more convincing? A. People's inborn trust in lifelike things. B. Inoffensive delivery of personalized content. C. The chatbot's use of a gentle conversational tone. D. The makers' intention to make users feel relaxed. 46. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Utz suggests people improve media awareness and competence. B. People's preference for lifelike things may be overstated. C. How information is presented doesn't affect how much we believe it. D. The research results are uncertain due to the lack of man-system interaction. （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts （四） （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. （五） （2025年崇明一模） A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe economic challenges that lie ahead on a global scale, with the greatest impacts expected to burden the countries least responsible for greenhouse emissions (排放). The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid-century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study also notes potential increases in costs due to more frequent and severe weather events, which are expected to become more common as global temperatures rise. The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical (热带的) regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher-income, higher-emission countries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-developed nations possess fewer resources to adapt to increasing climate impacts. Anders Levermann, head of complexity science at PIK and co-author of the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency of the situation. “Countries in the tropics will suffer the most because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefore be most harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues for a rapid structural shift towards renewable energy to ease these impacts and stabilize global temperatures. When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections. Previous studies have similarly highlighted the economic damages of climate change but lacked the extensive regional and specific insights this study provides. The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels. The socioeconomic consequences of such extensive economic losses could lead to heightened global inequality and potentially, social unrest. This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change. 43. Climate change will cause massive economic damage worldwide by 2050 mainly because _____. A. the average world temperature will increase much faster than expected B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and productivity C. big countries will experience economic crises due to more severe weather events D. tropical regions are unprepared to adapt to the damages caused by climate change 44. By “a disconcerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the author means _____. A. poor countries least responsible for emission will suffer most in economy B. it is projected that people in tropical countries will earn 60% less by 2050 C. higher-income countries are reluctant to invest in slowing global warming D. higher-emission countries are trying to justify their role in climate impacts 45. The PIK study arouses the public attention due to _____. A. its rigid climate impact forecasts B. its overall statistics and the severity of its findings C. its different approach to analyzing data D. its similar regional insights on economic damages 46. What does the PIK study imply? A. Fair policies should be established to avoid further rising of temperatures. B. Reducing gas emissions will benefit the environment but harm the economy. C. Inequality should be reduced through cooperation in fighting climate change. D. Wealthy countries should bear the whole cost of coping with global warming. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题15 阅读理解C篇及长难句分析 目录 题型综述 2 01 复合句 2 02 分隔结构 3 03 省略或倒装 4 解题攻略 4 01 找谓语，定主语 4 02 提主干，去枝叶 5 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 5 04 看搭配，防隔离 6 05 关键词，抓线索 高考练场 10 变式演练 19 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 · 复合句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 原文：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the market place for those goods and services that they want most。 结构分析： 主句：The American economic system is organized around... 定语从句：in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced... 宾语从句：what shall be produced，作determine的宾语 定语从句：that they want most，修饰“goods and services” 中文翻译： 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 原文：The research findings, which were published in a prestigious scientific journal and attracted widespread attention, suggest that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases, although further clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy, and this is a significant breakthrough in the medical field. 结构分析：复合句。“which were published in a prestigious scientific journal and attracted widespread attention” 是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰 “The research findings”。“suggest that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases” 是句子的谓语和宾语部分，其中 “that the new drug being developed has great potential in treating certain diseases” 是一个宾语从句，“being developed” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the new drug”。“although further clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy” 是一个让步状语从句。“and this is a significant breakthrough in the medical field” 是一个并列句。 中文翻译：这些研究结果发表在一家著名的科学杂志上并引起了广泛关注，它们表明正在研发的新药在治疗某些疾病方面有很大的潜力，尽管还需要进一步的临床试验来证实其安全性和有效性，而这在医学领域是一个重大突破。 · 分隔结构 高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。 原文：The scientist, who is well - known for his research in the field of physics, a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhood, and whose contributions have had a profound impact on modern science, said that, in his opinion, the experiment, if carried out according to the strict procedures, would surely achieve the expected results. 结构分析：“who is well - known for his research in the field of physics” 和 “whose contributions have had a profound impact on modern science” 是两个并列的定语从句，修饰 “The scientist” ；“a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhood” 是插入语，对 “physics” 进行补充说明 ；“said that” 后面是宾语从句，“in his opinion” 是插入语，在宾语从句中 “if carried out according to the strict procedures” 是省略句，完整形式为 “if the experiment is carried out according to the strict procedures” 。句子的主干 “The scientist said that...” 被多个定语从句和插入语分割，成分出现分离现象 。 中文翻译：这位科学家，因其在物理学领域的研究而闻名，物理学是一门从他童年起就一直令他着迷的学科，并且他的贡献对现代科学产生了深远影响，他说，在他看来，如果按照严格的程序进行实验，肯定会取得预期的结果。 原文：The project, despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementation, a period full of challenges and uncertainties, and although we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning, has finally achieved great success. 结构分析：“despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementation” 是让步状语，“we faced during its implementation” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “difficulties” ；“a period full of challenges and uncertainties” 是插入语，对 “implementation” 进行解释 ；“although we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning” 是让步状语从句 。主句是 “The project has finally achieved great success”，句子被插入语和多个状语成分分割，造成句子成分的分离 ，同时在定语从句中存在关系代词的省略。 中文翻译：尽管在项目实施过程中我们面临许多困难，那是一段充满挑战和不确定性的时期，而且尽管一开始我们资金不足，但这个项目最终还是取得了巨大成功。 · 省略或倒装 在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。 原文：Never before has such a technological innovation had such a profound impact on society as the invention of the Internet, which has not only revolutionized the way we communicate and access information but also transformed various industries and economic models. 结构分析：这是一个倒装句，正常语序为 “Such a technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on society before as the invention of the Internet”。“Never before” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “has” 提前。“which” 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 “the invention of the Internet”，在定语从句中，“not only...but also...” 连接两个并列的谓语动词 “has revolutionized” 和 “has transformed”。 中文翻译：以前从未有过像互联网发明这样的技术创新对社会产生如此深远的影响，它不仅彻底改变了我们交流和获取信息的方式，还改变了各个行业和经济模式。 原文：Not until all the candidates have passed the strict screening process and demonstrated their qualifications and abilities will the company make a final decision on who to hire, and this cautious approach is aimed at ensuring that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company. 结构分析：倒装句和复合句。“Not until all the candidates have passed the strict screening process and demonstrated their qualifications and abilities will the company make a final decision on who to hire” 是一个倒装句，“Not until” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “will” 提前。“on who to hire” 是一个介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “decision”。“and this cautious approach is aimed at ensuring that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company” 是一个并列句，其中 “that the new employees can meet the high standards and requirements of the company” 是一个宾语从句，作 “ensuring” 的宾语。 中文翻译：直到所有候选人都通过严格的筛选过程并展示出他们的资格和能力，公司才会就雇佣谁做出最终决定，而这种谨慎的做法旨在确保新员工能够满足公司的高标准和要求。 · 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 · 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 · 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。 句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。 · 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。 · 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。 句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． （2025年嘉定一模C篇）The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. 【答案】 44. C 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。 （2025年虹口一模C篇）But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic 【答案】 44. A 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details.(但存在trade-offs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-offs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。 （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】63. D 【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。 （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 【答案】 66. A 【66题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. （2025年静安一模C篇） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). ........... Today, his plays are highly popular and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural backgrounds. The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. 43. Which of the reasons is NOT mentioned to support skepticism about Shakespeare’s authorship? A. Official records didn’t mention Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright. B. Shakespeare’s education background couldn’t support his literary achievements. C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants. D. There was a lack of specific details of Shakespeare’s life. 45. The charm of Shakespeare’s plays today lies in that ________. A. his plots are full of conflicts B. his plays are translated into many languages C. he succeeded from a modest background D. he pictures people of real feelings which can exist today 【答案】43. C 45. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). (这在很大程度上是由于对莎士比亚生平的记录不完整，以及缺乏目击者。来自圣三一基督教堂和斯特拉特福德政府的官方文件记录了威廉·莎士比亚的存在，但没有任何证据表明他是一名演员或剧作家。)”和第二段“Skeptics (怀疑者) also questioned how anyone of such humble education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that are displayed in Shakespeare’s works. (怀疑论者还质疑，一个受教育程度如此低下的人，怎么能写出莎士比亚作品中所展现的那种思想的洞察力和诗意的力量。)”可知，对莎士比亚的作者身份持怀疑态度的理由包括，缺乏关于他生活的具体细节，官方记录没有提到他作为剧作家的身份，以及他的教育背景无法支持他的文学成就，但未提及他的戏剧受到了大名鼎鼎的文学巨匠的启发。故选C项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. (莎士比亚的人物和情节的魅力在于，他们呈现了真实的人类，其广泛的情感和冲突超越了他们在伊丽莎白时代的英国的起源。)”可知，其戏剧仍有魅力的原因在于他描绘了真实情感的人，这种真实情感可以存在于今天。故选D项。 （2025年普陀区一模C篇） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. ......... More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 【答案】 43. B 44. D 【导读】 本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。 43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。 44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。 （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 【答案】63.C 【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. （2025年杨浦一模C篇） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” ......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism 【答案】 45. C 46. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。Chapman在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Robert Chapman被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。 （2025年金山一模C篇） .......... Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users 【答案】 45. A 46. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，Jennifer Blackburn还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。 （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 【答案】66. C 【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 【答案】66. A 【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,’says Johnson. ‘There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? （2025年长宁一模C篇） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 【答案】43. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。 （2025年徐汇一模C篇） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. ......... Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B. Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C. Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D. Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 【答案】46. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现鲨鱼可以利用地球的磁场导航，这为我们增加了对鲨鱼生物学的理解。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy.(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”以及后文中对研究过程和发现的详细描述可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。 （2025年宝山一模C篇） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 46.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger 【答案】 46. B 【导读】 本文围绕世界饥饿问题展开，首先指出在全球粮食产量理论上足够的情况下，仍有大量人口面临饥饿的矛盾现状，接着分析了导致饥饿的原因，如武装冲突、极端天气和食物浪费等。同时介绍了世界饥饿日及其所倡导的解决饥饿问题的措施，像非洲实施可持续农业方法、联合国世界粮食计划署提供援助等，最后呼吁人们行动起来，共同对抗饥饿。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕消除饥饿这一主题，既提到了饥饿问题及原因，也介绍了为实现 “零饥饿” 目标所做的努力和人们应采取的行动，“The March toward Zero Hunger”（迈向零饥饿）能很好地概括文章内容，B 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿的原因” 和 C 选项 “饥饿的解决办法” 都只是文章部分内容；D 选项 “饥饿的后果” 文中未提及。所以答案是 B。 （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. 【答案】66. B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating ...........has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。 （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book. Who can break free from it? Consumption has taken on great importance in the relationships we develop with others. We often organize visits with others around the act of consuming, whether that be sitting down to eat a home-cooked meal as a family, or meeting friends for a shopping excursion at the mall. In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift-giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities. In Subculture: The Meaning of Style, sociologist Dick Hebdige observed that identity is often expressed through fashion choices. This happens because we choose consumer goods that we feel say something about who we are. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle, and in doing so, send visual signals to others about the kind of person we are. So, from the sociological perspective, there’s much more to consumption than meets the eye. In fact, there’s so much to study about consumption that there’s a whole subfield dedicated to it: the sociology of consumption. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 44. The author presents a person’s daily life in paragraph 3 in order to _____________. A. encourage people to spend more time working than consuming B. show the variety of consumer products available on the market C. suggest that producing goods is no longer part of modern life D. highlight the constant presence of consumption in people’s life 45. What can be inferred about consumption in paragraph 4 and 5? A. It discourages gift-giving. B. It conveys individuality. C. It defines culture. D. It sets the fashion trends. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The divided opinions on consumption. B. The effects of consumerism on people’s life. C. The philosophy of consumption in social life. D. The balance between consumption and production. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. B 46. C 【导读】这篇文章从社会学的角度阐述了消费的概念，介绍了消费在社会生活中的转变、在日常生活中的普遍存在、在人际关系中的重要性以及对个人和群体身份形成和表达的重要性，强调了消费在社会生活中的多方面意义。 【解析】 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transition began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。 【44 题详解】 推理判断题。第三段作者列举了一个人一天的生活，包括开车上班、在办公室使用各种消费品、购买饮品、去餐馆、取干洗的衣服、购买卫生用品、用购买的食品做晚餐、看电视等各种消费行为，目的是为了强调消费在人们生活中无处不在，故选 D。 【45 题详解】 推理判断题：根据第四段 “we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others” 以及第五段 “identity is often expressed through fashion choices. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle” 可知，消费能够传达个性，B 选项正确。A 选项与原文 “we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift - giving” 不符，消费并不阻碍送礼；C 选项文中未提及消费定义文化；D 选项消费选择反映时尚，但不是设定时尚潮流。所以答案是 B。 46. 主旨大意题：文章开篇点明从社会学角度消费不仅是使用资源，接着阐述消费在社会生活中的核心地位，如经济结构围绕消费转变、在人际交往和身份表达中的作用等，整体围绕社会生活中消费的理念展开，C 选项 “社会生活中消费的哲学” 正确。A 选项文章没有提及对消费的不同意见；B 选项消费主义对人们生活的影响只是部分内容；D 选项文章并非重点讨论消费与生产的平衡。所以答案是 C。 【重点词块】 sociology 社会学 consumption 消费 organizing principle 组织原则 social life 社会生活 production 生产 retail 零售 provision 提供 consumer electronics 消费电子产品 health and hygiene products 健康和卫生产品 gift - giving 送礼 individual identity 个人身份 group identity 群体身份 subfield 子领域 【复杂句式】 1.“In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others.” 分析：第一句中 “more than just” 表示 “不仅仅是”，“taking in or using up resources” 是动名词短语作宾语。第二句是由 “but” 连接的并列句，前半句 “Humans consume to survive”，“to survive” 是目的状语；后半句 “we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others”，“to entertain and amuse ourselves” 和 “as a way to share time and experiences with others” 都是目的状语，说明消费的不同目的。 翻译：在社会学中，消费远不止是获取或消耗资源。当然，人类为了生存而消费，但在当今世界，我们也为了娱乐自己以及作为与他人分享时间和经历的一种方式而消费。 2. “In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption.” 分析：句子主干是 “Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote...that...”，“in the book Consuming Life” 是地点状语，表明写作的出处；“that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption” 是宾语从句，作 “wrote” 的宾语，其中 “no longer...but instead...” 表示 “不再…… 而是……”，连接两个围绕的对象。 翻译：事实上，波兰社会学家齐格蒙特・鲍曼在《消费生活》一书中写道，西方社会不再围绕生产行为组织，而是围绕消费组织。 3. “As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book.” 分析：第一句中 “spend...(in) doing sth. rather than doing sth.” 是固定结构，“consuming rather than producing goods” 作宾语补足语，表明人们花费时间的方式。第二句是由多个并列谓语组成的长句，“travel to work by car”“work in an office...”“purchase a tea...” 等一系列动作描述了一个人一天的消费行为，其中 “that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods” 是定语从句，修饰 “office”。 翻译：因此，我们大多数人每天都在消费而不是生产商品。在任何一天，一个人可能会开车去上班；在一个需要电、气、油、水、纸以及大量消费电子产品和数字商品的办公室工作；购买茶、咖啡或苏打水；出去吃顿饭；取干洗的衣服；在药店购买健康和卫生产品；用购买的食品杂货准备晚餐，然后晚上看电视、享受社交媒体或读书。 4. “In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift - giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities.” 分析：第一句中 “to express our feelings for others” 是目的状语，表明使用消费品的目的，“through the practice of gift - giving” 是方式状语，说明表达感情的方式。第二句 “see...as...” 是固定结构，“as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities” 作宾语补足语，表明社会学家对消费的看法。 翻译：此外，我们经常通过送礼的方式使用消费品来表达我们对他人的感情。社会学家也将消费视为形成和表达个人及群体身份过程的重要组成部分。 （二） （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study. In some cases, participants were given accurate information, while in others, they saw factual errors. Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response. Participants were asked to rate the accuracy of the information on a seven-point scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errors were introduced, the information presented in a static format was rated as 4.24 on average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the voice assistant scored 5.29. Participants rated all of the systems higher for answers where no errors were introduced, but the differences were smaller for the voice assistant and chatbot. “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell from UK. “The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” People have learned that these models generate false information sometimes. “But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That should be in media literacy training.” 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 44. In paragraph 3, text errors in the study can be summarized as________ A. inevitable and conflicting B. minor and common C. obvious and internally inconsistent D. repetitive and randomly selected 45. According to Mike Katell, which of the following is NOT a reason why people find conversational chat agents more convincing? A. People's inborn trust in lifelike things. B. Inoffensive delivery of personalized content. C. The chatbot's use of a gentle conversational tone. D. The makers' intention to make users feel relaxed. 46. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Utz suggests people improve media awareness and competence. B. People's preference for lifelike things may be overstated. C. How information is presented doesn't affect how much we believe it. D. The research results are uncertain due to the lack of man-system interaction. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. B 46. A 【导读】本文主要探讨了人工智能聊天机器人或语音助手的对话式语气与静态文章呈现信息方式对人们相信信息准确性的影响。Sonja Utz 通过实验研究不同文本格式如何影响信息可信度，结果表明人们更倾向于相信对话式呈现的信息，即使其中存在错误。文章还分析了原因，并指出应在媒体素养培训中关注这一现象。 【解析】 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段 “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats.” 可知，Sonja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。 【44 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response.” 可知，研究中的文本错误有些是明显错误的，比如将索非亚说成法国首都，还有些是在同一回复中内部存在矛盾的，所以可以总结为明显且内部不一致，答案选 C。 【45 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段 “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,”“The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” 可知，人们天生信任栩栩如生的事物、聊天机器人使用温和的对话语气、制造商让用户放松的意图，这些都是人们觉得对话式聊天代理更有说服力的原因，而文中未提及个性化内容的无冒犯性传递，答案选 B。 【46 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “‘But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.’ Utz says. ‘That should be in media literacy training.’” 可知，Utz 认为这种互动模式使人们倾向于相信看到的内容这一现象应纳入媒体素养培训，也就意味着 Utz 建议人们提高媒体意识和能力，答案选 A。 【重点词块】 conversational tone 对话式语气 voice - based assistant 基于语音的助手 static article 静态文章 engage with 接触；参与 factual error 事实性错误 seven - point scale 七分制量表 hardwired 天生的；固有的 believable content 可信的内容 inoffensive delivery 无冒犯性的表达 media literacy training 媒体素养培训 【复杂句式】 1. “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article.” 分析：这是一个由 “but” 连接的并列句。前半句 “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts”，“of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant” 作后置定语修饰 “The conversational tone”，“to learn new concepts” 是动词不定式作后置定语修饰 “a good way”。后半句 “it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article”，“compared with information presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作状语，表比较，“presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 “information”。 翻译：人工智能聊天机器人或基于语音的助手的对话式语气是学习新概念的好方法，但与静态文章中呈现的信息相比，它实际上可能会让我们更愿意相信不准确的信息。 2. “To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats.” 分析：“To investigate this issue” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明 Sonja Utz 进行后续行为的目的。句子主干是 “Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats”，“from Germany” 作后置定语修饰 “Sonja Utz”，“ask sb. to do sth.” 是固定结构，“to engage with one of three formats” 是宾语补足语。 翻译：为了研究这个问题，来自德国的索尼娅・乌茨让 1200 名参与者接触三种格式中的一种。 3. “Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study.” 分析：“as they might with the real versions” 是方式状语从句，表明参与者与系统互动的方式和与真实版本互动方式的对比。“in order to keep the experience consistent across the study” 是目的状语，说明参与者不能像与真实版本那样互动的目的。 翻译：参与者不能像他们可能与真实版本那样与系统互动，以便在整个研究过程中保持体验的一致性。 4.“Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease” 是主句，“which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery” 是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，说明聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。 翻译：聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松，这是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。 （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts 【答案】 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C 【导读】 本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。 44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。 45. 推理判断题：作者提及约翰・济慈和塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治对牛顿的看法，是为了突出科学发现对艺术认知的影响，B 选项正确。A 选项，并非强调诗人创造力优于科学家；C 选项，提及莎士比亚不是重点，重点是体现科学对艺术认知的影响；D 选项，诗人并非反对科学进步，而是认为牛顿的发现影响了艺术对美的认知。所以答案是 B。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。 【重点词快】 ultimate：adj. 最终的；根本的；最好的，最典型的 authority：n. 权威；权力；当局 inspiration：n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物） mythology：n. 神话；神话学；虚构的故事 supernatural：adj. 超自然的；神奇的；不可思议的 divorce：n. /v. 离婚；分离，脱离 province：n. 领域；省份；职权 prism：n. 棱镜；棱柱体 refraction：n. 折射 venture：v. 冒险；敢于；冒昧地说 n. 冒险；风险项目 sacred：adj. 神圣的；宗教的；庄严的 enhance：v. 提高；增强；增进 sublime：adj. 绝妙的；宏伟的；令人赞叹的 spectroscopy：n. 光谱学；波谱学 【复杂句式】 1.“Literally, "inspiration" is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 分析：第一个句子是简单句，阐述 “inspiration” 字面含义。第二个句子中 “who were uniquely inspired to create” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “people”，说明被认为是艺术家的这类人的特点。 翻译：从字面上看，“灵感” 就是一种精神的吸入。艺术家被认为是那些受到独特启发去创作的人。 2. “Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth.” 分析：第一个句子为主谓宾结构，“centered on” 为谓语短语。第二个句子中 “that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 为宾语从句，作 “believed” 的宾语，其中 “that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 又是定语从句，修饰 “term”。 翻译：整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超凡脱俗的本质。例如，浪漫主义诗人认为艺术是一个意味着美与真的终极表达的术语。 3. “Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows.” 分析：第一个句子中 “Using a prism” 为现在分词短语作方式状语，“that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow” 为宾语从句，作 “found” 的宾语。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：牛顿使用棱镜发现，白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的出现提供了科学解释。 4.“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 分析：“More than a hundred years later” 为时间状语，“one of the most famous Romantic poets” 为插入语，对 “John Keats” 进行补充说明，“accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为句子的主干部分，其中 “by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为方式状语。 翻译：一百多年后，最著名的浪漫主义诗人之一约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过 “解开彩虹” 来减少美。 5. “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime (绝妙).” 分析：第一个句子中 “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow” 为介词短语作状语，表明牛顿在做某事的过程中，句子主干为 “Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist”。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：在探索彩虹秘密的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家的惊奇感、创造力和灵感。他也给了世界另一个体验绝妙之处的机会。 （四） （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. 【答案】 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 【导读】 本文介绍了一项关于佛罗里达木蚁的新研究。研究发现，木蚁会对受伤的同伴进行伤口处理，处理方式包括清洁伤口或截肢，具体选择取决于伤口位置。若伤口在腿部较高位置，它们会截肢；若在较低位置，则只清洁伤口。研究还表明，经过适当处理的受伤蚂蚁存活率更高，且只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，这一行为背后存在进化原因，即节省资源。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated.” 可知，对受伤蚂蚁采用的治疗方式取决于伤口是在腿部较高位置还是较低位置，所以答案是 D。 44. 推理判断题：从第五段 “after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care.” 可知，伤口位置和相应的治疗方式对蚂蚁的存活率影响很大，A 选项正确。B 选项，对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢的存活率更高，并非清洁伤口更有效；C 选项，有治疗和无治疗的受伤蚂蚁存活率差异很大，并非相似；D 选项，对于腿部较低位置的伤口，清洁伤口而非截肢更合适，所以截肢并非总是确保受伤蚂蚁存活的最佳方式。所以答案是 A。 45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 可知，重伤的蚂蚁会因缺乏照料最终死亡，C 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，雄性蚂蚁在蚁群中作用较小；B 选项，轻微受伤的蚂蚁会得到照料以节省资源；D 选项，文中提到对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢能大幅提高存活率，而非清洁伤口。所以答案是 C。 46. 主旨大意题：文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤的同伴，包括根据伤口位置选择清洁伤口或截肢等处理方式，B 选项 “受伤的蚂蚁是如何被处理的” 符合主旨。A 选项 “蚂蚁如何进行截肢” 只是其中一部分内容；C 选项 “蚂蚁如何进化和繁殖” 文中未提及；D 选项 “截肢如何影响蚂蚁” 并非文章重点。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 surgical removal 手术切除 laboratory 实验室 mouthparts 口器 lead writer 主要作者 evolutionary reason 进化原因 remain productive 保持生产力 【复杂句式】 1. “Frank said the study describes ‘for the first time how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.’” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Frank said” 是主句，后面省略了引导词 “that”，“the study describes...to save their life” 是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，“how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life” 是 “describes” 的宾语，作宾语从句中的宾语成分，其中 “to save their life” 是目的状语。 翻译：弗兰克说，这项研究 “首次描述了一种非人类动物如何通过对另一个个体进行截肢来挽救其生命”。 2. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴), so harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes.” 分析：这是一个由 “so” 连接的并列句，前一句 “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph” 是主谓宾结构，“further down the leg” 作后置定语修饰 “Injuries”；后一句 “harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes” 是主谓宾结构，“after only five minutes” 是时间状语。 翻译：腿部较低位置的伤口血淋巴流量会增加，所以有害细菌只需五分钟就能进入体内。 3. “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“if an individual is too heavily injured” 是条件状语从句，“the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 是主句，其中 “but rather” 连接两个并列的谓语 “will not care for” 和 “leave”。 翻译：与此同时，如果一只蚂蚁受伤过重，其他蚂蚁不会照顾它，而是会把它丢在一边任其死亡。 （五） （2025年崇明一模） A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe economic challenges that lie ahead on a global scale, with the greatest impacts expected to burden the countries least responsible for greenhouse emissions (排放). The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid-century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study also notes potential increases in costs due to more frequent and severe weather events, which are expected to become more common as global temperatures rise. The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical (热带的) regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher-income, higher-emission countries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-developed nations possess fewer resources to adapt to increasing climate impacts. Anders Levermann, head of complexity science at PIK and co-author of the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency of the situation. “Countries in the tropics will suffer the most because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefore be most harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues for a rapid structural shift towards renewable energy to ease these impacts and stabilize global temperatures. When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections. Previous studies have similarly highlighted the economic damages of climate change but lacked the extensive regional and specific insights this study provides. The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels. The socioeconomic consequences of such extensive economic losses could lead to heightened global inequality and potentially, social unrest. This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change. 43. Climate change will cause massive economic damage worldwide by 2050 mainly because _____. A. the average world temperature will increase much faster than expected B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and productivity C. big countries will experience economic crises due to more severe weather events D. tropical regions are unprepared to adapt to the damages caused by climate change 44. By “a disconcerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the author means _____. A. poor countries least responsible for emission will suffer most in economy B. it is projected that people in tropical countries will earn 60% less by 2050 C. higher-income countries are reluctant to invest in slowing global warming D. higher-emission countries are trying to justify their role in climate impacts 45. The PIK study arouses the public attention due to _____. A. its rigid climate impact forecasts B. its overall statistics and the severity of its findings C. its different approach to analyzing data D. its similar regional insights on economic damages 46. What does the PIK study imply? A. Fair policies should be established to avoid further rising of temperatures. B. Reducing gas emissions will benefit the environment but harm the economy. C. Inequality should be reduced through cooperation in fighting climate change. D. Wealthy countries should bear the whole cost of coping with global warming. 【答案】 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C 【导读】 本文主要介绍了波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）的一项关于气候变化对经济影响的研究。该研究预测到 2050 年，气候变化将造成约 38 万亿美元的年度损失，主要源于气温上升对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的影响，以及极端天气事件增多带来的成本增加。研究还指出，热带地区国家虽对碳排放贡献小，但将遭受比高收入、高排放国家更严重的经济损失，凸显了气候正义问题。PIK 研究因其全面数据分析和严峻预测而受关注，它倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，强调国际合作制定公平政策以应对气候变化带来的不平等。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The economic damage...primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure” 可知，到 2050 年气候变化将在全球范围内造成巨大经济损失，主要是因为气温上升会损害农业、基础设施和生产力，B 选项正确。A 选项文中未提及平均世界温度上升速度比预期快；C 选项不是因为大国因极端天气事件经历经济危机，而是全球范围的经济损失；D 选项热带地区国家因气候变化遭受损失是结果，不是造成全球经济损失的主要原因。所以答案是 B。 44. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “nations within the tropical regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries” 可知，“a disconcerting disparity” 指的是对排放责任最小的贫穷国家在经济上遭受的损失最大，A 选项正确。B 选项理解错误，不是热带国家人们收入减少 60%，而是遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%；C 选项和 D 选项文中未提及相关内容。所以答案是 A。 45. 细节理解题：根据第五段 “When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections” 可知，PIK 研究因其全面的统计数据和严峻的研究结果而引起公众关注，B 选项正确。A 选项 “rigid climate impact forecasts” 表述不准确；C 选项不是其分析数据的方法不同，而是分析全面；D 选项不是类似的区域见解，而是提供了更广泛的区域见解。所以答案是 B。 46. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change” 可知，PIK 研究暗示应通过合作应对气候变化来减少不平等，C 选项正确。A 选项避免温度进一步上升是要减少温室气体排放，而非建立公平政策；B 选项减少气体排放不仅对环境有益，从经济角度也是有利的；D 选项文中未提及富裕国家应承担应对全球变暖的全部成本。所以答案是 C。 【重点词块】 groundbreaking study 开创性研究 climate impact 气候影响 greenhouse emissions 温室气体排放 labor productivity 劳动生产率 climate justice 气候正义 renewable energy 可再生能源 socioeconomic consequences 社会经济后果 international cooperation 国际合作 【复杂句式】 1. “A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050.” 分析：句子主干是 “A recent groundbreaking study...forecasts massive financial damages”，“by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)” 作后置定语修饰 “study”，“due to climate change” 是原因状语，说明造成经济损失的原因；“projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，进一步说明研究预测的内容。 翻译：波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）最近的一项开创性研究预测，由于气候变化将造成巨大的经济损失，预计到 2050 年年度损失约为 38 万亿美元（3800 万亿）。 2. “The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid - century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure.” 分析：句子主干是 “The economic damage...primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact”，“estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid - century” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “The economic damage”，说明对经济损失的预估范围；“on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure” 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “impact”，表明影响的具体方面。 翻译：到本世纪中叶，经济损失预计在 19 万亿美元到 59 万亿美元之间，主要源于气温上升及其对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的后续影响。 3. “The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries.” 分析：冒号前是句子主干 “The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity”，冒号后是对 “disparity” 的具体解释。“nations within the tropical regions...are predicted to suffer income losses...” 是一个完整的句子，“within the tropical regions” 作后置定语修饰 “nations”，“which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions” 是定语从句，修饰 “nations within the tropical regions”；“60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries” 是比较结构，作后置定语修饰 “income losses”，将热带地区国家的收入损失与高收入、高排放国家进行比较。 翻译：研究结果揭示了一种令人不安的差距：热带地区国家对历史碳排放的贡献最小，但预计其遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%。 4. “The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels.” 分析：第一句中 “to avoid the worst of these economic damages” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明倡导减少温室气体排放的目的。第二句中 “that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous” 是宾语从句，作 “suggests” 的宾语；“as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels” 是原因状语从句，说明减缓气候变化在经济上有利的原因，其中 “associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “expenses”。 翻译：该研究强烈倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，以避免这些最严重的经济损失。它表明减缓气候变化不仅是道德和环境上的必要之举，在经济上也是有利的，因为不作为的成本远远高于将全球变暖控制在可管理水平所需的费用。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$