专题13 阅读理解说明文 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

专题13 阅读理解说明文 目录 题型综述 1 解题攻略 3 题型01 细节理解题 3 题型02 词句猜测题 4 题型03 判断推理题 6 题型04 主旨大意题 9 高考练场 11 · 题型简介 说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。 · 命题类型 · 细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。 · 推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。 · 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。 · 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。 · 解题思路 · 快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。 · 关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。 · 理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。 · 同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。 · 推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。 题型01 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 Students and teachers, as well as some parents, sit on two wooden benches running the length of the hallway of their school. They take turns reading from the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen, which translates from the Mohawk language to “Words before all else.” These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School. But the 60-odd students here wouldn’t understand these lessons if it weren’t for this little schoolhouse at the United States-Canada border. “This makes us who we are, and if we don’t have this, who are we going to be?” asks teacher Kawehnokwiiosthe, whose name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.” Kawehnokwiiosthe turns to her young pupils and states that they are wise, or age 5, Mohawk is the medium of education for students in every class from kindergarten to 8th grade. When a child asks a question in English, Kawehnokwiiosthe responds in Mohawk. Most parents pay for their children with a handmade quilt sold in August. The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. Students come from American and Canadian sides of the border, but the school has never accepted funds from either government, says Alvera Sargent, who heads the nonprofit Friends of the Akwesasne Freedom School and is one of the last first-language speakers of Mohawk. That makes her indispensable, says Waylon Cook, former teacher and now project manager of the school’s nonprofit arm. “We treasure our first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are so important for us to continue on our language.” 9．What is the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen about? A．A way of greeting. B．A way to start and end a day. C．Deep respect for the natural world. D．Old-fashioned business practices. 10．What can be learned about the school? A．It is headed by Waylon Cook currently. B．It is self-governed by the local community. C．It accepts kids from kindergarten to high school. D．It employs both English and Mohawk for teaching. 题型02 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 The popularity of Durian Personalities is also driven by the longing for depth and genuine emotion in modern society. Psychological research shows that with increasing reliance on social networks and instant messaging tools, shallow relationships have made many lose patience and ability for deep communication. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections. .......... 15．What does the underlined word “frivolous” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming. Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there’s a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.” The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse. .......... 30．What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3? A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree with Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. .......... 49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 题型03 判断推理题 推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 这类题目常见的设问方式有： 1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...?  2. The passage is intended to ... 3. The author suggests that ... 4. The story implies that… 5. Which point of view may the author agree to? 6. From the passage we can conclude that... 7. The purpose of the passage is to...。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out. In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful. “Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. 17．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers. C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition. 18．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4? A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs. B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs. C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings. D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study. 19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life? A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical. 20．Why does the author write the passage? A．To stress on the importance of hair protection. B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics. C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide. D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life. 题型04 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations. This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries. Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested. But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well. “Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity. “People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.” 41．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion. C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion. 44．What is the best title of the text? A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery. C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study. 题型01 细节理解题 （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. ...... 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. ....... 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 题型02 语意猜测题 （2025年嘉定一模） The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. （2025年虹口一模） But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic 题型03 判断推理题 （2025年徐汇一模） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” .......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025年静安一模） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). ....... 46. The passage is mainly about ________. A. ways to determine the real author of classic literary works B. the fights between Shakespeare’s supporters and his opponents C. doubts and proofs about the authorship of Shakespeare’s plays D. the criticism on Shakespeare’s plays and their values （2025年奉贤一模） For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. ........ 43. The passage mainly tells us ________. A. how pregnancy impacts women’s memory B. how brain scans lead to a breakthrough C. how puberty differs from pregnancy D. how brain changes during pregnancy A （2025年崇明一模） The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more. Recipients can be a news organization, an individual or a group of people. Each of the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal. The name of the year’s winner is on one side of the coin and the year is on the other. All winners are honored and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Columbia University, which was originally tasked with administering the award, and usually occurs in May. If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian-American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence. Pulitzer was born into a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way to America and built a career in journalism. He developed a reputation as an ambitious and energetic young journalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had become a publisher, and six years later he owned a newspaper company. In 1883 he purchased yet another newspaper. He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败). After a successful career in journalism, seven years before his death, Pulitzer wrote a will, leaving $2,000,000 to Columbia University. The money was to establish a school of journalism at Columbia and a set of awards. Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future. Faithfully following Pulitzer’s instructions, Columbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Today these awards are considered some of the most distinguished prizes in America. 36. What can be known about the Pulitzers? A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year. C. They are awarded worldwide. D. They go beyond journalism. 37. It can be inferred from the passage that Joseph Pulitzer _____. A. was humorous and courageous B. was raised up in a journalist’s family C. had a strong sense of justice D. sought a goal of producing wealth 38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly to _____. A. facilitate better journalism B. diversify ways of access to journalism C. support Columbia University D. stimulate people to become journalists 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Pulitzer Prizes: Joseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambition B. Pulitzer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest Honors C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards for Distinguished Journalists D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Columbia University B （2025年宝山一模） If you love beautiful scenery, then head for the national parks and monuments of Utah. Begin your trip in Arches National Park. Depicted (描绘) as a wonderland, Arches has more than 2,000 natural stone arches, the world's largest concentration. If you'd like a challenge, try the Fiery Furnace hike. You must go with a park guide as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrow rocks above drop-offs along with gaps to pull yourself up and through. Not far from Arches lies Canyon lands National Park. The most accessible area of the park is the Island in the Sky, a huge mesa (台地). Take the drive around the edge to get an amazing view of the surrounding area. From Grand View Point, you can take an easy two-mile hike that follows the edge of the mesa. It crosses a narrow point of land arriving at one of the most beautiful viewpoints in the world. Farther to the north is Dinosaur National Monument. Your first stop here should be the Quarry Exhibit Hall, where you can see a natural stone wall containing about 1,500 bones from dinosaurs that once walked in this region. After that, hike one of the park's many trails. Along some of them, you can see petroglyphs (岩画).These are designs and images that were carved into the stone walls by the Freemont people, who lived in this area from around 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D. If you wish to camp, stay overnight in the Split Mountain campground. During the evening, attend one of the night sky programs that are held after dark in the camping area. As you gaze up at the heavens, an expert will point out and discuss fascinating objects in the night sky. 36. What does the article imply about the Fiery Furnace hike? A. It leads to one of Utah's highest summits. B. It requires very little effort to complete. C. It's often closed to protect animals. D. It has complicated bends and turns. 37. What does the expert probably discuss during the program in the camping area? A. All kinds of insect life B. Planets, moon and stars C. Native bushes and flowers D. Interesting species of birds 38. In which publication would you most likely find this article? A. Popular Crafts and Hobbies B. American Literary Magazine C. Today's Guide to Investing D. Outdoor Recreation Digest C （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. Education plays a vital role in equipping people for certain jobs, but many young people find that even if they are qualified, the jobs are just not there. This was the situation that Rwandan entrepreneur (企业家) Noel Nizeyimana faced. When he graduated from university with a degree in soil and environmental science, he sent out application after application but received no job offers, so he turned to creating his own business. With three of his colleagues, he founded Greencare Rwanda Ltd., a company that transforms waste into products that can be used for various purposes. For example, one of the company’s programs processes waste and turns it into organic fertilizer used by local farmers. The company has also expanded into plastic recycling and produces paving materials from sand and plastic. Thus, Greencare Rwanda is providing materials for other industries as well. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme. This program is an attempt to reach the UN’s sustainable development goal of “decent work and economic growth.” The assistance definitely helped Greencare, which now produces 400 tons of fertilizer and 2,560 square meters of paving materials per year. It also employs 25 people, which shows that helping people start businesses provides work for more than just the person who receives the funds. All this raises the question of what more can be done to empower young people to start their own businesses. Providing funds to cover the initial costs, as the UN Youth Joint Programme did for Nizeyimana, is certainly important as the starting costs for businesses can be extremely high. Governments are sometimes hesitant to provide funds to startups because success is not guaranteed. Starting a business is risky, and nobody wants to waste money, but experts warn that governments should not enforce too many requirements. Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire. While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 44. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. is mentioned in the passage to show ________. A. why setting goals for the youths is necessary B. how the support from the UN programme works C. international funding’s success across all industries D. difficulties young graduates encounter in job hunting 45. The phrase “run counter to the desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________. A. opposing the general goal of supporting entrepreneurship B. conflicting with the hope of diverse and region-specific solutions C. going against the intention of providing equal opportunities for all D. supporting the idea of sustainable development and economic growth 46. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A. international funding helps build successful mutual trade B. education shoulders an ultimate responsibility in one’s career C. entrepreneurship eases joblessness and boosts community welfare D. unemployment is the primary cause of crime in developing countries D （2025年金山一模） Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-old who has followed decades of trying different diets and medications and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has become synonymous with celebrity weight loss. The effect is life-changing. It’s been reported that in the US, healthcare providers wrote more than nine million prescriptions (处方) for Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few months of 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass confusion around who should take them, whether the potential side effects are worth it, and whether people truly needing them can access and afford the limited supply. According to WHO, more than 890 million adults were living with diagnosed obesity in 2022. Their metabolic hormones can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bodies won’t respond. That’s where medication has been a game-changer. Ozempic was approved by the US FDA in 2017 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Novo Nordisk, tapped into the drug’s added benefit of triggering substantial weight loss, it soon produced several similar drugs. For most people, the doses need to continue indefinitely. Once someone stops taking the drug, his hunger signals can return to their baseline and the weight comes back. Apart from this downside, other side effects include a range of digestive issues and a possible risk of thoughts of self-harm or even suicide. Besides, no one can tell how this use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will mean in the long run. Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 43. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined phrase in paragraph 1? A. be keen on B. be equivalent to C. be suitable for D. be familiar with 44. Why do people without diabetes still take Ozempic after knowing all its downsides? A. Because they want to take it as a preventive measure against diabetes. B. Because they are not afraid of these yet unclear and uncertain side effects. C. Because they are desperate to lose weight or they will develop other health problems. D. Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such good results after the use. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题13 阅读理解说明文 目录 题型综述 1 解题攻略 3 题型01 细节理解题 3 题型02 词句猜测题 4 题型03 判断推理题 6 题型04 主旨大意题 9 高考练场 11 · 题型简介 说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。 · 命题类型 · 细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。 · 推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。 · 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。 · 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。 · 解题思路 · 快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。 · 关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。 · 理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。 · 同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。 · 推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。 题型01 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 Students and teachers, as well as some parents, sit on two wooden benches running the length of the hallway of their school. They take turns reading from the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen, which translates from the Mohawk language to “Words before all else.” These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School. But the 60-odd students here wouldn’t understand these lessons if it weren’t for this little schoolhouse at the United States-Canada border. “This makes us who we are, and if we don’t have this, who are we going to be?” asks teacher Kawehnokwiiosthe, whose name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.” Kawehnokwiiosthe turns to her young pupils and states that they are wise, or age 5, Mohawk is the medium of education for students in every class from kindergarten to 8th grade. When a child asks a question in English, Kawehnokwiiosthe responds in Mohawk. Most parents pay for their children with a handmade quilt sold in August. The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. Students come from American and Canadian sides of the border, but the school has never accepted funds from either government, says Alvera Sargent, who heads the nonprofit Friends of the Akwesasne Freedom School and is one of the last first-language speakers of Mohawk. That makes her indispensable, says Waylon Cook, former teacher and now project manager of the school’s nonprofit arm. “We treasure our first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are so important for us to continue on our language.” 9．What is the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen about? A．A way of greeting. B．A way to start and end a day. C．Deep respect for the natural world. D．Old-fashioned business practices. 10．What can be learned about the school? A．It is headed by Waylon Cook currently. B．It is self-governed by the local community. C．It accepts kids from kindergarten to high school. D．It employs both English and Mohawk for teaching. 【答案】9．C 10．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一所学校为了保护莫霍克语所付出的努力。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School. (这句表达对所有生命形式感激之情的话标志着阿克韦森自由学校一天的开始)”可知，Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen是关于对自然世界的深切尊重。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. (学校是以合作社的形式经营的，家长和学生一起做清洁和维护工作)”可知，这所学校由当地社区自治。故选B。 题型02 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 The popularity of Durian Personalities is also driven by the longing for depth and genuine emotion in modern society. Psychological research shows that with increasing reliance on social networks and instant messaging tools, shallow relationships have made many lose patience and ability for deep communication. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections. .......... 15．What does the underlined word “frivolous” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming. 【答案】 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“榴莲人格”以及其性格特点。 15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding(榴莲人格提供了一种治疗方法：它的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免……)”以及后文“social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections.(……社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系)”可知，榴莲人格的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免了不必要的社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系。故划线词意思是“不必要的”。故选B。 Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there’s a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.” The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse. .......... 30．What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3? A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree with 【答案】 30．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。 30．词句猜测题。根据前文“When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.(当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chime with是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。 Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. .......... 49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 【答案】49．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。 49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。 题型03 判断推理题 推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 这类题目常见的设问方式有： 1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...?  2. The passage is intended to ... 3. The author suggests that ... 4. The story implies that… 5. Which point of view may the author agree to? 6. From the passage we can conclude that... 7. The purpose of the passage is to...。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out. In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful. “Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. 17．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers. C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition. 18．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4? A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs. B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs. C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings. D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study. 19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life? A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical. 20．Why does the author write the passage? A．To stress on the importance of hair protection. B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics. C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide. D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life. 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。 17．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. (微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。 18．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. (仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。 19．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. (“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。 20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). (中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。 题型04 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations. This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries. Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested. But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well. “Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity. “People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.” 41．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion. C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion. 44．What is the best title of the text? A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery. C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study. 【答案】41．A 44．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。 41．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.(大脑是由吸震液保护的，在吸震液之外，还有头骨。在脑震荡中，大脑在头骨中反弹，加速，减速或旋转。这产生了一系列的影响。大脑中的神经元受到干扰，在这些神经元之间，轴突——传输电脉冲 的细纤维——伸展或断裂。在大脑内部，就像发生了一场地震。一切都还在，但道路和建筑地基上有裂缝。)”可知，第一段的主要讲的是脑震荡的机制，包括脑部在颅骨内的运动及其对神经元的影响。故选A项。 44．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”(Babul说：“遵循正确指导和管理的人往往会平静地康复，而那些不遵循正确指导和管理的人则会继续进行活动，继续给大脑带来负担，并可能出现长期持续的症状。”“关键是要立即意识到这一点，并知道该怎么做。”)”可知，文章主要讲的是脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。故这篇文章最好的标题是“从黑暗到光明：脑震荡的康复”。故选B项。 题型01 细节理解题 （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. ...... 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 【答案】43. C 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transition began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。 （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 【答案】43. C 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transition began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。 （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. ....... 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 【答案】43. D 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段 “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats.” 可知，Sonja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。 题型02 语意猜测题 （2025年嘉定一模） The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. 【答案】 44. C 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。 （2025年虹口一模） But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic 【答案】44. A 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details.(但存在trade-offs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-offs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。 题型03 判断推理题 （2025年徐汇一模） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. ....... 【答案】43. C 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything.(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。 （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” .......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism 【答案】 45. C 46. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。Chapman在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Robert Chapman被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025年静安一模） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). ....... 46. The passage is mainly about ________. A. ways to determine the real author of classic literary works B. the fights between Shakespeare’s supporters and his opponents C. doubts and proofs about the authorship of Shakespeare’s plays D. the criticism on Shakespeare’s plays and their values 【答案】 46. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. (大约在他死后150年，关于威廉·莎士比亚戏剧的作者的问题出现了。)”和第四段中“However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars argue that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. (然而，绝大多数研究莎士比亚的学者认为威廉·莎士比亚所有的戏剧都是他自己写的。)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。因此，文章主要是展现关于莎士比亚戏剧作者的怀疑和证据。故选C项。 （2025年奉贤一模） For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. ........ 43. The passage mainly tells us ________. A. how pregnancy impacts women’s memory B. how brain scans lead to a breakthrough C. how puberty differs from pregnancy D. how brain changes during pregnancy 【答案】43. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline.(科学家们首次在整个怀孕时间线上观察了大脑)”、第二段“Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does.(之前对怀孕前后的脑成像研究表明，怀孕会缩小大脑的某些部位，特别是灰质。大脑的这些外层负责大脑的大部分感觉、学习和其他伟大的事情)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。故选D。 A （2025年崇明一模） The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more. Recipients can be a news organization, an individual or a group of people. Each of the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal. The name of the year’s winner is on one side of the coin and the year is on the other. All winners are honored and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Columbia University, which was originally tasked with administering the award, and usually occurs in May. If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian-American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence. Pulitzer was born into a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way to America and built a career in journalism. He developed a reputation as an ambitious and energetic young journalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had become a publisher, and six years later he owned a newspaper company. In 1883 he purchased yet another newspaper. He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败). After a successful career in journalism, seven years before his death, Pulitzer wrote a will, leaving $2,000,000 to Columbia University. The money was to establish a school of journalism at Columbia and a set of awards. Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future. Faithfully following Pulitzer’s instructions, Columbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Today these awards are considered some of the most distinguished prizes in America. 36. What can be known about the Pulitzers? A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year. C. They are awarded worldwide. D. They go beyond journalism. 37. It can be inferred from the passage that Joseph Pulitzer _____. A. was humorous and courageous B. was raised up in a journalist’s family C. had a strong sense of justice D. sought a goal of producing wealth 38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly to _____. A. facilitate better journalism B. diversify ways of access to journalism C. support Columbia University D. stimulate people to become journalists 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Pulitzer Prizes: Joseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambition B. Pulitzer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest Honors C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards for Distinguished Journalists D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Columbia University 【答案】36. D 37. C 38. A 39. B 【导读】 本文介绍了普利策奖，它是美国在新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域颁发的奖项，涵盖 22 个类别。获奖者包括新闻机构、个人或团体，除公共服务奖外，其他 21 个奖项的获得者可获现金奖励和证书。该奖由匈牙利裔美国人约瑟夫・普利策设立，他在新闻领域取得成功后，留下 200 万美元给哥伦比亚大学，用于建立新闻学院和设立奖项，以提高新闻行业标准。1917 年，哥伦比亚大学首次颁发普利策奖，如今该奖已成为美国最杰出的奖项之一。 【解析】 36. 细节理解题： 根据第一段 “The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more.” 可知，普利策奖不仅涉及新闻领域，还包括书籍、戏剧、音乐等多个领域，D 选项 “它们超越了新闻领域” 正确。 A 选项，公共服务奖获得者获得的是普利策金牌而非现金奖励，所以 A 选项错误；B 选项，每年有 22 个奖项，而不是 21 个获奖者，所以 B 选项错误；C 选项，普利策奖是在美国国内颁发，并非全球范围，所以 C 选项错误。所以答案是 D。 37. 推理判断题： 由第三段 “He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败).” 可知，约瑟夫・普利策敢于公开反对腐败，这表明他有强烈的正义感，C 选项正确。 A 选项，文中未提及他幽默；B 选项，他出生于匈牙利的富裕家庭，并非新闻工作者家庭；D 选项，他设立奖项的目的是提高新闻行业标准，而非追求财富，所以 A、B、D 选项错误。所以答案是 C。 38. 细节理解题： 根据第四段 “Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future.” 可知，普利策设立奖项主要是为了促进更好的新闻工作，提高新闻行业标准，A 选项正确。 B 选项 “使进入新闻行业的方式多样化”，文中未提及；C 选项 “支持哥伦比亚大学”，设立奖项的主要目的不是支持大学，而是提高新闻标准；D 选项 “激励人们成为记者”，重点是激励记者追求卓越，而非激励人们成为记者，所以 B、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 A。 39. 主旨大意题： 文章介绍了普利策奖的设立背景、涵盖领域、奖项设置以及其意义，如今普利策奖被认为是美国最杰出的奖项之一，B 选项 “普利策奖：美国一些最伟大的荣誉” 能全面概括文章内容，正确。 A 选项 “普利策奖：约瑟夫・普利策的毕生抱负”，文章不仅仅围绕他的抱负展开；C 选项 “普利策奖：杰出记者的奖项”，普利策奖不仅针对记者，还涉及其他领域；D 选项 “普利策奖：哥伦比亚大学的年度活动”，这只是普利策奖颁奖的地点和形式，不能概括全文，所以 A、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 1. outstanding achievement 杰出成就 2. recipient 接受者 3. news agency 新闻机构 4. administer the award 管理奖项 5. take a public stand against 公开反对 6. write a will 立遗嘱 7. raise the standards of 提高…… 的标准 8. act as a stimulus 起到激励作用 【复杂句式】 1. The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music.” 分析：句子主干是 “The Pulitzers are American awards”，“given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “awards”，说明普利策奖是在美国国内为新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域杰出成就而设立的奖项。 翻译：普利策奖是在美国国内颁发的美国奖项，旨在表彰新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域的杰出成就。 2. “The twenty - second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal.” 分析：第一句是主从复合句，“The twenty - second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize” 是主句，“which is always given to a news agency” 是非限制性定语从句，对 “the Public Service Prize” 进行补充说明。第二句是简单句，“Instead of cash” 是状语，表明不是获得现金。 翻译：然而，第 22 个奖项是公共服务奖，该奖总是授予一家新闻机构。新闻机构获得的不是现金，而是普利策金牌。 3. “If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian - American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence.” 分析：这是一个虚拟条件句，“If it hadn’t been for...” 是对过去情况的虚拟，意思是 “如果不是……”，表示一种假设的情况，主句 “the awards would never have come into existence” 使用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构 “would + have + 过去分词”。 翻译：如果不是因为一位名叫约瑟夫・普利策的匈牙利裔美国人，这些奖项就永远不会存在。 4. “Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future.” 分析：第一句是简单句，“to raise the standards of journalism” 是动词不定式作表语，说明普利策的愿望。第二句是主从复合句，“He hoped” 是主句，“the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future” 是省略了引导词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “hoped” 的宾语，“to work for excellence” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明奖项对记者起到激励作用的目的。 翻译：普利策的愿望是提高新闻行业的标准。他希望这个奖项能激励记者们追求卓越 —— 无论是当时还是未来。 B （2025年宝山一模） If you love beautiful scenery, then head for the national parks and monuments of Utah. Begin your trip in Arches National Park. Depicted (描绘) as a wonderland, Arches has more than 2,000 natural stone arches, the world's largest concentration. If you'd like a challenge, try the Fiery Furnace hike. You must go with a park guide as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrow rocks above drop-offs along with gaps to pull yourself up and through. Not far from Arches lies Canyon lands National Park. The most accessible area of the park is the Island in the Sky, a huge mesa (台地). Take the drive around the edge to get an amazing view of the surrounding area. From Grand View Point, you can take an easy two-mile hike that follows the edge of the mesa. It crosses a narrow point of land arriving at one of the most beautiful viewpoints in the world. Farther to the north is Dinosaur National Monument. Your first stop here should be the Quarry Exhibit Hall, where you can see a natural stone wall containing about 1,500 bones from dinosaurs that once walked in this region. After that, hike one of the park's many trails. Along some of them, you can see petroglyphs (岩画).These are designs and images that were carved into the stone walls by the Freemont people, who lived in this area from around 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D. If you wish to camp, stay overnight in the Split Mountain campground. During the evening, attend one of the night sky programs that are held after dark in the camping area. As you gaze up at the heavens, an expert will point out and discuss fascinating objects in the night sky. 36. What does the article imply about the Fiery Furnace hike? A. It leads to one of Utah's highest summits. B. It requires very little effort to complete. C. It's often closed to protect animals. D. It has complicated bends and turns. 37. What does the expert probably discuss during the program in the camping area? A. All kinds of insect life B. Planets, moon and stars C. Native bushes and flowers D. Interesting species of birds 38. In which publication would you most likely find this article? A. Popular Crafts and Hobbies B. American Literary Magazine C. Today's Guide to Investing D. Outdoor Recreation Digest 答案 36. D 37. B 38. D 文章大意 文章是一篇旅游指南，介绍了犹他州的几个国家公园和纪念碑。首先推荐了拱门国家公园（Arches National Park），其中有 2000 多个天然石拱，还提到了具有挑战性的 Fiery Furnace 徒步路线。接着介绍了离拱门国家公园不远的峡谷地国家公园（Canyonlands National Park），重点讲了其中比较容易到达的天空之岛（Island in the Sky）以及在那里可以欣赏到的美景。最后介绍了更北边的恐龙国家纪念碑（Dinosaur National Monument），包括其中的采石场展览厅（Quarry Exhibit Hall）、徒步路线上的岩画以及露营活动和夜间观星项目。 答案解析 36 题 答案：D 解析：文章对 Fiery Furnace 徒步路线的描述是 “a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrow rocks above drop - offs along with gaps to pull yourself up and through”，意思是这条路线像迷宫一样，有狭窄的岩石、落差以及需要攀爬通过的缝隙。这些描述表明路线有复杂的弯道和转折，所以答案是 D。A 选项文中没有提到这条路线通向犹他州最高的山峰；B 选项从对路线像迷宫一样的描述可以推断出它并不容易完成，需要一定的努力；C 选项文中没有提及为保护动物而关闭该路线的内容。 37 题 答案：B 解析：根据文章内容 “During the evening, attend one of the night sky programs that are held after dark in the camping area. As you gaze up at the heavens, an expert will point out and discuss fascinating objects in the night sky.”，在露营地天黑后会有夜间观星项目，人们仰望天空时，专家会指出并讨论夜空中迷人的物体。所以可以推断专家讨论的应该是和天空有关的内容，选项中只有 B 选项 “行星、月亮和星星” 符合，A 选项昆虫、C 选项本土灌木和花卉、D 选项有趣的鸟类都与夜空中的物体无关。 38 题 答案：D 解析：文章主要内容是关于犹他州的国家公园和纪念碑，包括公园内的徒步路线、景点、露营等户外活动相关信息。A 选项《流行工艺与爱好》主要涉及手工制作和兴趣爱好方面的内容，与文章主题不符；B 选项《美国文学杂志》主要是文学作品相关内容；C 选项《今日投资指南》主要是关于投资的内容。只有 D 选项《户外休闲文摘》是关于户外休闲活动的刊物，所以答案是 D。 重点词块 natural stone arches：天然石拱 concentration：集中；聚集 labyrinth：迷宫 drop - offs：落差；陡坡 accessible area：容易到达的区域 mesa：台地 viewpoint：观点；视角；景点 petroglyphs：岩画 campground：露营地 night sky programs：夜空观测项目 复杂句式 1. “Depicted (描绘) as a wonderland, Arches has more than 2,000 natural stone arches, the world's largest concentration.” 分析：这是一个简单句，“Depicted (描绘) as a wonderland” 是过去分词短语作状语，用来描述 Arches National Park 的状态，相当于 “As it is depicted as a wonderland”；句子的主干是 “Arches has more than 2,000 natural stone arches”，“the world's largest concentration” 是同位语，对 “more than 2,000 natural stone arches” 进行补充说明。 翻译：拱门国家公园被描绘成一个仙境，拥有 2000 多个天然石拱，是世界上石拱最集中的地方。 2. “You must go with a park guide as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrow rocks above drop - offs along with gaps to pull yourself up and through.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“You must go with a park guide” 是主句；“as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫)” 是原因状语从句，说明需要和公园导游一起走的原因；“with narrow rocks above drop - offs along with gaps to pull yourself up and through” 是 “with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 结构，在句中作状语，对 “a labyrinth” 进行补充说明，其中 “to pull yourself up and through” 是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰 “gaps”。 翻译：你必须和一个公园导游一起走，因为这条徒步路线是一个迷宫，有落差上方狭窄的岩石，还有供你攀爬通过的缝隙。 3. “These are designs and images that were carved into the stone walls by the Freemont people, who lived in this area from around 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“These are designs and images” 是主句；“that were carved into the stone walls by the Freemont people” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “designs and images”，说明这些设计和图像是由 Freemont 人刻在石壁上的；“who lived in this area from around 200 A.D. to 1300 A.D.” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “the Freemont people”，说明 Freemont 人的居住时间。 翻译：这些是设计和图像，它们是由公元 200 年到 1300 年左右居住在这个地区的弗里蒙特人刻在石壁上的。 C （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. Education plays a vital role in equipping people for certain jobs, but many young people find that even if they are qualified, the jobs are just not there. This was the situation that Rwandan entrepreneur (企业家) Noel Nizeyimana faced. When he graduated from university with a degree in soil and environmental science, he sent out application after application but received no job offers, so he turned to creating his own business. With three of his colleagues, he founded Greencare Rwanda Ltd., a company that transforms waste into products that can be used for various purposes. For example, one of the company’s programs processes waste and turns it into organic fertilizer used by local farmers. The company has also expanded into plastic recycling and produces paving materials from sand and plastic. Thus, Greencare Rwanda is providing materials for other industries as well. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme. This program is an attempt to reach the UN’s sustainable development goal of “decent work and economic growth.” The assistance definitely helped Greencare, which now produces 400 tons of fertilizer and 2,560 square meters of paving materials per year. It also employs 25 people, which shows that helping people start businesses provides work for more than just the person who receives the funds. All this raises the question of what more can be done to empower young people to start their own businesses. Providing funds to cover the initial costs, as the UN Youth Joint Programme did for Nizeyimana, is certainly important as the starting costs for businesses can be extremely high. Governments are sometimes hesitant to provide funds to startups because success is not guaranteed. Starting a business is risky, and nobody wants to waste money, but experts warn that governments should not enforce too many requirements. Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire. While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 44. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. is mentioned in the passage to show ________. A. why setting goals for the youths is necessary B. how the support from the UN programme works C. international funding’s success across all industries D. difficulties young graduates encounter in job hunting 45. The phrase “run counter to the desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________. A. opposing the general goal of supporting entrepreneurship B. conflicting with the hope of diverse and region-specific solutions C. going against the intention of providing equal opportunities for all D. supporting the idea of sustainable development and economic growth 46. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A. international funding helps build successful mutual trade B. education shoulders an ultimate responsibility in one’s career C. entrepreneurship eases joblessness and boosts community welfare D. unemployment is the primary cause of crime in developing countries 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. B 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme.(Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 能够起步，很大程度上是由于从联合国青年联合计划获得了资金支持)”可知，提到Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 是为了展示联合国项目的支持效果。故选B。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire.(不同地区需要不同的方法，因此试图强加一套一刀切的要求可能run counter to the desire)”可推知，强调不同地区需要不同的方法，此处“run counter to the desire”指的是与希望采取多样化和地区特定解决方案的目标相矛盾。故选B。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities.(虽然解决失业问题还有其他方法，但鼓励年轻企业主是最有效的方法之一，尤其是当这些企业生产的产品真正帮助了当地社区时)”可推测，创业可以缓解失业问题并促进社区福利。故选C。 D （2025年金山一模） Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-old who has followed decades of trying different diets and medications and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has become synonymous with celebrity weight loss. The effect is life-changing. It’s been reported that in the US, healthcare providers wrote more than nine million prescriptions (处方) for Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few months of 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass confusion around who should take them, whether the potential side effects are worth it, and whether people truly needing them can access and afford the limited supply. According to WHO, more than 890 million adults were living with diagnosed obesity in 2022. Their metabolic hormones can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bodies won’t respond. That’s where medication has been a game-changer. Ozempic was approved by the US FDA in 2017 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Novo Nordisk, tapped into the drug’s added benefit of triggering substantial weight loss, it soon produced several similar drugs. For most people, the doses need to continue indefinitely. Once someone stops taking the drug, his hunger signals can return to their baseline and the weight comes back. Apart from this downside, other side effects include a range of digestive issues and a possible risk of thoughts of self-harm or even suicide. Besides, no one can tell how this use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will mean in the long run. Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 43. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined phrase in paragraph 1? A. be keen on B. be equivalent to C. be suitable for D. be familiar with 44. Why do people without diabetes still take Ozempic after knowing all its downsides? A. Because they want to take it as a preventive measure against diabetes. B. Because they are not afraid of these yet unclear and uncertain side effects. C. Because they are desperate to lose weight or they will develop other health problems. D. Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such good results after the use. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“The effect is life-changing.(其效果是改变生活)”以及最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”及倒数第二段“Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，Jennifer Blackburn因为服用Ozempic减掉了16公斤，且许多网红都服用药物成功，这种药物如今已经成为名人减肥的代名词。故划线词意思是“等同于，相当于”。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，没有糖尿病的人在知道Ozempic的副作用后还在服用它，因为他们被名人在使用后取得如此好的效果所诱惑。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，Jennifer Blackburn还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$