05高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之历史、社会与文化类-备战2025年高考

05高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之历史、社会与文化类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 命题趋势 注重能力考查：着重考查学生对语篇的理解能力、信息处理能力以及概括、推断等高阶思维能力。例如，要求学生根据文章内容推断作者的观点、态度，或者对文章的标题进行归纳总结等。 增加文化背景知识：随着全球化的发展，高考英语阅读理解中对文化背景知识的考查越来越多。学生需要了解不同国家和地区的历史、文化、社会等方面的知识，才能更好地理解文章内容。例如 2024 年高考英语新课标Ⅰ卷中出现了美国加利福尼亚州马林县的马林岬角和博利纳斯山脊等文化背景知识。 题型分布 细节理解题：仍然是考查的重点之一，要求学生能够准确地从文章中获取特定的信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点等。通常会以 wh - 问题的形式出现，如 what、who、where、when、why、how 等。 推理判断题：这类题型的比重有所增加，需要学生根据文章中的细节信息、逻辑关系以及作者的意图等进行合理的推理和判断。例如，根据文章中的描述推断某个事件可能产生的影响、作者对某一现象的态度等。 主旨大意题：包括对文章标题的归纳、文章主旨的概括等。要求学生能够理解文章的整体结构和核心内容，把握作者的写作目的和意图。 词义猜测题：会选取文章中的一些生词、短语或熟词生义的词汇，要求学生根据上下文的语境来猜测其含义。这需要学生具备较强的语境理解能力和词汇积累。 备考建议 积累文化背景知识：学生可以通过阅读英语课外读物、观看英语电影、纪录片等方式，了解英美等国家的历史、文化、社会等方面的知识，拓宽自己的文化视野。 提高阅读技巧：掌握略读、扫读、精读等阅读技巧，能够根据不同的文章类型和题目要求，灵活运用阅读技巧，提高阅读效率和答题准确性。例如，在做主旨大意题时，可以先快速浏览文章的首尾段和每段的首句，以获取文章的主旨大意；在做细节理解题时，可以运用扫读的技巧，快速定位到文章中的相关信息。 加强词汇积累：丰富的词汇量是阅读理解的基础。学生要注重词汇的积累，不仅要掌握单词的基本含义，还要了解其常见的搭配、用法以及在不同语境中的含义。同时，要注意积累一些与历史、社会、文化等相关的词汇和短语。 进行专项训练：针对历史、社会与文化类阅读理解题型，进行有针对性的专项训练，熟悉这类题型的命题特点和解题技巧，提高答题能力。在训练过程中，要认真分析错题，找出自己的不足之处，及时进行总结和改进。 解题技巧 细节理解题 这类题目主要考查对文章具体信息的理解。首先，要根据题目中的关键词定位到原文相关段落或句子。例如，题目问 “According to the passage, what was the main cause of the French Revolution?”，你可以在文章中寻找有关法国大革命原因的段落，可能会找到 “the heavy tax burden on the third estate” 等内容作为答案。同时，要注意选项中的干扰信息，有些选项可能会对原文信息进行错误表述、部分表述或张冠李戴。 推理判断题 这种题目需要在理解原文的基础上进行合理推理。推理要基于文章的事实和逻辑，不能过度猜测。比如，文章提到某个古代文明的城市规划非常先进，有完善的排水系统和道路网络，你可以推理出这个文明在工程技术和城市管理方面有较高的水平。在做这类题时，要注意选项中的结论是否与原文的主题和细节相符合，避免选择没有根据的选项。 主旨大意题 对于主旨大意题，要综合考虑文章的标题、开头、结尾和各段落的主题句。如果文章是总分总结构，主题句可能在开头或结尾；如果是分总结构，主题句一般在结尾。例如，一篇文章开头提出 “Social media has a profound impact on modern youth culture”，中间分别从社交方式、价值观形成、信息传播等方面阐述了社交媒体的影响，结尾总结了这种影响的复杂性，那么主旨大意就是社交媒体对现代青年文化的深远影响。同时，要排除选项中过于片面或与文章主要内容不符的内容。 观点态度题 要判断作者对所描述的历史事件、社会现象或文化内容的态度。注意文章中的措辞，如赞美性的词汇（“remarkable”“outstanding”）可能表示作者的肯定态度；批评性的词汇（“problematic”“harmful”）可能表示否定态度；而客观描述性的词汇（“describe”“illustrate”）较多时，可能表示作者持中立态度。例如，在一篇关于城市化（Urbanization）的文章中，作者如果使用了 “虽然城市化带来了一些环境问题，但也促进了经济发展和文化交流” 这样的表述，那么作者的态度可能是比较客观、辩证的。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高二上·河北张家口·期末）Mention the 1970s and most people will have an opinion. It was mixed up with memories of strikes, power cuts and bombs in London. Go deeper and there were plenty of pubs, televisions limited to three channels, and cinema chains that often changed their programs twice weekly, or had late night screenings. Best of all, though, was live music. Every town had its established site for touring bands but London enjoyed a large number of smaller locations that hosted rock, folk or jazz acts several nights a week. Many of these were Irish owned or managed, and part of a tradition where providing live music was part and parcel (主要) of running a pub. In fact, there were an awful lot of bands and singers you could see on a regular basis within 25 miles of London. Even better, you can go to many of the smaller sites for free. The concentration of so much of this in such a small geographical area was a comparatively recent development and can be traced to the impact the 1973 oil price hike had on the record industry. Against the background of the strikes and power cuts that everyone experienced, would-be rock stars found that touring up and down the UK in a truck and breakfast suddenly became expensive. It was hardly surprising that bands concentrated on sites closer to home to lower travel and accommodation costs. There were other factors at work too. It’s worth remembering that the London of the 1970s was a city with a steadily decreasing population. There were many empty houses as well as local authority flats that were “hard to let”, and commercial space too, which meant plenty of recording and rehearsing (排练) studios. 1．Why is the first paragraph written? A．To introduce the topic of discussion. B．To reveal the setting of a story. C．To explain a phenomenon in question, D．To provide evidence for a point of view. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．Each town had its own music band. B．Irish jazz music was the most popular. C．Music styles varied from area to area. D．Live music was performed in many pubs. 3．Why did many bands in the 1970s choose sites closer to their homes? A．To reduce travel and accommodation costs. B．To contribute to local entertainment industry. C．To take advantage of the cultural environment. D．To avoid being affected by strikes and power cuts. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The History of Live Music B．Live Music and the 1973 Oil Hike C．London’s Live Music in the 1970s D．Pub Culture Giving Rise to Live Music （二） （22-23高二上·四川绵阳·开学考试）It’s not easy being a teenager—nor is it easy being the parent of a teenager. You can make your child feel angry, hurt or misunderstood by what you say without realizing it yourself. It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while gently letting him know that you’ll still be there for him when he needs you. Expect a lot from your child, just not everything. Except for health and safety problems, such as drug use or careless driving, consider everything else open to discussion. If your child is unwilling to discuss something, don’t insist he should tell you what’s on his mind. The more you insist, the more likely that he’ll clam up. Instead, let him attempt to solve things by himself. At the same time, remind him that you’re always there for him, should he look for advice or help. Show respect for your teenager’s privacy. Never read his mail or listen to personal conversations. Teach your teenager that the family phone is for the whole family. If your child talks on the family’s telephone for too long, tell him he can talk for l5 minutes, but then he must stay off the phone for at least an equal period of time. This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, but teaches your teenager moderation (节制). Or if you are open to the idea, allow your teenager his own phone that he pays for with his own pocket money or a part-time job. 5．What is this text mainly about? A．Schooling. B．Parenting. C．House-keeping. D．Friend-making. 6．What does the phrase “clam up” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．become excited B．show respect C．refuse to talk D．seek help 7．By limiting their phoning time, the children are expected to learn to_____. A．have others in mind B．be the best of themselves C．spend more time to study D．communicate face-to-face 8．What’s the message for parents from this text? A．Watch their children closely all the time. B．Leave their children completely alone. C．Give their children enough freedom. D．Work together with the school. （三） （湖南省郴州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Dala horses, the brightly painted wooden horses, with their complex patterns, come from the Dalarna region and date back to the 1600s. Originally carved as toys, they gradually became the symbols of Swedish tradition over time. That was my first learning about Dala horses from a book on Swedish culture. While I didn’t fully understand the deeper meaning at that time, I was immediately drawn to their charm and uniqueness. When I was younger, I remember how excited I was when my parents took me to a craft workshop. I had seen these colorful horses in many places — on postcards, at the zoo and even in shops. But this time, I was going to create one myself. The process was so much fun! First, we started with a small wooden block. We used carving tools to carefully shape the wood into a horse. It was a bit tricky at first, and my hands were so shaky, but as I kept carving, the shape of the horse slowly started to appear. Once we were done carving, it was time to paint! I felt like an artist as I painted tiny flowers and swirls (旋涡) on its body. My horse was not perfect, but it felt like a masterpiece to me! I still remember how proud I felt holding the finished horse. Its patterns, painted in bright red, blue and yellow, looked like the Dala horses I had seen before. My parents told me that the colors and designs meant something special, and I could tell this little wooden horse had a bigger meaning than just being a decoration. Years later, I still have that Dala horse in my room. It’s a reminder of that wonderful day and my connection to Swedish traditions. The Dala horse is more than a piece of art — it’s a symbol of history, culture, and cherished memories. 9．Which is the true statement about the Dala horse? A．It was originally used as a decoration. B．It came from the Swedish region of Dalarna. C．It originated from a famous book in Swedish culture. D．It is a modern invention inspired by traditional wooden toys. 10．How did the author feel when he first learned about the Dala horse? A．Indifferent. B．Confused. C．Fascinated. D．Skeptical. 11．Why did the author like his Dala horse so much? A．His parents spoke highly of his remarkable carving skills. B．It served as a reminder of his bond with Swedish traditions. C．It approached an ideal state of perfection in form and detail. D．It exhibited a remarkable similarity to the ones on postcards. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Dala Horses: Carved from happiness B．Dala Horses: A Swedish Artistic Wonder C．Discovering the Beauty of Dala Horses’ Patterns D．The History and Making of Dala Horses in Sweden （四） （24-25高三上·广西·阶段练习）“Travel is the body on the road, while reading is the mind on the road. Both offer a way to satisfy our boundless curiosity,” said Ye Zi, a scholar, on the Chinese TV show I Read Books on an Island Season 3. Following two successful seasons, the reality show began airing its third season on Oct 17. It features some of China’s most celebrated writers, such as Yu Hua and Su Tong, who discuss their favorite literature on the show. While the last two seasons were set on islands in southern China, the third season sees the group of writers travel to Crete, the largest island in Greece and the cradle of European civilization. “Following these writers, the audience can experience the cultural exchanges between China and the West. We hope that the show can enable great literature from China and abroad to reach a wider audience,” Li Li, a producer of the show, told China Youth Daily. The show highlights how literature serves as a bridge connecting diverse cultures. When the group of writers saw a beautiful sunrise on Crete, they talked about how famous authors from China and the West wrote about sunrise. Despite their different cultural origins, these literary giants found common ground in nature’s beauty as a muse. Yu Hua also reflected on the difference between Chinese and Western literary tradition, saying that the sun often symbolizes love in Western literature, while for Chinese writers, the moon stands for love. “Greece used to exist only in my imagination and the books I read. Setting foot in the country brought all my imagination to life,” Su Tong shared in the first episode of the show with excitement. As he wandered around historical sites in Crete, he established a real connection with the wonders of Greek literature. This demonstrates the close relationship between travel and literature. Places mentioned in literature now serve as popular destinations for tourists, offering them the chance to immerse themselves in the worlds they’ve read about. “I Read Books on an Island offers a space for authors, readers and literary works to meet each other,” Yu Hua said in the show. Delving into the world of literature, we can build a spiritual connection with ourselves and the world around us. 13．What do we know about I Read Books on an Island Season 3? A．It is a bestseller in the third season. B．It is set on the largest European islands. C．Cross-cultural communication is shown in it. D．Some writers celebrated their success in the show. 14．What does the underlined word “muse” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Civilization. B．Inspiration. C．Occasion. D．Interaction. 15．What made Su Tong excited according to paragraph 4? A．Travelling to Greece caught his imagination. B．What had existed in the books became reality. C．Su Tong was able to immerse himself in literature. D．Some wonders of Greek were established in historical sites. 16．What can be the best title of the text? A．Travel for a “Bridge”. B．Journey to the Sunrise. C．Literature in My heart. D．Reading On-island Books. 真题再现 （一） （2019·全国·高考真题）Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that. The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street. This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny. This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling. 17．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s? A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential. 18．What did street sales mean to newspapers? A．They would be priced higher. B．They would disappear from cities. C．They could have more readers. D．They could regain public trust. 19．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at? A．Local politicians. B．Common people. C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen. 20．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper? A．It was a difficult process. B．It was a temporary success. C．It was a robbery of the poor. D．It was a disaster for printers. （二） （2009·江西·高考真题）    New archaeological discovers suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began in some form many countries earlier than once thought. The findings, coupled with a widening range of scientific and historical research, could add a fascinating new page to the epic of the Silk Road.     The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt. Other research may extend human activity along this route back even further, perhaps a million years to the migration of human ancestors into eastern Asia.     The official origin of East-West commerce along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wu-di returned from a dangerous secret mission (使命) across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia. The agent, Zhang Qian, travelled as far as Afghanistan and brought back knowledge of even more distant lands such as Persia, Syria and a place known as Lijien, perhaps Rome. Historians have called this one of the most important journeys in ancient times. His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect contacts between the ancient world’s two superpowers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to central Asian tribes for war horses and to the Parthians of old Persia in exchange for acrobats and ostrich eggs, was soon finding its way through a network of merchants to the luxury markets of Rome.     But the new discoveries show that Chinese silk was apparently present in the West long before the Han emperor started organized trade over the Silk Road. The research could change thinking about the early history of world trade and provide insights into the mystery of just how and when Europe and the Mediterranean lands first became aware of the glorious culture at the other end of Eurasia. 21．The word “coupled” in the first paragraph could best be replaced by ______. A．produced B．contributed C．doubled D．combined 22．The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy suggests that ______. A．Egyptians had probably travelled to China to buy silk B．trade along the Silk Road began earlier than once thought C．historical research often achieves fascinating results D．new light can now be thrown on ancient trading practices 23．Until recently most historians believed that trade along the Silk Road _______. A．originated in the 2nd century BC B．extended human migration into eastern Asia C．began a million years ago D．primarily benefited the Egyptians 24．Historians have always considered Zhang Qian’s mission important because they believe ______. A．he brought back knowledge of Rome to the emperor B．he discovered the Silk Road C．he helped establish East-West trade D．he travelled as far as Afghanistan （三） （2012·辽宁·高考真题）If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It's nothing personal. Most Americans don't even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. But this doesn't mean that Americans don't care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually include Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks(缺陷)of Western philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. So the old thinker's ideas are still alive and well. Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. 25．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to______________. A．provide some key facts about Confucius B．attract the readers' interest in the subject C．show great respect for the ancient thinker D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations 26．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students___________. A．have a great interest in studying Chinese B．take an active part in Chinese competitions C．try to get high scores in Chinese exams D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese 27．What is the best title for the passage? A．Forgotten Wisdom in America B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language C．Chinese Culture for Westerners D．Old Thinker with a Big Future 28．The passage is likely to appear in__________. A．a personal biography B．a history paper C．a cultural newspaper D．a philosophy textbook （四） （2018·江苏·高考真题）If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 29．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．the progress made in car industry B．a special feature of agriculture C．a trend of development in agriculture D．the importance of investing in car industry 30．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. B．Technology is vital for agricultural development. C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. 31．What is the difficulty for those new famers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To hire good farm managers. C．To have farms of their own. D．To win old farmers’ support. 32．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy? A．Seek support beyond NYFC． B．Expand farmland conservation. C．Become members of NYFC． D．Invest more to improve technology. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 05高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之历史、社会与文化类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 命题趋势 注重能力考查：着重考查学生对语篇的理解能力、信息处理能力以及概括、推断等高阶思维能力。例如，要求学生根据文章内容推断作者的观点、态度，或者对文章的标题进行归纳总结等。 增加文化背景知识：随着全球化的发展，高考英语阅读理解中对文化背景知识的考查越来越多。学生需要了解不同国家和地区的历史、文化、社会等方面的知识，才能更好地理解文章内容。例如 2024 年高考英语新课标Ⅰ卷中出现了美国加利福尼亚州马林县的马林岬角和博利纳斯山脊等文化背景知识。 题型分布 细节理解题：仍然是考查的重点之一，要求学生能够准确地从文章中获取特定的信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点等。通常会以 wh - 问题的形式出现，如 what、who、where、when、why、how 等。 推理判断题：这类题型的比重有所增加，需要学生根据文章中的细节信息、逻辑关系以及作者的意图等进行合理的推理和判断。例如，根据文章中的描述推断某个事件可能产生的影响、作者对某一现象的态度等。 主旨大意题：包括对文章标题的归纳、文章主旨的概括等。要求学生能够理解文章的整体结构和核心内容，把握作者的写作目的和意图。 词义猜测题：会选取文章中的一些生词、短语或熟词生义的词汇，要求学生根据上下文的语境来猜测其含义。这需要学生具备较强的语境理解能力和词汇积累。 备考建议 积累文化背景知识：学生可以通过阅读英语课外读物、观看英语电影、纪录片等方式，了解英美等国家的历史、文化、社会等方面的知识，拓宽自己的文化视野。 提高阅读技巧：掌握略读、扫读、精读等阅读技巧，能够根据不同的文章类型和题目要求，灵活运用阅读技巧，提高阅读效率和答题准确性。例如，在做主旨大意题时，可以先快速浏览文章的首尾段和每段的首句，以获取文章的主旨大意；在做细节理解题时，可以运用扫读的技巧，快速定位到文章中的相关信息。 加强词汇积累：丰富的词汇量是阅读理解的基础。学生要注重词汇的积累，不仅要掌握单词的基本含义，还要了解其常见的搭配、用法以及在不同语境中的含义。同时，要注意积累一些与历史、社会、文化等相关的词汇和短语。 进行专项训练：针对历史、社会与文化类阅读理解题型，进行有针对性的专项训练，熟悉这类题型的命题特点和解题技巧，提高答题能力。在训练过程中，要认真分析错题，找出自己的不足之处，及时进行总结和改进。 解题技巧 细节理解题 这类题目主要考查对文章具体信息的理解。首先，要根据题目中的关键词定位到原文相关段落或句子。例如，题目问 “According to the passage, what was the main cause of the French Revolution?”，你可以在文章中寻找有关法国大革命原因的段落，可能会找到 “the heavy tax burden on the third estate” 等内容作为答案。同时，要注意选项中的干扰信息，有些选项可能会对原文信息进行错误表述、部分表述或张冠李戴。 推理判断题 这种题目需要在理解原文的基础上进行合理推理。推理要基于文章的事实和逻辑，不能过度猜测。比如，文章提到某个古代文明的城市规划非常先进，有完善的排水系统和道路网络，你可以推理出这个文明在工程技术和城市管理方面有较高的水平。在做这类题时，要注意选项中的结论是否与原文的主题和细节相符合，避免选择没有根据的选项。 主旨大意题 对于主旨大意题，要综合考虑文章的标题、开头、结尾和各段落的主题句。如果文章是总分总结构，主题句可能在开头或结尾；如果是分总结构，主题句一般在结尾。例如，一篇文章开头提出 “Social media has a profound impact on modern youth culture”，中间分别从社交方式、价值观形成、信息传播等方面阐述了社交媒体的影响，结尾总结了这种影响的复杂性，那么主旨大意就是社交媒体对现代青年文化的深远影响。同时，要排除选项中过于片面或与文章主要内容不符的内容。 观点态度题 要判断作者对所描述的历史事件、社会现象或文化内容的态度。注意文章中的措辞，如赞美性的词汇（“remarkable”“outstanding”）可能表示作者的肯定态度；批评性的词汇（“problematic”“harmful”）可能表示否定态度；而客观描述性的词汇（“describe”“illustrate”）较多时，可能表示作者持中立态度。例如，在一篇关于城市化（Urbanization）的文章中，作者如果使用了 “虽然城市化带来了一些环境问题，但也促进了经济发展和文化交流” 这样的表述，那么作者的态度可能是比较客观、辩证的。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高二上·河北张家口·期末）Mention the 1970s and most people will have an opinion. It was mixed up with memories of strikes, power cuts and bombs in London. Go deeper and there were plenty of pubs, televisions limited to three channels, and cinema chains that often changed their programs twice weekly, or had late night screenings. Best of all, though, was live music. Every town had its established site for touring bands but London enjoyed a large number of smaller locations that hosted rock, folk or jazz acts several nights a week. Many of these were Irish owned or managed, and part of a tradition where providing live music was part and parcel (主要) of running a pub. In fact, there were an awful lot of bands and singers you could see on a regular basis within 25 miles of London. Even better, you can go to many of the smaller sites for free. The concentration of so much of this in such a small geographical area was a comparatively recent development and can be traced to the impact the 1973 oil price hike had on the record industry. Against the background of the strikes and power cuts that everyone experienced, would-be rock stars found that touring up and down the UK in a truck and breakfast suddenly became expensive. It was hardly surprising that bands concentrated on sites closer to home to lower travel and accommodation costs. There were other factors at work too. It’s worth remembering that the London of the 1970s was a city with a steadily decreasing population. There were many empty houses as well as local authority flats that were “hard to let”, and commercial space too, which meant plenty of recording and rehearsing (排练) studios. 1．Why is the first paragraph written? A．To introduce the topic of discussion. B．To reveal the setting of a story. C．To explain a phenomenon in question, D．To provide evidence for a point of view. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．Each town had its own music band. B．Irish jazz music was the most popular. C．Music styles varied from area to area. D．Live music was performed in many pubs. 3．Why did many bands in the 1970s choose sites closer to their homes? A．To reduce travel and accommodation costs. B．To contribute to local entertainment industry. C．To take advantage of the cultural environment. D．To avoid being affected by strikes and power cuts. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The History of Live Music B．Live Music and the 1973 Oil Hike C．London’s Live Music in the 1970s D．Pub Culture Giving Rise to Live Music 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了20世纪70年代伦敦现场音乐演出盛行的现象，并分析了该现象背后的原因。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Mention the 1970s and most people will have an opinion. It was mixed up with memories of strikes, power cuts and bombs in London. Go deeper and there were plenty of pubs, televisions limited to three channels, and cinema chains that often changed their programs twice weekly, or had late night screenings. Best of all, though, was live music. (提到20世纪70年代，大多数人都会有自己的看法。它混杂着对伦敦罢工、停电和炸弹袭击的记忆。再往深处走，你会发现那里有很多酒吧，只有三个频道的电视，以及经常每周换两次节目或深夜放映的连锁电影院。不过最棒的是现场音乐表演)”可知，本段先描述人们对20世纪70年代的各种印象，然后引出当时最好的是现场音乐这一话题，为后文围绕70年代伦敦现场音乐展开讨论做铺垫。由此可知，本段是为了引出讨论的话题。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Every town had its established site for touring bands but London enjoyed a large number of smaller locations that hosted rock, folk or jazz acts several nights a week. Many of these were Irish owned or managed, and part of a tradition where providing live music was part and parcel (主要) of running a pub. (每个城镇都有固定的乐队巡演场地，但伦敦有很多小场地，每周有几个晚上会举办摇滚、民谣或爵士表演。其中许多都是爱尔兰人拥有或管理的，这是传统的一部分，提供现场音乐是经营酒吧的重要组成部分)”可知，每周在伦敦的很多小场地都有各种现场音乐表演，酒吧提供现场音乐是一项重要传统。由此可知，很多酒吧都有现场音乐表演。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“It was hardly surprising that bands concentrated on sites closer to home to lower travel and accommodation costs. (不足为奇的是，乐队集中在离家更近的地方来降低出行和住宿费用)”可知，当时乐队选择离家近的演出场地是为了降低出行和住宿费用。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Mention the 1970s and most people will have an opinion. (提到20世纪70年代，大多数人都会有自己的看法)”和“Best of all, though, was live music. (不过最棒的是现场音乐表演)”可知，文章主要围绕20世纪70年代伦敦的现场音乐展开，讲述了当时伦敦现场音乐演出盛行，并分析了该现象背后的原因。因此，C项“20世纪70年代的伦敦现场音乐”最能概括文章主要内容，作为标题最合适。故选C项。 （二） （22-23高二上·四川绵阳·开学考试）It’s not easy being a teenager—nor is it easy being the parent of a teenager. You can make your child feel angry, hurt or misunderstood by what you say without realizing it yourself. It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while gently letting him know that you’ll still be there for him when he needs you. Expect a lot from your child, just not everything. Except for health and safety problems, such as drug use or careless driving, consider everything else open to discussion. If your child is unwilling to discuss something, don’t insist he should tell you what’s on his mind. The more you insist, the more likely that he’ll clam up. Instead, let him attempt to solve things by himself. At the same time, remind him that you’re always there for him, should he look for advice or help. Show respect for your teenager’s privacy. Never read his mail or listen to personal conversations. Teach your teenager that the family phone is for the whole family. If your child talks on the family’s telephone for too long, tell him he can talk for l5 minutes, but then he must stay off the phone for at least an equal period of time. This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, but teaches your teenager moderation (节制). Or if you are open to the idea, allow your teenager his own phone that he pays for with his own pocket money or a part-time job. 5．What is this text mainly about? A．Schooling. B．Parenting. C．House-keeping. D．Friend-making. 6．What does the phrase “clam up” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．become excited B．show respect C．refuse to talk D．seek help 7．By limiting their phoning time, the children are expected to learn to_____. A．have others in mind B．be the best of themselves C．spend more time to study D．communicate face-to-face 8．What’s the message for parents from this text? A．Watch their children closely all the time. B．Leave their children completely alone. C．Give their children enough freedom. D．Work together with the school. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍如何为人父母。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“It’s not easy being a teenager—nor is it easy being the parent of a teenager. You can make your child feel angry, hurt or misunderstood by what you say without realizing it yourself. It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while gently letting him know that you’ll still be there for him when he needs you.”(做一个青少年并不容易，做一个青少年的家长也不容易。你可以让你的孩子因为你说的话而感到生气、受伤或误解，而你自己却没有意识到这一点。给你的孩子成长所需要的空间，同时温柔地让他知道当他需要你的时候你仍然会在他身边，这一点很重要。)可知，这篇文章主要讲述如何为人父母。故选B。 6．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If your child is unwilling to discuss something, don’t insist he should tell you what’s on his mind. The more you insist, the more likely that he’ll clam up.”(如果你的孩子不愿意讨论一些事情，不要坚持让他告诉你他的想法。你越是坚持，他就越有可能clam up。)可知，clam up是指孩子在不愿意讨论一些事情，而家长却坚持要求他说的时候的反应，所以clam up应该是“守口如瓶，不愿意说”的意思，和C选项意思一致。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, but teaches your teenager moderation (节制).”(这不仅解放了线路，让其他的家庭成员可以打电话和接听，同时也教给你的青少年要节制。)可知，父母限制孩子打电话的时间，可以让孩子们知道，家里其他人也需要接打电话，让他们学会为别人考虑。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Or if you are open to the idea, allow your teenager his own phone that he pays for with his own pocket money or a part-time job.”(或者，如果你对这个想法持开放态度，让你的孩子拥有自己的手机，他可以用自己的零花钱或者兼职来支付。)可知，在有一定的条件的情况下，父母可以给孩子足够的自由。故选C。 （三） （湖南省郴州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末英语试卷）Dala horses, the brightly painted wooden horses, with their complex patterns, come from the Dalarna region and date back to the 1600s. Originally carved as toys, they gradually became the symbols of Swedish tradition over time. That was my first learning about Dala horses from a book on Swedish culture. While I didn’t fully understand the deeper meaning at that time, I was immediately drawn to their charm and uniqueness. When I was younger, I remember how excited I was when my parents took me to a craft workshop. I had seen these colorful horses in many places — on postcards, at the zoo and even in shops. But this time, I was going to create one myself. The process was so much fun! First, we started with a small wooden block. We used carving tools to carefully shape the wood into a horse. It was a bit tricky at first, and my hands were so shaky, but as I kept carving, the shape of the horse slowly started to appear. Once we were done carving, it was time to paint! I felt like an artist as I painted tiny flowers and swirls (旋涡) on its body. My horse was not perfect, but it felt like a masterpiece to me! I still remember how proud I felt holding the finished horse. Its patterns, painted in bright red, blue and yellow, looked like the Dala horses I had seen before. My parents told me that the colors and designs meant something special, and I could tell this little wooden horse had a bigger meaning than just being a decoration. Years later, I still have that Dala horse in my room. It’s a reminder of that wonderful day and my connection to Swedish traditions. The Dala horse is more than a piece of art — it’s a symbol of history, culture, and cherished memories. 9．Which is the true statement about the Dala horse? A．It was originally used as a decoration. B．It came from the Swedish region of Dalarna. C．It originated from a famous book in Swedish culture. D．It is a modern invention inspired by traditional wooden toys. 10．How did the author feel when he first learned about the Dala horse? A．Indifferent. B．Confused. C．Fascinated. D．Skeptical. 11．Why did the author like his Dala horse so much? A．His parents spoke highly of his remarkable carving skills. B．It served as a reminder of his bond with Swedish traditions. C．It approached an ideal state of perfection in form and detail. D．It exhibited a remarkable similarity to the ones on postcards. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Dala Horses: Carved from happiness B．Dala Horses: A Swedish Artistic Wonder C．Discovering the Beauty of Dala Horses’ Patterns D．The History and Making of Dala Horses in Sweden 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．B 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者从书中了解到瑞典达拉木马，对其产生兴趣，之后在手工坊亲手制作达拉木马，这一经历不仅让作者感受到制作的乐趣，更让作者体会到它所承载的瑞典传统文化。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Dala horses, the brightly painted wooden horses, with their complex patterns, come from the Dalarna region and date back to the 1600s. Originally carved as toys, they gradually became the symbols of Swedish tradition over time.(达拉木马，这些色彩鲜艳、图案复杂的木马，来自达拉纳地区，可追溯到17世纪。最初被雕刻成玩具，随着时间的推移，它们逐渐成为瑞典传统的象征)”可知，达拉木马来自瑞典的达拉纳地区。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That was my first learning about Dala horses from a book on Swedish culture. While I didn’t fully understand the deeper meaning at that time, I was immediately drawn to their charm and uniqueness.(那是我第一次从一本关于瑞典文化的书中了解到达拉木马。虽然当时我并没有完全理解其深层含义，但我立刻被它们的魅力和独特性所吸引)”可知，作者第一次了解到达拉木马时，被它们的魅力和独特性所吸引，即感到着迷。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Years later, I still have that Dala horse in my room. It’s a reminder of that wonderful day and my connection to Swedish traditions.(多年后，我的房间里还放着那匹达拉木马。它让我想起了那个美好的日子，以及我与瑞典传统的联系)”可推知，作者非常喜欢他的达拉木马，因为它提醒着作者与瑞典传统的联系。故选B项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Dala horses, the brightly painted wooden horses, with their complex patterns, come from the Dalarna region and date back to the 1600s.(达拉木马，这些色彩鲜艳、图案复杂的木马，来自达拉纳地区，可追溯到17世纪)”和最后一段“Years later, I still have that Dala horse in my room. It’s a reminder of that wonderful day and my connection to Swedish traditions. The Dala horse is more than a piece of art — it’s a symbol of history, culture, and cherished memories.(多年后，我房间里仍然有那匹达拉木马。它让我想起那个美好的日子以及我与瑞典传统的联系。达拉木马不仅仅是一件艺术品——它是历史、文化和珍贵记忆的象征)”可知，介绍了达拉木马的起源，讲述作者了解并亲手制作达拉木马的经历，最后强调它不仅是一件艺术品，更是瑞典历史文化和珍贵回忆的象征。由此可知，B项“Dala Horses: A Swedish Artistic Wonder(达拉木马：瑞典的艺术奇迹)”适合作文章标题。故选B项。 （四） （24-25高三上·广西·阶段练习）“Travel is the body on the road, while reading is the mind on the road. Both offer a way to satisfy our boundless curiosity,” said Ye Zi, a scholar, on the Chinese TV show I Read Books on an Island Season 3. Following two successful seasons, the reality show began airing its third season on Oct 17. It features some of China’s most celebrated writers, such as Yu Hua and Su Tong, who discuss their favorite literature on the show. While the last two seasons were set on islands in southern China, the third season sees the group of writers travel to Crete, the largest island in Greece and the cradle of European civilization. “Following these writers, the audience can experience the cultural exchanges between China and the West. We hope that the show can enable great literature from China and abroad to reach a wider audience,” Li Li, a producer of the show, told China Youth Daily. The show highlights how literature serves as a bridge connecting diverse cultures. When the group of writers saw a beautiful sunrise on Crete, they talked about how famous authors from China and the West wrote about sunrise. Despite their different cultural origins, these literary giants found common ground in nature’s beauty as a muse. Yu Hua also reflected on the difference between Chinese and Western literary tradition, saying that the sun often symbolizes love in Western literature, while for Chinese writers, the moon stands for love. “Greece used to exist only in my imagination and the books I read. Setting foot in the country brought all my imagination to life,” Su Tong shared in the first episode of the show with excitement. As he wandered around historical sites in Crete, he established a real connection with the wonders of Greek literature. This demonstrates the close relationship between travel and literature. Places mentioned in literature now serve as popular destinations for tourists, offering them the chance to immerse themselves in the worlds they’ve read about. “I Read Books on an Island offers a space for authors, readers and literary works to meet each other,” Yu Hua said in the show. Delving into the world of literature, we can build a spiritual connection with ourselves and the world around us. 13．What do we know about I Read Books on an Island Season 3? A．It is a bestseller in the third season. B．It is set on the largest European islands. C．Cross-cultural communication is shown in it. D．Some writers celebrated their success in the show. 14．What does the underlined word “muse” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Civilization. B．Inspiration. C．Occasion. D．Interaction. 15．What made Su Tong excited according to paragraph 4? A．Travelling to Greece caught his imagination. B．What had existed in the books became reality. C．Su Tong was able to immerse himself in literature. D．Some wonders of Greek were established in historical sites. 16．What can be the best title of the text? A．Travel for a “Bridge”. B．Journey to the Sunrise. C．Literature in My heart. D．Reading On-island Books. 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．B 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国电视节目《我在岛屿读书》第三季的相关内容，包括节目特点、文化背景以及文学与旅行之间的关系。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Following these writers, the audience can experience the cultural exchanges between China and the West.(跟随这些作家，观众可以体验中西方文化交流)”可知，《我在岛屿读书》第三季展示了跨文化交流。故选C项。 14．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在部分“When the group of writers saw a beautiful sunrise on Crete, they talked about how famous authors from China and the West wrote about sunrise. Despite their different cultural origins, these literary giants found common ground in nature’s beauty as a muse.(当这群作家在克里特岛看到美丽的日出时，他们谈到了来自中国和西方的著名作家是如何写日出的。尽管他们的文化渊源不同，但这些文学巨人找到了共同点——以自然之美作为muse)”中和“how famous authors from China and the West wrote about sunrise”和“common ground”可推知，中西方著名作家都会描写自然之美，将其视为“灵感”，这是他们的共同点。故划线词muse意思是“灵感”，与Inspiration同义。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“‘Greece used to exist only in my imagination and the books I read. Setting foot in the country brought all my imagination to life,’ Su Tong shared in the first episode of the show with excitement.(‘希腊过去只存在于我的想象和我读过的书中。踏上这片土地，让我的所有想象都活了起来，’苏童在节目的第一集兴奋地分享道)”可知，书中存在的东西变成了现实，这让苏童感到兴奋。故选B项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“‘Travel is the body on the road, while reading is the mind on the road. Both offer a way to satisfy our boundless curiosity,’ said Ye Zi, a scholar, on the Chinese TV show I Read Books on an Island Season 3.(学者叶子在中国电视节目《我在岛上读书》第三季中说，旅行是身体在路上，而阅读是心灵在路上。两者都提供了一种满足我们无限好奇心的方式)”和第三段中“The show highlights how literature serves as a bridge connecting diverse cultures.(这个节目突出了文学如何成为连接不同文化的桥梁)”可知，文章围绕《我在岛屿读书》第三季展开，重点阐述了节目展现出的文学作为连接不同文化的桥梁这一作用，以及旅行与文学之间的紧密联系等，A选项 “Travel for a ‘Bridge’.(旅行搭建‘桥梁’)” 能够很好地概括文章主旨，体现出通过旅行来搭建文化交流的“桥梁”这一核心内容。故选A项。 真题再现 （一） （2019·全国·高考真题）Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that. The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street. This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny. This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling. 17．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s? A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential. 18．What did street sales mean to newspapers? A．They would be priced higher. B．They would disappear from cities. C．They could have more readers. D．They could regain public trust. 19．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at? A．Local politicians. B．Common people. C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen. 20．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper? A．It was a difficult process. B．It was a temporary success. C．It was a robbery of the poor. D．It was a disaster for printers. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．B 20．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了面向大众的“便士报纸”的诞生历史。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中的In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding.可知，在19世纪30年代之前，只有大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，视觉上令人望而却步。故那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A. Academic学术的；B. Unattractive没有吸引力，无魅力的；C. Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的；D. Confidential机密的，保密的。故A、C和D是错误的，只有B符合对19世纪30年代之前的报纸的描述，故选B。 18．推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜，更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸；再结合第三段中间的within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities.可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见，而且很便宜，大家都负担得起，所以街头销售意味着读报纸的人多了。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据第二段中的The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众，在街上就可以买得到。故选B。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中The new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.可知，“便士报纸”一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。故选A。 （二） （2009·江西·高考真题）    New archaeological discovers suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began in some form many countries earlier than once thought. The findings, coupled with a widening range of scientific and historical research, could add a fascinating new page to the epic of the Silk Road.     The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt. Other research may extend human activity along this route back even further, perhaps a million years to the migration of human ancestors into eastern Asia.     The official origin of East-West commerce along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wu-di returned from a dangerous secret mission (使命) across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia. The agent, Zhang Qian, travelled as far as Afghanistan and brought back knowledge of even more distant lands such as Persia, Syria and a place known as Lijien, perhaps Rome. Historians have called this one of the most important journeys in ancient times. His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect contacts between the ancient world’s two superpowers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to central Asian tribes for war horses and to the Parthians of old Persia in exchange for acrobats and ostrich eggs, was soon finding its way through a network of merchants to the luxury markets of Rome.     But the new discoveries show that Chinese silk was apparently present in the West long before the Han emperor started organized trade over the Silk Road. The research could change thinking about the early history of world trade and provide insights into the mystery of just how and when Europe and the Mediterranean lands first became aware of the glorious culture at the other end of Eurasia. 21．The word “coupled” in the first paragraph could best be replaced by ______. A．produced B．contributed C．doubled D．combined 22．The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy suggests that ______. A．Egyptians had probably travelled to China to buy silk B．trade along the Silk Road began earlier than once thought C．historical research often achieves fascinating results D．new light can now be thrown on ancient trading practices 23．Until recently most historians believed that trade along the Silk Road _______. A．originated in the 2nd century BC B．extended human migration into eastern Asia C．began a million years ago D．primarily benefited the Egyptians 24．Historians have always considered Zhang Qian’s mission important because they believe ______. A．he brought back knowledge of Rome to the emperor B．he discovered the Silk Road C．he helped establish East-West trade D．he travelled as far as Afghanistan 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．A 24．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的考古发现，亚洲与欧洲之间通过“丝绸之路”进行贸易很可能在曾经认为的时间以前就已经在某些国家之间先开始了。 21．词句猜测题。划线词前“The findings”指上一句提到的“新的考古发现”，由此可以推断，本句意为：这些新的发现“连同”大范围的科学和历史研究，可以为丝绸之路史诗增添迷人的新一页。所以coupled可以用combined替代。故选D项。 22．推理判断题。结合第一段第一句“New archaeological discovers suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began in some form many countries earlier than once thought.(新的考古发现表明，亚洲与欧洲之间通过‘丝绸之路’进行贸易很可能在曾经认为的时间以前就已经在某些国家之间先开始了)”以及第二段第一句“The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt.(最新且最令人惊讶的发现源自于一具公元前1000年的埃及木乃伊的头发中发现的丝绸，这个时间远远早于通常认为的丝绸之路上交通的时间，同时这也将先前认为的在埃及最早使用丝绸的时间向前推了至少一千年)”可知，在一具埃及木乃伊的头发中发现的丝绸表明丝绸之路的贸易开始得比人们想象的还要早。故选B项。 23．细节理解题。结合第三段“The official origin of East-West commerce along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wu-di returned from a dangerous secret mission (使命) across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia.(东西方沿丝绸之路的贸易的官方起源通常认为是公元前2世纪末期，当时中国汉武帝的一位使者执行完一项危险的秘密使命后穿过沙漠回到远在亚洲中部的内地)”可知，大多数历史学家认为丝绸之路上的贸易起源于公元前2世纪。故选A项。 24．推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect contacts between the ancient world’s two superpowers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to central Asian tribes for war horses and to the Parthians of old Persia in exchange for acrobats and ostrich eggs, was soon finding its way through a network of merchants to the luxury markets of Rome.(他的这次旅行开辟了古代世界的两个超级大国，中国与罗马之间普遍认为的第一次间接接触。中国的丝绸第一次被运到中亚部落中，用来换取战马，运到古波斯的帕提亚人那里，换取杂技技术和鸵鸟蛋，中国丝绸很快通过商人形成的网络进入到专供罗马奢侈品的市场)”可推测，历史学家认为张骞出使西域帮助建立了东西方的贸易往来。故选C项。 （三） （2012·辽宁·高考真题）If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It's nothing personal. Most Americans don't even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. But this doesn't mean that Americans don't care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually include Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks(缺陷)of Western philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. So the old thinker's ideas are still alive and well. Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. 25．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to______________. A．provide some key facts about Confucius B．attract the readers' interest in the subject C．show great respect for the ancient thinker D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations 26．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students___________. A．have a great interest in studying Chinese B．take an active part in Chinese competitions C．try to get high scores in Chinese exams D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese 27．What is the best title for the passage? A．Forgotten Wisdom in America B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language C．Chinese Culture for Westerners D．Old Thinker with a Big Future 28．The passage is likely to appear in__________. A．a personal biography B．a history paper C．a cultural newspaper D．a philosophy textbook 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D 28．C 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了西方学生热烈学习中国文化的现象，并告诉我们中国古代伟大的思想家——孔子的思想仍然受到人们的追捧。 25．推理判断题。根据第一段“If Confucius(孔子) were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He’d need a strong wind to help him put them out.(如果孔子仍然活着并能用一个很大的蛋糕庆祝他9月28日的生日的话，将会有很多的蜡烛。他需要很大的风才能吹灭)”可知，作者是以孔子生日这个话题，吸引读者的兴趣，引出本文要讨论的真正话题。故选B。 26．推理判断题。根据第四段中的In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.(在过去的20年里，中国的研究项目在西方大学里非常受欢迎)和Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese.(与此同时，美国的学生也在竞相学习中文)可知，美国学生对中国文化很感兴趣。故选A。 27．主旨大意题。本文主要向我们介绍了孔子思想对西方的影响，以及将来可能产生的影响。由此可知，D项Old Thinker with a Big Future(前程远大的老思想家)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 28．推理判断题。文章主要讲的是中国的思想家孔子及其所代表的东方文化仍然被西方所推崇，而并没有讲孔子这个人具体如何，也没有谈及历史或者哲学内容，由此可推断这篇文章更可能出现在报纸上，故正确答案为C。 （四） （2018·江苏·高考真题）If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 29．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．the progress made in car industry B．a special feature of agriculture C．a trend of development in agriculture D．the importance of investing in car industry 30．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. B．Technology is vital for agricultural development. C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. 31．What is the difficulty for those new famers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To hire good farm managers. C．To have farms of their own. D．To win old farmers’ support. 32．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy? A．Seek support beyond NYFC． B．Expand farmland conservation. C．Become members of NYFC． D．Invest more to improve technology. 【答案】29．B 30．D 31．C 32．A 【分析】本文为说明文。文章作者作为全国青年农民联盟（NYFC）的联合创始人，分析了美国小农场的特点及目前美国小农场所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展 29．推理判断题。根据文章第一句话If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies.可知，一般人不可能影响到汽车工业，而根据第二句话的but 可知，农业和工业是不同的，接下来就介绍了农业不同于工业的地方，故B正确。 30．推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二句It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California.可以，推知新农具使小农场收获绿色蔬菜的效率提高，降低了收获成本，再根据最后一句But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.，小农场价格与大农场价格接近和小农场产品更新鲜的特点，这使得小农场相对于大农场有了一些相对的优势，故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。 32．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds.可知，NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，寻求确保不同背景的新农民的成功的政策等，所以为了保证农业经济的可持续发展农民需要寻求NYFC以外的很多方面的支持。故选A。 点睛：根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。本题中的第二小题是推理判断题，即根据例子判断作者想要解释什么，根据原文根据文章第二段可知一位年轻的农民发明了一件新农具，再根据第二句It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California.可以，推知新农具使小农场收获绿色蔬菜的效率提高，降低了收获成本，再根据最后一句，小农场价格与大农场价格接近和小农场产品更新鲜的特点，这使得小农场相对于大农场有了一些相对的优势，故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$