焦点 04 阅读理解之说明文-备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训（江苏无锡）

焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A The snake comes sixth in the Chinese Zodiac (生肖). In Western culture, snakes are usually considered dark and terrible such as The Farmer and the Viper (《农夫与蛇》), and Voldemort, the main bad character in Harry Potter, whose true form is a snake. It’s not hard to understand. Because snakes, with their strange look and sound, are not exactly cute. But believe it or not, in traditional Chinese culture, snakes are actually a symbol of something good. In Chinese folk stories, for example, the creator of man is a goddess named Nüwa, who had a human head and the body of a snake. She created humans with the yellow earth. Nüwa was kind, peace-loving and brave. She lost her life to mend (修补) the broken sky. In China, the snake is also known as xiaolong, the little dragon. Because in Chinese culture, a snake is believed to be like dragons in some way, which may explain why the snake comes right after the dragon in the Chinese Zodiac. 1．What are snakes like in western culture? A．Kind and brave. B．Smart and beautiful. C．Dark and terrible. D．Ugly and scary. 2．Who had a human head and the body of a snake? A．Voldemort. B．Harry Potter. C．The farmer. D．Nüwa. 3．In which part of a magazine can we see the text? A．Culture. B．Education. C．Nature. D．Travel. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】文化差异、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蛇在中西方文化中的不同形象和象征意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In Western culture, snakes are usually considered dark and terrible”可知，在西方文化中，蛇通常被认为是黑暗而可怕的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In Chinese folk stories, for example, the creator of man is a goddess named Nüwa, who had a human head and the body of a snake.”可知，女娲的形象是人首蛇身。故选D。 3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了蛇在中西方文化中的不同形象和象征意义，属于文化范畴。故选A。 B Bi Sheng was born in the Song Dynasty. He lived in a small village which lies in Huanggang today. He invented the printing around 600 AD．He is the world’s first inventor of the printing. It is about 400 years earlier than the printing in Germany. The printing is also called the movable type printing (活字印刷). But how did it work in the past? First of all, the clay was made into movable types. Then words were engraved (雕刻) carefully onto the types. After that the words were chosen and put in right order in a box (方框) according to the text. Next, the workers brushed ink (墨) onto the movable types. Finally, the types could be used for printing. They could be used again and again for different books. The movable type printing plays an important role in Chinese culture. With the help of it, Chinese culture spread around the world more quickly. At the same time, the movable type printing was widely used in the world at that time. As a result, more and more culture communication among countries took place. The movable type printing, the compass (指南针), gunpowder (火药) and the paper—making are called “Four Great Inventions of Ancient China”. They make China own an important and even top position in the history of human civilization (文明). 1．When was the movable type printing invented? A．About 600 years ago. B．Around 600 AD． C．Before the Song Dynasty. D．About 400 years ago. 2．What should the workers do after the words were chosen and put in right order? A．Brush ink onto the types. B．Make the clay into movable types. C．Print by using the types. D．Engrave words onto the types. 3．How many steps of the movable type printing are mentioned in the text? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Four great inventions and their position in the history. B．How the movable type printing worked in the past. C．The movable type printing and its importance. D．How Bi Sheng invented the movable type printing. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【难度】0.85 【知识点】发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了活字印刷术的发明及其在文化交流中的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据“He invented the printing around 600 AD.”可知，活字印刷术大约创立于公元600年。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“After that the words were chosen and put in right order in a box according to the text. Next, the workers brushed ink onto the movable types.”可知，按照顺序排列后，需要刷墨水，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“First of all, ...Then...After that...Next...Finally...”可知，一共有五个步骤，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据“The printing is also called the movable type printing. But how did it work in the past?”及“The movable type printing plays an important role in Chinese culture.”可知，文章主要介绍了活字印刷术及其对文化交流的重要性。故选C。 C People know animals do have feelings, but they are not sure if these feelings are correctly understood. In recent years, scientists have done research about the feelings of cows, frogs and pandas. A new study adds chickens to the list. It says that humans can tell whether a chicken is happy or sad by listening to its calls. The researchers put a bowl behind a door. Inside the bowl, sometimes, there was something chickens love to eat, such as rice or insects. Sometimes, there was nothing. When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds at once, known as food calls. They also kept the sounds for some time. When there wasn’t food, the chickens made low and long noises to express disappointment. The researchers recorded all these sounds and studied their waves. Then the researchers chose 16 recordings of such chicken noises. Half were from the chickens seeing the food and half were from the chickens finding no food. The recordings were played to 194 volunteers. Sixty-nine percent of the volunteers correctly understood whether the chickens were feeling happy or not, and some of them even had no experience of taking care of chickens. The result shows that humans have the natural ability to understand the feelings of chickens. Hopefully, this finding can bring about new technology to help with chicken raising, a big industry in many countries. Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program that can identify chickens’ feelings. This is good news for farmers who want to make the birds happier and healthier. 1．Which of the following questions can be answered in Paragraph 1? ① Whether animals have feelings?      ② How many kinds of animals have feelings? ③ Why do scientists do research on animals in recent years? ④ How can we know animals’ feelings? A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④ 2．Which is most probably the sound wave of a happy call by a chicken? A． B． C． D． *s stands for sound, and t stands for time 3．What does the underlined word “identify” mean in Paragraph 4? A．控制 B．隐藏 C．识别 D．记录 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Animals’ Food Calls B．Happy Chickens, Sad Chickens C．Farmers’ Best Choice D．Smart Farmers, Healthy Farmers 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【难度】0.85 【知识点】常见动物、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类可以通过鸡的叫声来判断它是快乐还是悲伤。 1．细节理解题。根据“People know animals do have feelings”可知，动物是有感情的；根据“but they are not sure if these feelings are correctly understood.”可知，近年来，科学家们对动物进行研究是想确定我们理解的感情是否正确。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds at once, known as food calls. They also kept the sounds for some time.”可知，当鸡高兴时会立即发出快速而响亮的声音，并且这种声音会持续一段时间。选项D符合“快速而响亮”这一描述。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program”和“This is good news for farmers who want to make the birds happier and healthier.”可知，科学家已经在研究一种可以识别鸡的情感的智能计算机程序，识别鸡的情绪，农民就能让这种禽类更开心和更健康。划线单词意思为“识别”。故选C。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了人类可以通过鸡的叫声来判断它是快乐还是悲伤。选项B“快乐的鸡，悲伤的鸡”最适合当标题。故选B。 【提升题】 A Nina is reading a book about endangered natural and cultural destinations (目的地) in the world. The writer wants the book to be a hopeful call to action. Let’s visit some of these places. The ancient city of Venice, Italy has long been threatened (威胁) by rising sea levels. The situation is made worse by the fact that its ancient buildings are slowly sinking. When the city was founded about 1,600 years ago, the level of the Adriatic Sea was almost 2 metres lower than it is today. Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro in northeastern Tanzania, is the highest point in Africa. The mountain supports 5 plant areas and many kinds of animals. The ice glaciers (冰川) on the mountain are disappearing very quickly. This will have a bad effect on the mountain’s ecosystems (生态系统) and on Tanzania’s travel industry. Glacier National Park In the US, the icy blocks in Glacier National Park may soon completely disappear because of weather change. In 1850, there were about 150 glaciers. There are 26 glaciers remaining today. Scientists say the glaciers will be gone by 2030. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest coral reef (珊瑚礁) system in the world. Rising sea temperatures are greatly harming the reef. In some areas, healthy yellow, brown and green reefs have become white, which is bad for the whole ecosystem of this special underwater area. 1．What has threatened the ancient city of Venice? A．The ancient buildings. B．Rising sea levels. C．A body of water. D．The Adriatic Sea. 2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Asia. B．There are 150 glaciers remaining today in Glacier National Park. C．Warmer temperature is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef. D．All the above have glaciers and have effects on the ecosystems. 3．What is the probable name of the book? A．Magic Places B．On the Journey C．Disappearing Destinations D．Cultures and Customs 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】说明文、景点/建筑 【导语】本文主要介绍了世界上濒临灭绝的自然和文化景点。 1．细节理解题。根据“The ancient city of Venice, Italy has long been threatened by rising sea levels.”可知，海平面上升威胁到了威尼斯古城。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“Rising sea temperatures are greatly harming the reef.”可知，气温升高对大堡礁有害。故选C。 3．推理判断题。通读全文并根据“Nina is reading a book about endangered natural and cultural destinations in the world.”可知，这本书与世界上濒临灭绝的自然和文化景点有关。选项C“消失的目的地”适合当这本书的名字。故选C。 B When you’re feeling down, the right song can make you smile. It can also calm you down when you’re worried. Music may also help make your brain work better. It may even help keep you healthy. Why does music have these powers? It may be because people’s bodies have natural rhythms! (节奏). Different kinds of music can influence you in different ways. Most stores play soft music because soft music can make people relaxed and stay longer in a shop. And the longer shoppers stay in a store, the more things they buy in it. So stores try to play soft music to make people buy more things. For sick people, music can help make them get well again. Doctors believe that music is just as important as medicine in t... patients. When you’re sick, try to listen to the soft and relaxing music. If you’re upset, play a favorite song and tell someone how it makes you feel. A group of sad teenagers shared their favorite song with each other. Each teen explained why he or she liked the song. After talking about it, the teenagers said they felt better. Many studies have tried to explain how music influences learning. Don Campbell, an expert on the powers of music, believes music can make people, even babies, smarter, healthier and better. Not everyone believes it. And people believe more research is needed to prove (证明) that music has these influences. 1．Music is able to change how you feel and make your brain work better because ________. A．people’s bodies have natural rhythms B．people like listening to music C．music changes the way we think D．music can serve as a kind of medicine 2．Why do most stores play soft music? A．Because they want people to be happy. B．Because they want people to buy more things. C．Because they want people to be healthy. D．Because they want people to calm down. 3．What is the proper word in the sentence “Doctors believe that music is just as important as medicine in t… patients”? A．teaching B．tying C．treating D．taking 4．What is Campbell’s idea? A．We should listen to music while studying. B．Music has a lot of bad influences on children’s health. C．We shouldn’t make children listen to a lot of music. D．Music can make people feel better. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文介绍了音乐对人们情绪和健康的积极影响，并探讨了音乐为何具有这样的力量。 1．细节理解题。根据“Why does music have these powers? It may be because people’s bodies have natural rhythms!”可知，音乐能够改变你的感受并使你的大脑更好地工作，因为人的身体有自然的节奏。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Most stores play soft music because soft music can make people relaxed and stay longer in a shop. And the longer shoppers stay in a store, the more things they buy in it.”可知，商店播放轻音乐是因为这能让顾客更放松并在店内停留更长时间，从而购买更多东西。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Doctors believe that music is just as important as medicine in t… patients.”可知，这里说音乐像药物一样在治疗病人方面很重要，因此合适的词是“treating”，即治疗。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“Don Campbell, an expert on the powers of music, believes music can make people, even babies, smarter, healthier and better.”可知，Campbell认为音乐可以让人感觉更好。故选D。 C “Your personality has three different layers (层),” says Robyn Fivush, a psychologist at Emory University. First, there are your most basic personality traits (特征), including how open you are to new experiences, and whether you like to be with other people or prefer to be alone, and how stressed out you get in challenging situations. Your basic traits are pretty obvious (明显的) even when you’re a baby. “Some babies are a little bit fussier or a little bit more active or a little bit more smiley. Those can develop into more stable personality traits,” Fivush says. “They stay pretty much the same as you grow up.” The next layer of your personality is your experiences. If your family is loving and responsive when you’re a baby, that teaches you “the world is a safe and trusting place, I’m going to be OK, my needs are going to be met, and if anything bad happens, I have people to take care of me,” Fivush says. That feeling of trust and security lasts for your whole life, and it tends to make you more confident and capable of dealing with difficulties when you are an adult. “The third layer is the stories you tell about yourself,” Fivush says. “We all tell stories about our lives, both to ourselves and to other people. Those stories give meaning to your experiences. They can be stories about your own life—like how much you loved your science teacher, what a great time you had when she helped you with your science fair project, and how that made you want to be a scientist. But your family’s stories are equally important.” Knowing about how your parents met, or what your grandmother’s childhood was like, helps you see where you come from. And talking with your family about both the happy and sad times you’ve experienced can help you understand those events more clearly and learn different ways to deal with challenges. Family stories don’t just teach you who you are—they help you figure out who you want to be. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is one of a person’s most basic personality traits? A．Being open to new experiences. B．Growing up in a wealthy family. C．Sharing family stories with teachers. D．Understanding events in an easy way. 2．How do our basic personality traits develop according to Robyn Fivush? A．They change completely as we grow up. B．They are influenced only by our experiences. C．They stay almost the same from when we are babies. D．They are formed by the stories we tell about ourselves. 3．What will a man most probably be like if he grows up in a loving family? A．Confident. B．Generous. C．Honest. D．Helpful. 4．Why are family stories important? A．Because they can make your dream come true. B．Because they can make you feel happy and relaxed. C．Because they can help you understand who you want to be. D．Because they can help you deal with any difficulties you meet. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、说明文、外貌与性格 【导语】本文主要介绍了人的个性养成的三个不同的层次。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“First, there are your most basic personality traits (特征), including how open you are to new experiences”可知，最基本的性格特征之一是对新体验的开放性。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fivush says. ‘They stay pretty much the same as you grow up.’”可知，按照Robyn Fivush的观点，基本性格特征从婴儿时期开始几乎保持不变。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“That feeling of trust and security lasts for your whole life, and it tends to make you more confident and capable of dealing with difficulties when you are an adult.”可知，来自有爱的家庭的人会更有信心和能力去应对困难。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Family stories don’t just teach you who you are—they help you figure out who you want to be.”可知，家庭故事帮助我们了解自身想成为怎样的人。故选C。 【拔高题】 A While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some students at White Cloud Primary School. They became the world’s first kids to be taught by an electronic teacher. This electronic teacher is not a human-like robot walking around the classroom. Instead, he is a computer-created head that appears, when needed, on students’ computer or phone screens. His name is Bill. Created by technology company Smart Machines. Bill is able to show human-like behavior. He is designed to teach a special program about environmental-friendly power created by the sun and wind. This program, started in 2005, used to be taught by human teachers. Just like human teachers, Bill is able to immediately respond to the student’s questions and opinions about the topic. Thanks to computer cameras, he is also able to see and react to students’ exchange helps get the students attention. More importantly, it allows the program developers to improve Bill’s behavior and knowledge base when needed. The program has been a great success, according to Smart Machines spokesman Robert Frost. Frost says, “What is interesting to me is the children’s reaction to Bill. He really captures their attention.” Frost thinks kids don’t find the experience of being taught by smart machines as strange as older people because they have grown up in a time of computers and smart phones. It is doubtful, however, that human educators will lose their jobs to Bill any time soon. For one, this talking head’s knowledge base is not large. More importantly, even the smartest computer programs can’t guess and react to all the unexpected situations that educators face daily. Bill’s future might be as a “personal tutor”, providing kids with one-on-one help for different subjects and topics. 1．How does the two-way exchange help the program developers? A．It lets them correct students’ mistakes. B．It allows Bill to respond more quickly. C．It helps them know how to improve Bill. D．It helps them study students’ body language. 2．The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．kids B．older people C．smart machines D．program developers 3．What is Bill NOT good at doing? A．Attracting students’ attention. B．Understanding body language C．Responding to students questions. D．Dealing with unexpected situations. 4．How might Bill be used in the future according to the last paragraph? A．To work as human classroom teachers. B．To encourage students’ interest in computers C．To give students personal help with different subjects. D．To watch over the behavior of the students in the classroom. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科学技术、教育、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇教育文化类阅读，主要介绍了电子教师Bill在白云小学上课的情况，以及人们对它的质疑等等。 1．细节理解题。根据“More importantly, it allows the program developers to improve Bill’s behavior and knowledge base when needed.”可知，这种双向交流的方式有助于程序开发者去做进一步的改进。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据“Frost thinks kids don’t find the experience of being taught by smart machines as strange as older people because they have grown up in a time of computers and smart phones.”可知，孩子们是在电脑和智能手机的时代长大的，they指代前面出现的孩子。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“More importantly, even the smartest computer programs can’t guess and react to all the unexpected situations that educators face daily.”可知，最聪明的电脑程序也不能应对突发状况。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“Bill’s future might be as a ‘personal tutor’, providing kids with one-on-one help for different subjects and topics.”可知，Bill将来可能被用作一个“私人导师”，一对一地帮助孩子们的各个科目。故选C。 B Carving (雕刻) is a highly valued art in Lanzhou, Gansu’s capital. It has been practiced for over a thousand years. The artists carve thin-skinned egg gourds (葫芦) from the area, requiring great skill to avoid breaking the piece. Lanzhou’s gourd carving started during the Wei and Jin dynasties (220-420) when gourds were used for wine along the ancient Silk Road. Over time, the simple act of painting turned into detailed carving and painting, becoming a job for many during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911). In modern China, this art form was gradually forgotten. Ruan Xiyue, born in 1987, has been perfecting her skill for over ten years, a tradition in her family for four generations. Her right hand is bigger and rougher (粗糙的) from years of carving, showing her dedication to the art. The popularity of the game “Travel Frog” among young people inspired her to create a Utopian (乌托邦) world with the frog’s image. Ruan uses gourds as a canvas (画布) and gradually other creative products. She creates gourd mirrors, accessories (配饰), tea sets, bag, and more.   As culture becomes a part of daily life and gets public attention, an increasing number of people are learning Lanzhou gourd carving from Ruan. Since the beginning of this year, she has welcomed over 1,000 visitors per week for study tours. Ruan said that many children are amazed by gourd carving and say, “No wonder this is intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产)”, which deeply moves her. Inspired by Ruan Xiyue, her mother, Ruan Lin, is now learning to use social media to connect with the younger generation and provide technical guidance for her daughter’s projects. “When many hands come together, the flame of culture burns brighter,” said Ruan Lin. 1．What can we know about the egg gourds from the passage? A．They are highly valued for its shape. B．They are difficult to carve due to their thin skin. C．They were introduced to China from the Silk Road. 2．The underlined word “dedication” in the third paragraph means ________. A．奉献 B．理解 C．模仿 3．Which statement is TRUE about Ruan? A．She was born in a family of gourd planting. B．The game “Travel Frog” is an inspiration to her. C．Ruan’s father provides technical guidance for her projects online. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．Chinese Carving, experiencing a revival (复兴) B．Lanzhou’s traditional art, getting tons of attention C．Ruan Xiyue, making a difference to Lanzhou gourd carving 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】其他著名人物、中华文化、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文， 主要讲述了阮熙越对兰州葫芦雕刻的影响和贡献。 1．细节理解题。根据“The artists carve thin-skinned egg gourds (葫芦) from the area, requiring great skill to avoid breaking the piece.”可知，由于兰州葫芦的皮很薄，很难雕刻。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Her right hand is bigger and rougher (粗糙的) from years of carving, showing her dedication to the art.”可知，此处指她粗糙的手是对于雕刻艺术的奉献。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“The popularity of the game ‘Travel Frog’ among young people inspired her to create a Utopian (乌托邦) world with the frog’s image. Ruan uses gourds as a canvas (画布) and gradually other creative products. She creates gourd mirrors, accessories (配饰), tea sets, bag, and more.”可知，“旅行青蛙”这个游戏启发了阮熙越。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知， 文章主要讲述了阮熙越对兰州葫芦雕刻的影响和贡献。选项C“阮熙越，为兰州葫芦雕刻添砖加瓦”符合。故选C。 C Just like our bodies produce waste every day, our brains also produce harmful waste proteins (蛋白质). The body can be washed regularly, but what about the brain? A 2013 study might get the answer. Researchers at the University of Rochester in the US studied the brains of mice and discovered that they cleaned themselves while the mice were sleeping. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (脑脊液) in the brain was found to increase noticeably during sleep, washing away waste proteins that had been building up between brain cells during waking hours. This study showed that the brain worked differently when asleep and when awake. This may also explain why we can’t seem to think clearly after a sleepless night, while a good night’s sleep leaves us feeling sharp and refreshed. Another study, published on Oct 31, 2019 in Science, dug a little deeper into our brains’ self-cleaning process. This time, humans were tested instead of mice. Researchers at Boston University in the US observed the brain waves of 13 healthy adults while they were sleeping. They found that every 20 seconds, blood flew out of the brain, making room for a large amount of CSF to come in and “clean”. This process was related to the change in the brain’s slow waves—an electrical activity that happens when we are in deep sleep. Although they were still unsure about how these brain activities were connected, it was exciting enough to find that they were connected. It allowed scientists to piece together possible new explanations for misunderstood diseases. For example, slow-wave sleep has been proven to play a role in strengthening our memories. This may explain why people with Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病), whose memories are disordered, often have fewer and weaker slow brainwaves. Based on the 2019 study about CSF, there could be one more explanation for Alzheimer’s: The diseased brains are not clean. Maybe the most important take-home message of the findings is that sleep is a serious thing. We really need to sleep well to keep a healthy brain. 1．What did the 2013 study find? A．Why the brain worked better when asleep. B．How the brain got self-cleaned when asleep. C．How the brain produced waste when awake. D．Why the brain built up proteins when awake. 2．What can we learn about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the passage? A．The CSF—slow wave connection inspires new ideas for brain disorders. B．Alzheimer’s can be cured with more CSF in the diseased brain. C．The reasons why CSF is connected with slow waves are clear. D．The CSF comes in our brain with blood when people sleep. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Clear Your Mind to Improve Sleep B．Slow Your Brain for a Better Sleep C．Shower Your Brain in a Sound Sleep D．Strengthen Your Memory in a Deep Sleep 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要讲述了在睡眠中大脑是如何自动清洁其中的废料，从而让我们在清醒的时候感觉状态很好。 1．细节理解题。根据“Researchers at the University of Rochester in the US studied the brains of mice and discovered that they cleaned themselves while the mice were sleeping. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (脑脊液) in the brain was found to increase noticeably during sleep, washing away waste proteins that had been building up between brain cells during waking hours.”可知，2013年的研究发现的是大脑在睡眠时如何自我清洁，因此选项B“大脑在睡眠时如何自我清洁”是正确答案。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的描述，“Maybe the most important take-home message of the findings is that sleep is a serious thing. We really need to sleep well to keep a healthy brain.”以及第五段提到的CSF与大脑慢波活动的关系，可以推断出CSF与慢波的联系为大脑疾病提供了新的思路。因此A选项正确；B选项错误，因为文章没有提到阿尔茨海默病可以通过增加CSF来治愈；C选项错误，因为文章提到科学家们仍然不确定这些大脑活动之间的联系；D选项错误，因为文章提到的是血液流出大脑，为CSF进入腾出空间，而不是CSF随着血液进入大脑。故选A。 3．最佳标题题。文章主要讲述了睡眠时大脑的自我清洁机制，以及这种机制对大脑健康的重要性，强调了睡眠与大脑清洁的关系，A选项“放慢大脑以获得更好的睡眠”不准确；B选项“在酣睡中冲洗你的大脑”表述较片面；D选项“在深度睡眠中增强记忆”只是文章的一部分内容，不能概括全文主旨；C选项最能体现文章核心内容，即“通过睡眠清洁大脑来改善睡眠和大脑健康”。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A The snake comes sixth in the Chinese Zodiac (生肖). In Western culture, snakes are usually considered dark and terrible such as The Farmer and the Viper (《农夫与蛇》), and Voldemort, the main bad character in Harry Potter, whose true form is a snake. It’s not hard to understand. Because snakes, with their strange look and sound, are not exactly cute. But believe it or not, in traditional Chinese culture, snakes are actually a symbol of something good. In Chinese folk stories, for example, the creator of man is a goddess named Nüwa, who had a human head and the body of a snake. She created humans with the yellow earth. Nüwa was kind, peace-loving and brave. She lost her life to mend (修补) the broken sky. In China, the snake is also known as xiaolong, the little dragon. Because in Chinese culture, a snake is believed to be like dragons in some way, which may explain why the snake comes right after the dragon in the Chinese Zodiac. 1．What are snakes like in western culture? A．Kind and brave. B．Smart and beautiful. C．Dark and terrible. D．Ugly and scary. 2．Who had a human head and the body of a snake? A．Voldemort. B．Harry Potter. C．The farmer. D．Nüwa. 3．In which part of a magazine can we see the text? A．Culture. B．Education. C．Nature. D．Travel. B Bi Sheng was born in the Song Dynasty. He lived in a small village which lies in Huanggang today. He invented the printing around 600 AD．He is the world’s first inventor of the printing. It is about 400 years earlier than the printing in Germany. The printing is also called the movable type printing (活字印刷). But how did it work in the past? First of all, the clay was made into movable types. Then words were engraved (雕刻) carefully onto the types. After that the words were chosen and put in right order in a box (方框) according to the text. Next, the workers brushed ink (墨) onto the movable types. Finally, the types could be used for printing. They could be used again and again for different books. The movable type printing plays an important role in Chinese culture. With the help of it, Chinese culture spread around the world more quickly. At the same time, the movable type printing was widely used in the world at that time. As a result, more and more culture communication among countries took place. The movable type printing, the compass (指南针), gunpowder (火药) and the paper—making are called “Four Great Inventions of Ancient China”. They make China own an important and even top position in the history of human civilization (文明). 1．When was the movable type printing invented? A．About 600 years ago. B．Around 600 AD． C．Before the Song Dynasty. D．About 400 years ago. 2．What should the workers do after the words were chosen and put in right order? A．Brush ink onto the types. B．Make the clay into movable types. C．Print by using the types. D．Engrave words onto the types. 3．How many steps of the movable type printing are mentioned in the text? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Four great inventions and their position in the history. B．How the movable type printing worked in the past. C．The movable type printing and its importance. D．How Bi Sheng invented the movable type printing. C People know animals do have feelings, but they are not sure if these feelings are correctly understood. In recent years, scientists have done research about the feelings of cows, frogs and pandas. A new study adds chickens to the list. It says that humans can tell whether a chicken is happy or sad by listening to its calls. The researchers put a bowl behind a door. Inside the bowl, sometimes, there was something chickens love to eat, such as rice or insects. Sometimes, there was nothing. When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds at once, known as food calls. They also kept the sounds for some time. When there wasn’t food, the chickens made low and long noises to express disappointment. The researchers recorded all these sounds and studied their waves. Then the researchers chose 16 recordings of such chicken noises. Half were from the chickens seeing the food and half were from the chickens finding no food. The recordings were played to 194 volunteers. Sixty-nine percent of the volunteers correctly understood whether the chickens were feeling happy or not, and some of them even had no experience of taking care of chickens. The result shows that humans have the natural ability to understand the feelings of chickens. Hopefully, this finding can bring about new technology to help with chicken raising, a big industry in many countries. Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program that can identify chickens’ feelings. This is good news for farmers who want to make the birds happier and healthier. 1．Which of the following questions can be answered in Paragraph 1? ① Whether animals have feelings?      ② How many kinds of animals have feelings? ③ Why do scientists do research on animals in recent years? ④ How can we know animals’ feelings? A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④ 2．Which is most probably the sound wave of a happy call by a chicken? A． B． C． D． *s stands for sound, and t stands for time 3．What does the underlined word “identify” mean in Paragraph 4? A．控制 B．隐藏 C．识别 D．记录 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Animals’ Food Calls B．Happy Chickens, Sad Chickens C．Farmers’ Best Choice D．Smart Farmers, Healthy Farmers 【提升题】 A Nina is reading a book about endangered natural and cultural destinations (目的地) in the world. The writer wants the book to be a hopeful call to action. Let’s visit some of these places. The ancient city of Venice, Italy has long been threatened (威胁) by rising sea levels. The situation is made worse by the fact that its ancient buildings are slowly sinking. When the city was founded about 1,600 years ago, the level of the Adriatic Sea was almost 2 metres lower than it is today. Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro in northeastern Tanzania, is the highest point in Africa. The mountain supports 5 plant areas and many kinds of animals. The ice glaciers (冰川) on the mountain are disappearing very quickly. This will have a bad effect on the mountain’s ecosystems (生态系统) and on Tanzania’s travel industry. Glacier National Park In the US, the icy blocks in Glacier National Park may soon completely disappear because of weather change. In 1850, there were about 150 glaciers. There are 26 glaciers remaining today. Scientists say the glaciers will be gone by 2030. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest coral reef (珊瑚礁) system in the world. Rising sea temperatures are greatly harming the reef. In some areas, healthy yellow, brown and green reefs have become white, which is bad for the whole ecosystem of this special underwater area. 1．What has threatened the ancient city of Venice? A．The ancient buildings. B．Rising sea levels. C．A body of water. D．The Adriatic Sea. 2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Asia. B．There are 150 glaciers remaining today in Glacier National Park. C．Warmer temperature is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef. D．All the above have glaciers and have effects on the ecosystems. 3．What is the probable name of the book? A．Magic Places B．On the Journey C．Disappearing Destinations D．Cultures and Customs B When you’re feeling down, the right song can make you smile. It can also calm you down when you’re worried. Music may also help make your brain work better. It may even help keep you healthy. Why does music have these powers? It may be because people’s bodies have natural rhythms! (节奏). Different kinds of music can influence you in different ways. Most stores play soft music because soft music can make people relaxed and stay longer in a shop. And the longer shoppers stay in a store, the more things they buy in it. So stores try to play soft music to make people buy more things. For sick people, music can help make them get well again. Doctors believe that music is just as important as medicine in t... patients. When you’re sick, try to listen to the soft and relaxing music. If you’re upset, play a favorite song and tell someone how it makes you feel. A group of sad teenagers shared their favorite song with each other. Each teen explained why he or she liked the song. After talking about it, the teenagers said they felt better. Many studies have tried to explain how music influences learning. Don Campbell, an expert on the powers of music, believes music can make people, even babies, smarter, healthier and better. Not everyone believes it. And people believe more research is needed to prove (证明) that music has these influences. 1．Music is able to change how you feel and make your brain work better because ________. A．people’s bodies have natural rhythms B．people like listening to music C．music changes the way we think D．music can serve as a kind of medicine 2．Why do most stores play soft music? A．Because they want people to be happy. B．Because they want people to buy more things. C．Because they want people to be healthy. D．Because they want people to calm down. 3．What is the proper word in the sentence “Doctors believe that music is just as important as medicine in t… patients”? A．teaching B．tying C．treating D．taking 4．What is Campbell’s idea? A．We should listen to music while studying. B．Music has a lot of bad influences on children’s health. C．We shouldn’t make children listen to a lot of music. D．Music can make people feel better. C “Your personality has three different layers (层),” says Robyn Fivush, a psychologist at Emory University. First, there are your most basic personality traits (特征), including how open you are to new experiences, and whether you like to be with other people or prefer to be alone, and how stressed out you get in challenging situations. Your basic traits are pretty obvious (明显的) even when you’re a baby. “Some babies are a little bit fussier or a little bit more active or a little bit more smiley. Those can develop into more stable personality traits,” Fivush says. “They stay pretty much the same as you grow up.” The next layer of your personality is your experiences. If your family is loving and responsive when you’re a baby, that teaches you “the world is a safe and trusting place, I’m going to be OK, my needs are going to be met, and if anything bad happens, I have people to take care of me,” Fivush says. That feeling of trust and security lasts for your whole life, and it tends to make you more confident and capable of dealing with difficulties when you are an adult. “The third layer is the stories you tell about yourself,” Fivush says. “We all tell stories about our lives, both to ourselves and to other people. Those stories give meaning to your experiences. They can be stories about your own life—like how much you loved your science teacher, what a great time you had when she helped you with your science fair project, and how that made you want to be a scientist. But your family’s stories are equally important.” Knowing about how your parents met, or what your grandmother’s childhood was like, helps you see where you come from. And talking with your family about both the happy and sad times you’ve experienced can help you understand those events more clearly and learn different ways to deal with challenges. Family stories don’t just teach you who you are—they help you figure out who you want to be. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is one of a person’s most basic personality traits? A．Being open to new experiences. B．Growing up in a wealthy family. C．Sharing family stories with teachers. D．Understanding events in an easy way. 2．How do our basic personality traits develop according to Robyn Fivush? A．They change completely as we grow up. B．They are influenced only by our experiences. C．They stay almost the same from when we are babies. D．They are formed by the stories we tell about ourselves. 3．What will a man most probably be like if he grows up in a loving family? A．Confident. B．Generous. C．Honest. D．Helpful. 4．Why are family stories important? A．Because they can make your dream come true. B．Because they can make you feel happy and relaxed. C．Because they can help you understand who you want to be. D．Because they can help you deal with any difficulties you meet. 【拔高题】 A While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some students at White Cloud Primary School. They became the world’s first kids to be taught by an electronic teacher. This electronic teacher is not a human-like robot walking around the classroom. Instead, he is a computer-created head that appears, when needed, on students’ computer or phone screens. His name is Bill. Created by technology company Smart Machines. Bill is able to show human-like behavior. He is designed to teach a special program about environmental-friendly power created by the sun and wind. This program, started in 2005, used to be taught by human teachers. Just like human teachers, Bill is able to immediately respond to the student’s questions and opinions about the topic. Thanks to computer cameras, he is also able to see and react to students’ exchange helps get the students attention. More importantly, it allows the program developers to improve Bill’s behavior and knowledge base when needed. The program has been a great success, according to Smart Machines spokesman Robert Frost. Frost says, “What is interesting to me is the children’s reaction to Bill. He really captures their attention.” Frost thinks kids don’t find the experience of being taught by smart machines as strange as older people because they have grown up in a time of computers and smart phones. It is doubtful, however, that human educators will lose their jobs to Bill any time soon. For one, this talking head’s knowledge base is not large. More importantly, even the smartest computer programs can’t guess and react to all the unexpected situations that educators face daily. Bill’s future might be as a “personal tutor”, providing kids with one-on-one help for different subjects and topics. 1．How does the two-way exchange help the program developers? A．It lets them correct students’ mistakes. B．It allows Bill to respond more quickly. C．It helps them know how to improve Bill. D．It helps them study students’ body language. 2．The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．kids B．older people C．smart machines D．program developers 3．What is Bill NOT good at doing? A．Attracting students’ attention. B．Understanding body language C．Responding to students questions. D．Dealing with unexpected situations. 4．How might Bill be used in the future according to the last paragraph? A．To work as human classroom teachers. B．To encourage students’ interest in computers C．To give students personal help with different subjects. D．To watch over the behavior of the students in the classroom. B Carving (雕刻) is a highly valued art in Lanzhou, Gansu’s capital. It has been practiced for over a thousand years. The artists carve thin-skinned egg gourds (葫芦) from the area, requiring great skill to avoid breaking the piece. Lanzhou’s gourd carving started during the Wei and Jin dynasties (220-420) when gourds were used for wine along the ancient Silk Road. Over time, the simple act of painting turned into detailed carving and painting, becoming a job for many during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911). In modern China, this art form was gradually forgotten. Ruan Xiyue, born in 1987, has been perfecting her skill for over ten years, a tradition in her family for four generations. Her right hand is bigger and rougher (粗糙的) from years of carving, showing her dedication to the art. The popularity of the game “Travel Frog” among young people inspired her to create a Utopian (乌托邦) world with the frog’s image. Ruan uses gourds as a canvas (画布) and gradually other creative products. She creates gourd mirrors, accessories (配饰), tea sets, bag, and more.   As culture becomes a part of daily life and gets public attention, an increasing number of people are learning Lanzhou gourd carving from Ruan. Since the beginning of this year, she has welcomed over 1,000 visitors per week for study tours. Ruan said that many children are amazed by gourd carving and say, “No wonder this is intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产)”, which deeply moves her. Inspired by Ruan Xiyue, her mother, Ruan Lin, is now learning to use social media to connect with the younger generation and provide technical guidance for her daughter’s projects. “When many hands come together, the flame of culture burns brighter,” said Ruan Lin. 1．What can we know about the egg gourds from the passage? A．They are highly valued for its shape. B．They are difficult to carve due to their thin skin. C．They were introduced to China from the Silk Road. 2．The underlined word “dedication” in the third paragraph means ________. A．奉献 B．理解 C．模仿 3．Which statement is TRUE about Ruan? A．She was born in a family of gourd planting. B．The game “Travel Frog” is an inspiration to her. C．Ruan’s father provides technical guidance for her projects online. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．Chinese Carving, experiencing a revival (复兴) B．Lanzhou’s traditional art, getting tons of attention C．Ruan Xiyue, making a difference to Lanzhou gourd carving C Just like our bodies produce waste every day, our brains also produce harmful waste proteins (蛋白质). The body can be washed regularly, but what about the brain? A 2013 study might get the answer. Researchers at the University of Rochester in the US studied the brains of mice and discovered that they cleaned themselves while the mice were sleeping. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (脑脊液) in the brain was found to increase noticeably during sleep, washing away waste proteins that had been building up between brain cells during waking hours. This study showed that the brain worked differently when asleep and when awake. This may also explain why we can’t seem to think clearly after a sleepless night, while a good night’s sleep leaves us feeling sharp and refreshed. Another study, published on Oct 31, 2019 in Science, dug a little deeper into our brains’ self-cleaning process. This time, humans were tested instead of mice. Researchers at Boston University in the US observed the brain waves of 13 healthy adults while they were sleeping. They found that every 20 seconds, blood flew out of the brain, making room for a large amount of CSF to come in and “clean”. This process was related to the change in the brain’s slow waves—an electrical activity that happens when we are in deep sleep. Although they were still unsure about how these brain activities were connected, it was exciting enough to find that they were connected. It allowed scientists to piece together possible new explanations for misunderstood diseases. For example, slow-wave sleep has been proven to play a role in strengthening our memories. This may explain why people with Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病), whose memories are disordered, often have fewer and weaker slow brainwaves. Based on the 2019 study about CSF, there could be one more explanation for Alzheimer’s: The diseased brains are not clean. Maybe the most important take-home message of the findings is that sleep is a serious thing. We really need to sleep well to keep a healthy brain. 1．What did the 2013 study find? A．Why the brain worked better when asleep. B．How the brain got self-cleaned when asleep. C．How the brain produced waste when awake. D．Why the brain built up proteins when awake. 2．What can we learn about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the passage? A．The CSF—slow wave connection inspires new ideas for brain disorders. B．Alzheimer’s can be cured with more CSF in the diseased brain. C．The reasons why CSF is connected with slow waves are clear. D．The CSF comes in our brain with blood when people sleep. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Clear Your Mind to Improve Sleep B．Slow Your Brain for a Better Sleep C．Shower Your Brain in a Sound Sleep D．Strengthen Your Memory in a Deep Sleep 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$