焦点 04 阅读理解之说明文-备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训（江苏南京）

焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A When you get home at night, you change your clothes, turn off the lights, and get yourself ready to sleep. How do you prefer to sleep, on the back or on your side? Here are some interesting sleeping positions. Starfish Starfish is when you lie on your back and sleep with your arms near your head. According to studies, only 5% people sleep like this. It often causes lower back pain. So you can put a pillow (枕头) under your knees. You will feel more comfortable this way. ? Soldier Position This sleeping position is a bit strange but very common. It’s when you sleep on your back with your arms down and very close to your body. Studies have shown that people who sleep like this may be quieter. It is really a good sleeping position because it helps keep your body in a straight line. Sleeping on Your Belly (肚子) Do you like to sleep on your belly? The position might not help you. It can make your neck uncomfortable. But if this is how you like to sleep, you can use a very soft cooling pillow to make your neck feel better. Freefall At least 7% of the world’s population sleep that way. In this position, you have your hands on or around your pillow, with your head turning to one side. But it may hurt your neck. Some studies say you’re a social person if you like to sleep like this. 1．Which sleeping position often causes lower back pain? A．Freefall. B．Starfish. C．Soldier Position. D．Sleeping on Your Belly. 2．What is most probably a picture of the Soldier Position? A． B． C． D． 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most people sleep in the position of Starfish. B．Sleeping in the position of Free fall may hurt your neck. C．Sleeping on Your Belly can make your neck comfortable. D．Sleeping in the Soldier Position helps you fall asleep quickly. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 【难度】0.85 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种睡觉的姿势。 1．细节理解题。根据“Starfish…It often causes lower back pain.”可知，海星睡姿经常引起腰背痛。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“It’s when you sleep on your back with your arms down and very close to your body.”和“It is really a good sleeping position because it helps keep your body in a straight line.”可知，士兵睡姿是手臂向下，非常靠近身体，并且身体在一条直线上。描述与图片A相符。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“In this position, you have your hands on or around your pillow, with your head turning to one side. But it may hurt your neck.”可知，以自由落体的姿势睡觉可能会伤到你的脖子。故选B。 B The sun sets on a field in southern England. When it rises again the following morning, that field has been changed into a huge work of art. A large part of the crop (庄稼) has been pressed into a pattern of circles, squares and other shapes. Farmers have reported finding strange circles in their fields for centuries. The earliest mention of a crop circle dates back to the 1500s. Crop circles, however, didn’t get attention until 1980, when a farmer in England discovered three circles in his field. The world first began to learn about crop circles. By the 1990s, crop circles had become something of a tourist attraction. In 1990 alone, more than 500 circles appeared in Europe. Within the next few years, there were thousands. Crop circles can come in many different shapes, changing in size. Most early crop circles were simple. But after 1990, the circles changed. Crops can be made to look like just about anything—smiling faces, flowers or even words. People have long been wondering who or what is creating these crop circles. Possibly the most widely known idea is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets. Probably the most scientific opinion says that crop circles are created by vortices (涡旋). They force the air down to the ground, which presses the crops down. Dr. Terence Meaden, an expert, says when the dust (沙尘) gets caught up in a vortex, it can appear to glow (发光), which may explain the UFO-like glowing lights many people have seen. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic of the passage? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By giving a comparison (比较). D．By describing a scene (场景). 2．When did the world become interested in crop circles? A．In the 1500s. B．After 1980. C．In 1900. D．After 1990. 3．Which of the following is TRUE about crop circles in Paragraph 4? A．Early crop circles were very small in size. B．Large crop circles were usually round in shape. C．Crop circles of all kinds began to appear after 1990. D．Flower-shaped crop circles were first found in the 1500s. 4．Which point do you think Dr. Terence Meaden would agree with? A．Crop circles may be man-made. B．Crop circles could be marks left by aliens. C．The UFO-like light could be caused by dust. D．Vortices are sure to create perfectly shaped crop circles. 5．What would be the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】自然景观、科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了麦田怪圈的相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据“The sun sets on a field in southern England. When it rises again the following morning, that field has been changed into a huge work of art. A large part of the crop has been pressed into a pattern of circles, squares and other shapes.”可知，此处描述了麦田怪圈形成的场景。故作者通过描述场景来介绍文章的话题。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“didn’t get attention until 1980”可知，1980年后，人们才开始对麦田怪圈感兴趣。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“But after 1990, the circles changed. Crops can be made to look like just about anything—smiling faces, flowers or even words.”可知，1990年以后，各种各样的麦田怪圈开始出现。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“Dr. Terence Meaden, an expert, says when the dust gets caught up in a vortex, it can appear to glow, which may explain the UFO-like glowing lights many people have seen.”可知，类似不明飞行物的光可能是由灰尘引起的。故选C。 5．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段总领全文，通过描述现象引出下文麦田怪圈；第二段和第三段介绍了麦田怪圈的发展；第四段介绍了麦田怪圈的形状；第五段和第六段介绍了麦田怪圈的形成原理。结构为①/②③/④/⑤⑥。故选A。 C Why are some people successful and others aren’t? What’s the secret of success? You can get the answers in Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers. Gladwell thinks practice makes you good. The “10,000-hour rule” is central to the book. It means that if you want to be among the best in the world, you need to practise something for 10,000 hours, about three hours a day for 10 years. For example, the Beatles practised playing music in Hamburg more than 1,200 times between 1960 and 1964, which is more than 10,000 hours of playing time. Gladwell also thinks that intelligence (智力) alone will not lead to success. Christopher Langan, who is mentioned in the book, got an IQ of between 195 and 210. As a boy at school, Langan passed an exam in a foreign language after looking through a text book for three minutes. But Langan never made any achievements his whole life. This shows that besides intelligence, you need hard work, support, and chances. However, it isn’t just a question of time and support. According to the book, you still need luck. Of course, many people say that you can create your own “luck” if you’re active enough. So, are you putting in the hours? Carry on! You could get lucky! 1．Why did the writer ask questions in the first paragraph? A．To ask others for help. B．To list some examples. C．To draw readers’ attention. D．To introduce successful people. 2．What can we learn from Christopher Langan? A．Success has nothing to do with hard work. B．Intelligence alone will not lead to success. C．Whether we will succeed depends on our IQ. D．We can learn a foreign language well in minutes. 3．What is the best title (标题) for the text? A．Outliers: The Secret of Success B．Intelligence: The Key to Success C．Success: A Question of Time and Support D．The Beatles: Creator of the 10,000-hour Rule 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】方法/策略、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了《异类》中所认为的成功的秘诀。 1．推理判断题。根据“Why are some people successful and others aren’t? What’s the secret of success? You can get the answers in Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers.”可知，作者在第一段提出问题来吸引读者的注意，引出下文《异类》中提到的成功的秘诀有哪些。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Gladwell also thinks that intelligence alone will not lead to success.”及“This shows that besides intelligence, you need hard work, support, and chances.”可知，单凭智力不能带来成功，还需要努力、支持和机会等因素。故选B。 3．最佳标题题。通读全文并根据“You can get the answers in Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers.”可知，本文主要介绍了《异类》中所认为的成功的秘诀。故选A。 【提升题】 A Space tourism (太空旅游业) is no longer a thing of science fiction. There are lots of companies planning to send people into space in the next few years. Space X is one of the most famous companies offering trips to space. So far, it has had over 100 customers. And in April, 2022, it sent 4 people into space. Now, what can space tourists do while in space? Here are some examples. See the Earth from Space Seeing the Earth from a distance has always been a dream. It gives most people a sense of both achievement and wonder (which is also why people climb the highest mountain and dive the deepest sea on the earth). Stay in a Space Hotel Hotels are directly connected with tourism, right? So if there’s space tourism, there might also be space hotels up soon. Orion Span has been planning to send tourists to stay in their “space hotel”, which would hold up to 6 people at a time. Eat in Space Eating is not easy in space. Even drinking water is difficult. And you aren’t allowed to burp (打嗝) in space! Because bubbles will come out of your mouth and it might be dangerous to leave them around. Visit the Moon and Other Planets Space tourism companies are racing to launch (发射) the first tourist flight to the moon. Although there might be a long way to go before common people can step on the moon, we will probably see it in our lifetime. And who knows, maybe we’ll even see hotels on the moon. With the industry rapidly developing, space tourism is around the corner, and it might come much faster than we think. Who knows what the future might be like? Will you be the next person to travel to space? 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Space X sent 2 people into space in April, 2024. B．Orion Span has already built six space hotels. C．Eating in space is easier than it is on the earth. D．Common people may visit the moon in their lifetime. 2．The underlined words “them” refers to “_______”. A．mouths B．bubbles C．foods D．drinks 3．The text is probably from the _______ part in a magazine. A．travel B．health C．sports D．education 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】旅行、说明文、航天与航空 【导语】本文主要介绍了太空旅游的现状和未来发展。 1．细节理解题。根据“Although there might be a long way to go before common people can step on the moon, we will probably see it in our lifetime.”可知，普通人有可能在有生之年访问月球，选项D正确。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据“And you aren’t allowed to burp in space! Because bubbles will come out of your mouth and it might be dangerous to leave them around.”可知，“them”是指代前面提到的“bubbles”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。文章主要介绍的是太空旅行，因此最可能出现在杂志的旅游部分，故选A。 B Do you know National Chopsticks Day? For about one quarter of the world’s population, chopsticks are their eating tools for every meal. Just as Western children learn to use a knife and fork, many Asian children learn to use chopsticks, and they quickly become good at using them. To many Asian people, forks are an odd tool. Chopsticks originated (起源于) in China over 3,000 years ago, and are used in many Asian countries. How their use was introduced to other countries is not known. Take part in National Chopsticks Day, and use chopsticks for all of your meals. You can eat any food with chopsticks on the day. To make the day really special, use chopsticks to eat a homemade Chinese dish. Have fun with chopsticks on the day. Play a game with them. For example, pick up peanuts or beans with chopsticks. Chopsticks manners The improper use of chopsticks is impolite or insulting (侮辱的). Don’t stick chopsticks upright into your food. It’s an insult. Don’t point at people with them. Don’t put the ends of your chopsticks in your mouth. 1．What does the underlined word “odd” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Strange. B．Usual. C．Expensive. D．Cheap. 2．What can people do if they take part in National Chopsticks Day? ①Eat any food with chopsticks.    ②Eat homemade Chinese dishes with chopsticks. ③Hit an empty bowl with chopsticks.    ④Pick up peanuts or beans with chopsticks. A．①②③ B．①②④ C．②③④ D．①③④ 3．Which of the following is true according to this passage? A．Chopsticks has a history of less than 3000 years. B．Only Chinese people use chopsticks. C．You can stick chopsticks upright into your food. D．You can’t put the ends of your chopsticks in your mouth. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】中华文化、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了全国筷子日，以及筷子的历史、文化背景、筷子的使用方法和礼仪。 1．词义猜测题。根据“Just as Western children  learn to use a knife and fork, many Asian children learn to use  chopsticks, and they quickly become good at using them. To many Asian  people, forks are an odd tool.”可知，西方孩子学用刀叉，亚洲孩子学用筷子，对许多亚洲人来说，叉子是一种奇怪的工具。因此odd与“strange”同义。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Take part in National  Chopsticks Day, and use chopsticks for all of your meals. You can eat  any food with chopsticks on the day. To make the day really special, use  chopsticks to eat a homemade Chinese dish...pick up peanuts or beans  with chopsticks.”可知，参加国家筷子日的人会用筷子吃任何食物，用筷子吃自制的中国菜，用筷子夹花生或豆子，选项①②④正确。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Don’t put the ends of your chopsticks in your mouth.”可知，不能将筷子的末端放入嘴中。故选D。 C Do you know how ancient Chinese people used to tell time? They used to tell time by looking at the moon. Chinese lunar calendar, also called “Nong Li”, is based on the movements of the moon. The new moon appears on the first day of each month and the full moon comes out in the middle of the month. The cycle lasts for about 30 days — a month. For Chinese people, the moon not only serves as a useful helper, but is also connected with brightness, expressing the beautiful wishes of the Chinese. Every year as the Autumn Moon is full, Chinese people get together to admire the moon. The Mid-Autumn Day is the second most important festival in China. It is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. On that day, people usually eat mooncakes, which are in the shape of a full moon and carry people’s wishes to the families they love and miss. Many poets (诗人) are attracted to the moon’s beauty. In some of the poems, the moon carries the wishes towards brightness and beauty. Others show the longings (渴望) for family and love. A poem “The moon viewed at home is brighter.” is the best example. The moon, new or full, never fails to attract people’s wonder. 根据材料内容选择正确答案。 1．How does the writer begin the text? A．By giving an example. B．By showing an idea. C．By comparing two aspects (方面). D．By asking a question. 2．What does the phrase “serves as” mean in the text? A．Play a role. B．Play a trick. C．Be quiet. D．Be successful. 3．What does the poem “The moon viewed at home is brighter.” want to show? A．Miss the moon. B．Miss your children. C．Miss your mother. D．Miss your hometown. 4．What can we know from the text? A．People prefer a full moon to a new moon. B．“Nong Li” is based on the movements of the sun. C．The moon is connected with brightness and beauty in China. D．All the poems about moon show the longings for family and love. 5．What’s the writer’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce a new way of telling time. B．To introduce the culture of the moon. C．To introduce a tradition of eating mooncakes. D．To introduce the development of the Mid-Autumn Festival. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、中华文化、说明文 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了月亮在古代人们生活中的作用和地位。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Do you know how ancient Chinese people used to tell time?”可知，作者通过提问来引出主题。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据“For Chinese people, the moon not only serves as a useful helper, but is also connected with brightness, expressing the beautiful wishes of the Chinese.”可知，对中国人来说，月亮不仅充当一个有用的助手，而且还与光明联系在一起，表达了中国人美好的愿望。由此可知“serve as”意为“充当……的角色”，与“play a role”意思相近。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“The moon viewed at home is brighter.”以及“Others show the longings (渴望) for family and love.”可知，在家里看到的月亮更明亮，即为“月是故乡明”，表达的是对家乡的思念。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段“For Chinese people, the moon not only serves as a useful helper, but is also connected with brightness, expressing the beautiful wishes of the Chinese”可知，对中国人来说，月亮不仅是一个有用的助手，而且还与光明联系在一起，表达了中国人美好的愿望，由此可知，在中国人民心里，月亮代表着明亮、美丽。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文可知文章介绍了月亮在中国文化中的地位和意义。故选B。 【拔高题】 A If you’ve never heard of mineral-color painting (岩彩画), you’re not alone. This form of art is unknown to most people—even many art lovers. It is an ancient form of painting that is being given new life these days. This kind of art is created using materials like rock powder (粉末), colored soil and sand. It can be traced back to the 3rd-century Kucha Grotto murals (龟兹石窟壁画) of Xinjiang. Yet after the Song and Yuan dynasties, with ink wash painting becoming more and more popular, mineral-color art gradually fell out of fashion. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, some countries sent envoys (使节) to China to learn all kinds of things. “They loved mineral-color art and took the art form back to their own country,” said Miao Tong. The artist has been studying this traditional art form for years. In the 1980s, many Chinese artists decided to revive this traditional art form in China. In the 1990s, they renamed it “mineral-color art”. For Miao, the greatest joy in his work is to find the “right earth” to make mineral pigments (颜料). “Every year I go to Wuyi Mountain. It is known for its Danxia land formation (丹霞地貌),” he said. “You can’t imagine how beautiful the earth is there. It is naturally colored in red, green, yellow, purple, etc.” But this soil cannot be directly applied to his works. It first has to go through a number of steps, including washing, filtering (过滤) and sun-drying. After that the soil will be mixed together with a certain kind of glue. According to the artist, one mineral-color painting may take several weeks to several months to complete. The mineral pigments are able to stay safe from the effects of UV light (紫外线). Therefore, their color does not fade (褪色) over time. That’s why, even after thousands of years, the cave paintings in the Kucha Grottos are still very bright and colorful. 1．When did mineral-color painting first appear in the history of China? A．In the third century. B．In the 1980s. C．During the Sui and Tang dynasties. D．In the Song and Yuan dynasties. 2．What does the underlined word “revive” probably mean in Paragraph 4? A．Give up. B．Give new life. C．Decorate once more. D．Give a new name. 3．What does Paragraph 6 mainly tell us? A．Where to find the right earth. B．How to make the special soil. C．How to draw a mineral-color painting. D．When to get a mineral-color painting. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】中华文化、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了中国传统文化——岩彩画。 1．细节理解题。根据“It can be traced back to the 3rd-century Kucha Grotto murals of Xinjiang.”可知，岩彩画最早出现于3世纪。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据“In the 1980s, many Chinese artists decided to revive this traditional art form in China. In the 1990s, they renamed it ‘mineral-color art’.”可知，许多中国艺术家决定在中国复兴这种传统艺术形式，故此处划线部分和选项B“给予新生命”意义相近。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据“But this soil cannot be directly applied to his works. It first has to go through a number of steps, including washing, filtering and sun-drying.”可知，本段主要介绍了如何制作特殊土壤。故选B。 B On 20 July 1969, the world celebrated an important moment in history when American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon, making a giant leap for humanity. For more than five decades (十年), human beings have made numerous attempts to understand the space environment. These efforts have paid off, sparking innovations (激发创新) in science and technology and generating (产生) much interest in science and science education. Today, we are in a better position to understand our universe and the solar system in which we live, thanks to space exploration. Space exploration has made advances in the areas of science and technology which have benefited humans and improved the quality of life on Earth. Several societal benefits are linked to new knowledge and technology from space exploration such as solar panels, satellite communications, global positioning system (GPS), and weather forecasting. The development of satellite technology, for example, provides valuable information about climate change such as the thinning of the ozone layer, enabling governments around the world to take action to protect the ozone layer and manage climate change. With the excitement and curiosity generated, space exploration is attracting young people to careers in engineering, science, technology, and mathematics, which helps to expand the global capacity for innovations in science and technology. Even if interested youngsters do not end up in a job in these areas, space technology sparks their imagination about the possibility of life beyond Earth and space travel. Space exploration continues to encourage human imagination, inspiring people to write stories and create movies, photographs, and songs about space exploration. Despite the many benefits, space exploration has often been criticized for its high cost. According to the University of Florida, it costs about $500 million to launch a space shuttle, and many argue that this money could be better spent on solving the problems on Earth such as hunger, pollution, diseases, and climate change. Although space exploration cannot directly provide immediate solutions to these problems, it generates many useful technologies and new knowledge in sciences necessary to improve the conditions of human life on Earth. Every year, about a thousand innovations generated in the space programs find their way into earthly technology that leads to better farming technology to increase food production, better medical instruments to improve diagnosis and treatment, and more energy-efficient vehicles to mitigate climate change. Accordingly, the money spent on space exploration does eventually benefit human beings. There is no doubt that space exploration has produced many benefits for humanity, with significant contributions to the fields of science and technology. It has also encouraged many to understand Earth and the universe in a deeper way. In the coming decade, we can continue to look forward to more exciting discoveries as more human and robotic missions are planned to destinations such as the moon and Mars. We may eventually even find another planet where humans can live. 1．What benefit does space exploration probably bring us directly? A．Solutions to diseases. B．Better medical instruments. C．Global warming. D．Information about climate change. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Space exploration is criticized for having few benefits for humans and society. B．Space exploration is mainly aimed at finding another planet to live on. C．Space exploration inspires people to choose some imaginative work. D．Space exploration solves the pollution problems directly. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The future discoveries in space. B．The benefits of space exploration. C．The solutions to problems on Earth. D．The advantages of science and technology. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】说明文、航天与航空 【导语】本文主要介绍了太空探索引发了科学技术的进步，造福了人类，提高了地球上的生活质量。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The development of satellite technology, for example, provides valuable information about climate change such as the thinning of the ozone layer”可知，太空探索直接带来了关于气候变化的信息。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“With the excitement and curiosity generated, space exploration is attracting young people to careers in engineering, science, technology, and mathematics, which helps to expand the global capacity for innovations in science and technology.”可知，太空探索激发了人们选择一些富有想象力的工作。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了太空探索引发了科学技术的进步，造福了人类，提高了地球上的生活质量。即主要讲述了太空探索的好处。故选B。 C The water cycle is a natural process that takes water from the ground and the sky and brings it back to the earth again. The water cycle always begins with water vapor (蒸气). When it’s hot outside, you can see clouds forming in the sky. These clouds are made of water vapor that comes from the ground, plants and rivers. As water vapor rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds. After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to Earth as rain or snow. Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow. The water cycle plays an important role in protecting our Earth’s climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy. On top of that, it takes water from rivers and oceans and brings it to the areas that don’t have enough water. Without the cycle, we would face many problems. When there is too much water in one place, it becomes a flood (洪水). When water is badly in need, it becomes a drought (旱灾). The water cycle is a natural process that keeps our planet alive. Understanding the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our planet works and develop better methods to protect our Earth. 1．Which is the right order of the water cycle according to the text? ①Water returns to the ground. ②Rain or snow falls down. ③Water vapor rises up. ④Clouds are formed in the sky. A．③②④① B．④②③① C．④③②① D．③④②① 2．Why is the water cycle important? A．It keeps the climate healthy. B．It shows the beauty of nature. C．It brings warm weather. D．It cleans the air and the ground. 3．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Earth’s climate. B．Water vapor. C．Drinking water. D．The water cycle. 4．Which facts of the following are true according to the passage? ①Water vapor can keep our Earth warm. ②Water returns to Earth in only one form. ③Water vapor becomes clouds when it cools down. ④There may be some disasters (灾难) without water vapor. A．②③ B．③④ C．①② D．①④ 5．What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To encourage people to save water. B．To help people solve water problems. C．To inspire people to get close to nature. D．To call on people to protect our planet. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】环境保护、说明文、自然科学 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了水循环这一自然过程，详细阐述了水循环的起始、发展、结束及其对地球气候和生态系统的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“As water vapor rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds. After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to Earth as rain or snow. Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow.”可知，水循环从水蒸气上升开始，然后形成云，接着云以降雨或降雪的形式落下，最后水返回地面；对比选项，选项D③④②①符合这一顺序。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The water cycle plays an important role in protecting our Earth’s climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy.”可知，水循环在保护地球气候方面起着重要作用，它为我们提供饮用水并使我们的气候保持健康。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三段“On top of that, it takes water from rivers and oceans and brings it to the areas that don’t have enough water.”可知，它从河流和海洋中取水，并将水带到缺水的地区；结合前文一直在讲的主体“the water cycle”可知，此处描述的是水循环的作用；据此可以推断，划线单词“it”指代上文提到的“The water cycle”。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段“As water vapor rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds.”可知，水蒸气升入天空后，冷却形成云，因此③“水蒸气冷却后变成云。”符合原文；再根据第三段“Without the cycle, we would face many problems. When there is too much water in one place, it becomes a flood. When water is badly in need, it becomes a drought.”可知，水循环很重要，没有与之相关的水蒸气参与循环会出现灾难情况，④“没有水蒸气可能会有一些灾难。”符合原文；因此③④正确。故选B。 5．主旨大意题。综合全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Understanding the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our planet works and develop better methods to protect our Earth.”可知，本文详细介绍了水循环的过程和重要性，并提到理解水循环有助于我们更好地保护地球；据此可知，作者的写作目的是呼吁人们保护我们的地球。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A When you get home at night, you change your clothes, turn off the lights, and get yourself ready to sleep. How do you prefer to sleep, on the back or on your side? Here are some interesting sleeping positions. Starfish Starfish is when you lie on your back and sleep with your arms near your head. According to studies, only 5% people sleep like this. It often causes lower back pain. So you can put a pillow (枕头) under your knees. You will feel more comfortable this way. ? Soldier Position This sleeping position is a bit strange but very common. It’s when you sleep on your back with your arms down and very close to your body. Studies have shown that people who sleep like this may be quieter. It is really a good sleeping position because it helps keep your body in a straight line. Sleeping on Your Belly (肚子) Do you like to sleep on your belly? The position might not help you. It can make your neck uncomfortable. But if this is how you like to sleep, you can use a very soft cooling pillow to make your neck feel better. Freefall At least 7% of the world’s population sleep that way. In this position, you have your hands on or around your pillow, with your head turning to one side. But it may hurt your neck. Some studies say you’re a social person if you like to sleep like this. 1．Which sleeping position often causes lower back pain? A．Freefall. B．Starfish. C．Soldier Position. D．Sleeping on Your Belly. 2．What is most probably a picture of the Soldier Position? A． B． C． D． 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most people sleep in the position of Starfish. B．Sleeping in the position of Free fall may hurt your neck. C．Sleeping on Your Belly can make your neck comfortable. D．Sleeping in the Soldier Position helps you fall asleep quickly. B The sun sets on a field in southern England. When it rises again the following morning, that field has been changed into a huge work of art. A large part of the crop (庄稼) has been pressed into a pattern of circles, squares and other shapes. Farmers have reported finding strange circles in their fields for centuries. The earliest mention of a crop circle dates back to the 1500s. Crop circles, however, didn’t get attention until 1980, when a farmer in England discovered three circles in his field. The world first began to learn about crop circles. By the 1990s, crop circles had become something of a tourist attraction. In 1990 alone, more than 500 circles appeared in Europe. Within the next few years, there were thousands. Crop circles can come in many different shapes, changing in size. Most early crop circles were simple. But after 1990, the circles changed. Crops can be made to look like just about anything—smiling faces, flowers or even words. People have long been wondering who or what is creating these crop circles. Possibly the most widely known idea is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets. Probably the most scientific opinion says that crop circles are created by vortices (涡旋). They force the air down to the ground, which presses the crops down. Dr. Terence Meaden, an expert, says when the dust (沙尘) gets caught up in a vortex, it can appear to glow (发光), which may explain the UFO-like glowing lights many people have seen. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic of the passage? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By giving a comparison (比较). D．By describing a scene (场景). 2．When did the world become interested in crop circles? A．In the 1500s. B．After 1980. C．In 1900. D．After 1990. 3．Which of the following is TRUE about crop circles in Paragraph 4? A．Early crop circles were very small in size. B．Large crop circles were usually round in shape. C．Crop circles of all kinds began to appear after 1990. D．Flower-shaped crop circles were first found in the 1500s. 4．Which point do you think Dr. Terence Meaden would agree with? A．Crop circles may be man-made. B．Crop circles could be marks left by aliens. C．The UFO-like light could be caused by dust. D．Vortices are sure to create perfectly shaped crop circles. 5．What would be the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． C Why are some people successful and others aren’t? What’s the secret of success? You can get the answers in Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers. Gladwell thinks practice makes you good. The “10,000-hour rule” is central to the book. It means that if you want to be among the best in the world, you need to practise something for 10,000 hours, about three hours a day for 10 years. For example, the Beatles practised playing music in Hamburg more than 1,200 times between 1960 and 1964, which is more than 10,000 hours of playing time. Gladwell also thinks that intelligence (智力) alone will not lead to success. Christopher Langan, who is mentioned in the book, got an IQ of between 195 and 210. As a boy at school, Langan passed an exam in a foreign language after looking through a text book for three minutes. But Langan never made any achievements his whole life. This shows that besides intelligence, you need hard work, support, and chances. However, it isn’t just a question of time and support. According to the book, you still need luck. Of course, many people say that you can create your own “luck” if you’re active enough. So, are you putting in the hours? Carry on! You could get lucky! 1．Why did the writer ask questions in the first paragraph? A．To ask others for help. B．To list some examples. C．To draw readers’ attention. D．To introduce successful people. 2．What can we learn from Christopher Langan? A．Success has nothing to do with hard work. B．Intelligence alone will not lead to success. C．Whether we will succeed depends on our IQ. D．We can learn a foreign language well in minutes. 3．What is the best title (标题) for the text? A．Outliers: The Secret of Success B．Intelligence: The Key to Success C．Success: A Question of Time and Support D．The Beatles: Creator of the 10,000-hour Rule 【提升题】 A Space tourism (太空旅游业) is no longer a thing of science fiction. There are lots of companies planning to send people into space in the next few years. Space X is one of the most famous companies offering trips to space. So far, it has had over 100 customers. And in April, 2022, it sent 4 people into space. Now, what can space tourists do while in space? Here are some examples. See the Earth from Space Seeing the Earth from a distance has always been a dream. It gives most people a sense of both achievement and wonder (which is also why people climb the highest mountain and dive the deepest sea on the earth). Stay in a Space Hotel Hotels are directly connected with tourism, right? So if there’s space tourism, there might also be space hotels up soon. Orion Span has been planning to send tourists to stay in their “space hotel”, which would hold up to 6 people at a time. Eat in Space Eating is not easy in space. Even drinking water is difficult. And you aren’t allowed to burp (打嗝) in space! Because bubbles will come out of your mouth and it might be dangerous to leave them around. Visit the Moon and Other Planets Space tourism companies are racing to launch (发射) the first tourist flight to the moon. Although there might be a long way to go before common people can step on the moon, we will probably see it in our lifetime. And who knows, maybe we’ll even see hotels on the moon. With the industry rapidly developing, space tourism is around the corner, and it might come much faster than we think. Who knows what the future might be like? Will you be the next person to travel to space? 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Space X sent 2 people into space in April, 2024. B．Orion Span has already built six space hotels. C．Eating in space is easier than it is on the earth. D．Common people may visit the moon in their lifetime. 2．The underlined words “them” refers to “_______”. A．mouths B．bubbles C．foods D．drinks 3．The text is probably from the _______ part in a magazine. A．travel B．health C．sports D．education B Do you know National Chopsticks Day? For about one quarter of the world’s population, chopsticks are their eating tools for every meal. Just as Western children learn to use a knife and fork, many Asian children learn to use chopsticks, and they quickly become good at using them. To many Asian people, forks are an odd tool. Chopsticks originated (起源于) in China over 3,000 years ago, and are used in many Asian countries. How their use was introduced to other countries is not known. Take part in National Chopsticks Day, and use chopsticks for all of your meals. You can eat any food with chopsticks on the day. To make the day really special, use chopsticks to eat a homemade Chinese dish. Have fun with chopsticks on the day. Play a game with them. For example, pick up peanuts or beans with chopsticks. Chopsticks manners The improper use of chopsticks is impolite or insulting (侮辱的). Don’t stick chopsticks upright into your food. It’s an insult. Don’t point at people with them. Don’t put the ends of your chopsticks in your mouth. 1．What does the underlined word “odd” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Strange. B．Usual. C．Expensive. D．Cheap. 2．What can people do if they take part in National Chopsticks Day? ①Eat any food with chopsticks.    ②Eat homemade Chinese dishes with chopsticks. ③Hit an empty bowl with chopsticks.    ④Pick up peanuts or beans with chopsticks. A．①②③ B．①②④ C．②③④ D．①③④ 3．Which of the following is true according to this passage? A．Chopsticks has a history of less than 3000 years. B．Only Chinese people use chopsticks. C．You can stick chopsticks upright into your food. D．You can’t put the ends of your chopsticks in your mouth. C Do you know how ancient Chinese people used to tell time? They used to tell time by looking at the moon. Chinese lunar calendar, also called “Nong Li”, is based on the movements of the moon. The new moon appears on the first day of each month and the full moon comes out in the middle of the month. The cycle lasts for about 30 days — a month. For Chinese people, the moon not only serves as a useful helper, but is also connected with brightness, expressing the beautiful wishes of the Chinese. Every year as the Autumn Moon is full, Chinese people get together to admire the moon. The Mid-Autumn Day is the second most important festival in China. It is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. On that day, people usually eat mooncakes, which are in the shape of a full moon and carry people’s wishes to the families they love and miss. Many poets (诗人) are attracted to the moon’s beauty. In some of the poems, the moon carries the wishes towards brightness and beauty. Others show the longings (渴望) for family and love. A poem “The moon viewed at home is brighter.” is the best example. The moon, new or full, never fails to attract people’s wonder. 根据材料内容选择正确答案。 1．How does the writer begin the text? A．By giving an example. B．By showing an idea. C．By comparing two aspects (方面). D．By asking a question. 2．What does the phrase “serves as” mean in the text? A．Play a role. B．Play a trick. C．Be quiet. D．Be successful. 3．What does the poem “The moon viewed at home is brighter.” want to show? A．Miss the moon. B．Miss your children. C．Miss your mother. D．Miss your hometown. 4．What can we know from the text? A．People prefer a full moon to a new moon. B．“Nong Li” is based on the movements of the sun. C．The moon is connected with brightness and beauty in China. D．All the poems about moon show the longings for family and love. 5．What’s the writer’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce a new way of telling time. B．To introduce the culture of the moon. C．To introduce a tradition of eating mooncakes. D．To introduce the development of the Mid-Autumn Festival. 【拔高题】 A If you’ve never heard of mineral-color painting (岩彩画), you’re not alone. This form of art is unknown to most people—even many art lovers. It is an ancient form of painting that is being given new life these days. This kind of art is created using materials like rock powder (粉末), colored soil and sand. It can be traced back to the 3rd-century Kucha Grotto murals (龟兹石窟壁画) of Xinjiang. Yet after the Song and Yuan dynasties, with ink wash painting becoming more and more popular, mineral-color art gradually fell out of fashion. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, some countries sent envoys (使节) to China to learn all kinds of things. “They loved mineral-color art and took the art form back to their own country,” said Miao Tong. The artist has been studying this traditional art form for years. In the 1980s, many Chinese artists decided to revive this traditional art form in China. In the 1990s, they renamed it “mineral-color art”. For Miao, the greatest joy in his work is to find the “right earth” to make mineral pigments (颜料). “Every year I go to Wuyi Mountain. It is known for its Danxia land formation (丹霞地貌),” he said. “You can’t imagine how beautiful the earth is there. It is naturally colored in red, green, yellow, purple, etc.” But this soil cannot be directly applied to his works. It first has to go through a number of steps, including washing, filtering (过滤) and sun-drying. After that the soil will be mixed together with a certain kind of glue. According to the artist, one mineral-color painting may take several weeks to several months to complete. The mineral pigments are able to stay safe from the effects of UV light (紫外线). Therefore, their color does not fade (褪色) over time. That’s why, even after thousands of years, the cave paintings in the Kucha Grottos are still very bright and colorful. 1．When did mineral-color painting first appear in the history of China? A．In the third century. B．In the 1980s. C．During the Sui and Tang dynasties. D．In the Song and Yuan dynasties. 2．What does the underlined word “revive” probably mean in Paragraph 4? A．Give up. B．Give new life. C．Decorate once more. D．Give a new name. 3．What does Paragraph 6 mainly tell us? A．Where to find the right earth. B．How to make the special soil. C．How to draw a mineral-color painting. D．When to get a mineral-color painting. B On 20 July 1969, the world celebrated an important moment in history when American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon, making a giant leap for humanity. For more than five decades (十年), human beings have made numerous attempts to understand the space environment. These efforts have paid off, sparking innovations (激发创新) in science and technology and generating (产生) much interest in science and science education. Today, we are in a better position to understand our universe and the solar system in which we live, thanks to space exploration. Space exploration has made advances in the areas of science and technology which have benefited humans and improved the quality of life on Earth. Several societal benefits are linked to new knowledge and technology from space exploration such as solar panels, satellite communications, global positioning system (GPS), and weather forecasting. The development of satellite technology, for example, provides valuable information about climate change such as the thinning of the ozone layer, enabling governments around the world to take action to protect the ozone layer and manage climate change. With the excitement and curiosity generated, space exploration is attracting young people to careers in engineering, science, technology, and mathematics, which helps to expand the global capacity for innovations in science and technology. Even if interested youngsters do not end up in a job in these areas, space technology sparks their imagination about the possibility of life beyond Earth and space travel. Space exploration continues to encourage human imagination, inspiring people to write stories and create movies, photographs, and songs about space exploration. Despite the many benefits, space exploration has often been criticized for its high cost. According to the University of Florida, it costs about $500 million to launch a space shuttle, and many argue that this money could be better spent on solving the problems on Earth such as hunger, pollution, diseases, and climate change. Although space exploration cannot directly provide immediate solutions to these problems, it generates many useful technologies and new knowledge in sciences necessary to improve the conditions of human life on Earth. Every year, about a thousand innovations generated in the space programs find their way into earthly technology that leads to better farming technology to increase food production, better medical instruments to improve diagnosis and treatment, and more energy-efficient vehicles to mitigate climate change. Accordingly, the money spent on space exploration does eventually benefit human beings. There is no doubt that space exploration has produced many benefits for humanity, with significant contributions to the fields of science and technology. It has also encouraged many to understand Earth and the universe in a deeper way. In the coming decade, we can continue to look forward to more exciting discoveries as more human and robotic missions are planned to destinations such as the moon and Mars. We may eventually even find another planet where humans can live. 1．What benefit does space exploration probably bring us directly? A．Solutions to diseases. B．Better medical instruments. C．Global warming. D．Information about climate change. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Space exploration is criticized for having few benefits for humans and society. B．Space exploration is mainly aimed at finding another planet to live on. C．Space exploration inspires people to choose some imaginative work. D．Space exploration solves the pollution problems directly. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The future discoveries in space. B．The benefits of space exploration. C．The solutions to problems on Earth. D．The advantages of science and technology. C The water cycle is a natural process that takes water from the ground and the sky and brings it back to the earth again. The water cycle always begins with water vapor (蒸气). When it’s hot outside, you can see clouds forming in the sky. These clouds are made of water vapor that comes from the ground, plants and rivers. As water vapor rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds. After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to Earth as rain or snow. Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow. The water cycle plays an important role in protecting our Earth’s climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy. On top of that, it takes water from rivers and oceans and brings it to the areas that don’t have enough water. Without the cycle, we would face many problems. When there is too much water in one place, it becomes a flood (洪水). When water is badly in need, it becomes a drought (旱灾). The water cycle is a natural process that keeps our planet alive. Understanding the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our planet works and develop better methods to protect our Earth. 1．Which is the right order of the water cycle according to the text? ①Water returns to the ground. ②Rain or snow falls down. ③Water vapor rises up. ④Clouds are formed in the sky. A．③②④① B．④②③① C．④③②① D．③④②① 2．Why is the water cycle important? A．It keeps the climate healthy. B．It shows the beauty of nature. C．It brings warm weather. D．It cleans the air and the ground. 3．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Earth’s climate. B．Water vapor. C．Drinking water. D．The water cycle. 4．Which facts of the following are true according to the passage? ①Water vapor can keep our Earth warm. ②Water returns to Earth in only one form. ③Water vapor becomes clouds when it cools down. ④There may be some disasters (灾难) without water vapor. A．②③ B．③④ C．①② D．①④ 5．What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To encourage people to save water. B．To help people solve water problems. C．To inspire people to get close to nature. D．To call on people to protect our planet. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$