专题08 阅读理解主旨大意题 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 3 题型01 文章大意题 3 题型02 段落大意题 5 题型03 标题归纳题 7 高考练场 9 变式演练 13 · 题型简介 · 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 · 这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。 · 命题类型 · 文章主旨题：这类题目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What's the main idea of the passage?” 或者 “The passage is mainly about...”。 答案选项通常是对文章核心内容的综合表述，涵盖了文章多个段落的要点信息。 · 段落主旨题：主要针对文章中的某一个段落，考查考生对该段落中心内容的理解。如 “What's the main point of the third paragraph?”。答案往往是该段落主题句的同义替换或者对段落细节信息的概括。 · 最佳标题题：要求考生从选项中选择一个最适合文章的标题。像 “Which of the following is the best title for the text?”。标题要能够准确地反映文章的主题，并且具有吸引力，同时还要简洁明了，避免范围过大或过小。 · 解题思路 · 寻找主题句法 · 位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。 · 特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Various effective measures have been taken to protect the environment in recent years.”。 · 归纳法 · 细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。 · 注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。 · 关注关键词法 · 高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。 · 同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technology” 等表达。 · 命题方式 【常见考法】主旨大意题经常使用的提问方式有： 1) What is the text mainly about? 2) What is the best title for the text? 3) What can be a suitable title for the text? 4) What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? 5) What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.. paragraph? 题型01 段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句： 1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。 2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。 3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。 （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 题型02 文章大意题 一、提问方式 What’s the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. The passage is mainly concerned about ________. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. The subject discussed in this text is ________. The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、主旨大意归纳法： 1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。 2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。 3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。 4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。 ✱找主题句的技巧： 1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 （2025年普陀区一模） Summerhill This is a story of a modern school—Summerhill. Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such;it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy:to make the school fit the child— instead of making the child fit the school. Obviously, a school that makes active children sit at desks studying mostly useless subjects is a bad school. It is a good school only for those who believe in such a school, for those uncreative citizens who want obedient, uncreative children who will fit into a civilization whose standard of success is fame and fortune. I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how a child should learn. Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to abandon all disciplines, all directions, all suggestions, all moral training, and all religious instructions. We have been called brave, but it did not require courage. All it required was what we had—a complete belief in the child as a good, not an evil, being. My view is that a child is born wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestions of any kind, he will develop as far as he is capable of developing. Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the inherent ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars;while those who are only fit to sweep the streets will sweep the streets. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far. Nor do I write this snobbishly(势利的), for I would rather see a school produce a happy street cleaner than an anxious scholar. 38. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Summerhill School uses a unique educational approach centered on giving children freedom. B. Summerhill School believes every child has the potential to become a successful scholar. C. Summerhill School rejects strict discipline and focuses on a child-centered environment. D. Summerhill School challenges the traditional model by emphasizing children's independence. （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. ....... Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. ......... 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. 题型03 标题归纳题 一、提问方式 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、文章标题四大特性： 1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨； 2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致； 3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球； 4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。 文章标题干扰项特点：断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；以偏概全；离题太远。 (一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。 （2025年长宁一模） We often picture today’s teens as social-media addicts. They stare at their phones 24/7 and lash out when they can’t have their WeChat fix. But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it. When I spoke to four students at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Calif., as part of my nation-wide teen listening tour, they told me they make conscious choices about who they share things with on social media, how they manage their accounts and how they handle their own burnout. While teens generally acknowledge that social media helps them keep up with their friends, around 45% of them say they feel troubled by the drama they often encounter, according to Pew Research Center. Roughly four in 10 teenagers say they feel pressure to post only things that show them in a positive light or that generate a lot of comments or likes. ....... The Sherman Oaks teens I spoke with say they too have taken breaks to avoid burnout. They all have friends who don’t even bother with social media, and they say they admire it. Still, the fear of missing out usually draws them back. Or, as one of the four students told me, “It kind of gets a little lonely after a while.” 39. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The downside of social media: Why teens get addicted B. The social media: More connectivity than isolation among teens C. The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective D. The influence of social media: A comprehensive teenage analysis （2025年金山一模） I was walking home when a well-dressed man politely stopped me. “Could you tell me which way to Bloor and…” He struggled to get the next word out with a pained look, but I knew better than to finish his sentence for him. “… Bathurst?” he said after several seconds of trying. When I answered, he told me that he didn’t actually need to know. He was practising stuttering (口吃) openly, he explained, hoping to become more confident doing so around strangers. ......... As for me, I’d say that my stutter has not “magically disappeared” because I’ve simply found ways to conceal (隐藏) it. But I have a better therapy now-I will grow alongside it, an identity inseparable from the way that I speak. Thinking about this, I decided to tell the man, who was still looking at me hopefully: “______.” 39. What’s the best title for this passage? A. My stutter, myself B. New definitions for stutter C. Stutter, a life-changing disability D. A special encounter with stutterers 题型01 段落大意题 (上海市实验学校2024-2025学年高三上学期十月月考试题) These are known problems, and there are plenty of ideas out there to solve them. “Figure-storming” is a way for people to combat group-think by pretending to be an influential person trying to address the problems. Some simpler rules are much more likely to help. Define the limits of a brainstorming session upfront. Try to make a specific thing work better rather than to shoot for the Moon. Involve people you don’t know, as well as those you do. Start by getting people to write their ideas down in silence, so extroverts and bosses have less chance to dominate. And be clear about the next steps after the session is over; the attraction of holding a “design sprint (冲刺)”, a weeklong, clear-the-diary way for a team to develop and test product prototypes, is that the thread connecting ideas to outcomes is tight. All of them would make brainstorming a little more thought-provoking and less heart-sinking. 46. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Various solutions to the problems with brainstorming. B. How “figure-storming” contributes to brainstorming. C. Reasons why brainstorming sessions are painful. D. Thought-provoking versus heart-sinking. (2024年新课标高考英语I卷B篇) “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 题型02 文章大意题 (上海市宝山区上海大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语考试) Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland. A tree nursery said in March that it had been unable to find buyers for the one and two-year-old seedlings of England’s national tree. ....... After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help. ......... Natasha Somers, a volunteer for Save the Oaks, said, “The support we’ve seen shows how a community can come together in difficult times. It’s clear that people want to act for a better future, one where humanity and nature are connected.” 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. A prospective approach to planting. B.A nationwide effort to save oak trees. C. A tree nursery devoted to preserving endangered trees. D. A species of trees that are threatened with extinction. (2024年新课标高考英语II卷C篇) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 题型03 标题归纳题 (上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试卷) “Good morning, everyone. Good morning.” It’s 5:30 a. m. , and a speaker-announcement jolts me awake from a dead sleep. “We have about 20 or so humpback whales outside our ship.” I launch myself out of bed, darting out of my cabin and up to a viewing deck. There they are, arching their knobby dorsal fins gracefully above the water and casting their flukes into the crisp morning air before taking a shallow dive. Shortly after, the sunrise announces itself. Then, icebergs appear out of the mist. .......... Once a postdoc and research scientist at the University of Michigan, Kurt Hillig takes photos of everything from flowers to glaciers along the way. Record keeping. “This is here now and I’m here now,” he says. “I’m trying to capture it before it disappears, so I can share it with other people show them this is what the world could have been, if we hadn’t been so driven by profit instead of pleasure.” 39. The best title for the passage is ________. A. Last-Chance Tourism B. A Sustainable Expedition C. Escaping to Endangered Places D. Risky Adventures: The Last Frontier (2024年全国高考英语甲卷B篇) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy （2025年崇明一模） The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more. Recipients can be a news organization, an individual or a group of people. Each of the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal. The name of the year’s winner is on one side of the coin and the year is on the other. All winners are honored and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Columbia University, which was originally tasked with administering the award, and usually occurs in May. If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian-American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence. Pulitzer was born into a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way to America and built a career in journalism. He developed a reputation as an ambitious and energetic young journalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had become a publisher, and six years later he owned a newspaper company. In 1883 he purchased yet another newspaper. He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败). After a successful career in journalism, seven years before his death, Pulitzer wrote a will, leaving $2,000,000 to Columbia University. The money was to establish a school of journalism at Columbia and a set of awards. Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future. Faithfully following Pulitzer’s instructions, Columbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Today these awards are considered some of the most distinguished prizes in America. 36. What can be known about the Pulitzers? A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year. C. They are awarded worldwide. D. They go beyond journalism. 37. It can be inferred from the passage that Joseph Pulitzer _____. A. was humorous and courageous B. was raised up in a journalist’s family C. had a strong sense of justice D. sought a goal of producing wealth 38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly to _____. A. facilitate better journalism B. diversify ways of access to journalism C. support Columbia University D. stimulate people to become journalists 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Pulitzer Prizes: Joseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambition B. Pulitzer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest Honors C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards for Distinguished Journalists D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Columbia University （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 3 题型01 文章大意题 3 题型02 段落大意题 5 题型03 标题归纳题 7 高考练场 9 变式演练 13 · 题型简介 · 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 · 这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。 · 命题类型 · 文章主旨题：这类题目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What's the main idea of the passage?” 或者 “The passage is mainly about...”。 答案选项通常是对文章核心内容的综合表述，涵盖了文章多个段落的要点信息。 · 段落主旨题：主要针对文章中的某一个段落，考查考生对该段落中心内容的理解。如 “What's the main point of the third paragraph?”。答案往往是该段落主题句的同义替换或者对段落细节信息的概括。 · 最佳标题题：要求考生从选项中选择一个最适合文章的标题。像 “Which of the following is the best title for the text?”。标题要能够准确地反映文章的主题，并且具有吸引力，同时还要简洁明了，避免范围过大或过小。 · 解题思路 · 寻找主题句法 · 位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。 · 特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Various effective measures have been taken to protect the environment in recent years.”。 · 归纳法 · 细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。 · 注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。 · 关注关键词法 · 高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。 · 同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technology” 等表达。 · 命题方式 【常见考法】主旨大意题经常使用的提问方式有： 1) What is the text mainly about? 2) What is the best title for the text? 3) What can be a suitable title for the text? 4) What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? 5) What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.. paragraph? 题型01 段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句： 1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。 2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。 3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。 （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 【答案】43. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。 题型02 文章大意题 一、提问方式 What’s the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. The passage is mainly concerned about ________. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. The subject discussed in this text is ________. The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、主旨大意归纳法： 1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。 2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。 3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。 4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。 ✱找主题句的技巧： 1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 （2025年普陀区一模） Summerhill This is a story of a modern school—Summerhill. Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such;it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy:to make the school fit the child— instead of making the child fit the school. Obviously, a school that makes active children sit at desks studying mostly useless subjects is a bad school. It is a good school only for those who believe in such a school, for those uncreative citizens who want obedient, uncreative children who will fit into a civilization whose standard of success is fame and fortune. I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how a child should learn. Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to abandon all disciplines, all directions, all suggestions, all moral training, and all religious instructions. We have been called brave, but it did not require courage. All it required was what we had—a complete belief in the child as a good, not an evil, being. My view is that a child is born wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestions of any kind, he will develop as far as he is capable of developing. Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the inherent ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars;while those who are only fit to sweep the streets will sweep the streets. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far. Nor do I write this snobbishly(势利的), for I would rather see a school produce a happy street cleaner than an anxious scholar. 38. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Summerhill School uses a unique educational approach centered on giving children freedom. B. Summerhill School believes every child has the potential to become a successful scholar. C. Summerhill School rejects strict discipline and focuses on a child-centered environment. D. Summerhill School challenges the traditional model by emphasizing children's independence. 【答案】 A 【导读】本文主要介绍了 Summerhill 学校。该校从一所实验学校发展为示范学校，其核心理念是让学校适应孩子，而非让孩子适应学校。学校摒弃传统的纪律、指导等，坚信孩子天生善良、明智且现实，给予孩子充分自由，旨在培养快乐的个体，而非仅仅追求学术成就。 【38 题详解】 主旨大意题。文章开篇介绍 Summerhill 学校的创办理念是让学校适应孩子，接着阐述学校摒弃传统的纪律等，给予孩子自由，以让孩子自由发展。A 选项 “Summerhill 学校采用一种以给予孩子自由为核心的独特教育方法” 全面概括了文章主旨；B 选项 “Summerhill 学校认为每个孩子都有成为成功学者的潜力” 过于片面，文章强调孩子可以自由发展成适合自己的样子，不只是成为学者；C 选项 “Summerhill 学校拒绝严格纪律，专注于以孩子为中心的环境”，没有突出给予孩子自由这一核心要点；D 选项 “Summerhill 学校通过强调孩子的独立性来挑战传统模式”，文章重点强调的是给予孩子自由，而非单纯强调独立性。所以答案是 A。 （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. ....... Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. ......... 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. 【答案】 46. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. (最初，它是高端餐厅和最高档餐厅的美食。在美国，它成为精致甜点文化的象征，代表着一种特殊的优雅。)”以及最后一段“Over time, the fondant evolved into what many now known as the “molten chocolate cake” or “chocolate lava cake.” (随着时间的推移，这种糖演变成了现在人们所知的“熔融巧克力蛋糕”或“巧克力熔岩蛋糕”。)”结合文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。可知，这篇文章的主旨是巧克力软糖已经从一种高端甜点变成了一种普通的食物。故选B。 题型03 标题归纳题 一、提问方式 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、文章标题四大特性： 1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨； 2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致； 3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球； 4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。 文章标题干扰项特点：断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；以偏概全；离题太远。 (一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。 （2025年长宁一模） We often picture today’s teens as social-media addicts. They stare at their phones 24/7 and lash out when they can’t have their WeChat fix. But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it. When I spoke to four students at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Calif., as part of my nation-wide teen listening tour, they told me they make conscious choices about who they share things with on social media, how they manage their accounts and how they handle their own burnout. While teens generally acknowledge that social media helps them keep up with their friends, around 45% of them say they feel troubled by the drama they often encounter, according to Pew Research Center. Roughly four in 10 teenagers say they feel pressure to post only things that show them in a positive light or that generate a lot of comments or likes. ....... The Sherman Oaks teens I spoke with say they too have taken breaks to avoid burnout. They all have friends who don’t even bother with social media, and they say they admire it. Still, the fear of missing out usually draws them back. Or, as one of the four students told me, “It kind of gets a little lonely after a while.” 39. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The downside of social media: Why teens get addicted B. The social media: More connectivity than isolation among teens C. The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective D. The influence of social media: A comprehensive teenage analysis 【答案】 39. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it.(但事实要复杂得多：虽然他们依靠社交媒体与朋友保持联系，但这确实会让他们在压力下感到无助，他们也知道这一点)”以及大意可知，本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。结合选项可知，C项：The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective“社交媒体的隐性后果：青少年的视角”符合题意，故答案为C。 （2025年金山一模） I was walking home when a well-dressed man politely stopped me. “Could you tell me which way to Bloor and…” He struggled to get the next word out with a pained look, but I knew better than to finish his sentence for him. “… Bathurst?” he said after several seconds of trying. When I answered, he told me that he didn’t actually need to know. He was practising stuttering (口吃) openly, he explained, hoping to become more confident doing so around strangers. ......... As for me, I’d say that my stutter has not “magically disappeared” because I’ve simply found ways to conceal (隐藏) it. But I have a better therapy now-I will grow alongside it, an identity inseparable from the way that I speak. Thinking about this, I decided to tell the man, who was still looking at me hopefully: “______.” 39. What’s the best title for this passage? A. My stutter, myself B. New definitions for stutter C. Stutter, a life-changing disability D. A special encounter with stutterers 【答案】 39. A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者遇到一个穿着考究的男人来问路，虽然有口吃，但是男人阻止了作者的接话，因为他想在与陌生人交谈时更勇敢一些。这让作者想到了自己曾经也有口吃，但是作者选择了让口吃成为自己的一部分。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“As for me, I’d say that my stutter has not “magically disappeared” because I’ve simply found ways to conceal (隐藏) it. But I have a better therapy now-I will grow alongside it, an identity inseparable from the way that I speak.(至于我，我想说我的口吃并没有“神奇地消失”，因为我只是找到了隐藏它的方法。但我现在有了更好的治疗方法——我将与它一起成长，一种与我说话方式密不可分的身份)”结合文章讲述了作者遇到一个穿着考究的男人来问路，虽然有口吃，但是男人阻止了作者的接话，因为他想在与陌生人交谈时更勇敢一些。这让作者想到了自己曾经也有口吃，但是作者选择了让口吃成为自己的一部分。可知，A选项“我的口吃——我的一部分”最符合文章标题。故选A。 题型01 段落大意题 (上海市实验学校2024-2025学年高三上学期十月月考试题) These are known problems, and there are plenty of ideas out there to solve them. “Figure-storming” is a way for people to combat group-think by pretending to be an influential person trying to address the problems. Some simpler rules are much more likely to help. Define the limits of a brainstorming session upfront. Try to make a specific thing work better rather than to shoot for the Moon. Involve people you don’t know, as well as those you do. Start by getting people to write their ideas down in silence, so extroverts and bosses have less chance to dominate. And be clear about the next steps after the session is over; the attraction of holding a “design sprint (冲刺)”, a weeklong, clear-the-diary way for a team to develop and test product prototypes, is that the thread connecting ideas to outcomes is tight. All of them would make brainstorming a little more thought-provoking and less heart-sinking. 46. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Various solutions to the problems with brainstorming. B. How “figure-storming” contributes to brainstorming. C. Reasons why brainstorming sessions are painful. D. Thought-provoking versus heart-sinking. 【答案】 46. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了头脑风暴这一概念，讨论了造成头脑风暴痛苦的原因及其解决办法，通过分析其内环的平衡点如创造力和可行性、管理者和非管理者、不同个性和思维风格的冲突，提出了改善头脑风暴过程的一些技巧和方法。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“These are known problems, and there are plenty of ideas out there to solve them. (这些都是已知的问题，有很多想法可以解决它们)”可知，本段主要讨论的是解决头脑风暴中已知问题的各种方法。故选A项。 (2024年新课标高考英语I卷B篇) “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 题型02 文章大意题 (上海市宝山区上海大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语考试) Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland. A tree nursery said in March that it had been unable to find buyers for the one and two-year-old seedlings of England’s national tree. ....... After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help. ......... Natasha Somers, a volunteer for Save the Oaks, said, “The support we’ve seen shows how a community can come together in difficult times. It’s clear that people want to act for a better future, one where humanity and nature are connected.” 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. A prospective approach to planting. B.A nationwide effort to save oak trees. C. A tree nursery devoted to preserving endangered trees. D. A species of trees that are threatened with extinction. 【答案】39. B 【导语】这是一篇新闻稿。文章讲述通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland.(《泰晤士报》透露，由于政府在帮助创造更多林地方面的延误，近50万棵年轻的橡树将被摧毁，此后这些橡树得以幸存)”、第五段“After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help.(在《泰晤士报》报道了该计划后，全国各地的数十家慈善机构、社区团体和个人与Maelor联系，询问他们是否可以提供帮助)”以及上下文可知，文章主要讲通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。所以B项A nationwide effort to save oak trees.(全国范围内拯救橡树的努力)符合语境。故选B项。 (2024年新课标高考英语II卷C篇) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 题型03 标题归纳题 (上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试卷) “Good morning, everyone. Good morning.” It’s 5:30 a. m. , and a speaker-announcement jolts me awake from a dead sleep. “We have about 20 or so humpback whales outside our ship.” I launch myself out of bed, darting out of my cabin and up to a viewing deck. There they are, arching their knobby dorsal fins gracefully above the water and casting their flukes into the crisp morning air before taking a shallow dive. Shortly after, the sunrise announces itself. Then, icebergs appear out of the mist. .......... Once a postdoc and research scientist at the University of Michigan, Kurt Hillig takes photos of everything from flowers to glaciers along the way. Record keeping. “This is here now and I’m here now,” he says. “I’m trying to capture it before it disappears, so I can share it with other people show them this is what the world could have been, if we hadn’t been so driven by profit instead of pleasure.” 39. The best title for the passage is ________. A. Last-Chance Tourism B. A Sustainable Expedition C. Escaping to Endangered Places D. Risky Adventures: The Last Frontier 【答案】 39. A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。本文主要讲述了作者乘坐探险游轮前往冰岛，途中看到了濒危的座头鲸和冰山，由此引发了作者对于“末日旅游”的思考。作者认为，在濒危之地被彻底改变或消失之前，见证这些美景是非常有意义的。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其最后一段“I’m trying to capture it before it disappears, so I can share it with other people show them this is what the world could have been, if we hadn’t been so driven by profit instead of pleasure.”(我正在尝试在它消失之前捕捉到这些画面，这样我就可以与其他人分享，向他们展示如果我们不是如此追求利润而是追求快乐，世界本可能是什么样子。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者和Kurt Hillig的“末日旅游”，他们想在濒危之地被彻底改变或消失之前，见证这些濒危之地的美景。由此可知，A选项“Last-Chance Tourism(末日旅游)”最符合文章标题。故选A项。 (2024年全国高考英语甲卷B篇) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy （2025年崇明一模） The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more. Recipients can be a news organization, an individual or a group of people. Each of the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal. The name of the year’s winner is on one side of the coin and the year is on the other. All winners are honored and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Columbia University, which was originally tasked with administering the award, and usually occurs in May. If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian-American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence. Pulitzer was born into a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way to America and built a career in journalism. He developed a reputation as an ambitious and energetic young journalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had become a publisher, and six years later he owned a newspaper company. In 1883 he purchased yet another newspaper. He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败). After a successful career in journalism, seven years before his death, Pulitzer wrote a will, leaving $2,000,000 to Columbia University. The money was to establish a school of journalism at Columbia and a set of awards. Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future. Faithfully following Pulitzer’s instructions, Columbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Today these awards are considered some of the most distinguished prizes in America. 36. What can be known about the Pulitzers? A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year. C. They are awarded worldwide. D. They go beyond journalism. 37. It can be inferred from the passage that Joseph Pulitzer _____. A. was humorous and courageous B. was raised up in a journalist’s family C. had a strong sense of justice D. sought a goal of producing wealth 38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly to _____. A. facilitate better journalism B. diversify ways of access to journalism C. support Columbia University D. stimulate people to become journalists 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Pulitzer Prizes: Joseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambition B. Pulitzer Prizes: Some of America’s Greatest Honors C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards for Distinguished Journalists D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Columbia University 【答案】36. D 37. C 38. A 39. B 【导读】 本文介绍了普利策奖，它是美国在新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域颁发的奖项，涵盖 22 个类别。获奖者包括新闻机构、个人或团体，除公共服务奖外，其他 21 个奖项的获得者可获现金奖励和证书。该奖由匈牙利裔美国人约瑟夫・普利策设立，他在新闻领域取得成功后，留下 200 万美元给哥伦比亚大学，用于建立新闻学院和设立奖项，以提高新闻行业标准。1917 年，哥伦比亚大学首次颁发普利策奖，如今该奖已成为美国最杰出的奖项之一。 【解析】 36. 细节理解题： 根据第一段 “The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categories including online journalism, newspaper reporting, fiction, history, music, drama, poetry, photography and more.” 可知，普利策奖不仅涉及新闻领域，还包括书籍、戏剧、音乐等多个领域，D 选项 “它们超越了新闻领域” 正确。 A 选项，公共服务奖获得者获得的是普利策金牌而非现金奖励，所以 A 选项错误；B 选项，每年有 22 个奖项，而不是 21 个获奖者，所以 B 选项错误；C 选项，普利策奖是在美国国内颁发，并非全球范围，所以 C 选项错误。所以答案是 D。 37. 推理判断题： 由第三段 “He became known as someone who was not afraid to take a public stand against corruption (腐败).” 可知，约瑟夫・普利策敢于公开反对腐败，这表明他有强烈的正义感，C 选项正确。 A 选项，文中未提及他幽默；B 选项，他出生于匈牙利的富裕家庭，并非新闻工作者家庭；D 选项，他设立奖项的目的是提高新闻行业标准，而非追求财富，所以 A、B、D 选项错误。所以答案是 C。 38. 细节理解题： 根据第四段 “Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future.” 可知，普利策设立奖项主要是为了促进更好的新闻工作，提高新闻行业标准，A 选项正确。 B 选项 “使进入新闻行业的方式多样化”，文中未提及；C 选项 “支持哥伦比亚大学”，设立奖项的主要目的不是支持大学，而是提高新闻标准；D 选项 “激励人们成为记者”，重点是激励记者追求卓越，而非激励人们成为记者，所以 B、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 A。 39. 主旨大意题： 文章介绍了普利策奖的设立背景、涵盖领域、奖项设置以及其意义，如今普利策奖被认为是美国最杰出的奖项之一，B 选项 “普利策奖：美国一些最伟大的荣誉” 能全面概括文章内容，正确。 A 选项 “普利策奖：约瑟夫・普利策的毕生抱负”，文章不仅仅围绕他的抱负展开；C 选项 “普利策奖：杰出记者的奖项”，普利策奖不仅针对记者，还涉及其他领域；D 选项 “普利策奖：哥伦比亚大学的年度活动”，这只是普利策奖颁奖的地点和形式，不能概括全文，所以 A、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 1. outstanding achievement 杰出成就 2. recipient 接受者 3. news agency 新闻机构 4. administer the award 管理奖项 5. take a public stand against 公开反对 6. write a will 立遗嘱 7. raise the standards of 提高…… 的标准 8. act as a stimulus 起到激励作用 【复杂句式】 1. The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music.” 分析：句子主干是 “The Pulitzers are American awards”，“given within the United States for outstanding achievement in journalism as well as books, drama and music” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “awards”，说明普利策奖是在美国国内为新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域杰出成就而设立的奖项。 翻译：普利策奖是在美国国内颁发的美国奖项，旨在表彰新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域的杰出成就。 2. “The twenty - second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given to a news agency. Instead of cash, the news organization receives the Pulitzer Gold Medal.” 分析：第一句是主从复合句，“The twenty - second prize, however, is the Public Service Prize” 是主句，“which is always given to a news agency” 是非限制性定语从句，对 “the Public Service Prize” 进行补充说明。第二句是简单句，“Instead of cash” 是状语，表明不是获得现金。 翻译：然而，第 22 个奖项是公共服务奖，该奖总是授予一家新闻机构。新闻机构获得的不是现金，而是普利策金牌。 3. “If it hadn’t been for a Hungarian - American named Joseph Pulitzer, the awards would never have come into existence.” 分析：这是一个虚拟条件句，“If it hadn’t been for...” 是对过去情况的虚拟，意思是 “如果不是……”，表示一种假设的情况，主句 “the awards would never have come into existence” 使用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构 “would + have + 过去分词”。 翻译：如果不是因为一位名叫约瑟夫・普利策的匈牙利裔美国人，这些奖项就永远不会存在。 4. “Pulitzer’s desire was to raise the standards of journalism. He hoped the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future.” 分析：第一句是简单句，“to raise the standards of journalism” 是动词不定式作表语，说明普利策的愿望。第二句是主从复合句，“He hoped” 是主句，“the prize would act as a stimulus for journalists to work for excellence — then and into the future” 是省略了引导词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “hoped” 的宾语，“to work for excellence” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明奖项对记者起到激励作用的目的。 翻译：普利策的愿望是提高新闻行业的标准。他希望这个奖项能激励记者们追求卓越 —— 无论是当时还是未来。 （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. 【答案】 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 【导读】 本文介绍了一项关于佛罗里达木蚁的新研究。研究发现，木蚁会对受伤的同伴进行伤口处理，处理方式包括清洁伤口或截肢，具体选择取决于伤口位置。若伤口在腿部较高位置，它们会截肢；若在较低位置，则只清洁伤口。研究还表明，经过适当处理的受伤蚂蚁存活率更高，且只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，这一行为背后存在进化原因，即节省资源。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated.” 可知，对受伤蚂蚁采用的治疗方式取决于伤口是在腿部较高位置还是较低位置，所以答案是 D。 44. 推理判断题：从第五段 “after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care.” 可知，伤口位置和相应的治疗方式对蚂蚁的存活率影响很大，A 选项正确。B 选项，对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢的存活率更高，并非清洁伤口更有效；C 选项，有治疗和无治疗的受伤蚂蚁存活率差异很大，并非相似；D 选项，对于腿部较低位置的伤口，清洁伤口而非截肢更合适，所以截肢并非总是确保受伤蚂蚁存活的最佳方式。所以答案是 A。 45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 可知，重伤的蚂蚁会因缺乏照料最终死亡，C 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，雄性蚂蚁在蚁群中作用较小；B 选项，轻微受伤的蚂蚁会得到照料以节省资源；D 选项，文中提到对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢能大幅提高存活率，而非清洁伤口。所以答案是 C。 46. 主旨大意题：文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤的同伴，包括根据伤口位置选择清洁伤口或截肢等处理方式，B 选项 “受伤的蚂蚁是如何被处理的” 符合主旨。A 选项 “蚂蚁如何进行截肢” 只是其中一部分内容；C 选项 “蚂蚁如何进化和繁殖” 文中未提及；D 选项 “截肢如何影响蚂蚁” 并非文章重点。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 surgical removal 手术切除 laboratory 实验室 mouthparts 口器 lead writer 主要作者 evolutionary reason 进化原因 remain productive 保持生产力 【复杂句式】 1. “Frank said the study describes ‘for the first time how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.’” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Frank said” 是主句，后面省略了引导词 “that”，“the study describes...to save their life” 是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，“how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life” 是 “describes” 的宾语，作宾语从句中的宾语成分，其中 “to save their life” 是目的状语。 翻译：弗兰克说，这项研究 “首次描述了一种非人类动物如何通过对另一个个体进行截肢来挽救其生命”。 2. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴), so harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes.” 分析：这是一个由 “so” 连接的并列句，前一句 “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph” 是主谓宾结构，“further down the leg” 作后置定语修饰 “Injuries”；后一句 “harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes” 是主谓宾结构，“after only five minutes” 是时间状语。 翻译：腿部较低位置的伤口血淋巴流量会增加，所以有害细菌只需五分钟就能进入体内。 3. “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“if an individual is too heavily injured” 是条件状语从句，“the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 是主句，其中 “but rather” 连接两个并列的谓语 “will not care for” 和 “leave”。 翻译：与此同时，如果一只蚂蚁受伤过重，其他蚂蚁不会照顾它，而是会把它丢在一边任其死亡。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$