重难点11 阅读理解之细节理解题-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点11 阅读理解之细节理解题 年份 问题 词数 话题 考点分布 命题趋势 细节理解 主题语境为“人与自我”和“人与社会”为主的应用文，记叙文，说明文 2024 应用文 240 语言交流项目 3 2024 应用文 354 作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性 1 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 2023 应用文 237 国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖计划 3 2023 记叙文 386 被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。 1 2022 应用文 281 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS) 3 2022 记叙文 348 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑 3 2022 说明文 415 人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 1 细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍，把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，有时又有转折、否定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把握和分析。尽管细节理解题相对简单，但不可掉以轻心。细节理解题常见的考查题型有：直接信息题、间接信息题、概括细节理解题和正误判断题。 一、题型特点要知晓 (一)细节理解题常见设问方式 1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。 3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. (二)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。 (三)细节理解题干扰选项特征 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 部分正确，部分错误。 二．方法技巧 1.直接信息题 在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。 例1   原文     Getting started 　　Before starting any position, all students need to complete required tax forms and show identification. International students also need: *Social Security card*Bank account *Valid passport 　　*Official work permit *Letter of support from the office of International Student Life What documents are necessary for an international student to seek employment? A. Passport and Insurance Certificate. B. Work permit and Academic report. C. Bank account and Letter of support. D. Health Certificate and Social Security card. 例2    原文     The researchers have found that an elephant could do the same thanks to its huge nostrils(鼻孔) and lung capacity. The radius(半径) of an elephant's nostrils can increase by up to 30%, and the volume of air that it can push through its trunk increases by 64%. This al-lows it to take in air at 30 times the speed of a human sneeze, enabling it to drink 3L of water a second. Which of the following is TRUE about an elephant according to Paragraph 3? A. It drinks water 30 times faster than man. B. It lets out 64% more air when sneezing. C. Its lung capacity is smaller than we think. D. Its nostrils can get 30% bigger in radius. 例3-2024北京，A The Language Exchange Programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week. Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. Each pair of students meets three times throughout the term with a teacher who decides if the exchange is effective. Students who successfully complete the programme will receive one credit each. 1.In the programme, students will . A. chair daily meetings B. evaluate the exchange C. meet teachers each week D. practise their language skills 2.间接信息题 间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。 例1    原文     Signing up for ESL(English as a Second Language) ESL courses are designed to help international students improve academic English language skills. Enrollment(课程注册) priority is given to degree students. If space is available, you may enroll. You will then be asked to take an ESL Placement Test. The test results will help you choose the class that is appropriate for you. Exchange students can enroll in the ESL course if they 　　     . A. have done well in the placement test B. are asked to improve their English skills C. find a vacancy after degree students' enrollment D. have completed UCLA's registration procedures 例2    原文     Goal setting When setting goals, whether they're academic, career, or personal, remember they should be attainable but not too easy, so that you really have to push yourself to achieve them, and feel rewarded when you do. Writing down your goals and breaking down each huge, long-term goal into smaller, more practical ones can help make it feel more real, and writing out a plan for achieving it can give you a road map to success. What is the author's suggestion for reaching a huge goal? A. Divide it into smaller, more achievable ones. B. Reward oneself for each goal one has set. C. Purchase a clear, updated roadmap. D. Push oneself to an upper level. 例3    原文     Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind. C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion. 三．概括细节理解题 概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。 例1 … At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. … 30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A．About 6,800.　　　 B．About 3,400. C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200. 例2-2024北京，A ........................ Requirements for completion: ·One welcoming session on the second Friday of the term ·18 weekly one-hour pair meetings ·Weekly progress reports for all pair meetings ·At least three pair-teacher meetings ·One five-minute final video Sign up! The sign-up and registration process is as follows: ·Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning. ·Based on the information entered by each student, potential pairs are identified. ·Proficiency(熟练) levels are confirmed through coursework or placement tests. ·Once a pair has been determined to be suitable, the students will be contacted individually with a special permission number to register for the programme. Reminders: Signing up for the programme does not automatically mean that you will be able to register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages of interest and proficiency levels. Since there are many factors involved in the pairing process, not all students who sign up will be matched with a partner and be able to register for the programme. 2. To complete the programme, students are required to . A. develop placement tests B. participate in pair meetings C. welcome new students D. work on weekly videos 3. What do students need to do during the registration? A. Indicate their languages of interest. B. Select their own coursework. C. Make individual contact. D. Choose their partners. 例3-2022北京，D After I read the book,Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co⁃founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” 2.What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing? A.His dominance in physics.　　　B.The competition in the field. C.His confidence in PyQuantum.　　　D.The investment of tech companies. （建议用时：40分钟） 一 （2024·北京海淀·二模）UN FAO World Food Day Poster Contest applications are now being accepted. Try to picture a future where everyone has access to food and water. What comes to mind? You may help create a sustainable future by taking appropriate action. Create a poster showing your water action for food as part of the World Food Day Poster Contest to showcase your artistic talent. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency that leads international efforts to end hunger, promote nutrition, and ensure food security. Procedure and Benefits Fill out the form on our website, take a picture of or scan your submission, and submit it on line. The screening committee will choose 15 posters from each category for the first round (a total of 60 posters from 4 age categories), and those chosen will be notified in December 2024. A certificate for this accomplishment will be given to the shortlisted individuals. Winners will be highlighted on the FAO social media channels and by regional FAO offices. Our judges will choose three winners in each age group, and they will be revealed in December. The winners will also get a diploma and a surprise gift package, as well as promotion from FAO offices throughout the world. Entry Requirements ●The entry period will open on June 1, 2024, and end on November 3, 2024. ●Per individual, only one entry may be submitted. ●Poster entries may be painted, sketched, or drawn using oil or watercolor paint as well as mixed media, pens, pencils, crayons, or charcoal. Artwork produced digitally is also acceptable. No photos are permitted. ●Text may or may not be included in poster entries. Use of text is limited to no more than 25 words. ●Never mention private information such as names, schools, ages, etc. ●Please do not send in physical posters; only digital files saved as JPEGs will be allowed. 21．By taking part in the contest, participants can ________. A．show their cooking talent B．contribute to food sustainability C．raise their nutritional awareness D．have more access to food and water 22．The final winners of the contest will be ________. A．be promoted globally B．informed before December C．invited to regional FAO offices D．decided by FAO after three rounds 二 （2024·北京昌平·二模）Interested in writing, photography or current events? Looking for an experience to inspire your college essays? Or hoping to explore a world-class city with new friends this summer? If so, check out the Boston University Summer Journalism Academy. It’s a program created and run by Boston University, where high school students: ●   Learn from award-winning, working journalists — including two who have shared in Pulitzer Prizes for their reporting. ●   Report on actual events around Boston or your hometown. ●   Place stories with Boston’s Daily Free Press, one of the top college newspapers. ●   Improve their writing, interviewing, and research skills — applicable for any major and career. The academy offers two options: an on-campus, residential program over three weeks for students with journalism experience, and a learn-from-home program over two weeks for all experience levels. For students interested in photography, we offer a special photojournalism track for both. Every option is organized in three sections: ●   Classroom starts each day with a review of journalism fundamentals in a collegiate format. A university-level journalism textbook provides daily readings and writing assignments. ●   Newsroom provides time for students to apply what they learn in the Classroom to hands-on journalism assignments. Over the rest of their day, students conduct interviews and gather information. ●   Guest Talks offer students advice and insight from journalism experts in topics such as radio reporting and studying journalism in college. Sessions feature a Guest Talk during each three-week session from journalism experts. Students also visit city newsrooms to hear from famous reporters. Applications for the on-campus session June 24 to July 12 are due: April 19. Applications for learn-at-home sessions starting June 17, July 1 and July 15 are due: May 10. ●   On Campus, residential: Three weeks, including tuition (学费), activity fees, room and board: $ 6,200. ($ 400 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!) Learn-from-Home: Two weeks, tuition: $ 1,500. ($200 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!) 21．In the program, participants can ______. A．develop their interviewing skills B．finish their college essays with help C．get inspiration from retired journalists D．publish stories in Boston official website 22．If one chooses to learn in on-campus program, one needs to ______. A．pay at most $ 1,500 B．apply before May 10 C．have journalism experience D．have knowledge in photography 23．What will the three sections provide for participants? A．Advice and insight from top photographers. B．Reviews of reading and writing fundamentals. C．A weekly talk with leading journalism experts. D．Chances to put journalism knowledge into practice. 三 （2024·北京朝阳·二模）Do you want to boost your ATAR, a rank which indicates the overall achievements of all Year 12 students in Australia, and get a preview of university life? When you join the Deakin Accelerate Program, you’ll get a head start by completing two first-year university units while you’re still a high school student. How Deakin Accelerate Program works You’ll study two first-year university units through the program. If you choose to study and experience university life on campus, you’ll attend classes and conferences during the day. Or if studying online is more accessible for you, complete the program online in your free time at school or after hours when it suits you. No matter how you choose to study, you’ll benefit from our online learning platform, which allows you to access classes, workshops, resources and more. Whether you’ re using your desktop, tablet or mobile, you’ll have access to course content all year round and get answers in real time. After successfully completing your Accelerate units, you’ll gain credits which you’ can put towards a related Deakin university course. Plus, there is no charge for that. Apply to the Deakin Accelerate Program if you’re: ·a high achiever with above-average Year 11 results; ·looking for an extra challenge in high school; ·a self-starter who can work independently; ·keen to make a head start on your university degree. To be qualified for the program, you must: ·be completing Year 12 in 2024; ·meet the high school subject requirement; ·attain a minimum average grade of 65% across your subjects. For more information about the Deakin Accelerate Program, you can read our FAQs or get in touch using our online inquiry form. Submit an inquiry 21．What benefit do participants gain from the Deakin Accelerate Program? A．Receiving a preview of their ATAR. B．Experiencing different learning styles. C．Completing two years’ university units. D．Earning credits towards university courses. 22．What is available for participants on the online learning platform? A．Real-time response. B．Guidance on using devices. C．High school course content. D．An online learning schedule. 23．Which is a requirement for the applicants? A．Submitting an inquiry form. B．Graduating from university in 2024. C．Having started to study for a university degree. D．Achieving an average score of at least 65% in all subjects. 四 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions. Fat Is Good It doesn’t matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early. Natural Sugar Is Better The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose (蔗糖). It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey? It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose. High-pH Water Some people think we need to eat alkali (碱) food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood. Don’t Eat Anything That You Can’t Pronounce Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can’t pronounce it? This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family. Don’t Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients(佐料) Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish? Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients? 21．According to the passage, healthier fat ______. A．can be found in fish and plants B．comes from land-based animals C．remains solid at room temperature D．can lower the death rate of elders 22．The passage suggests that ______. A．diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B．honey sugar can do more good than sucrose C．foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D．chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in 23．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare tips on food choices. B．To introduce different health concepts. C．To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D．To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings. 五 【2024年人大附中高三三模】I write this on a spring morning, in the van I have called home for two years now. From one small window, I have a view of joggers pounding the sunny path by the Oxford Canal, and the other looks onto the busy railway line along which trains travel from Southampton Docks to Birmingham. The woods where I’ve parked my van have grown up between them. This ancient van, a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis. I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres—where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community. Over the years that followed, living and working on location in the polar regions or Scandinavia or the Alps, not settling down for very long, meant wherever I landed was always “home”. It was necessary to adopt a more permanent engagement with locality. Oxford had often drawn me back. It’s a crossroads of reality and the imagination, the perfect city for a writer. It takes a surprising amount of work to keep a tiny home in order: buying a used van online; ensuring the smooth running of a gas cooker and car batteries; fetching water and emptying the mobile toilet. I began to enjoy taking care of my immediate surroundings. Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants. I made friends with the self-sufficient boaters living nearby, always ready to share knowledge on the low-carbon simplicity of life without electricity. I’ve learnt that comfort can be found away from the bright infrastructure of urban life: in watching the birds that nest in the tree and the foxes playing in the woods at dawn, in making a cup of coffee on a spring morning. My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight. 24．The writer makes the van his home because ______. A．the feature of the van and that of his occupation are matching B．the van equals to a crossroads of reality and the imagination C．the views of joggers and trains outside of it can relieve his pressure D．living and working on location in the polar regions are appealing to him 25．What does “immediate surroundings” in Paragraph 6 refer to? A．a used van B．a gas cooker C．a wild garden D．a mobile toilet 26．Which of the following is the benefit of unconventional housing? A．Joining joggers to do exercise. B．Keeping a tiny home in order easily. C．Improving the economy of Oxford. D．Embracing delightful surprises. 六 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】My birth was a little more dramatic than the standard way a baby enters the world. I was born missing my left hand. Indeed, my limb (手臂) difference could have been a disaster if it hadn’t been for what happened next. A nurse placed me in my mother’s arms and instructed, “You will take her home. You will love her and treat her as normal.” That is exactly what happened. I played sports, acted in theater, excelled in school and had playdates with friends. While I did get some stares and “polite” questions about my disability, I was lucky because I wasn’t made fun of for it. However, that fact that I was different hit me hard my first day of high school. I was 13, an age when kids are already very self-conscious and the need to fit in is intensified. I remember one of the other kids on the school bus stared just a little too long at my left arm. I felt a sudden urge to hide my hand, so I slipped it into my pocket. I told myself that I’d just hide it that one day, while I was trying to make friends. But one day of hiding turned into a week, a month, and years — 25 of them to be exact. When I was 38 years old, tired of hiding and lonely, I met someone special and invited him in. The combination of me finally feeling ready to unhide and his willingness to go through the unhiding process with me was exactly what I needed. For the first time in my life, I allowed someone to really hold my limb, look at it, touch it, love it — love me. I saw my limb difference as something unique about me, something that should be shown, not hidden. It was a transformational experience, and I learned to love me too. It changed how I lived my entire life and made me happier. I also discovered and joined the Lucky Fin Project, an organisation devoted to people with all types of disabilities. Hiding things, especially from loved ones, is tiring and lonely, and it prevents us from getting help and support. It’s time to change that. 24．What was the author’s childhood like? A．She had no social interactions with friends. B．She was raised with care and treated normally. C．She faced some challenges in school activities. D．She was upset about the attention to her difference. 25．What happened to the author when she was 13 years old? A．She began to ignore her disability. B．She suffered prejudice from some kids. C．She started hiding herself away from friends. D．She became sensitive due to her self-awareness. 26．How did the author change when she stopped hiding? A．She started to open up and be herself. B．She met someone who cured her disability. C．She was fed up with the company of others. D．She reduced involvement in the disability group. 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．Misfortune is a good teacher. B．Disability is not a barrier to success. C．Self-acceptance can lead to self-love. D．Nothing beats the feeling of being loved. 七 （2024·北京东城·二模）Mark Brown, 57, had been making films for 30 years, but he found himself feeling tired of it. “I thought, things can only go downhill.” Brown knew he needed to do something else — but what? A few years earlier, he had bought his childhood house and moved in. While Brown wondered about a second care er in gardening, he heard a different internal voice. “That child who used to love drawing whispered to me down the years,” he said. Some unacknowledged longing in him was brought out. There was a great oak tree near his home. It had stood out to his young self as a “fantastical giant — a treasure home to birds, insects and animals. There was a cave inside. We used to squeeze in through this hole.” He decided to lock himself away for two months to draw it in all its glorious detail. “While I was drawing,” he said, “there came moments when it was as though the tree was drawing itself. I had spent so much time playing in it. I could feel it. It was deep inside me.” His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist. Over the next few years, he travelled across Britain and spent days with the trees selected with the help of the Ancient Tree Forum, the Tree Council and the Woodland Trust. Brown has started work on a 20-drawing series of Britain’s most important ash trees. “These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.” Drawing is not only an act of care and a demand for preservation, but it “gives me that interface between my passion for the natural world and my creativity,” Brown says. It has also given him a different perspective on the passage of time. “I’m an old man yet I’m only 71, and some of the trees I’ve drawn are 1,000 years old. When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think about the end of my life and the brief nature of human life that passes momentarily beneath them.” 24．At the age of 57, Brown ______. A．moved into his old house B．awakened a childhood interest C．reached the peak of his life D．developed a passion for gardening 25．What can we learn about the oak tree and Brown? A．It helped him start a new career. B．It linked him with the world. C．He built a tree house in it. D．He studied creatures in it. 26．What is Brown working on? A．Setting up tree organizations. B．Looking for cures for tree diseases. C．Drawing to call for protection for trees. D．Travelling to select important trees in Britain. 27．When Brown is with trees, he feels that ______. A．time is endless B．human life is temporary C．nature is dynamic D．life-long learning is crucial 八 【2024年人大附中高三三模】 From Smells to Soundtracks When a young sawfly, a bee-like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy. Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds—to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why—face great challenges. Meetups between sawflies and ants in a lab are difficult to carry out. There are also a very limited quantity of the insects’ emissions. On the side, Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way—the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it. They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour-tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch ( 音 高 ). Larger molecules were given lower-pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfly’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be. To test out the audio descriptions they created, Boevé and Giot examined people’s reactions to the soundtracks and compared them to ants’ reactions to the original smells. They played the 16 emission soundtracks and the 20 molecule sounds through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote. Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most. 27．What do we know about Boevé from paragraph 2? A．He was devoted to the research for several months. B．He started a new approach after months’ hesitation. C．He came up with a creative idea thanks to a composer. D．He was faced with difficulties in studying rare sawflies. 28．What can be concluded in terms of the sound approach? A．The volume of sounds is based on the proportion of molecules. B．Smaller molecules and lower pitch share similar characteristics. C．Audio descriptions of the molecules can be divided into 16 kinds. D．Participants were required to compare the sounds with the smells. 29．From paragraphs 4 and 5, we can learn that ________. A．the soundtracks are more than what humans are likely to bear B．the ants dislike the sounds as much as humans hate the smells C．humans’ reactions to the sounds resemble ants’ responses to the smells D．other zoologists are looking for innovative ways of studying molecules 30．This passage is mainly intended to ________. A．explain ways to transfer smells into soundtracks B．introduce research on sawfly’s effect on humans C．demonstrate a scientific study on insects’smells D．test out people’s reaction to various soundtracks ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点11 阅读理解之细节理解题 年份 问题 词数 话题 考点分布 命题趋势 细节理解 主题语境为“人与自我”和“人与社会”为主的应用文，记叙文，说明文 2024 应用文 240 语言交流项目 3 2024 应用文 354 作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性 1 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 2023 应用文 237 国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖计划 3 2023 记叙文 386 被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。 1 2022 应用文 281 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS) 3 2022 记叙文 348 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑 3 2022 说明文 415 人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 1 细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍，把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，有时又有转折、否定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把握和分析。尽管细节理解题相对简单，但不可掉以轻心。细节理解题常见的考查题型有：直接信息题、间接信息题、概括细节理解题和正误判断题。 一、题型特点要知晓 (一)细节理解题常见设问方式 1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。 3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. (二)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。 (三)细节理解题干扰选项特征 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 部分正确，部分错误。 二．方法技巧 1.直接信息题 在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。 例1   原文     Getting started 　　Before starting any position, all students need to complete required tax forms and show identification. International students also need: *Social Security card*Bank account *Valid passport 　　*Official work permit *Letter of support from the office of International Student Life What documents are necessary for an international student to seek employment? A. Passport and Insurance Certificate. B. Work permit and Academic report. C. Bank account and Letter of support. D. Health Certificate and Social Security card. 解析     定位    根据题干关键词international student定位在Getting started标题下第二句。 分析    国际学生需要的证件有社保卡、银行账户、有效的护照、官方工作许可以及 支持信。 对比    C项包含Bank account和Letter of support,属于国际学生寻求工作的必要证件 例2    原文     The researchers have found that an elephant could do the same thanks to its huge nostrils(鼻孔) and lung capacity. The radius(半径) of an elephant's nostrils can increase by up to 30%, and the volume of air that it can push through its trunk increases by 64%. This al-lows it to take in air at 30 times the speed of a human sneeze, enabling it to drink 3L of water a second. Which of the following is TRUE about an elephant according to Paragraph 3? A. It drinks water 30 times faster than man. B. It lets out 64% more air when sneezing. C. Its lung capacity is smaller than we think. D. Its nostrils can get 30% bigger in radius. 解析     定位    根据题干锁定节选段落(原文第三段)。题干中没有明确的定位词,但是选项中有。因此,可以先标出选项中的关键词:数字和比较级形式,再定位原文中相应关键词。 分析    大象的鼻孔半径可以增加30%,大象通过象鼻推送的空气量可以增加64%,大象吸气的速度可以达到人打喷嚏的30倍。 对比    D项意为“它(大象)的鼻孔的半径可以增大30%”,与原文一致,符合题意。A、B项张冠李戴,大象吸气比人类打喷嚏快30倍而不是喝水,文中提及人类打喷嚏而不是大象。C项原文未提及。故选D。 例3-2024北京，A The Language Exchange Programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week. Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. Each pair of students meets three times throughout the term with a teacher who decides if the exchange is effective. Students who successfully complete the programme will receive one credit each. 1.In the programme, students will . A. chair daily meetings B. evaluate the exchange C. meet teachers each week D. practise their language skills 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是应用文，主要介绍了一个语言交流项目，包括项目的完成要求、报名和注册流程以及注意事项。 1. D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Language Exchange Programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week.”以及“Students record...noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed.”可知，学生每周用两种不同的语言交流，并且记录练习的语言技能和讨论的话题。故选D。 2.间接信息题 间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。 例1    原文     Signing up for ESL(English as a Second Language) ESL courses are designed to help international students improve academic English language skills. Enrollment(课程注册) priority is given to degree students. If space is available, you may enroll. You will then be asked to take an ESL Placement Test. The test results will help you choose the class that is appropriate for you. Exchange students can enroll in the ESL course if they 　　     . A. have done well in the placement test B. are asked to improve their English skills C. find a vacancy after degree students' enrollment D. have completed UCLA's registration procedures 解析     定位    题干关键词enroll in(报名;注册) the ESL course和标题中的Signing up for ESL为同义表达,因此定位在该部分。 分析    该标题下提及课程注册的两个情况:一是攻读学位的学生(degree students)有优先注册权;二是如果有空位置,交换生就可以注册。 对比    选项C中find a vacancy(找到空位置)与原文space is available为同义表达,故选C。 例2    原文     Goal setting When setting goals, whether they're academic, career, or personal, remember they should be attainable but not too easy, so that you really have to push yourself to achieve them, and feel rewarded when you do. Writing down your goals and breaking down each huge, long-term goal into smaller, more practical ones can help make it feel more real, and writing out a plan for achieving it can give you a road map to success. What is the author's suggestion for reaching a huge goal? A. Divide it into smaller, more achievable ones. B. Reward oneself for each goal one has set. C. Purchase a clear, updated roadmap. D. Push oneself to an upper level. 解析     定位    根据题干重点实词huge goal定位在Goal setting部分。 分析    解题关键句为本段第二句,其中出现两个it,要特别明确it指前文提到的“each huge, long-term goal”。此处表示写下你的目标并且把每一个大的长期目标分解为更小和更切合实际的目标能够使得这个大目标显得更真实,便于实现。 对比    选项A中的Divide...into 和more achievable分别是原文breaking down和more practical的同义表达。故选A。 例3    原文     Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind. C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion. 解析     定位    根据题干关键词recapture curiosity and discontent定位在节选段落第一段(原文第三段)。 分析    原文第三段作者提出观点:好奇心和不满足感与生俱来,无需学习,而需我们重新获取。下文提到具体如何获取,与题干问题一致。原文第四段作者先引用孟子说的话“大人者,不失其赤子之心者也”,再分析现状:大多数人失去“赤子之心”,不再问问题,不质疑习俗,只随大溜(follow the crowd)。原文第五段先继续论证再引出结论:我们需强迫自己去唤醒好奇心和不满足感。 对比    选项A和C原文中没有提及;选项D 与原文follow the crowd虽是近义表达,但不是获得好奇心的方法。选项B“要形成质询的头脑(Develop a questioning mind.)”是原文第四、五段主要细节的总结概括——我们需强迫自己去唤醒好奇心和不满足感,去提问、去质疑。故选B。 三．概括细节理解题 概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。 例1 … At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. … 30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A．About 6,800.　　　 B．About 3,400. C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200. 比对定答案 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A 大约6 800种。 6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴 B 大约3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。 信息归纳 C 大约2 400种。 2 400为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴 D 大约1 200种。 数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有 [分析]　选B　根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。 例2-2024北京，A ........................ Requirements for completion: ·One welcoming session on the second Friday of the term ·18 weekly one-hour pair meetings ·Weekly progress reports for all pair meetings ·At least three pair-teacher meetings ·One five-minute final video Sign up! The sign-up and registration process is as follows: ·Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning. ·Based on the information entered by each student, potential pairs are identified. ·Proficiency(熟练) levels are confirmed through coursework or placement tests. ·Once a pair has been determined to be suitable, the students will be contacted individually with a special permission number to register for the programme. Reminders: Signing up for the programme does not automatically mean that you will be able to register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages of interest and proficiency levels. Since there are many factors involved in the pairing process, not all students who sign up will be matched with a partner and be able to register for the programme. 2. To complete the programme, students are required to . A. develop placement tests B. participate in pair meetings C. welcome new students D. work on weekly videos 3. What do students need to do during the registration? A. Indicate their languages of interest. B. Select their own coursework. C. Make individual contact. D. Choose their partners. 2. B细节理解题。根据题干关键词complete the programme定位到第一个小标题。根据18 weekly one-hour pair meetings可知，要完成该项目，学生需要参加双人会议。故选B。 3.A细节理解题。根据题干关键词registration定位到第二个小标题下。根据“Students sign up and indicate the... languages they are interested in learning.”可知，注册的时候，学生需要表明他们感兴趣的语言。故选A。 例3-2022北京，D After I read the book,Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co⁃founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” 2.What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing? A.His dominance in physics.　　　B.The competition in the field. C.His confidence in PyQuantum.　　　D.The investment of tech companies. 2. C细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Taylor shares...those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.”以及倒数第二段中Taylor的话和最后一段中的“by a wide margin”可知，Taylor对自己的公司充满信心，这也是他对量子计算保持乐观心态的原因。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一 （2024·北京海淀·二模）UN FAO World Food Day Poster Contest applications are now being accepted. Try to picture a future where everyone has access to food and water. What comes to mind? You may help create a sustainable future by taking appropriate action. Create a poster showing your water action for food as part of the World Food Day Poster Contest to showcase your artistic talent. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency that leads international efforts to end hunger, promote nutrition, and ensure food security. Procedure and Benefits Fill out the form on our website, take a picture of or scan your submission, and submit it on line. The screening committee will choose 15 posters from each category for the first round (a total of 60 posters from 4 age categories), and those chosen will be notified in December 2024. A certificate for this accomplishment will be given to the shortlisted individuals. Winners will be highlighted on the FAO social media channels and by regional FAO offices. Our judges will choose three winners in each age group, and they will be revealed in December. The winners will also get a diploma and a surprise gift package, as well as promotion from FAO offices throughout the world. Entry Requirements ●The entry period will open on June 1, 2024, and end on November 3, 2024. ●Per individual, only one entry may be submitted. ●Poster entries may be painted, sketched, or drawn using oil or watercolor paint as well as mixed media, pens, pencils, crayons, or charcoal. Artwork produced digitally is also acceptable. No photos are permitted. ●Text may or may not be included in poster entries. Use of text is limited to no more than 25 words. ●Never mention private information such as names, schools, ages, etc. ●Please do not send in physical posters; only digital files saved as JPEGs will be allowed. 21．By taking part in the contest, participants can ________. A．show their cooking talent B．contribute to food sustainability C．raise their nutritional awareness D．have more access to food and water 22．The final winners of the contest will be ________. A．be promoted globally B．informed before December C．invited to regional FAO offices D．decided by FAO after three rounds 【答案】21．B 22．A 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了联合国粮食及农业组织的世界粮食日海报竞赛的相关信息，包括竞赛目的、组织背景、参赛程序和好处，以及参赛要求等。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“You may help create a sustainable future by taking appropriate action.(你可以通过采取适当的行动来帮助创造一个可持续发展的未来。)”可知，通过参加比赛，参与者可以为食物的可持续性做出贡献。故选B。 22．细节理解题。根据Procedure and Benefits部分的“The winners will also get a diploma and a surprise gift package, as well as promotion from FAO offices throughout the world.(获奖者还将获得文凭和惊喜礼品包，以及粮农组织在世界各地办事处的推广机会。)”可知，比赛的最终获胜者将在全球推广。故选A。 二 （2024·北京昌平·二模）Interested in writing, photography or current events? Looking for an experience to inspire your college essays? Or hoping to explore a world-class city with new friends this summer? If so, check out the Boston University Summer Journalism Academy. It’s a program created and run by Boston University, where high school students: ●   Learn from award-winning, working journalists — including two who have shared in Pulitzer Prizes for their reporting. ●   Report on actual events around Boston or your hometown. ●   Place stories with Boston’s Daily Free Press, one of the top college newspapers. ●   Improve their writing, interviewing, and research skills — applicable for any major and career. The academy offers two options: an on-campus, residential program over three weeks for students with journalism experience, and a learn-from-home program over two weeks for all experience levels. For students interested in photography, we offer a special photojournalism track for both. Every option is organized in three sections: ●   Classroom starts each day with a review of journalism fundamentals in a collegiate format. A university-level journalism textbook provides daily readings and writing assignments. ●   Newsroom provides time for students to apply what they learn in the Classroom to hands-on journalism assignments. Over the rest of their day, students conduct interviews and gather information. ●   Guest Talks offer students advice and insight from journalism experts in topics such as radio reporting and studying journalism in college. Sessions feature a Guest Talk during each three-week session from journalism experts. Students also visit city newsrooms to hear from famous reporters. Applications for the on-campus session June 24 to July 12 are due: April 19. Applications for learn-at-home sessions starting June 17, July 1 and July 15 are due: May 10. ●   On Campus, residential: Three weeks, including tuition (学费), activity fees, room and board: $ 6,200. ($ 400 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!) Learn-from-Home: Two weeks, tuition: $ 1,500. ($200 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!) 21．In the program, participants can ______. A．develop their interviewing skills B．finish their college essays with help C．get inspiration from retired journalists D．publish stories in Boston official website 22．If one chooses to learn in on-campus program, one needs to ______. A．pay at most $ 1,500 B．apply before May 10 C．have journalism experience D．have knowledge in photography 23．What will the three sections provide for participants? A．Advice and insight from top photographers. B．Reviews of reading and writing fundamentals. C．A weekly talk with leading journalism experts. D．Chances to put journalism knowledge into practice. 【答案】21．A 22．C 23．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了波士顿大学暑期新闻学院的项目内容、面向对象、课程安排及申请截止日期等信息。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段中第四点“Improve their writing, interviewing, and research skills — applicable for any major and career.(提高他们的写作、采访和研究技能——适用于任何专业和职业)”可知，在这个项目里，参与者可以提高他们的写作、采访和研究技能。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The academy offers two options: an on-campus, residential program over three weeks for students with journalism experience, and a learn-from-home program over two weeks for all experience levels.(该学院提供两种选择：一种是为有新闻工作经验的学生提供为期三周的校内住宿项目，另一种是针对所有经验水平的学生提供两周的在家学习项目)”可知，如果选择在校学习项目，需要有新闻工作经验。故选C。 23． 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Classroom starts each day with a review of journalism fundamentals in a collegiate format. A university-level journalism textbook provides daily readings and writing assignments.(课堂每天以大学形式开始复习新闻学基础知识。大学级别的新闻学教科书提供日常阅读和写作作业)”“Newsroom provides time for students to apply what they learn in the Classroom to hands-on journalism assignments. Over the rest of their day, students conduct interviews and gather information.(新闻室为学生提供了时间，让他们将课堂上学到的知识应用到实际新闻作业中。在一天的剩余时间里，学生们进行面试并收集信息)”“Guest Talks offer students advice and insight from journalism experts in topics such as radio reporting and studying journalism in college. Sessions feature a Guest Talk during each three-week session from journalism experts. Students also visit city newsrooms to hear from famous reporters.(客座演讲为学生提供新闻专家在广播报道和大学新闻研究等主题上的建议和见解。每三周一次的会议都有新闻专家的嘉宾演讲。学生们还参观城市新闻编辑室，听取著名记者的采访)”可知，这三个部分将为参与者提供将新闻知识付诸实践的机会。故选D。 三 （2024·北京朝阳·二模）Do you want to boost your ATAR, a rank which indicates the overall achievements of all Year 12 students in Australia, and get a preview of university life? When you join the Deakin Accelerate Program, you’ll get a head start by completing two first-year university units while you’re still a high school student. How Deakin Accelerate Program works You’ll study two first-year university units through the program. If you choose to study and experience university life on campus, you’ll attend classes and conferences during the day. Or if studying online is more accessible for you, complete the program online in your free time at school or after hours when it suits you. No matter how you choose to study, you’ll benefit from our online learning platform, which allows you to access classes, workshops, resources and more. Whether you’ re using your desktop, tablet or mobile, you’ll have access to course content all year round and get answers in real time. After successfully completing your Accelerate units, you’ll gain credits which you’ can put towards a related Deakin university course. Plus, there is no charge for that. Apply to the Deakin Accelerate Program if you’re: ·a high achiever with above-average Year 11 results; ·looking for an extra challenge in high school; ·a self-starter who can work independently; ·keen to make a head start on your university degree. To be qualified for the program, you must: ·be completing Year 12 in 2024; ·meet the high school subject requirement; ·attain a minimum average grade of 65% across your subjects. For more information about the Deakin Accelerate Program, you can read our FAQs or get in touch using our online inquiry form. Submit an inquiry 21．What benefit do participants gain from the Deakin Accelerate Program? A．Receiving a preview of their ATAR. B．Experiencing different learning styles. C．Completing two years’ university units. D．Earning credits towards university courses. 22．What is available for participants on the online learning platform? A．Real-time response. B．Guidance on using devices. C．High school course content. D．An online learning schedule. 23．Which is a requirement for the applicants? A．Submitting an inquiry form. B．Graduating from university in 2024. C．Having started to study for a university degree. D．Achieving an average score of at least 65% in all subjects. 【答案】21．D 22．A 23．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个名为Deakin Accelerate Program的项目的情况，包括申请要求和项目工作流程等情况。 21．细节理解题。根据第四段“After successfully completing your Accelerate units, you’ll gain credits which you’ can put towards a related Deakin university course.(在成功完成加速单元后，你将获得学分，这些学分可以用于迪肯大学的相关课程)”可知，参与者可以从迪肯加速项目中获得大学课程学分。故选D。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“Whether you’ re using your desktop, tablet or mobile, you’ll have access to course content all year round and get answers in real time.(无论您是使用台式机、平板电脑还是移动设备，您都可以全年访问课程内容，并实时获得答案)”可知，在线学习平台的参与者可以获得实时答复。故选A。 23．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“·attain a minimum average grade of 65% across your subjects.(·各科平均成绩至少达到65%)”可知，对申请人的要求是各科平均成绩至少达到65%。故选D。 四 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions. Fat Is Good It doesn’t matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early. Natural Sugar Is Better The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose (蔗糖). It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey? It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose. High-pH Water Some people think we need to eat alkali (碱) food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood. Don’t Eat Anything That You Can’t Pronounce Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can’t pronounce it? This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family. Don’t Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients(佐料) Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish? Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients? 21．According to the passage, healthier fat ______. A．can be found in fish and plants B．comes from land-based animals C．remains solid at room temperature D．can lower the death rate of elders 22．The passage suggests that ______. A．diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B．honey sugar can do more good than sucrose C．foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D．chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in 23．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare tips on food choices. B．To introduce different health concepts. C．To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D．To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings. 【答案】21．A 22．C 23．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是对一些常见的饮食相关的说法进行了分析和解释，以帮助人们更好地理解和选择饮食。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段“If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.(如果它来自陆生动物，在室温下很可能是固体，那么它就是饱和脂肪；如果它来自鱼类或植物，在室温下很可能是液体，那么它就是不饱和脂肪。所有证据都表明，摄入更多的不饱和脂肪比摄入更多的饱和脂肪能降低早逝的风险)”可知，鱼类和植物中含有更健康的脂肪。故选A。 22．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish? Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients?(简单的食物不一定对你更健康。例如，如果我在菜谱中使用了中国的五香粉，它就会被算作五种配料之一。然而，如果我把五种香料粉的典型成分分别加入到一道菜中呢？这是否意味着我的食谱突然变坏了，因为它含有超过五种原料？)”可推知，含有更多佐料的食物可能也一样健康，故选C。 23．推理判断题。根据文章主要讲了一些关于饮食的常见误解，如脂肪的好坏、天然糖是否更好、高pH值水是否更好、以及佐料多的食物是否不好，目的是提醒人们注意这些饮食方面的误解，故选D。 五 【2024年人大附中高三三模】I write this on a spring morning, in the van I have called home for two years now. From one small window, I have a view of joggers pounding the sunny path by the Oxford Canal, and the other looks onto the busy railway line along which trains travel from Southampton Docks to Birmingham. The woods where I’ve parked my van have grown up between them. This ancient van, a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis. I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres—where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community. Over the years that followed, living and working on location in the polar regions or Scandinavia or the Alps, not settling down for very long, meant wherever I landed was always “home”. It was necessary to adopt a more permanent engagement with locality. Oxford had often drawn me back. It’s a crossroads of reality and the imagination, the perfect city for a writer. It takes a surprising amount of work to keep a tiny home in order: buying a used van online; ensuring the smooth running of a gas cooker and car batteries; fetching water and emptying the mobile toilet. I began to enjoy taking care of my immediate surroundings. Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants. I made friends with the self-sufficient boaters living nearby, always ready to share knowledge on the low-carbon simplicity of life without electricity. I’ve learnt that comfort can be found away from the bright infrastructure of urban life: in watching the birds that nest in the tree and the foxes playing in the woods at dawn, in making a cup of coffee on a spring morning. My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight. 24．The writer makes the van his home because ______. A．the feature of the van and that of his occupation are matching B．the van equals to a crossroads of reality and the imagination C．the views of joggers and trains outside of it can relieve his pressure D．living and working on location in the polar regions are appealing to him 25．What does “immediate surroundings” in Paragraph 6 refer to? A．a used van B．a gas cooker C．a wild garden D．a mobile toilet 26．Which of the following is the benefit of unconventional housing? A．Joining joggers to do exercise. B．Keeping a tiny home in order easily. C．Improving the economy of Oxford. D．Embracing delightful surprises. 【答案】24．A 25．C 26．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者作为旅行作家以面包车为家的体验和感受。 24．细节理解题。由文章第三段第二句“This ancient van, a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis.”(这辆古老的面包车是为自由和开放道路而设计的，事实证明它是度过当前住房危机的稳定的解决方案。）和第四段“I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres — where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community.”(学业结束后，我成为了一名旅行作家，致力于在博物馆和艺术中心进行短暂的“驻留”——在那里，通常会提供临时住宿，以换取创作关于社区的新作品。) 可知，面包车自由和开放的特征和作者作为旅行作家的职业是相匹配的。故选A项。 25．词句猜测题。由文章第六段最后一句“Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants. ”(整个夏天，我努力把荒地变成野生花园，用野生植物代替杂草。）可知，我开始喜欢照顾我的野生花园，“immediate surroundings”指的是野生花园。故选C项。 26．细节理解题。由文章最后一段“My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight.”(我远离传统住房是个人经济状况的必要行为，但好处包括从不想当然，以及意想不到的快乐。)可知，住在面包车这种非传统住房里可以随时拥抱令人愉快的惊喜。故选D项。 六 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】My birth was a little more dramatic than the standard way a baby enters the world. I was born missing my left hand. Indeed, my limb (手臂) difference could have been a disaster if it hadn’t been for what happened next. A nurse placed me in my mother’s arms and instructed, “You will take her home. You will love her and treat her as normal.” That is exactly what happened. I played sports, acted in theater, excelled in school and had playdates with friends. While I did get some stares and “polite” questions about my disability, I was lucky because I wasn’t made fun of for it. However, that fact that I was different hit me hard my first day of high school. I was 13, an age when kids are already very self-conscious and the need to fit in is intensified. I remember one of the other kids on the school bus stared just a little too long at my left arm. I felt a sudden urge to hide my hand, so I slipped it into my pocket. I told myself that I’d just hide it that one day, while I was trying to make friends. But one day of hiding turned into a week, a month, and years — 25 of them to be exact. When I was 38 years old, tired of hiding and lonely, I met someone special and invited him in. The combination of me finally feeling ready to unhide and his willingness to go through the unhiding process with me was exactly what I needed. For the first time in my life, I allowed someone to really hold my limb, look at it, touch it, love it — love me. I saw my limb difference as something unique about me, something that should be shown, not hidden. It was a transformational experience, and I learned to love me too. It changed how I lived my entire life and made me happier. I also discovered and joined the Lucky Fin Project, an organisation devoted to people with all types of disabilities. Hiding things, especially from loved ones, is tiring and lonely, and it prevents us from getting help and support. It’s time to change that. 24．What was the author’s childhood like? A．She had no social interactions with friends. B．She was raised with care and treated normally. C．She faced some challenges in school activities. D．She was upset about the attention to her difference. 25．What happened to the author when she was 13 years old? A．She began to ignore her disability. B．She suffered prejudice from some kids. C．She started hiding herself away from friends. D．She became sensitive due to her self-awareness. 26．How did the author change when she stopped hiding? A．She started to open up and be herself. B．She met someone who cured her disability. C．She was fed up with the company of others. D．She reduced involvement in the disability group. 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．Misfortune is a good teacher. B．Disability is not a barrier to success. C．Self-acceptance can lead to self-love. D．Nothing beats the feeling of being loved. 【答案】24．B 25．D 26．A 27．C 【导语】本文为一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者生来残疾，小时候被好好照顾，直到中学时自我意识觉醒对周围的目光变得敏感，将自己隐藏起来，到38岁时决定敞开做自己，不再隐藏，接收自己的不完美。作者意识到只有自我接纳，才能好好爱自己。 24．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Indeed, my limb difference could have been a disaster if it hadn’t been for what happened next. A nurse placed me in my mother’s arms and instructed, “You will take her home. You will love her and treat her as normal.”(事实上，如果没有接下来发生的事情，我的肢体差异可能是一场灾难。一位护士把我放在母亲的怀里，嘱咐我说:“你带她回家。你会爱她，像对待正常人一样对待她。”)”及第二段“That is exactly what happened. I played sports, acted in theater, excelled in school and had playdates with friends. While I did get some stares and “polite” questions about my disability, I was lucky because I wasn’t made fun of for it.(事实正是如此。我参加体育运动，在剧院表演，在学校表现优异，和朋友一起玩。虽然我确实得到了一些关于我的残疾的凝视和“礼貌”的问题，但我很幸运，因为我没有因此而被取笑)”可知，作者虽然天生残疾，但是在童年时代受到了精心照料，受到正常的对待。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“I was 13, an age when kids are already very self-conscious and the need to fit in is intensified. I remember one of the other kids on the school bus stared just a little too long at my left arm. I felt a sudden urge to hide my hand, so I slipped it into my pocket.(我13岁，这个年纪的孩子已经很有自我意识了，融入社会的需求也越来越强烈。我记得校车上的一个孩子盯着我的左臂看了太久。我突然有一种想把手藏起来的冲动，于是我把它塞进了口袋)”可知，当作者13岁的时候，由于有了自我意识，作者对于周围的目光十分敏感。故选D。 26．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“The combination of me finally feeling ready to unhide and his willingness to go through the unhiding process with me was exactly what I needed. For the first time in my life, I allowed someone to really hold my limb, look at it, touch it, love it—love me. I saw my limb difference as something unique about me, something that should be shown, not hidden.(我终于觉得自己准备好了袒露自己，而他愿意和我一起经历袒露的过程，这正是我所需要的。这是我人生中第一次，我允许别人真正地握住我的胳膊，看它，摸它，爱它——爱我。我认为我的肢体差异是我的独特之处，应该被展示出来，而不是被隐藏起来)”可知，当作者停止隐藏时，她开始敞开心扉，做自己。故选A。 27．推理判断题。根据全文内容，作者生来残疾，小时候被好好照顾，直到中学时自我意识觉醒对周围的目光变得敏感，将自己隐藏起来，到38岁时决定敞开做自己，不再隐藏，接收自己的不完美，结合倒数第二段“It was a transformational experience, and I learned to love me too.(这是一次转变的经历，我也学会了爱自己)”及最后一段“Hiding things, especially from loved ones, is tiring and lonely, and it prevents us from getting help and support.(隐藏事情，尤其是对所爱的人，是很累和孤独的，它阻止我们得到帮助和支持)”可推知，作者在成长过程中感悟到了，接收自己才能爱自己。由此推知，从文章中我们知道了“自我接纳会导致自爱”。故选C。 七 （2024·北京东城·二模）Mark Brown, 57, had been making films for 30 years, but he found himself feeling tired of it. “I thought, things can only go downhill.” Brown knew he needed to do something else — but what? A few years earlier, he had bought his childhood house and moved in. While Brown wondered about a second care er in gardening, he heard a different internal voice. “That child who used to love drawing whispered to me down the years,” he said. Some unacknowledged longing in him was brought out. There was a great oak tree near his home. It had stood out to his young self as a “fantastical giant — a treasure home to birds, insects and animals. There was a cave inside. We used to squeeze in through this hole.” He decided to lock himself away for two months to draw it in all its glorious detail. “While I was drawing,” he said, “there came moments when it was as though the tree was drawing itself. I had spent so much time playing in it. I could feel it. It was deep inside me.” His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist. Over the next few years, he travelled across Britain and spent days with the trees selected with the help of the Ancient Tree Forum, the Tree Council and the Woodland Trust. Brown has started work on a 20-drawing series of Britain’s most important ash trees. “These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.” Drawing is not only an act of care and a demand for preservation, but it “gives me that interface between my passion for the natural world and my creativity,” Brown says. It has also given him a different perspective on the passage of time. “I’m an old man yet I’m only 71, and some of the trees I’ve drawn are 1,000 years old. When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think about the end of my life and the brief nature of human life that passes momentarily beneath them.” 24．At the age of 57, Brown ______. A．moved into his old house B．awakened a childhood interest C．reached the peak of his life D．developed a passion for gardening 25．What can we learn about the oak tree and Brown? A．It helped him start a new career. B．It linked him with the world. C．He built a tree house in it. D．He studied creatures in it. 26．What is Brown working on? A．Setting up tree organizations. B．Looking for cures for tree diseases. C．Drawing to call for protection for trees. D．Travelling to select important trees in Britain. 27．When Brown is with trees, he feels that ______. A．time is endless B．human life is temporary C．nature is dynamic D．life-long learning is crucial 【答案】24．B 25．A 26．C 27．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了57岁的马克·布朗唤醒了儿时的兴趣，成为了一名树木肖像画家。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段““That child who used to love drawing whispered to me down the years,” he said. Some unacknowledged longing in him was brought out.(“那个喜欢画画的孩子多年来一直对我耳语，”他说。他心中某种未被承认的渴望被激发出来了)”可知，57岁时，布朗唤醒了儿时的兴趣。故选B。 25．推理判断题。根据第三段“His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist.(他说，他的成品橡木拥有“真正的力量”。“当你走向它的时候，它就会越来越大。”布朗成为了一名树木肖像画家)”可知，橡树让布朗开始了新的职业生涯。故选A。 26．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.”(“这些美丽的老白蜡树对我们来说将会失去，”他说。“它们已经350岁了，由于我们传播的疾病，它们正在死去。”)”可知，布朗呼吁保护树木。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think about the end of my life and the brief nature of human life that passes momentarily beneath them.(当我和他们在一起，当我画他们的时候，我想到了我生命的终结，以及人类生命的短暂本质，在他们下面转瞬即逝)”可知，当布朗和树在一起时，他觉得人的生命是短暂的。故选B。 八 【2024年人大附中高三三模】 From Smells to Soundtracks When a young sawfly, a bee-like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy. Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds—to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why—face great challenges. Meetups between sawflies and ants in a lab are difficult to carry out. There are also a very limited quantity of the insects’ emissions. On the side, Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way—the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it. They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour-tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch ( 音 高 ). Larger molecules were given lower-pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfly’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be. To test out the audio descriptions they created, Boevé and Giot examined people’s reactions to the soundtracks and compared them to ants’ reactions to the original smells. They played the 16 emission soundtracks and the 20 molecule sounds through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote. Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most. 27．What do we know about Boevé from paragraph 2? A．He was devoted to the research for several months. B．He started a new approach after months’ hesitation. C．He came up with a creative idea thanks to a composer. D．He was faced with difficulties in studying rare sawflies. 28．What can be concluded in terms of the sound approach? A．The volume of sounds is based on the proportion of molecules. B．Smaller molecules and lower pitch share similar characteristics. C．Audio descriptions of the molecules can be divided into 16 kinds. D．Participants were required to compare the sounds with the smells. 29．From paragraphs 4 and 5, we can learn that ________. A．the soundtracks are more than what humans are likely to bear B．the ants dislike the sounds as much as humans hate the smells C．humans’ reactions to the sounds resemble ants’ responses to the smells D．other zoologists are looking for innovative ways of studying molecules 30．This passage is mainly intended to ________. A．explain ways to transfer smells into soundtracks B．introduce research on sawfly’s effect on humans C．demonstrate a scientific study on insects’smells D．test out people’s reaction to various soundtracks 【答案】27．B 28．A 29．C 30．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对昆虫气味的科学研究。 27．细节理解题。根据第二段““To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it. ”(“说实话，我自己认为这个项目太不切实际了，所以我把它搁置了，”他说。几个月后，Boevé和他的搭档鲁迪·乔特(Rudi Giot)终于下定决心开始这项工作。)说明犹豫了几个月后，他开始采用新的方法。故选B项。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段“If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume.”（如果一个分子在任务中所占比例更高，他们就会给它分配更高的音量。）说明声音的大小取决于分子的比例。故选A项。 29．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote. ”（大多数参与研究的志愿者告诉研究人员，高音和高音量是他们退缩的原因。研究人员写道:“蚂蚁和志愿者分别远离了一种化学物质及其匹配的音乐。”）说明人类对声音的反应类似于蚂蚁对气味的反应。故选C项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.”（Boevé说，他希望这一过程能给其他动物学家提供一种新的方法来比较锯叶蜂与其他昆虫的化学防御能力。它还可能为研究人员提供线索，说明哪些分子最能击退敌人。）结合标题“From Smells to Soundtracks”，说明这篇文章主要是为了演示对昆虫气味的科学研究。故选C项。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$