重难点10 阅读理解之主旨大意题-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点10 阅读理解之主旨大意题 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 主旨大意 命题趋势 2024 说明文 384 人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记叙文，说明文，议论文中 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 1 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 2021 议论文 480 人与社会/自然：文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2020 记叙文 403 重视手工技能，将手工技能和科学结合在一起（夹叙夹议文） 1 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 标题归纳题 一、常见设问方式 ·The best title of the passage is ________. ·Which of the following is the best title of the passage? ·What would be the best title for the passage? ·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、解题必备知能 (一)理解标题的3大特点 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括性——准确而又简短； 2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项； 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 例1  原文     Some scientists insist that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths, they suggest, is stupid or ignorant (无知的). Well, no. In science, what we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. The history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that these matters needed to be reconsidered. Familiar examples include Earth as the center of the universe and the stability of continents. Science is a process of learning and discovery... Other scientists may say scientific findings are true because they use “the scientific method.” But we can never actually agree on what that method is... Each of these views has its value, but... In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time... In my view, science is not simple, and neither is the natural world. Our efforts to understand and explain the natural world are just that:efforts. Because we're human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is its own reward. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Efforts in Science:Dreaming Big　　　　 B. Science:Endless Journey to Truth C. Scientists:Defenders of Science　　 D. Scientific Method:Simple Choice 解析    考查文章标题。通过总结各段的内容提炼标题。 Para. 1、2 科学是发展的,真理需要被重新考虑(matters needed to be reconsidered) Para. 3、4 科学方法是多元的,不是唯一的(the methods of science have varied) Para. 5 寻求科学真理是艰难的,并且是永无止境的(not simple、pick ourselves up...get back to work) 根据概括出的内容可知,B项符合文章主旨,强调科学是永无止境的。选项C强调Scientists,选项A和D中虽出现文章中涉及的内容(Efforts和Method),但是只涉及一个点,属于以偏概全。 例2-2024北京，D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts(本能)include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving;we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands:we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 3. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues:Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains:Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 3. D主旨要义题。 通读全文可知，文章通过 Franz Boas对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题，探讨了道德规范的根源。因此，D项（道德的起源）符合文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。 例3-2023北京，D What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 4.D主旨要义题。第一段提出人工生命领域的研究目的，第二段说明人工生命遭受的批评并用艾伦的观点支持人工生命的研究，第三段以人工智能和人工生命的联系来说明人工生命应用的可能性，第四段说明人工生命难以被认可的原因，最后为主题段，表明作者的观点:也许正如宇宙中的生命本身一样，人工生命的出现也将被证实是不可避免的。由此可知，本文是在说明人工生命研究的现状况与发展前景，D项（生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也可以进化吗？）可总述文章，最适合做文章标题。 文章大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What's the main idea/point of the passage? ·The passage is mainly about ________. ·The passage is mainly concerned about ________. ·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? ·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? ·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. ·The subject discussed in this text is ________. ·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、解题必备知能 掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 例1    原文     A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像) procedures. What is the passage mainly about? A. An easy way to communicate with patients. B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. 解析    本文为说明文,首段开门见山提出了文章的主旨。首段提到一个实验项目表明医学催眠的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑,同时可以减少医学影像程序中药物的使用量。其他段落对催眠在医学影像程序中的使用过程进行了具体说明。因此,本文的主旨是催眠在医学影像程序中的应用,故选D。 例2 2024北京，B When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open:I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling(乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo(禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practise. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. 4. D主旨要义题。通读全文可知，作者从小喜欢画画，但在一次考试中受挫，从而失去信心，决定不再尝试油画。40岁出头时的一个梦让作者意识到恐惧和欲望可以鼓励她冒险和尝试，最终作者开始积极探索。由此可推知，从这篇文章我们可以了解到创意活动需要自信。故选D。Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言语；Hard work is the mother of success.努力是成功之母；Dreams are the reflections of realities.梦是现实的反映。 例3-2022北京，B 　　My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled(削弱) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me. One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre⁃presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one⁃on⁃one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began. A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence. I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I've realised that my biggest obstacle(障碍) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can't. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action. 4.What can we learn from this passage? A.Practice makes perfect.　　　 B.Patience is a cure of anxiety. C.Action is worry's worst enemy.　　　 D.Everything comes to those who wait. 4. C主旨要义题。根据第一段第二句“Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled（削弱） my ability to do anything.”和最后一段最后一句“After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action.”可知，行动克服焦虑。 段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? ·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. ·The first paragraph is mainly about ________. ·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? ·What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、解题必备知能 归纳段落大意的2种方法 方法1：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 例1    原文     Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thoughts and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in 　　     . A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 解析    首段用三个问题引出EC理论,借EC理论回答了前面提出的问题,即在认知方面,和大脑一样,我们的身体同样负责思考和解决问题。由此可知EC理论使我们更靠近人类认知的真相:思想可以塑造身体,而身体同样能影响思想,故选D。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia(失语症) to get their voice back—and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain’s electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music. A new study analyzed data from 29 people monitored for epileptic seizures(癫痫发作), using electrodes(电极) on the surface of their brain. As participants listened to a selected song, electrodes captured brain activity related to musical elements, such as tone, rhythm, and lyrics. Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results. The paper is the first to suggest that scientists can “listen secretly to” the brain to synthesize(合成) music. To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence (AI)model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery. Once the brain data were fed through the model, the music returned. The model also revealed some brain parts responding to different musical features of the song. Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study’s lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody(韵律). These elements carry meaning that we can’t communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces (BCI), assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages. This technology, still in its infancy, could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of aphasia. Future research should investigate whether these models can be expanded from music that participants have heard to imagined internal speech. If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone’s speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words. Several barriers remain before we can put this technology in the hands—or brains— of patients. The current model relies on surgical implants. As recording techniques improve, the hope is to gather data non-invasively, possibly using ultrasensitive electrodes. However, under current technologies, this approach might result in a lower speed of decoding into natural speech. The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces. 28．What can we learn from the study? A．Electrodes can analyze musical elements. B．The decoding of brain data helps recreate music. C．Machine learning greatly enhances brain activity. D．The AI model monitors music-responsive brain regions. 29．What hopefully makes it possible to expand the model to speech? A．The prosody of speech. B．The collection of brain waves. C．The emotional weight of music. D．The reconstruction of information. 30．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Unlocking the Secrets of Melodic Mind B．Brain Symphony: Synthesized Human Speech C．BCI Brings Hope to People with Aphasia D．Remarkable Journey: Decoding Brain with AI 【答案】28．B 29．A 30．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲科学家首次证明大脑电活动可解码并用于重构音乐，他们还期望该研究成果能助失语症患者恢复说话能力，未来需克服一些障碍才能将此技术应用于患者。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段的“To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence (AI) model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery.(为了将大脑活动数据转化为音乐声音，研究人员训练了一个人工智能模型来解码从数千个电极捕获的数据，这些电极是在参与者接受手术时听歌曲时连接到他们身上的)”可知，解码大脑数据有助于重新创造音乐。故选B。 29．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study’s lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody. These elements carry meaning that we can’t communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces (BCI), assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages.(尽管研究结果主要集中在音乐上，但研究人员希望他们的结果在将脑电波转换为人类语言方面最有用。该研究的主要作者Ludovic Bellier解释说，无论语言是什么，语音都有小的旋律差异——节奏、重音、口音和语调——被称为韵律。这些元素所承载的意义是我们无法仅用语言交流的。他希望这个模型能够改善脑机接口，这是一种辅助设备，可以记录与语音相关的脑电波，并使用算法来重建预期的信息)”可知，是语音的韵律使得将模型扩展到语音成为可能。故选A。 30．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段的“Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia to get their voice back — and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain’s electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music.(研究人员希望大脑植入物有一天能帮助失语症患者恢复声音，甚至可能唱歌。现在，科学家们第一次证明，大脑的电活动可以被解码并用于重建音乐)”可知，文章主要讲科学家首次证明大脑电活动可解码并用于重构音乐，他们还期望该研究成果能助失语症患者恢复说话能力，未来需克服一些障碍才能将此技术应用于患者。由此可知，C选项“脑机接口为失语症患者带来希望”能够很好地概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C。 二 （2024·北京海淀·二模）We are a social animal. Indeed, it is our sociality — such as the ability to make sense of each other, to communicate, to work cooperatively and, finally, to create culture — that marks us off from other animal species. But then why are we everywhere striving to increase our isolation and limit our contact with others? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last month, it is a striking fact about the new technologies that have so come to shape our lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit our need for human contact. Online shopping? Check. Automated checkout? Check. Ride hail apps? Check. Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, known as “autonomous operation”. This is perhaps even more pronounced with new technologies on the horizon. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classroom. As Byrn e notes, this is meant to deliver the values of a learning environment without, well, without the environment — you get to stay at home — no teacher, but also, no fellow students. Byrne isn’t claiming we are consciously choosing to isolate ourselves. We shop online because it is convenient. The absence of contact with others is a side-effect. Maybe even an unavoidable one, as one of the things that makes online shopping so easy is precisely the absence of contact with other people. But Bryne’s thought is that whatever our intention, the tendency of our tech to isolate us may be a feature, not a bug. His hypothesis is that we actually, at some level, crave (渴望) the increased isolation and we are actually making technologies to satisfy impulses that, in some way, go beyond or against our social nature. But I wonder, is this really new? Even if we are social by nature, and do everything we can to embed ourselves socially, the need to find ways to be alone is, well, nothing new. It’s also striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the old days, books, newspapers, TV; nowadays, the latest apps also connect us. We read about each other. What we read gives us information to share with each other. I am well aware of the data that shows the more time you spend on social media, the sadder and more isolated and envious you feel of others. But how novel is the isolating effect of social media? Being there reminds me a lot of what it was like to be social in high school — you have a vivid sense of your status and your standing in relation to others, and you have to deal with that. This may be isolating, sure. But it’s the isolating face of the social lives we’ve always had. It is isolating because of the ways technology brings us into real contact with others, not because it removes that contact. I wonder whether more isolation is a real option, after all. 28．Which of the following best reflects “autonomous operation”? A．Getting a toothbrush via a hotel delivery robot. B．Teaching mom how to establish a smart home. C．Seeking help by calling human customer services. D．Having an online meeting at home with colleagues. 29．Which of the following might the author agree? A．Technology offers fresh insights into our social status. B．Actions seemingly isolating can bond people. C．Social platforms help bring people closer. D．Social media has come to define our life. 30．What would be the best title for the passage? A．What Technologies Do to Human Nature B．Do Technologies Shape Our Lives? C．How Isolation Changes with Connection D．Can We Erase Human Element? 【答案】28．A 29．B 30．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了在线购物和社交媒体如何可能无意中导致人们感到孤独，但同时强调这些活动也提供了与他人建立联系的机会，反映了现代社会中人们在追求便利与社交之间的平衡。 28．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, known as “autonomous operation”. This is perhaps even more pronounced with new technologies on the horizon. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classroom. As Byrn e notes, this is meant to deliver the values of a learning environment without, well, without the environment — you get to stay at home — no teacher, but also, no fellow students. (效率是关键。我们通过限制人的方面来获得效率，被称为“自主操作”。随着新技术的出现，这一点可能更加明显。以MOOC为例，即没有教师的虚拟课堂。正如伯恩所指出的，这意味着在没有环境的情况下，传递学习环境的价值——你可以呆在家里——没有老师，也没有同学)”可知，通过限制人为因素（即自主操作）来提高效率。由此推知，通过酒店送货机器人获取牙刷正好符合“自主操作”的定义，因为这一过程中没有人为的参与，完全由机器人自主完成。故选A。 29．推理判断题。由文章第六段中“Even if we are social by nature, and do everything we can to embed ourselves socially, the need to find ways to be alone is, well, nothing new. It’s also striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the old days, books, newspapers, TV; nowadays, the latest apps — also connect us. We read about each other. What we read gives us information to share with each other. (即使我们天生具有社交性，并尽我们所能融入社会，寻找独处方式的需求也不是什么新鲜事。同样令人吃惊的是，那些有可能把我们分开的活动——在过去，书籍、报纸、电视；如今，最新的应用程序也连接着我们。我们互相了解对方。我们所读的东西给我们提供信息，让我们彼此分享)” 可推知，作者认为看似孤立的行为实际上可以让人们产生联系。故选B。 30．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“But then why are we everywhere striving to increase our isolation and limit our contact with others? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last month, it is a striking fact about the new technologies that have so come to shape our lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit our need for human contact. Online shopping? Check. Automated checkout? Check. Ride hail apps? Check. (但是，为什么我们到处都在努力增加我们的孤立，限制我们与他人的接触呢？正如音乐家David Byrn在上月发表的一篇文章中所指出的那样，新技术如此塑造了我们的生活，一个令人震惊的事实是，它们恰恰具有这样的效果：它们限制了我们对人际交往的需求。)”可知，文章主语讨论了在线购物和社交媒体如何可能无意中导致人们感到孤独，但同时强调这些活动也提供了与他人建立联系的机会，反映了现代社会中人们在追求便利与社交之间的平衡。由此可知，D项“Can We Erase Human Element? (我们能抹去人类元素吗？)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 三 2023新课标Ⅰ，D On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist（转折） on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 2. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if . A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 3. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主题语境为社会热点问题，主要介绍了“群体智慧”效应——多人对同一个对象的评估会有偏差，但平均起来会更准确。 1. B主旨要义题，考查段落大意。本段首先点明人们所犯的错误是不一样的，然后具体说明往往有的人高估，有的人低估，但是当足够多的评估平均起来时，评估相互抵消，会产生一个更加准确的评估结果，但是如果人们的错误相互影响，评估的准确率就会下降。因此，第二段主要讲述了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑（underlying logic）。故选B。 2. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Navajas’ study和the average accuracy could increase可定位到第三段第二句。根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”可知，如果人群被划分成允许进行讨论的小组（允许讨论的话，评估就不是完全独立的了），评估的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选D。 3. C细节理解题。根据题干关键词the follow-up study可定位到第四段。根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”可知，在后续的研究中，研究者努力更好地理解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故选C。 4. D推理判断题，考查作者的观点态度。根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为，尽管这项研究具有局限性，但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出，作者对这项研究持赞成（Approving）态度。故选D。 长难句 The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 译文 这项研究的重要发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 分析 本句中第一个that引导表语从句；when引导时间状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词groups，在从句中作主语。 四 2022新高考Ⅰ，D Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip（嘴唇）to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved(进化) around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 答案 [语篇解读]本文为说明文。一项研究表明，与饮食相关的人类咬合方式的变化导致了新的语音的出现。 1. D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.”可知Damian Blasi的研究团队发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因，即人类语音的发展。 2. C推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知古代成年人上下门牙是对齐的，不便发出唇齿音，后来人类的颌变成了覆咬合结构，使得发出唇齿音更容易。故可推知古代成年人很难发出唇齿音的原因是他们的颌构造上的不便。 3. A主旨要义题。第五段提到，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加，但是这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到。这与上文提到的研究结果一致。通过本段第一句中的“also confirmed”以及最后一句中的“still”可知本段主要是关于研究结果的证据。 4. C细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable...the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution”可知Steven Moran认为人类使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是诸如生物变化和文化进化复杂的相互作用的产物，是一个复杂、动态的系统。 五 （2024·河南·一模）Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978. “Your hands cramp (痉挛), your legs cramp,” she remembers. While the cold was bone-chilling, overcoming it has been essential to her success as a record-breaking swimmer. An ability to tolerate extreme cold is one of the advantages that women may have in this sport, as their distribution of fat is helpful for regulating body temperature in cold water. Dean believes that any upper hand women might have in open-water swimming over long distances is more about mental adaptation and the ability to bear discomfort than about insulation (阻隔). In ultradistance events, the ability to handle more factors, from weather to pain, becomes particularly important. In fact, women can outperform or perform similarly to men in a range of competitive events. From ultrarunning to shooting sports, in some competitions women have the edge. Cassio Rippel, the ISSF Athletes Committee Chair, says that while men’s muscles tend to give them more staying power, women’s lower body mass and lower centre of gravity, on average, allow them better balance control. The rifle (步枪) events are the most sex-balanced of the three types of shooting events in the Olympics, according to Rippel. The nearly century-long history of the Olympics is also a history of the growth of female empowerment. An increasing number of female athletes have broken gender barriers, achieving remarkable success in traditionally male-dominated sports. The Paris Olympics are the first Olympics to have equal numbers of female and male athletes. This is also an opportunity to think carefully about what gap s in inclusion still remain. While much of the science of sex and performance may be unsettled, one thing that’s very clear is that more research needs to involve women. The path toward greater inclusion has not been straight, and more questions than answers remain about the role of sex in athletic performance. 1．What challenge did Dean face when breaking the record? A．The long distance. B．The low temperature. C．The extra body fat. D．The intense training. 2．What advantage may women have in long and open-water swimming? A．Strong awareness about keeping warm. B．Superior flexibility to tough situations. C．Inborn talent for long distance swimming. D．Absolute concentration on swimming path. 3．What does the underlined phrase “have the edge” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Appear weaker. B．Seem conservative. C．Take the lead. D．Show less pressure. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Women’s potential in sports. B．Sports suitable for women. C．Views on gender and sports. D．Females in the Olympics. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了女性在体育领域的潜力和表现，通过具体事例和科学分析，阐述了女性在长距离游泳等竞技项目中的优势和特点，以及女性在奥运会上的地位和赋权的历史。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978. ‘Your hands cramp (痉挛), your legs cramp,’ she remembers. (1978年，Penny Lee Dean准备横渡英吉利海峡，这将是一项打破纪录的游泳活动，训练是残酷的。她回忆说：“你的手会抽筋，腿也会抽筋。”)”和第二段中“While the cold was bone-chilling, overcoming it has been essential to her success as a record-breaking swimmer. (虽然寒冷刺骨，但克服寒冷是她成功打破纪录的关键)”可知，Penny Lee Dean在1978年准备创造横跨英吉利海峡的游泳纪录时，克服寒冷是她成功破纪录的关键。因此，Dean在打破纪录时面临的挑战是低温。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dean believes that any upper hand women might have in open-water swimming over long distances is more about mental adaptation and the ability to bear discomfort than about insulation (阻隔).    In ultradistance events, the ability to handle more factors, from weather to pain, becomes particularly important. (Dean认为，女性在开放水域长距离游泳中所占的优势更多的是心理适应能力和承受不适的能力，而不是阻隔能力)”可知，女性在长距离公开水域游泳中可能具有的优势更多地在于心理适应和承受不适的能力，这表明女性在应对艰难情况方面具有更强的灵活性。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“From ultrarunning to shooting sports, in some competitions women have the edge. Cassio Rippel, the ISSF Athletes Committee Chair, says that while men’s muscles tend to give them more staying power, women’s lower body mass and lower centre of gravity, on average, allow them better balance control. (从超跑到射击运动，在一些比赛中，女性have the edge。国际田径联合会运动员委员会主席Cassio Rippel表示，男性的肌肉往往能给他们带来更大的耐力，而女性的体重和重心较低，平均而言，能让她们更好地控制平衡)”可知，虽然男性的肌肉往往给他们更多的耐力，但女性的身体质量较低，重心较低，平均而言，这使她们能够更好地控制平衡。由此可推知，在超跑到射击比赛中，女性往往能够表现优异或“领先”。因此，画线短语have the edge意思是“领先”，与take the lead同义。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中“Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978.(1978年，Penny Lee Dean准备横渡英吉利海峡，这将是一项打破纪录的游泳活动，训练是残酷的)”和倒数第二段中“The nearly century-long history of the Olympics is also a history of the growth of female empowerment. An increasing number of female athletes have broken gender barriers, achieving remarkable success in traditionally male-dominated sports.(近一个世纪的奥运会历史，也是一部女性赋权的成长历史。越来越多的女运动员打破了性别障碍，在传统上由男性主导的运动中取得了显著的成功)”可知，文章通过Penny Lee Dean打破游泳纪录的事例和奥运会上女性运动员的赋权历史，主要探讨了女性在体育领域的潜力和表现。故选A项。 六 （2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest. NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves. “We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. 1．What have NIH researchers recently found? A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill. B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated. C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity. D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances. 2．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the research. B．The facilities of the research. C．The application of the research. D．The preparations of the research. 3．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program? A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones. B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning. C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning. D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves. 4．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings? A．Acceptable. B．Promising. C．Shallow. D．Dismissive. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一研究中，研究人员发现当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技能的记忆。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. (美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。志愿者重复练习的次数越多，他们在随后的练习中表现就越好)”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D., senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. (这项研究在美国国立卫生研究院临床中心进行。科恩博士是美国国立卫生研究院国家神经疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)的高级研究员，他的团队使用了一种高度敏感的扫描技术，记录了33名健康的右撇子志愿者在学习用左手输入五位数测试代码时的脑电波。受试者坐在椅子上，在扫描仪的长锥形帽下。实验开始时，受试者在屏幕上看到代码“41234”，并被要求在10秒内尽可能多地输入该代码，然后休息10秒。受试者被要求重复这种交替练习和休息的循环，总共35次)”可知，本段在介绍研究的过程。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段““We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D., a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. (“我们想探索清醒休息期间记忆增强背后的机制。有几种形式的记忆似乎依赖于神经活动的重演，所以我们决定在程序技能学习中验证这个想法，”科恩团队的一名科学家、该研究的负责人Ethan R. Buch博士说。为了做到这一点，布赫博士开发了一个计算机程序，使团队能够了解与输入测试代码中的每个数字相关的脑电波活动)”可知，Buch博士要开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. (有趣的是，他们发现志愿者重复播放的次数越多，他们的表现就越好。“我们对最后的结果感到有点惊讶。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点，即在清醒休息期间的重放活动可能是一种强大的工具，研究人员可以使用它来帮助个人更快地学习新技能，并可能促进中风后的恢复。”Cohen博士说)”可推知，Cohen博士对研究结果是认同的。故选A。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点10 阅读理解之主旨大意题 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 主旨大意 命题趋势 2024 说明文 384 人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记叙文，说明文，议论文中 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 1 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 2021 议论文 480 人与社会/自然：文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2020 记叙文 403 重视手工技能，将手工技能和科学结合在一起（夹叙夹议文） 1 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 标题归纳题 一、常见设问方式 ·The best title of the passage is ________. ·Which of the following is the best title of the passage? ·What would be the best title for the passage? ·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、解题必备知能 (一)理解标题的3大特点 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括性——准确而又简短； 2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项； 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 例1  原文     Some scientists insist that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths, they suggest, is stupid or ignorant (无知的). Well, no. In science, what we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. The history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that these matters needed to be reconsidered. Familiar examples include Earth as the center of the universe and the stability of continents. Science is a process of learning and discovery... Other scientists may say scientific findings are true because they use “the scientific method.” But we can never actually agree on what that method is... Each of these views has its value, but... In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time... In my view, science is not simple, and neither is the natural world. Our efforts to understand and explain the natural world are just that:efforts. Because we're human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is its own reward. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Efforts in Science:Dreaming Big　　　　 B. Science:Endless Journey to Truth C. Scientists:Defenders of Science　　 D. Scientific Method:Simple Choice 例2-2024北京，D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts(本能)include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving;we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands:we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 3. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues:Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains:Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 3. D主旨要义题。 通读全文可知，文章通过 Franz Boas对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题，探讨了道德规范的根源。因此，D项（道德的起源）符合文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。 例3-2023北京，D What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 文章大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What's the main idea/point of the passage? ·The passage is mainly about ________. ·The passage is mainly concerned about ________. ·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? ·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? ·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. ·The subject discussed in this text is ________. ·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、解题必备知能 掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 例1    原文     A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像) procedures. What is the passage mainly about? A. An easy way to communicate with patients. B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. 例2 2024北京，B When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open:I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling(乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo(禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practise. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. 例3-2022北京，B 　　My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled(削弱) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me. One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre⁃presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one⁃on⁃one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began. A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence. I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I've realised that my biggest obstacle(障碍) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can't. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action. 4.What can we learn from this passage? A.Practice makes perfect.　　　 B.Patience is a cure of anxiety. C.Action is worry's worst enemy.　　　 D.Everything comes to those who wait. 段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? ·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. ·The first paragraph is mainly about ________. ·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? ·What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、解题必备知能 归纳段落大意的2种方法 方法1：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 例1    原文     Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thoughts and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in 　　     . A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition （建议用时：40分钟） 一 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia(失语症) to get their voice back—and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain’s electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music. A new study analyzed data from 29 people monitored for epileptic seizures(癫痫发作), using electrodes(电极) on the surface of their brain. As participants listened to a selected song, electrodes captured brain activity related to musical elements, such as tone, rhythm, and lyrics. Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results. The paper is the first to suggest that scientists can “listen secretly to” the brain to synthesize(合成) music. To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence (AI)model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery. Once the brain data were fed through the model, the music returned. The model also revealed some brain parts responding to different musical features of the song. Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study’s lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody(韵律). These elements carry meaning that we can’t communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces (BCI), assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages. This technology, still in its infancy, could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of aphasia. Future research should investigate whether these models can be expanded from music that participants have heard to imagined internal speech. If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone’s speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words. Several barriers remain before we can put this technology in the hands—or brains— of patients. The current model relies on surgical implants. As recording techniques improve, the hope is to gather data non-invasively, possibly using ultrasensitive electrodes. However, under current technologies, this approach might result in a lower speed of decoding into natural speech. The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces. 28．What can we learn from the study? A．Electrodes can analyze musical elements. B．The decoding of brain data helps recreate music. C．Machine learning greatly enhances brain activity. D．The AI model monitors music-responsive brain regions. 29．What hopefully makes it possible to expand the model to speech? A．The prosody of speech. B．The collection of brain waves. C．The emotional weight of music. D．The reconstruction of information. 30．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Unlocking the Secrets of Melodic Mind B．Brain Symphony: Synthesized Human Speech C．BCI Brings Hope to People with Aphasia D．Remarkable Journey: Decoding Brain with AI 二 （2024·北京海淀·二模）We are a social animal. Indeed, it is our sociality — such as the ability to make sense of each other, to communicate, to work cooperatively and, finally, to create culture — that marks us off from other animal species. But then why are we everywhere striving to increase our isolation and limit our contact with others? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last month, it is a striking fact about the new technologies that have so come to shape our lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit our need for human contact. Online shopping? Check. Automated checkout? Check. Ride hail apps? Check. Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, known as “autonomous operation”. This is perhaps even more pronounced with new technologies on the horizon. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classroom. As Byrn e notes, this is meant to deliver the values of a learning environment without, well, without the environment — you get to stay at home — no teacher, but also, no fellow students. Byrne isn’t claiming we are consciously choosing to isolate ourselves. We shop online because it is convenient. The absence of contact with others is a side-effect. Maybe even an unavoidable one, as one of the things that makes online shopping so easy is precisely the absence of contact with other people. But Bryne’s thought is that whatever our intention, the tendency of our tech to isolate us may be a feature, not a bug. His hypothesis is that we actually, at some level, crave (渴望) the increased isolation and we are actually making technologies to satisfy impulses that, in some way, go beyond or against our social nature. But I wonder, is this really new? Even if we are social by nature, and do everything we can to embed ourselves socially, the need to find ways to be alone is, well, nothing new. It’s also striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the old days, books, newspapers, TV; nowadays, the latest apps also connect us. We read about each other. What we read gives us information to share with each other. I am well aware of the data that shows the more time you spend on social media, the sadder and more isolated and envious you feel of others. But how novel is the isolating effect of social media? Being there reminds me a lot of what it was like to be social in high school — you have a vivid sense of your status and your standing in relation to others, and you have to deal with that. This may be isolating, sure. But it’s the isolating face of the social lives we’ve always had. It is isolating because of the ways technology brings us into real contact with others, not because it removes that contact. I wonder whether more isolation is a real option, after all. 28．Which of the following best reflects “autonomous operation”? A．Getting a toothbrush via a hotel delivery robot. B．Teaching mom how to establish a smart home. C．Seeking help by calling human customer services. D．Having an online meeting at home with colleagues. 29．Which of the following might the author agree? A．Technology offers fresh insights into our social status. B．Actions seemingly isolating can bond people. C．Social platforms help bring people closer. D．Social media has come to define our life. 30．What would be the best title for the passage? A．What Technologies Do to Human Nature B．Do Technologies Shape Our Lives? C．How Isolation Changes with Connection D．Can We Erase Human Element? 三 2023新课标Ⅰ，D On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist（转折） on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 2. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if . A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 3. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主题语境为社会热点问题，主要介绍了“群体智慧”效应——多人对同一个对象的评估会有偏差，但平均起来会更准确。 1. B主旨要义题，考查段落大意。本段首先点明人们所犯的错误是不一样的，然后具体说明往往有的人高估，有的人低估，但是当足够多的评估平均起来时，评估相互抵消，会产生一个更加准确的评估结果，但是如果人们的错误相互影响，评估的准确率就会下降。因此，第二段主要讲述了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑（underlying logic）。故选B。 2. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Navajas’ study和the average accuracy could increase可定位到第三段第二句。根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”可知，如果人群被划分成允许进行讨论的小组（允许讨论的话，评估就不是完全独立的了），评估的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选D。 3. C细节理解题。根据题干关键词the follow-up study可定位到第四段。根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”可知，在后续的研究中，研究者努力更好地理解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故选C。 4. D推理判断题，考查作者的观点态度。根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为，尽管这项研究具有局限性，但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出，作者对这项研究持赞成（Approving）态度。故选D。 长难句 The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 译文 这项研究的重要发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 分析 本句中第一个that引导表语从句；when引导时间状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词groups，在从句中作主语。 四 2022新高考Ⅰ，D Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip（嘴唇）to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved(进化) around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 五 （2024·河南·一模）Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978. “Your hands cramp (痉挛), your legs cramp,” she remembers. While the cold was bone-chilling, overcoming it has been essential to her success as a record-breaking swimmer. An ability to tolerate extreme cold is one of the advantages that women may have in this sport, as their distribution of fat is helpful for regulating body temperature in cold water. Dean believes that any upper hand women might have in open-water swimming over long distances is more about mental adaptation and the ability to bear discomfort than about insulation (阻隔). In ultradistance events, the ability to handle more factors, from weather to pain, becomes particularly important. In fact, women can outperform or perform similarly to men in a range of competitive events. From ultrarunning to shooting sports, in some competitions women have the edge. Cassio Rippel, the ISSF Athletes Committee Chair, says that while men’s muscles tend to give them more staying power, women’s lower body mass and lower centre of gravity, on average, allow them better balance control. The rifle (步枪) events are the most sex-balanced of the three types of shooting events in the Olympics, according to Rippel. The nearly century-long history of the Olympics is also a history of the growth of female empowerment. An increasing number of female athletes have broken gender barriers, achieving remarkable success in traditionally male-dominated sports. The Paris Olympics are the first Olympics to have equal numbers of female and male athletes. This is also an opportunity to think carefully about what gap s in inclusion still remain. While much of the science of sex and performance may be unsettled, one thing that’s very clear is that more research needs to involve women. The path toward greater inclusion has not been straight, and more questions than answers remain about the role of sex in athletic performance. 1．What challenge did Dean face when breaking the record? A．The long distance. B．The low temperature. C．The extra body fat. D．The intense training. 2．What advantage may women have in long and open-water swimming? A．Strong awareness about keeping warm. B．Superior flexibility to tough situations. C．Inborn talent for long distance swimming. D．Absolute concentration on swimming path. 3．What does the underlined phrase “have the edge” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Appear weaker. B．Seem conservative. C．Take the lead. D．Show less pressure. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Women’s potential in sports. B．Sports suitable for women. C．Views on gender and sports. D．Females in the Olympics. 六 （2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest. NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves. “We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. 1．What have NIH researchers recently found? A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill. B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated. C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity. D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances. 2．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the research. B．The facilities of the research. C．The application of the research. D．The preparations of the research. 3．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program? A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones. B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning. C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning. D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves. 4．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings? A．Acceptable. B．Promising. C．Shallow. D．Dismissive. ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$