重难点09 阅读理解之词义猜测题-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点09 阅读理解之词义猜测题 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 词义猜测 命题趋势 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 1 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记说明文，议论文中 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 1 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 2021 说明文 354 人与社会：全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念 1 2020 议论文 433 人与社会：通用人工智能技术 1 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 设问方式 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. 　　　　　　　　 词义猜测题技巧 要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 一．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read. visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)． abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。 二．根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如： ①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times. 同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 ②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。 三．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。 ②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。 四．根据因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。 ③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。 五．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如： ①Like Schmid, the editors of several self­published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？” them指的是前面出现的self­published art magazines。 ②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。 六．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. … 32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．The more, the better. B．Enough is enough. C．More money, more worries. D．Earn more and spend more. 七．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun. 从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. 由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。 例1-2024北京，C The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive(认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical(实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. 2. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 例2-2023北京，D As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work's potential. If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. 3.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Open.　　　B.Cool.　　　C.Useful.　　　D.Resistant. 例3-2021北京，C The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world’s most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. 1.What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Scientific. B.Credible. C.Original. D.Relevant. （建议用时：40分钟） 一 （2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability to imagine, a common theme in children’s literature, is contradicted by psychological research. While children are often portrayed as more imaginative, research indicates that adults not only keep this ability but sometimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. Children are frequently celebrated for boundless imagination. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games often center around realistic scenarios, such as cooking and cleaning, as demonstrated in a 2020 study published in Journal of Cognition and Development. Another study, lasting for four decades, also suggests that children are not naturally more imaginative than adults; their limitations result from a lack of knowledge and expertise to effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults. Imagination may have evolved for considering alternatives to reality, but we use it most naturally to explore close alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding on clouds. When we use imagination to envision far alternatives — to innovate or invent — we’re not digging into an inborn appreciation of the extraordinary; we’re using a tool designed to explore the ordinary. When considering alternatives to reality, we fix our attention on possibilities that are physically reasonable, statistically probable, socially conventional and morally permissible. When told about possibilities that violate such regularities, we usually deny they could happen. Generally speaking, our ideas about what could happen are firmly rooted in what we expect to happen. This mindset is also particularly apparent in young children. In a 2018 study I co-designed with psychologist Jonathan Phillips, 4-year-olds were asked to help a distressed girl who disliked going to school due to missing her mother. Among all the solutions given, they perceived the only possible solution was for her mother to do something special after school to ease her concerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas to school or lying about school being closed, were all regarded impossible. From this, we can conclude that children’s earliest intuitions (直觉力) about possibility confuse what could happen with what should happen. Historically, the improbable event of traveling faster than a horse was considered impossible, as was traveling by air or traveling into space. Before the arrival of trains and planes, there were good reasons to think that people could travel only so far and only so fast. But these reasons were empirical (经验主义的), not logical. Imagination, on its own, lumps the improbable with the impossible, but we can combine imagination with other abilities — namely, knowledge and reflection — to separate the two. While imagination in children often subjects to expectation, adults can control their imaginative capacity for innovation by integrating it with accumulated knowledge and reflective thinking. 31．According to the first two paragraphs, we know that _________. A．children develop imagination through games B．children face limitations in acquiring knowledge C．adults are as good as children in imaginative thinking D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely to stay constant with age 32．We can infer from the passage that _________. A．expectation results from imaginative capacity B．certain practical concerns can limit imagination C．breaking regularities may lead to close alternatives D．far alternatives are more important than close alternatives 33．The 2018 study shows that children _________. A．came up with a wide range of alternatives B．were quicker to figure out solutions C．took what should happen as possibilities D．used imagination in a reasonable way 34．The underlined word “lumps” in the last paragraph probably means _________. A．mix B．match C．compare D．replace 二 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth. A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer. Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems. But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate(模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall. Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.” Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.” But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.” 28．The author quotes Rotta Loria in Paragraph 2 mainly to _______. A．make a prediction B．highlight a finding C．draw a conclusion D．raise an assumption 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．“Urban heat islands” extend underground to spare ecosystems. B．Surface climate change contributes to the reuse of underground heat. C．Underground temperatures mirror the ground’s physical characteristics. D．Buildings may collapse as a potential consequence of underground heat. 30．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Show. B．Stay. C．Develop. D．Disappear. 31．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 三 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】A good meal has a positive impact on one’s mood. Those who feast on Christmas buffet almost enjoy an immediate rise in their blood sugar. That will prompt a flood of chemicals that act as happy hormones to rush through their brains. But the pleasure goes deeper. Tyrosine and tryptophan are needed for the production, respectively, of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (神经传递素) that controls feelings of pleasure and reward, and serotonin, another such, which helps regulate mood. And cranberries are high in vitamin C, which is involved in converting dopamine to noradrenaline, another neurotransmitter, and a lack of which seems to be associated with depression. With mental-health disorders rising, a growing number of scientists are investigating how food or nutritional supplements affect the mind. But separating the brain’s nutritional needs from those of the rest of the body is difficult. Not possible for now, at least. And, compared with other fields, nutritional science is understudied. That is partly because it is hard to do well. Randomised controlled trials (rcts), used to test drugs, are tricky. Few people want to stick to an experimental diet for years. Instead, most nutritional science is based on observational studies that try to establish associations between particular foods or nutrients and diseases. They cannot be used to definitively prove a causal ( 因 果 关 系 的 ) connection between a disease and a particular contributing factor in a diet. But as with smoking and lung cancer, put together enough of these kinds of trials and causal narratives begin to emerge. It is now clear that some diets are particularly good for the brain. One recent study concludes that sticking to the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and wholegrains, low in red and processed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances of experiencing strokes, cognitive impairment and depression. Other recent work looking at a “green” Mediterranean diet high in polyphenols found it reduced age-related brain atrophy. Another version, the mind diet, emphasises, among other things, eating berries over other kinds of fruit and seems to lessen the risk of dementia. Scientists think such diets may work by reducing inflammation in the brain. This, in turn, may affect areas such as the hippocampus, which is associated with learning, memory and mood regulation—and where new neurons grow in adults. Studies in animals show that when they are fed a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (from walnuts, for example), flavonoids (consumed mainly via tea and wine), antioxidants (found in berries) and resveratrol (found in red grapes), neuron growth is stimulated and inflammatory processes are reduced. This fits with research suggesting that those who regularly eat ultra-processed, fried and sugary foods, which increase inflammation in the brain, heighten their risk of developing depression. 31．Which of the following words can replace “tricky” in Paragraph 3? A．Rare. B．Tough. C．Traditional. D．Contradictory. 32．How do researchers do observational studies in nutritional science? A．By keeping at an experimental diet for years. B．By carrying out randomized controlled trials. C．By identifying a particular contributing factor. D．By comparing findings of certain kinds of trials. 33．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．A diet rich in fruit is good for cognitive abilities. B．People fond of sugary foods may be a risk lover. C．Red grapes add fuel to inflammation in the brain. D．Drinking tea can solve age-related brain problems. 34．What is mainly discussed in the passage? A．The links between diets and diseases. B．The significance of Mediterranean diet. C．The function of various neurotransmitters. D．The influence of nutrients on mental health. 四 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions. To what degree are people aware of the truth effect? This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year. In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study. At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new. This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.   This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions. 28．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______. A．clarify a misconception B．present a phenomenon C．challenge a statement D．confirm a theory 29．What can we learn from the study? A．Impacts of the truth effect require further studies. B．Making predictions before judgments is significant. C．People have hardly any awareness of the truth effect. D．People tend to believe they can make wiser judgments. 30．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Critical. B．Subject. C．Opposed. D．Adapted. 五 2023新课标Ⅱ，C Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21stcentury point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 1. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 2. What are the selected artworks about? A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school. C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure. 3. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 4. What does the author want to say by mentioning the ereader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 六 （2024·福建泉州·一模） I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 1．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 2．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 3．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点09 阅读理解之词义猜测题 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 词义猜测 命题趋势 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 1 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记说明文，议论文中 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 1 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 2021 说明文 354 人与社会：全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念 1 2020 议论文 433 人与社会：通用人工智能技术 1 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 设问方式 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. 　　　　　　　　 词义猜测题技巧 要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 一．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read. visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)． abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。 二．根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如： ①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times. 同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 ②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。 三．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。 ②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。 四．根据因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。 ③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。 五．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如： ①Like Schmid, the editors of several self­published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？” them指的是前面出现的self­published art magazines。 ②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。 六．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. … 32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．The more, the better. B．Enough is enough. C．More money, more worries. D．Earn more and spend more. [分析]　根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。 七．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun. 从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. 由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。 例1-2024北京，C The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive(认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical(实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. 2. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 2. B推测词义题。根据画线短语所在句 “If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories.”可知，如果实证经验无法揭示现实，那么推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于概念和文字。此处that引导定语从句，指代concepts and words，作主语；根据画线短语后的our social, cultural and psychological histories可知，此处指推理所依赖的这些概念和文字由我们的社会、文化和心理学的历史决定。由此可推知，contingent on意为“取决于”，与 B 项意思相近。 故正确答案为B。 例2-2023北京，D As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work's potential. If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. 3.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Open.　　　B.Cool.　　　C.Useful.　　　D.Resistant. 3. A推测词义题。根据画线词所在句中的“Johnson suggests...be able to understand”可推知，借助未知的心理，量子计算的某些东西使它特别容易被炒作，由此推知这里的“prone”就是“open”的意思。 例3-2021北京，C The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world’s most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. 1.What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Scientific. B.Credible. C.Original. D.Relevant. 1. D推测词义题。根据画线单词所在句子可知，即使是在世界上技术最发达的国家，大流行病和经济危机仍未得到控制，在这种情况下，呼吁公众参与到这些以前无法想象会发生的事情中去是尤为重要的。relevant“有重大关系的，相关的”。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一 （2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability to imagine, a common theme in children’s literature, is contradicted by psychological research. While children are often portrayed as more imaginative, research indicates that adults not only keep this ability but sometimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. Children are frequently celebrated for boundless imagination. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games often center around realistic scenarios, such as cooking and cleaning, as demonstrated in a 2020 study published in Journal of Cognition and Development. Another study, lasting for four decades, also suggests that children are not naturally more imaginative than adults; their limitations result from a lack of knowledge and expertise to effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults. Imagination may have evolved for considering alternatives to reality, but we use it most naturally to explore close alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding on clouds. When we use imagination to envision far alternatives — to innovate or invent — we’re not digging into an inborn appreciation of the extraordinary; we’re using a tool designed to explore the ordinary. When considering alternatives to reality, we fix our attention on possibilities that are physically reasonable, statistically probable, socially conventional and morally permissible. When told about possibilities that violate such regularities, we usually deny they could happen. Generally speaking, our ideas about what could happen are firmly rooted in what we expect to happen. This mindset is also particularly apparent in young children. In a 2018 study I co-designed with psychologist Jonathan Phillips, 4-year-olds were asked to help a distressed girl who disliked going to school due to missing her mother. Among all the solutions given, they perceived the only possible solution was for her mother to do something special after school to ease her concerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas to school or lying about school being closed, were all regarded impossible. From this, we can conclude that children’s earliest intuitions (直觉力) about possibility confuse what could happen with what should happen. Historically, the improbable event of traveling faster than a horse was considered impossible, as was traveling by air or traveling into space. Before the arrival of trains and planes, there were good reasons to think that people could travel only so far and only so fast. But these reasons were empirical (经验主义的), not logical. Imagination, on its own, lumps the improbable with the impossible, but we can combine imagination with other abilities — namely, knowledge and reflection — to separate the two. While imagination in children often subjects to expectation, adults can control their imaginative capacity for innovation by integrating it with accumulated knowledge and reflective thinking. 31．According to the first two paragraphs, we know that _________. A．children develop imagination through games B．children face limitations in acquiring knowledge C．adults are as good as children in imaginative thinking D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely to stay constant with age 32．We can infer from the passage that _________. A．expectation results from imaginative capacity B．certain practical concerns can limit imagination C．breaking regularities may lead to close alternatives D．far alternatives are more important than close alternatives 33．The 2018 study shows that children _________. A．came up with a wide range of alternatives B．were quicker to figure out solutions C．took what should happen as possibilities D．used imagination in a reasonable way 34．The underlined word “lumps” in the last paragraph probably means _________. A．mix B．match C．compare D．replace 【答案】31．D 32．B 33．C 34．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要指出心理学研究反驳了老年人想象力下降的观点，实际上成年人在某些方面可能比儿童更有想象力。研究表明，儿童的想象游戏通常围绕现实场景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知识和经验。人们倾向于用想象力探索与现实相近的可能性，而非遥远的不切实际的事物。研究还显示，儿童对可能性的理解容易与期望混淆。最后，文章强调成人可以通过结合知识和反思来控制想象力，从而进行创新。 31．推理判断题。由第一段中“While children are often portrayed as more imaginative, research indicates that adults not only keep this ability but sometimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. (虽然儿童通常被描绘成更有想象力，但研究表明，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童)”和第二段中“Another study, lasting for four decades, also suggests that children are not naturally more imaginative than adults (另一项持续四十年的研究也表明，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力)”可知，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力，人成年后也更有想象力，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童，可得出成年人的想象力可能会随着年龄的增长而保持不变。故选D项。 32．推理判断题。由第三段中“When we use imagination to envision far alternatives — to innovate or invent — we’re not digging into an inborn appreciation of the extraordinary; we’re using a tool designed to explore the ordinary. When considering alternatives to reality, we fix our attention on possibilities that are physically reasonable, statistically probable, socially conventional and morally permissible. When told about possibilities that violate such regularities, we usually deny they could happen. Generally speaking, our ideas about what could happen are firmly rooted in what we expect to happen. (当我们用想象力来设想创新或发明的遥远替代方案时，我们并不是在挖掘与生俱来的非凡鉴赏力；我们正在使用一种旨在探索普通事物的工具。在考虑现实的替代方案时，我们将注意力集中在物理上合理、统计上可能、社会传统和道德上允许的可能性上。当被告知违反这种规律的可能性时，我们通常否认它们可能发生。一般来说，我们对可能发生的事情的想法深深植根于我们所期望的事情)”可得出，某些实际问题会限制想象力。故选B项。 33．细节理解题。由第四段中“From this, we can conclude that children’s earliest intuitions (直觉力) about possibility confuse what could happen with what should happen. (由此，我们可以得出结论，孩子们最早对可能性的直觉混淆了可能发生的事情和应该发生的事情)”可知，2018年的研究表明，儿童把应该发生的事情视为可能。故选C项。 34．词句猜测题。由最后一段中“But these reasons were empirical (经验主义的), not logical. Imagination, on its own, lumps the improbable with the impossible, but we can combine imagination with other abilities — namely, knowledge and reflection — to separate the two. (但这些原因都是经验的，而非逻辑的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现），但我们可以把想象力与其他能力——即知识和反思——结合起来，把两者分开)”可知，but后讲人们可以通过将想象力与其他能力，即知识和反思相结合，将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）分开，说明想象力本身会将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）混为一谈，划线词lumps意为“混合”。故选A项。 二 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth. A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer. Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems. But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate(模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall. Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.” Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.” But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.” 28．The author quotes Rotta Loria in Paragraph 2 mainly to _______. A．make a prediction B．highlight a finding C．draw a conclusion D．raise an assumption 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．“Urban heat islands” extend underground to spare ecosystems. B．Surface climate change contributes to the reuse of underground heat. C．Underground temperatures mirror the ground’s physical characteristics. D．Buildings may collapse as a potential consequence of underground heat. 30．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Show. B．Stay. C．Develop. D．Disappear. 31．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．D 31．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。 28．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”说明城市热量在向地下发展，第二段““Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.(“在没有人意识到的情况下，芝加哥市中心正在变形，”研究报告的作者、环境工程师罗塔·洛里亚说)”引用Rotta Loria的话突出了这一发现。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures.(由于材料会随着温度的变化而膨胀和收缩，罗塔怀疑来自地下的热量可能会导致各种结构的磨损)”及“He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall.(他发现，到本世纪中叶，一些地区可能会向上抬升0.50英寸或下沉0.32英寸，这取决于该地区的土壤构成。虽然这些听起来像是很小的位移，但罗塔说，它们可能会导致一些建筑物的地基出现裂缝，导致建筑物倒塌)”可知，地下热量的潜在后果是建筑物可能倒塌。故选D。 30．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to(他补充说，地下温度的升高同样需要很长时间才能)”及后文“We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.(我们基本上可以把所有的东西都关掉，温度信号会在那里停留很长一段时间)”可推知，关掉开关，也不会导致地下温度升高立即消失，因此，地下温度升高需要很长时间才能消失，划线词与disappear意思一致。故选D。 31．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。 三 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】A good meal has a positive impact on one’s mood. Those who feast on Christmas buffet almost enjoy an immediate rise in their blood sugar. That will prompt a flood of chemicals that act as happy hormones to rush through their brains. But the pleasure goes deeper. Tyrosine and tryptophan are needed for the production, respectively, of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (神经传递素) that controls feelings of pleasure and reward, and serotonin, another such, which helps regulate mood. And cranberries are high in vitamin C, which is involved in converting dopamine to noradrenaline, another neurotransmitter, and a lack of which seems to be associated with depression. With mental-health disorders rising, a growing number of scientists are investigating how food or nutritional supplements affect the mind. But separating the brain’s nutritional needs from those of the rest of the body is difficult. Not possible for now, at least. And, compared with other fields, nutritional science is understudied. That is partly because it is hard to do well. Randomised controlled trials (rcts), used to test drugs, are tricky. Few people want to stick to an experimental diet for years. Instead, most nutritional science is based on observational studies that try to establish associations between particular foods or nutrients and diseases. They cannot be used to definitively prove a causal ( 因 果 关 系 的 ) connection between a disease and a particular contributing factor in a diet. But as with smoking and lung cancer, put together enough of these kinds of trials and causal narratives begin to emerge. It is now clear that some diets are particularly good for the brain. One recent study concludes that sticking to the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and wholegrains, low in red and processed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances of experiencing strokes, cognitive impairment and depression. Other recent work looking at a “green” Mediterranean diet high in polyphenols found it reduced age-related brain atrophy. Another version, the mind diet, emphasises, among other things, eating berries over other kinds of fruit and seems to lessen the risk of dementia. Scientists think such diets may work by reducing inflammation in the brain. This, in turn, may affect areas such as the hippocampus, which is associated with learning, memory and mood regulation—and where new neurons grow in adults. Studies in animals show that when they are fed a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (from walnuts, for example), flavonoids (consumed mainly via tea and wine), antioxidants (found in berries) and resveratrol (found in red grapes), neuron growth is stimulated and inflammatory processes are reduced. This fits with research suggesting that those who regularly eat ultra-processed, fried and sugary foods, which increase inflammation in the brain, heighten their risk of developing depression. 31．Which of the following words can replace “tricky” in Paragraph 3? A．Rare. B．Tough. C．Traditional. D．Contradictory. 32．How do researchers do observational studies in nutritional science? A．By keeping at an experimental diet for years. B．By carrying out randomized controlled trials. C．By identifying a particular contributing factor. D．By comparing findings of certain kinds of trials. 33．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．A diet rich in fruit is good for cognitive abilities. B．People fond of sugary foods may be a risk lover. C．Red grapes add fuel to inflammation in the brain. D．Drinking tea can solve age-related brain problems. 34．What is mainly discussed in the passage? A．The links between diets and diseases. B．The significance of Mediterranean diet. C．The function of various neurotransmitters. D．The influence of nutrients on mental health. 【答案】31．B 32．D 33．A 34．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是食物中的营养素对心理健康的影响。 31．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Few people want to stick to an experimental diet for years. Instead, most nutritional science is based on observational studies that try to establish associations between particular foods or nutrients and diseases. They cannot be used to definitively prove a causal (因果关系的) connection between a disease and a particular contributing factor in a diet.(很少有人愿意多年坚持实验性饮食。相反，大多数营养科学是建立在观察性研究的基础上的，这些研究试图建立特定食物或营养素与疾病之间的联系。它们不能被用来明确地证明某种疾病与饮食中某一特定因素之间的因果关系。)”可知，用于测试药物的随机对照试验是很难进行的，划线词tricky的意思是“困难的”，和tough意思相近，故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据第三段“Instead, most nutritional science is based on observational studies that try to establish associations between particular foods or nutrients and diseases.(相反，大多数营养科学是建立在观察性研究的基础上的，这些研究试图建立特定食物或营养素与疾病之间的联系。)”和“But as with smoking and lung cancer, put together enough of these kinds of trials and causal narratives, it begin to emerge.(但就像吸烟和肺癌一样，把足够多的这类试验和因果叙述放在一起，它就会开始出现。)”可知，研究人员通过比较不同试验的结果在营养科学中进行观察性研究。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One recent study concludes that sticking to the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and wholegrains, low in red and processed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances of experiencing strokes, cognitive impairment and depression.(最近的一项研究得出结论，坚持“地中海饮食”，多吃蔬菜、水果、豆类和全谷物，少吃红肉、加工肉类和饱和脂肪，可以降低患中风、认知障碍和抑郁症的几率。)”可知，富含水果的饮食对认知能力有好处。故选A。 34．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“With mental-health disorders rising, a growing number of scientists are investigating how food or nutritional supplements affect the mind.(随着心理疾病的增加，越来越多的科学家正在研究食物或营养补充剂是如何影响心理的。)”可知，本文主要讲的是食物中的营养素对心理健康的影响，即“The influence of nutrients on mental health.(营养素对心理健康的影响。)”。故选D。 四 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions. To what degree are people aware of the truth effect? This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year. In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study. At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new. This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.   This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions. 28．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______. A．clarify a misconception B．present a phenomenon C．challenge a statement D．confirm a theory 29．What can we learn from the study? A．Impacts of the truth effect require further studies. B．Making predictions before judgments is significant. C．People have hardly any awareness of the truth effect. D．People tend to believe they can make wiser judgments. 30．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Critical. B．Subject. C．Opposed. D．Adapted. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一种被称作“真实效应”的心理偏见现象，即人们更容易相信被重复表述的信息，而不是只听到一次的信息，呼吁人们应该更加警惕重复信息的影响，以及在做出重要判断和决策之前查证重要信息的真实性。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.(几十年的研究表明，与只听到一次的信息相比，你更有可能认为重复的信息是真实的。你通常认为，如果人们努力重复一句话，这就反映了这句话的真实性。这种倾向——也被称为真实效应——是一种偏见，它会导致你得出错误的结论。)”可知，作者的意图是阐明一个现象，即“真实效应”，这是一种偏见，可能导致人们得出不正确的结论。故选B。 29．推理判断题。根据第五段的“Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people. (第二，与他人相比，参与者对自己真实效应的低估更为显著。) ”可知，人们在对“真实效应”的认识上存在一些偏差，尤其是对于他们自己而言。他们往往低估了这种效应的影响，认为自己能够做出更明智的判断。故选D。 30．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated.(鉴于社交媒体上存在大量错误信息，这项研究尤为重要。许多人有能力在重要问题上影响公众舆论。充斥在社交媒体上的错误信息会让人们相信这些信息是真实的，仅仅因为它是陈述出来的。)”可知，人们容易受到重复信息的影响，从而误导人们的判断，因此划线词意为“易受影响的”，subject(易遭受……的，受……支配的，可能受……影响的)与其是同义词。故选B。 五 2023新课标Ⅱ，C Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21stcentury point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 1. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 2. What are the selected artworks about? A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school. C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure. 3. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 4. What does the author want to say by mentioning the ereader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主题语境为文学与艺术，主要介绍了一本书，名为《阅读艺术：爱书之人的艺术》。该书通过呈现与图书和阅读相关的艺术作品让爱书之人感受不同时代与文化间的联系。 1. A推理判断题，考查文章出处推断。根据第一段第一句“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”以及第二段第一句“In this ‘book of books,’ artworks are selected and arranged...”可知，本文是在介绍一本关于书本的书，所以很可能节选自对一本书的介绍。故选A。 2. C细节理解题。根据题干关键词the selected artworks可定位到第二段第一句。根据后面列举的具体画面“...children learning to read at home or at school, with the book... Adults are portrayed alone...absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.”可知，入选的艺术作品是以书籍和阅读为主题的。故选C。 3. A猜测词义题。These scenes（这些场景）指的是孩子们在家或学校学习阅读以及成年人沉浸在一卷书中，陷入沉思或沉浸在片刻的休闲中。并列连词but表示转折，前一分句说这些场景可能在数百年前被绘制，距离现在已经十分久远，后一分句与前一分句构成转折关系，所以应表示我们现在仍然能够理解画中描绘的那些时刻。故选A。 4. A推理判断题，考查写作目的。根据题干关键词the e-reader可定位到最后一段。根据第二句“...the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.”可知，纸质书是古老的，但它仍然像电子书一样具有互动性。再结合最后一句可知纸质书还能提供一个完全私人的离线活动机会。由此可推断出纸质书并不完全过时。故选A。 六 （2024·福建泉州·一模） I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 1．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 2．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 3．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation.(内向的大脑具有很高的自动系统反应性，这意味着他们不太可能寻求刺激。因此，内向的人往往不太善于社交，避免冲突，并且经常在独处时处理事情最好。然而，外向的人会因为他们的大脑刺激性低而将从周围的环境中吸引注意力。)”可知，造成内向和外向差异的原因就是大脑对刺激的反应，内向对刺激的反应高，而外向的人大脑对刺激的反应低。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段“......but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams(但是，他们的高度专注和有组织有条理的倾向，可以反映出他们在成绩和考试等传统教育形式中取得的进一步成功。) ”可知，内向的人也可以取得成功。根据此句中的“but”可知，前句应表示内向的人不总是取得成功，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students.(首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识;理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和“Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought.(分组办公桌可能对外向的人很好，但考虑为愿意专注于任务的学生创建“安静区域”，或者为内向的学生创建提交箱，让他们留下讨论的想法。)”可知，作者建议老师适合内向学生的学习环境。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. (那么，老师们能做些什么呢？首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识到；理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和本文的主要内容可知此文主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境，故选C。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$