重难点08 阅读理解之推理判断题-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点08 阅读理解之推理判断题 年份 文体 词数 话题 考点分布 推理判断 命题趋势 2024 记叙文 354 作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性 3 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记叙文，说明文，议论文中 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 3 2024 说明文 384 人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 2023 记叙文 386 被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。 3 2023 说明文 366 人与社会：人类社会发展中人们的短视现象 3 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 2 2022 记叙文 348 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑 1 2022 说明文 415 人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 2 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。 推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。 一、题型特点 1.推理判断题题干常用词 一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。 2.推理判断题正确选项特征 推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征： 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 3.推理判断题干扰选项特征 A．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。 B．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 C．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 D．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 E．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。 F．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 二、方法技巧 1.细节内容推断 A.判定信息源的要素——题干特征 这类题型的常见提问方式是： By mentioning ..., the author indicates that ________. The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to ________. What can we learn from the ... study? What is most likely to ...? What can we infer about ...? The first two paragraphs suggest that ________. Which of the following statements does the passage support? What does the author think of ...? How would the author feel about ...? What is special about ...? B.信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法 这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。 议论文 关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。 说明文 关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。 科技说明文 通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。 记叙文 大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。 做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。 例1    原文     Born and raised in Africa, I had always taken my African origin as a burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I, a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I'm so different!” What affected the author's adjustment to her school life in Norway? A. Her appearance. B. Social discrimination. C. Her changing emotions. D. The climate in Norway. 例2    原文     The derring effect could be useful for many other challenges too. If you enjoy cooking, for example, you may faithfully follow a recipe without questioning the instructions. But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you? If you are painting, meanwhile, you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce. Which of the following would the author encourage you to do? A. Strictly follow traditional recipes when cooking. B. Avoid making mistakes and be a perfectionist. C. Occasionally ignore traffic regulations. D. Try unconventional coloring in painting. 例3-2024北京，B When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. 1. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 例4-2024北京，B One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. 3. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 例5-2024北京，D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. 1. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 例6-2023北京，C In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. 1. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to . A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 二．段落内容推断 1．据题干特点初步断定推理类型 对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有： It can be inferred from the text that ________. According to ..., we can infer that ________. From the text we can learn/conclude that ________. What can we learn from the last paragraph? 这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。 2．深层推断5注意 (1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。 (2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。 (3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。 (4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。 (5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。 例1   原文     Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them? A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth. B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills. C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career. D. It helps to make responsible people out of them. 例2   原文     Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 例3-2023北京，B Sitting in the garden for my friend's birthday, I felt a buzz(振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender's name. The email started off:“Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you...” and my vision blurred(模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme—had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn't seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn't. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective(视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution. C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction. 例4-2022北京，C Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect(交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. 2.What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A.The first objective of systems thinking hasn't been achieved. B.The relationships among players have been clarified. C.Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D.The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 3.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断 1．“言外之意”题的三种提问方式 有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有： When the writer talks about ..., what he/she really means is ________. By “...”， the writer suggests that ________. What does the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate? “言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。 2．“言外之意”题的两种题型 第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。 第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。 这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。 例1-2022北京，C 　　“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn't part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.  1.The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to 　　　.  A.illustrate an argument　　　B.highlight an opinion C.introduce the topic　　　D.predict the ending [推断6技巧] 技巧1　理解通篇大意，把握写作意图 做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。 技巧2　关注特定措辞，推断作者态度 作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 技巧3　利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断 几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。 技巧4　抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理 逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 技巧5　结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理 阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。 技巧6　根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。 [谨防4失误] 解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有： 张冠李戴 命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。 以偏概全 考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。 浮于表面 每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。 推己及人 很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一 【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】To increase your chances of landing an assignment for a travel guidebook, you need to find out what the publishers are looking for．Here are links to their submission guidelines with a few special requirements and tips． Fonor's Fonor's is a publishing company of both travel guidebooks and online content covering thousands of destinations worldwide．Visit Fonors．com/about-us, and near the bottom of the page you'll find "Write for Us" with information for submitting articles．Do remember to attach a copy of one of your other works when contributing． ☆TIP: Fonor's always hires writers who live in the destinations they cover．So, it's good to remember: While you may want to write about a foreign destination, more than likely you're closer to being an expert about the place where you live． Workman Workman publishes unique and unexpected travel guides such as 1, 000 Places to See Before You Die, and The Food Lover's Guide to Paris．Consider them if you're interested in writing a nontraditional travel guide．You can find their submission guidelines at workman．com/work-with-us．They require a typical nonfiction book proposal with a suggested table of contents and author information．A chapter of your other books is also required．Send your submissions to submissions@workman.com． ☆TIP: If they don't accept your article, you might be lucky enough to get feedback about why． Lonely Planet Writers can get in touch with Lonely Planet by visiting their "Become a Contributor" page at LonelyPlanet.com/contribute．At that page you'll find a form asking for a resume（简历）and links to your other writing, but there's also space for more travel-related information such as geographical knowledge and level of fluency in relevant languages． ☆TIP: You'll find they also accept articles for "Travel News"．If they say yes, you may get another chance for a bigger job such as a guidebook． For more information on publishers, please visit ContributorsDigest.com． 21．This passage is mainly for _______________． A．guides B．writers C．travelers D．publishers 22．Who may provide advice on how to improve articles? A．Fonor's． B．Workman． C．Lonely Planet． D．Contributor's Digest． 23．What is required by all the companies? A．Geographical knowledge． B．Nontraditional ideas． C．Overseas experience． D．Previous writing． 二 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】You’ve raced to the supermarket only to realise you’ve left the shopping list home. You need to memorise which groceries to pick up before you forget. Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method. What is the peg-word method? It employs a set of pre-determined words, regarded as peg words, for the to-be-remembered information. Peg words act as a structure to help you remember particular items. Essentially, you’re hanging information you need to recall on these pegs, which allows it to be recalled quickly and easily. Initially, to use this method, you will have to remember the peg words as well as the numbers: one=bun  two= shoe  three=tree  four= door  five= hive six= sticks  seven= heaven  eight= gate  nine =vine  ten= hen The next step is to create associations between the information you need to remember and the item linked with the corresponding number. If the first item, for instance, is milk, then you need to visualise the milk and a bun(小圆面包) together. The more unusual you can make your image, the more likely you are to remember it. In this case, you could imagine a bun drinking a glass of milk. Why is it useful? As the case shows, it is most useful when it comes to remembering lists and you can recall the listed items easily in order. Another way to use this memory aid is to memorise important numbers, like phone numbers or dates. For instance, you need to remember that William Shakespeare was born in the year 1564. First, change that number to bun-hive-sticks-door. Then imagine a story to help you remember the series: William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive to coat it in honey, but he didn’t like how sticky it became so he threw it at a door. The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/. 21．How can we apply the peg-word method to recall an item? A．List out different meanings of the item. B．Visualise the item and memorize its image. C．Choose the item’s peg word and remember it. D．Create a visual link between the item and its peg word. 22．What is the best way to remember the number 347 with the peg words in the table? A．A hen drinks from a bottle of wine. B．A load of eggs grow like fruit on a tree. C．A tree grows through the door to heaven. D．An apple shoots out of a bun and hits the door. 23．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a helpful memory tool. B．To advertise a brain training program. C．To highlight the importance of peg words. D．To analyze the necessity of training memory. 三 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】That day when Ludwig van Beethoven died was one of the saddest of my life. I had stayed with him for more than twenty years and lived through many of his happiest moments and his triumphs as well as his most unhappy times. He wasn’t, however, the easiest of men to work for. His moods were changeable so that he could be reasonable at one moment but most impatient and intolerant at the next. All these problems began in 1802 when he discovered his loss of hearing was not temporary. The loss of hearing brought him to a crossroads in his life. It was then that he realized that his future lay in composing music. Luckily, although his deafness brought him fear and anxiety, he was able to use these emotions to inspire his work. Dealing with his inner problems and worries, his music was obviously subjective, which was not the most popular type of its time. But people recognized his greatness. They did so even when they knew he could not acknowledge it. When he was conducting his ninth and last symphony on its first performance he was totally deaf. So he just didn’t realize that the music had finished and continued to conduct the orchestra. One of the singers had to turn him round so he could receive the cheers of the audience. From one angle it was a sad moment but from another it was an even greater triumph. That a man with such a condition could have written such dynamic music was overwhelming! It brought tears to my eyes to think that I had contributed in some small way by looking after him. He dressed rather like a wild man himself. His hair was always untidy, his skin marked with spots and his mouth set in a downward curve. He took no care of his appearance and walked around our city with his clothes carelessly arranged. This was because he was concentrating on his next composition. Helping him move house many times, preparing his meals and looking after his everyday comforts were my reward for a life living so close to such a musical genius. I consider myself a lucky man! 24．The author was most likely to be Beethoven’s _______. A．student B．doctor C．servant D．relative 25．What can be learned from this passage? A．Beethoven’s music was underestimated at that time. B．Beethoven’s work was inspired by his fear and anger. C．Beethoven’s music stayed in step with the mainstream music of the time. D．Beethoven lost his ability to hear when first conducting his ninth symphony. 26．Why did the author tear in Paragraph 4? A．Because the performance was a complete success. B．Because he played a part in Beethoven’s success. C．Because Beethoven was completely deaf then. D．Because the audience cheered for Beethoven. 27．According to the author, Beethoven could be described as ________. A．intolerant but cheerful B．stubborn but reasonable C．changeable but dedicated D．unsociable but easy-going 四 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】 An Art Class When Kelly was twelve, she started taking classes at Miss Grace’s School for Art. She didn’t like it at first: the “novice artists”—the kids who hadn’t really done art before-worked mostly with clay, and Kelly was a terrible sculptor. It wasn’t until her third year that Kelly found something she was really good at-charcoal drawing (素描). She loved watching the lines spread unevenly across the page as she moved the bits of charcoal back and forth over the paper. One day, Sophia, the best artist in her class, sat down and set up her easel (画架) next to Kelly. Kelly felt a sinking feeling in her stomach. She’d actually found an art form that she enjoyed and was good at-and now Sophia was going to outshine her again? Kelly fought back tears when Miss Grace entered the room. “Hello class, Miss Grace said.” We’ll continue to work on the project today. What masterpiece would Sophia have come up with? Kelly looked at Sophia’s easel and she couldn’t believe it-it was a mess! For a brief moment, Kelly couldn’t actually believe her drawing was better than Sophia’s. But then she looked at Sophia, who was watching Kelly with an anxious expression. “I…. I couldn’t decide what to do,” Sophia said. “And you’re so good. Sometimes I feel like my stuff is just so bad in comparison.” Kelly looked to see if Sophia was joking, but she seemed completely serious. Now Kelly was shocked. “I’m not talented ... Miss Grace seldom praises me. You’re the best one in our class!” Sophia raised her eyebrows. “I might be a really good copier of the stuff, but I have no idea what to do when it comes to making up my own images. You are so great at making new things out of the old stuff. I’ve loved your works.” “I’ve loved yours, too,” Kelly said. “Well, definitely not this one,” Sophia said. Kelly smiled. “Maybe not right now. But if you move these lines up...” she said, pointing her finger on Sophia’s paper. Sophia was quiet for a moment. “That’s a great idea!” she said finally. Kelly smiled and turned back to her drawing, looking every so often at Sophia’s work to see that she was taking her advice, down to the last line. 24．When Kelly started classes at the art school, she _____. A．was not good at the course B．lacked confidence in drawing C．was often pushed by Miss Grace D．did not get along with the other kids 25．How did Kelly feel when Sophia sat beside her? A．Thrilled. B．Confused. C．Frustrated. D．Relieved. 26．What did Kelly do in the art class? A．She inspired Sophia. B．She praised Sophia’s creativity. C．She decided to outshine Sophia. D．She finished the drawing for Sophia. 27．What can we learn from the passage? A．Interest is the best teacher. B．You are what you believe to be. C．Everyone has their own strengths. D．Hard work will eventually pay off. 五 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】At my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me plainly: “Now I will teach you how to write your name. And to make it beautiful.” I felt my breath catch. I was curious. Growing up in Singapore, I had an unusual relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked fortune tellers to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, “old”, “barley (薏米)” and “warm”. When I arrived in America for college at 18, I put on an American accent and abandoned my Chinese name. When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage? I thought. In calligraphy, the idea is to copy the old masters’ techniques, thereby refining your own. Every week, though, my teacher would give uncomfortably on-the-nose assessments of my person. “You need to be braver,” he once observed. “Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke(笔画).” For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me. I was trying to make sense of this practice. You must visualize the word as it is to be written and leave a trace of yourself in it. As a bodily practice, calligraphy could go beyond its own cultural restrictions. Could it help me go beyond mine? My teacher once said to me, “When you look at the word, you see the body. Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine.” I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully. During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours.” He might as well have said, “This word is you.” 24．What did the author initially think of her name “Chen Yiwen”? A．It was lucky so she gladly accepted it. B．She felt proud of its symbolic meaning. C．She understood the intention but still disliked it. D．Its strange pronunciation made her embarrassed. 25．The author decided to learn calligraphy to ______. A．pick up a new hobby B．reconnect with her origin C．gain insights into a new culture D．fit in with local community 26．From the teacher’s words, the author learns that calligraphy ______. A．reflects the creator’s spirits B．comes from creative energy C．highlights the design of strokes D．depends on continuous practice 27．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Appreciate what our culture offers. B．Find beauty from your inner self. C．A great teacher leads you to truth. D．We are the sum of what we create. 六 （2024·北京朝阳·二模）Science begins with mystery. Arguably, the two greatest mysteries are the universe and awareness-the vast world out there and the powerful world within. Scientists attracted by one can be called to study the other, led by the thought that these mysteries are connected. Science writer George Musser’s book Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation (方程) reviews their progress: Can physics unlock the mystery of awareness? Does awareness form the basis of fundamental physics? The result is an ambitious but ultimately disappointing tour, filled with breathless encounters with well-known scientists. Representative of the cast is MIT’s Max Tegmark, who tells Musser, “If you look at the problems that were still difficult to answer in fundamental physics, pretty much all of them trace back to awareness.” The book shows how physicists are contributing to understanding the mind, continuing a long history of physicists exploring other fields. Musser integrates physics with neuroscience, economies, mathematics and more. Yet a key source of local knowledge is obviously absent — psychology. An early example: Musser rightly applauds physicists’ contributions to artificial neural networks but is overly trustful of their implications, declaring that “ChatGPT” is already starting to demonstrate a generalized intelligence like that of humans. Interviewing more psychologists could have exposed the considerable gap remaining. What about awareness itself? Why are some states associated with felt experience, such as the pain of a headache and the sight of a sunset, but others not? Musser’s focus is integrated information theory(IIT). IIT begins with five self-evident principles of awareness: awareness exists, and it is structured, specific, unified, and definite. It then concludes assumptions concerning the causal structure of awareness systems, identifying awareness with integrated information. Finally, IIT offers a mathematical measure of this quantity: an equation for awareness. However, despite its enthusiasts, IIT has significant problems. Its working basis is unfounded, and serious doubts surround its testability and definability. Of course, a theory of awareness must detail when, why, and to what degree we are aware of ourselves. Here, psychology’s absence is most obvious. Over the last century, psychological research has revealed countless phenomena of awareness, from models that alter awareness to methods that stimulate unawareness; from extraordinary disorders of awareness to careful studies of metacognition (元认知). Although questionable, such phenomena are the data that any scientific theory of awareness must account for. Yet these phenomena and ideas are almost nowhere in the book. Of course, psychology has not solved awareness, but one cannot hope to explain awareness without confronting these data. Awareness is genuinely mysterious. So is fundamental physics. But hoping that physics can solve awareness while excluding other approaches is only a recipe for more mystery, not less. 28．What can we learn from Musser’s book? A．IIT is acknowledged for its testability and definability. B．Musser underestimates the impact of artificial intelligence. C．Using psychology is a trend for physicists exploring other fields. D．Musser highlights physicists’ efforts to uncover the secret of awareness. 29．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The link between physics and awareness has been established. B．There is no doubt about the principles of an equation for awareness. C．A multidisciplinary approach is essential to understanding awareness. D．Study of awareness needs to ignore related psychological phenomena. 30．Regarding Musser’s view in his book, the author is . A．neutral B．disapproving C．supportive D．uncertain ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点08 阅读理解之推理判断题 年份 文体 词数 话题 考点分布 推理判断 命题趋势 2024 记叙文 354 作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性 3 出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记叙文，说明文，议论文中 2024 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 3 2024 说明文 384 人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 2023 记叙文 386 被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。 3 2023 说明文 366 人与社会：人类社会发展中人们的短视现象 3 2023 说明文 429 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响 2 2022 记叙文 348 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑 1 2022 说明文 415 人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 2 2022 议论文 400 人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。 推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。 一、题型特点 1.推理判断题题干常用词 一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。 2.推理判断题正确选项特征 推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征： 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 3.推理判断题干扰选项特征 A．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。 B．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 C．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 D．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 E．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。 F．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 二、方法技巧 1.细节内容推断 A.判定信息源的要素——题干特征 这类题型的常见提问方式是： By mentioning ..., the author indicates that ________. The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to ________. What can we learn from the ... study? What is most likely to ...? What can we infer about ...? The first two paragraphs suggest that ________. Which of the following statements does the passage support? What does the author think of ...? How would the author feel about ...? What is special about ...? B.信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法 这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。 议论文 关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。 说明文 关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。 科技说明文 通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。 记叙文 大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。 做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。 例1    原文     Born and raised in Africa, I had always taken my African origin as a burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I, a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I'm so different!” What affected the author's adjustment to her school life in Norway? A. Her appearance. B. Social discrimination. C. Her changing emotions. D. The climate in Norway. 解析    根据题干中的关键词her school life in Norway可定位在节选段落(原文第二段)。根据第三句可知,作者将自己的卷发、厚唇与白人女孩的金发、精致的嘴唇作对比时,更加厌恶自己。由此推断,她的外貌(appearance)影响了她融入挪威的生活,故A项正确。 例2    原文     The derring effect could be useful for many other challenges too. If you enjoy cooking, for example, you may faithfully follow a recipe without questioning the instructions. But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you? If you are painting, meanwhile, you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce. Which of the following would the author encourage you to do? A. Strictly follow traditional recipes when cooking. B. Avoid making mistakes and be a perfectionist. C. Occasionally ignore traffic regulations. D. Try unconventional coloring in painting. 解析    上述段落中,作者用If引出了一个喜欢烹饪的人的常规操作,紧接着用But一词对该内容进行了否定。作者使用why not...的句式给出了建议,建议读者打破常规,做出改变。最后一句用绘画的例子说明如何做出改变。由此推断,作者鼓励读者在不同领域打破常规限制。选项D(在绘画中尝试非常规的色彩运用)符合打破常规的建议。 例3-2024北京，B When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. 1. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 1. C推理判断题。根据题干关键词the art exam可定位到第二段。根据“I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.”可知，作者普通证书考试没及格且分数很低，这让她觉得自己没有天赋。由此可推知考试结果让她丧失信心（discouraged）。故选C。 例4-2024北京，B One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. 3. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 3. B推理判断题。根据题干关键词the author’s dream可定位到第四段。根据“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost.”可知，作者感到这个梦很权威，是一种力量，让她找回失去的东西，也就是信心。故选B。confusing令人困惑的；empowering给予力量的；disturbing令人不安的；entertaining使人愉快的。 例5-2024北京，D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. 1. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 1. A推理判断题。根据题干关键词Inuit和moral code定位到文章首段。根据最后一句“With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.”可知，在加拿大背部这样一个生活条件艰苦的地方，因纽特人对道德问题的实际处理办法十分合理。由此可以推知，生活条件驱动了因纽特人的道德准则的形成。 例6-2023北京，C In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. 1. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to . A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 1. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Francis Cole可定位到第一段。段首点出本文的话题——短期主义(short-termism)。然后引用Francis Cole的话来强调短期主义的问题——无法考虑长期的目标和后果。 二．段落内容推断 1．据题干特点初步断定推理类型 对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有： It can be inferred from the text that ________. According to ..., we can infer that ________. From the text we can learn/conclude that ________. What can we learn from the last paragraph? 这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。 2．深层推断5注意 (1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。 (2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。 (3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。 (4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。 (5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。 例1   原文     Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them? A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth. B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills. C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career. D. It helps to make responsible people out of them. 解析    上述段落中作者表达了参与艺术活动对孩子的三个益处,分别是学业成绩更好(greater achievements in their education)、未来找到工作的机会更大(a greater chance of finding employment)以及健康的情感回应(healthy emotional responses)。A项中提及的“促进学业成绩以及情感成长”符合该段落中提到的益处。 例2   原文     Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 解析    根据in fact和逻辑词But确定该段的段落结构和内容。But前的句子说明了“我们”目前的状态(缩小了生活的多样性、被困在专业化领域并且丧失了好奇心)。But后的内容假设了机会无处不在的条件。由此推断,该段先阐明了我们失去好奇心的问题,而后给出获得机会的建议。故C项(机会青睐有好奇心的人)正确。 例3-2023北京，B Sitting in the garden for my friend's birthday, I felt a buzz(振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender's name. The email started off:“Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you...” and my vision blurred(模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme—had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn't seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn't. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective(视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution. C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction. 4. C推理判断题。纵观全文，作者讲述了自己两次被拒的经历，因此“被拒”成为贯穿全篇的一条线。每一次被拒后，他都充分利用现有机会创造新的机遇，而新的机遇又让他燃起新的热情。故选C项（被拒绝可以让人找到新的方向）。 例4-2022北京，C Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect(交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. 2.What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A.The first objective of systems thinking hasn't been achieved. B.The relationships among players have been clarified. C.Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D.The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 2. A推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知系统思维对于实现零饥饿和改善营养等目标至关重要(crucial)。由第二段最后两句话可知根据系统思维，改变食品系统需要做三件事。首先，研究人员需要确定(identify)该系统中的所有参与者，而第三段提到“human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known”，由此可知第一个目标“确定该系统中的所有参与者”未能达到。 3.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断 1．“言外之意”题的三种提问方式 有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有： When the writer talks about ..., what he/she really means is ________. By “...”， the writer suggests that ________. What does the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate? “言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。 2．“言外之意”题的两种题型 第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。 第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。 这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。 例1-2022北京，C 　　“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn't part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.  1.The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to 　　　.  A.illustrate an argument　　　B.highlight an opinion C.introduce the topic　　　D.predict the ending 1. C推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，本文以画线句（Crystal教授问学生的一个问题）引入，而学生们难以回答，究其原因是想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变为现实对科学家来说是一项罕见的技能。Crystal教授想改变这一现状，于是提出了“系统思维”。由此可推知，作者在第一段使用画线问句的目的是引出文章主题。说明文的首段一般起引出主题的作用，而画线问句位于首段开头，由此亦可推断出其目的。 [推断6技巧] 技巧1　理解通篇大意，把握写作意图 做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。 技巧2　关注特定措辞，推断作者态度 作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 技巧3　利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断 几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。 技巧4　抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理 逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 技巧5　结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理 阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。 技巧6　根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。 [谨防4失误] 解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有： 张冠李戴 命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。 以偏概全 考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。 浮于表面 每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。 推己及人 很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。 （建议用时：40分钟） 一 【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】To increase your chances of landing an assignment for a travel guidebook, you need to find out what the publishers are looking for．Here are links to their submission guidelines with a few special requirements and tips． Fonor's Fonor's is a publishing company of both travel guidebooks and online content covering thousands of destinations worldwide．Visit Fonors．com/about-us, and near the bottom of the page you'll find "Write for Us" with information for submitting articles．Do remember to attach a copy of one of your other works when contributing． ☆TIP: Fonor's always hires writers who live in the destinations they cover．So, it's good to remember: While you may want to write about a foreign destination, more than likely you're closer to being an expert about the place where you live． Workman Workman publishes unique and unexpected travel guides such as 1, 000 Places to See Before You Die, and The Food Lover's Guide to Paris．Consider them if you're interested in writing a nontraditional travel guide．You can find their submission guidelines at workman．com/work-with-us．They require a typical nonfiction book proposal with a suggested table of contents and author information．A chapter of your other books is also required．Send your submissions to submissions@workman.com． ☆TIP: If they don't accept your article, you might be lucky enough to get feedback about why． Lonely Planet Writers can get in touch with Lonely Planet by visiting their "Become a Contributor" page at LonelyPlanet.com/contribute．At that page you'll find a form asking for a resume（简历）and links to your other writing, but there's also space for more travel-related information such as geographical knowledge and level of fluency in relevant languages． ☆TIP: You'll find they also accept articles for "Travel News"．If they say yes, you may get another chance for a bigger job such as a guidebook． For more information on publishers, please visit ContributorsDigest.com． 21．This passage is mainly for _______________． A．guides B．writers C．travelers D．publishers 22．Who may provide advice on how to improve articles? A．Fonor's． B．Workman． C．Lonely Planet． D．Contributor's Digest． 23．What is required by all the companies? A．Geographical knowledge． B．Nontraditional ideas． C．Overseas experience． D．Previous writing． 【答案】21．B 22．B 23．D 【分析】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了三个出版社接受文章的标准，出版社网址以及一些特殊要求和提示。 21．推理判断题。通过文章第一段“To increase your chances of landing an assignment for a travel guidebook, you need to find out what the publishers are looking for．Here are links to their submission guidelines with a few special requirements and tips．（为了增加你得到编写旅行指南工作的机会，你需要明白出版商想要的是什么。以下是他们网站的链接，其中有一些特殊要求和提示。）”可以推知，本篇文章主要是通过介绍一些出版社，为作家提供机会。故选B项。 22．推理判断题。根据文章“Workman”部分的小贴士“If they don't accept your article, you might be lucky enough to get feedback about why．（如果他们不接受你的文章，你可能会很幸运地得到关于原因的反馈。）”可知 BWorkman．可以就如何改进文章提供建议。故选B项。 23．推理判断题。通过文章“Fonor's”部分“Do remember to attach a copy of one of your other works when contributing．（请记住在投稿时附上您的其他作品的副本。）”和“Workman”部分“A chapter of your other books is also required．（你的其他书籍的一章也是必需的。）”以及“Lonely Planet”部分“At that page you'll find a form asking for a resume（简历）and links to your other writing.( 在那一页，你会看到一张要求提供简历和你其他作品的链接的表格。)”可以推知，所有公司都要求作者有作品，即有写作经验。故选D项。 二 【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】You’ve raced to the supermarket only to realise you’ve left the shopping list home. You need to memorise which groceries to pick up before you forget. Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method. What is the peg-word method? It employs a set of pre-determined words, regarded as peg words, for the to-be-remembered information. Peg words act as a structure to help you remember particular items. Essentially, you’re hanging information you need to recall on these pegs, which allows it to be recalled quickly and easily. Initially, to use this method, you will have to remember the peg words as well as the numbers: one=bun  two= shoe  three=tree  four= door  five= hive six= sticks  seven= heaven  eight= gate  nine =vine  ten= hen The next step is to create associations between the information you need to remember and the item linked with the corresponding number. If the first item, for instance, is milk, then you need to visualise the milk and a bun(小圆面包) together. The more unusual you can make your image, the more likely you are to remember it. In this case, you could imagine a bun drinking a glass of milk. Why is it useful? As the case shows, it is most useful when it comes to remembering lists and you can recall the listed items easily in order. Another way to use this memory aid is to memorise important numbers, like phone numbers or dates. For instance, you need to remember that William Shakespeare was born in the year 1564. First, change that number to bun-hive-sticks-door. Then imagine a story to help you remember the series: William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive to coat it in honey, but he didn’t like how sticky it became so he threw it at a door. The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/. 21．How can we apply the peg-word method to recall an item? A．List out different meanings of the item. B．Visualise the item and memorize its image. C．Choose the item’s peg word and remember it. D．Create a visual link between the item and its peg word. 22．What is the best way to remember the number 347 with the peg words in the table? A．A hen drinks from a bottle of wine. B．A load of eggs grow like fruit on a tree. C．A tree grows through the door to heaven. D．An apple shoots out of a bun and hits the door. 23．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a helpful memory tool. B．To advertise a brain training program. C．To highlight the importance of peg words. D．To analyze the necessity of training memory. 【答案】21．D 22．C 23．A 【导语】本文为一篇应用文，介绍了一种辅助帮助记忆的工具——挂钩词法。 21．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Essentially, you’re hanging information you need to recall on these pegs, which allows it to be recalled quickly and easily.(从本质上讲，你把需要回忆的信息挂在这些挂钩上，这样就可以快速、轻松地回忆起来)”及表格下一段“The next step is to create associations between the information you need to remember and the item linked with the corresponding number. If the first item, for instance, is milk, then you need to visualise the milk and a bun together.(下一步是在你需要记住的信息和与相应数字相关联的项目之间建立联系。例如，如果第一件东西是牛奶，那么你需要想象牛奶和面包在一起)”可知，我们需要在事物和它的挂钩词之间创建一个想象链接，即，看到这些词就能想到对应的事物来帮助我们记住事物。故选D。 22．推理判断题。347对应数字three，four，seven，观察表格可知，three=tree（树木），four=door（门），seven=heaven（天堂），将“树木，门，天堂”联系起来，得到C选项“从通往天堂的门里长出一棵树”。故选C。 23．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method.(值得庆幸的是，有一种记忆辅助工具非常适合这项工作:挂钩词法)”及最后一段“The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/.(挂钩词法被广泛认为是一种有助于记忆的方法。欲了解更多信息，请访问https://jojomemory.com/)”可推知，本文是为了向大家介绍一种有用的记忆工具。故选A。 三 【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】That day when Ludwig van Beethoven died was one of the saddest of my life. I had stayed with him for more than twenty years and lived through many of his happiest moments and his triumphs as well as his most unhappy times. He wasn’t, however, the easiest of men to work for. His moods were changeable so that he could be reasonable at one moment but most impatient and intolerant at the next. All these problems began in 1802 when he discovered his loss of hearing was not temporary. The loss of hearing brought him to a crossroads in his life. It was then that he realized that his future lay in composing music. Luckily, although his deafness brought him fear and anxiety, he was able to use these emotions to inspire his work. Dealing with his inner problems and worries, his music was obviously subjective, which was not the most popular type of its time. But people recognized his greatness. They did so even when they knew he could not acknowledge it. When he was conducting his ninth and last symphony on its first performance he was totally deaf. So he just didn’t realize that the music had finished and continued to conduct the orchestra. One of the singers had to turn him round so he could receive the cheers of the audience. From one angle it was a sad moment but from another it was an even greater triumph. That a man with such a condition could have written such dynamic music was overwhelming! It brought tears to my eyes to think that I had contributed in some small way by looking after him. He dressed rather like a wild man himself. His hair was always untidy, his skin marked with spots and his mouth set in a downward curve. He took no care of his appearance and walked around our city with his clothes carelessly arranged. This was because he was concentrating on his next composition. Helping him move house many times, preparing his meals and looking after his everyday comforts were my reward for a life living so close to such a musical genius. I consider myself a lucky man! 24．The author was most likely to be Beethoven’s _______. A．student B．doctor C．servant D．relative 25．What can be learned from this passage? A．Beethoven’s music was underestimated at that time. B．Beethoven’s work was inspired by his fear and anger. C．Beethoven’s music stayed in step with the mainstream music of the time. D．Beethoven lost his ability to hear when first conducting his ninth symphony. 26．Why did the author tear in Paragraph 4? A．Because the performance was a complete success. B．Because he played a part in Beethoven’s success. C．Because Beethoven was completely deaf then. D．Because the audience cheered for Beethoven. 27．According to the author, Beethoven could be described as ________. A．intolerant but cheerful B．stubborn but reasonable C．changeable but dedicated D．unsociable but easy-going 【答案】24．C 25．D 26．B 27．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Ludwig van Beethoven虽然失聪，但是仍然坚持作曲和指挥的故事。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Helping him move house many times, preparing his meals and looking after his everyday comforts were my reward for a life living so close to such a musical genius.(我曾多次帮他搬家，为他做饭，照顾他的日常生活，这些都是我与这样一位音乐天才如此亲近的回报。)”可知，作者最有可能是Beethoven的仆人，故选C。 25．细节理解题。根据第四段“When he was conducting his ninth and last symphony on its first performance he was totally deaf.(当他指挥他的第九部也是最后一部交响曲的第一次演出时，他完全失聪了。)”可知，贝多芬在第一次指挥他的第九交响曲时失去了听力。故选D。 26．推理判断题。根据第四段“That a man with such a condition could have written such dynamic music was overwhelming! It brought tears to my eyes to think that I had contributed in some small way by looking after him.(一个有这种状况的人能写出如此充满活力的音乐，真是令人难以置信！一想到我照顾他也尽了绵薄之力，我就热泪盈眶。)”可知，作者流泪是因为他对贝多芬的成功起了作用。故选B。 27．推理判断题。根据第二段“His moods were changeable so that he could be reasonable at one moment but most impatient and intolerant at the next.(他的情绪变化无常，有时还通情达理，有时又不耐烦、偏执。)”可知，Beethoven是多变的，再根据倒数第二段“He took no care of his appearance and walked around our city with his clothes carelessly arranged.  This was because he was concentrating on his next composition.(他不注意自己的外表，在我们的城市里随意地走来走去。这是因为他在专心作下一首曲子。)”可知，Beethoven是专心致志的。故选C。 四 【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】 An Art Class When Kelly was twelve, she started taking classes at Miss Grace’s School for Art. She didn’t like it at first: the “novice artists”—the kids who hadn’t really done art before-worked mostly with clay, and Kelly was a terrible sculptor. It wasn’t until her third year that Kelly found something she was really good at-charcoal drawing (素描). She loved watching the lines spread unevenly across the page as she moved the bits of charcoal back and forth over the paper. One day, Sophia, the best artist in her class, sat down and set up her easel (画架) next to Kelly. Kelly felt a sinking feeling in her stomach. She’d actually found an art form that she enjoyed and was good at-and now Sophia was going to outshine her again? Kelly fought back tears when Miss Grace entered the room. “Hello class, Miss Grace said.” We’ll continue to work on the project today. What masterpiece would Sophia have come up with? Kelly looked at Sophia’s easel and she couldn’t believe it-it was a mess! For a brief moment, Kelly couldn’t actually believe her drawing was better than Sophia’s. But then she looked at Sophia, who was watching Kelly with an anxious expression. “I…. I couldn’t decide what to do,” Sophia said. “And you’re so good. Sometimes I feel like my stuff is just so bad in comparison.” Kelly looked to see if Sophia was joking, but she seemed completely serious. Now Kelly was shocked. “I’m not talented ... Miss Grace seldom praises me. You’re the best one in our class!” Sophia raised her eyebrows. “I might be a really good copier of the stuff, but I have no idea what to do when it comes to making up my own images. You are so great at making new things out of the old stuff. I’ve loved your works.” “I’ve loved yours, too,” Kelly said. “Well, definitely not this one,” Sophia said. Kelly smiled. “Maybe not right now. But if you move these lines up...” she said, pointing her finger on Sophia’s paper. Sophia was quiet for a moment. “That’s a great idea!” she said finally. Kelly smiled and turned back to her drawing, looking every so often at Sophia’s work to see that she was taking her advice, down to the last line. 24．When Kelly started classes at the art school, she _____. A．was not good at the course B．lacked confidence in drawing C．was often pushed by Miss Grace D．did not get along with the other kids 25．How did Kelly feel when Sophia sat beside her? A．Thrilled. B．Confused. C．Frustrated. D．Relieved. 26．What did Kelly do in the art class? A．She inspired Sophia. B．She praised Sophia’s creativity. C．She decided to outshine Sophia. D．She finished the drawing for Sophia. 27．What can we learn from the passage? A．Interest is the best teacher. B．You are what you believe to be. C．Everyone has their own strengths. D．Hard work will eventually pay off. 【答案】24．A 25．C 26．A 27．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Kelly在一节艺术课上所发生的事情。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段“She didn’t like it at first: the “novice artists”—the kids who hadn’t really done art before-worked mostly with clay, and Kelly was a terrible sculptor.(她一开始并不喜欢：那些“新手艺术家”——那些以前没有真正做过艺术的孩子——主要是用粘土创作的，而凯利是个糟糕的雕塑家。)”可知，当Kelly开始在艺术学校上课时，她不擅长这门课。故选A。 25．推理判断题。根据第三段“Kelly felt a sinking feeling in her stomach. She’d actually found an art form that she enjoyed and was good at-and now Sophia was going to outshine her again?(Kelly感到胃里有一种下沉的感觉。她真的找到了一种自己喜欢并擅长的艺术形式，而现在索菲亚又要比她更耀眼了？)”可知，当索菲亚坐在凯莉身边时，她感觉到沮丧。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Kelly smiled. “Maybe not right now. But if you move these lines up...” she said, pointing her finger on Sophia’s paper.(Kelly笑了。“也许不是现在。但是如果你把这些线往上移动……她用手指着索菲亚的纸说。)”和倒数第二段“That’s a great idea!(好主意！)”可知，Kelly在美术课上启发了索菲亚。故选A。 27．推理判断题。根据倒数第六段“You are so great at making new things out of the old stuff.(你很擅长从旧事物中创造出新事物。)”可知，我们能从文章中了解到每个人都有自己的长处。故选C。 五 【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】At my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me plainly: “Now I will teach you how to write your name. And to make it beautiful.” I felt my breath catch. I was curious. Growing up in Singapore, I had an unusual relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked fortune tellers to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, “old”, “barley (薏米)” and “warm”. When I arrived in America for college at 18, I put on an American accent and abandoned my Chinese name. When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage? I thought. In calligraphy, the idea is to copy the old masters’ techniques, thereby refining your own. Every week, though, my teacher would give uncomfortably on-the-nose assessments of my person. “You need to be braver,” he once observed. “Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke(笔画).” For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me. I was trying to make sense of this practice. You must visualize the word as it is to be written and leave a trace of yourself in it. As a bodily practice, calligraphy could go beyond its own cultural restrictions. Could it help me go beyond mine? My teacher once said to me, “When you look at the word, you see the body. Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine.” I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully. During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours.” He might as well have said, “This word is you.” 24．What did the author initially think of her name “Chen Yiwen”? A．It was lucky so she gladly accepted it. B．She felt proud of its symbolic meaning. C．She understood the intention but still disliked it. D．Its strange pronunciation made her embarrassed. 25．The author decided to learn calligraphy to ______. A．pick up a new hobby B．reconnect with her origin C．gain insights into a new culture D．fit in with local community 26．From the teacher’s words, the author learns that calligraphy ______. A．reflects the creator’s spirits B．comes from creative energy C．highlights the design of strokes D．depends on continuous practice 27．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Appreciate what our culture offers. B．Find beauty from your inner self. C．A great teacher leads you to truth. D．We are the sum of what we create. 【答案】24．C 25．B 26．A 27．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。这篇文章主要讲述了作者学习中国书法的经历和感悟，包括初次接触书法时的情景，名字的由来，在美国放弃中文名，回到香港学习书法的原因，老师对自己的评价，以及通过书法对自身的思考和认识等。 24．细节理解题。根据第二段“My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked fortune tellers to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, “old”, “barley (薏米)” and “warm”.( 我的父母是华裔，所以他们请算命先生给我取名字，希望能给我带来最大的好运。于是，我给自己取了一个毫无意义又尴尬的名字：陈薏温，意思大致是“陈旧”、“薏米”、“温暖”)”可知， 作者认为自己的名字“Chen Yi wen”是无意义且令人尴尬的，虽然父母是为了追求最大的运气才取这个名字，但她还是不喜欢。故选C。 25．细节理解题。根据第三段“When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage? I thought.(当我在美国生活了14年后，于2021年搬到香港时，我决定学习书法。为什么不跟我的传统联系一下呢？我想)”可知，作者决定学习书法是为了重新接触自己的文化根源。故选B。 26．推理判断题。根据最后一段“During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours.” He might as well have said, “This word is you.”(在最近的一次课上，老师指着我刚完成的字对我说：“这个字好多了。我能看到你所做的选择，你的计算，你的心流。相信自己。这个词是你的。”他还不如说：“这个字就是你。”)”可推知，从老师的话中，作者了解到书法反映了创作者的精神。故选A。 27．推理判断题。推理判断题。根据最后一段“During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours.” He might as well have said, “This word is you.”(在最近的一次课上，老师指着我刚完成的字对我说：“这个字好多了。我能看到你所做的选择，你的计算，你的心流。相信自己。这个词是你的。”他还不如说：“这个字就是你。”)”可知，书法反映了创作者的精神。由此推知，作者想告诉我们，我们就是我们所创造的一切的总和。故选D。 六 （2024·北京朝阳·二模）Science begins with mystery. Arguably, the two greatest mysteries are the universe and awareness-the vast world out there and the powerful world within. Scientists attracted by one can be called to study the other, led by the thought that these mysteries are connected. Science writer George Musser’s book Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation (方程) reviews their progress: Can physics unlock the mystery of awareness? Does awareness form the basis of fundamental physics? The result is an ambitious but ultimately disappointing tour, filled with breathless encounters with well-known scientists. Representative of the cast is MIT’s Max Tegmark, who tells Musser, “If you look at the problems that were still difficult to answer in fundamental physics, pretty much all of them trace back to awareness.” The book shows how physicists are contributing to understanding the mind, continuing a long history of physicists exploring other fields. Musser integrates physics with neuroscience, economies, mathematics and more. Yet a key source of local knowledge is obviously absent — psychology. An early example: Musser rightly applauds physicists’ contributions to artificial neural networks but is overly trustful of their implications, declaring that “ChatGPT” is already starting to demonstrate a generalized intelligence like that of humans. Interviewing more psychologists could have exposed the considerable gap remaining. What about awareness itself? Why are some states associated with felt experience, such as the pain of a headache and the sight of a sunset, but others not? Musser’s focus is integrated information theory(IIT). IIT begins with five self-evident principles of awareness: awareness exists, and it is structured, specific, unified, and definite. It then concludes assumptions concerning the causal structure of awareness systems, identifying awareness with integrated information. Finally, IIT offers a mathematical measure of this quantity: an equation for awareness. However, despite its enthusiasts, IIT has significant problems. Its working basis is unfounded, and serious doubts surround its testability and definability. Of course, a theory of awareness must detail when, why, and to what degree we are aware of ourselves. Here, psychology’s absence is most obvious. Over the last century, psychological research has revealed countless phenomena of awareness, from models that alter awareness to methods that stimulate unawareness; from extraordinary disorders of awareness to careful studies of metacognition (元认知). Although questionable, such phenomena are the data that any scientific theory of awareness must account for. Yet these phenomena and ideas are almost nowhere in the book. Of course, psychology has not solved awareness, but one cannot hope to explain awareness without confronting these data. Awareness is genuinely mysterious. So is fundamental physics. But hoping that physics can solve awareness while excluding other approaches is only a recipe for more mystery, not less. 28．What can we learn from Musser’s book? A．IIT is acknowledged for its testability and definability. B．Musser underestimates the impact of artificial intelligence. C．Using psychology is a trend for physicists exploring other fields. D．Musser highlights physicists’ efforts to uncover the secret of awareness. 29．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The link between physics and awareness has been established. B．There is no doubt about the principles of an equation for awareness. C．A multidisciplinary approach is essential to understanding awareness. D．Study of awareness needs to ignore related psychological phenomena. 30．Regarding Musser’s view in his book, the author is . A．neutral B．disapproving C．supportive D．uncertain 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B 【导语】本文体裁为说明文。文本主要介绍了科学作家George Musser的书籍《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation》及其探讨的主题——物理学与意识之谜的关系。文中提到了物理学家对意识研究的贡献，以及Musser在书中如何整合了物理学、神经科学、经济学、数学等多个领域的知识来探讨这个问题。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Science writer George Musser’s book Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation (方程) reviews their progress: Can physics unlock the mystery of awareness? Does awareness form the basis of fundamental physics? (科学作家George Musser的书《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation》回顾了他们的进展：物理学能解开意识之谜吗？意识构成了基础物理学的基础吗？)”和第三段中的“The book shows how physicists are contributing to understanding the mind, continuing a long history of physicists exploring other fields. (这本书展示了物理学家如何为理解心灵做出贡献，延续了物理学家探索其他领域的悠久历史。)”可知，Musser的书《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation》探讨了物理学是否能解开意识的谜团，以及意识是否构成了基础物理的基础，这本书展示了物理学家如何为理解心灵做出贡献，物理学家在揭开意识之谜方面的努力。故选D项。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Musser integrates physics with neuroscience, economies, mathematics and more. Yet a key source of local knowledge is obviously absent—psychology. An early example: Musser rightly applauds physicists’ contributions to artificial neural networks but is overly trustful of their implications, declaring that “ChatGPT” is already starting to demonstrate a generalized intelligence like that of humans. Interviewing more psychologists could have exposed the considerable gap remaining. (Musser将物理学与神经科学、经济学、数学等相结合。然而，当地知识的一个关键来源显然是缺失的——心理学。)”可知，虽然Musser的书尝试将物理学与神经科学、经济学、数学等多领域结合来探讨意识，但明显缺少心理学这一关键领域的参与。这暗示了理解意识需要一个多学科的方法。故选C项。 30．推理判断题。通读全文，结合最后一段“Awareness is genuinely mysterious. So is fundamental physics. But hoping that physics can solve awareness while excluding other approaches is only a recipe for more mystery, not less. (意识是真正神秘的。基础物理学也是如此。但是，希望物理学能够在排除其他方法的情况下解决意识问题，只会带来更多的谜团，而不是更少。)”可知，作者尽管肯定了其探索意识秘密的雄心和物理学家跨领域研究的努力，但同时也指出了其问题：强调用物理学来解决意识之谜的方法，而忽视了其他学科，特别是心理学的贡献和见解是不可行的。因此，作者对于Musser在书中的观点持不赞同的态度。故选B项。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$