9 Unit 2 Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（译林版2020）

Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment ………………………………◎ ①tofu n．豆腐 ②come as no surprise不足为奇 ③bacon n．咸猪肉，熏猪肉 ④tank n．坦克；(贮放液体或气体的)罐 ⑤golf n．高尔夫球运动 ⑥come about 产生，发生 ⑦interact v．互动；相互作用；交流 ⑧native tongue母语 ⑨phenomenon n．现象 globalization n．全球化 ⑪integrate vt.&vi.(使)合并；(使)加入 ⑫bilingual adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言(写)的 ⑬unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中 ⑭kung fu n．功夫 ⑮refer to 指的是 ⑯oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 ⑰intervention n．干涉行为，干预 ⑱pure adj.纯净的；完全的 ⑲tribe n．部落 ⑳reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 be pessimistic about 对于……感到悲观 be based on 以……为基础/根据 Germanic adj.日耳曼语的；德国的 restriction n．限制，约束 linguist n．语言学家；通晓数国语言的人 isolated adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的 for better or for worse不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 go out of style 过时 ◎……………………………… Borrowed words “The restaurant’s fried tofu① is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well，all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as no surprise②，given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages，including Latin，Greek，French and Chinese[1].However，English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages.For example，English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language[2] include “bacon③”，“tank④” and “golf⑤”． [1]given that引导原因状语从句，given that意为“考虑到，鉴于”。 [2]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词English words。 Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧.This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years.In the current age of globalization，when communications technology brings different cultures closer together，words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before，especially those related to technological developments，such as “email” and “Internet”． Though borrowing words has become faster，the process is still complex，and it takes time before new words are integrated⑪ into everyday speech.At first，the borrowed word is only used by bilingual⑫ speakers.It then spreads to people who do not know the original language[3]，and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak，almost unknowingly⑬.An example of this is the word “kung fu⑭”，which refers to⑮ Chinese martial arts[4].This word comes from Chinese gongfu.Over time，the sounds that are difficult to pronounce[5] have been replaced with more familiar ones.The longer a borrowed word has been in use，the more it sounds and even looks like the native language[6]. 学生用书↓第57页 [3]who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。 [4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the word “kung fu”。 [5]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the sounds。 [6]本句为“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”句型。 Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided[7]，but some language communities oppose⑯ adopting words from other cultures.There are countries that make interventions⑰ to keep their native language pure⑱ in order to defend their identity.The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words[8] in order to avoid borrowed words.Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers，such as the Native American Navajo language，used only by the members of the tribe⑲[9].Under this circumstance，it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject⑳ outside influences. [7]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an outcome of language development。 [8]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an official organization。 [9]过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。 While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages，there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words[10].English，especially，is based on a mix of Latin，Greek and Germanic languages.The English­speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary.In fact，there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new borrowed words.Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop，enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new­found ease[11].It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly[12]. [10]本句为主从复合句。句中while引导让步状语从句，while意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词other communities。 [11]动词­ing形式短语作结果状语，表示“自然而然”的结果，其中which引导定语从句，修饰先行词a more efficient language，定语从句中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为动词不定式短语to share...ease。 [12]本句为强调句型，强调through those words。 According to the linguist Edward Sapir，“It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language...” For better or for worse，the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.The more international and globalized the world becomes，the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures[13]. 学生用书↓第58页 外来词 “这家餐馆的炸豆腐很美味。”这句话有什么特别的地方吗？嗯，除了“the”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言借来的！这并不奇怪，因为英语借用了300多种不同语言的词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言借词的语言，几乎所有语言中都可以找到借词。例如，源自英语的汉语单词包括“培根” (bacon)，“坦克” (tank)和“高尔夫”(golf)。 当两种不同语言的文化相互作用时，就会产生词语借用。当母语中没有合适的词语来表达某个物体或想法时，这种现象就会发生。这种现象已经发生了数千年。在当今全球化时代，当通信技术使不同文化更紧密地联系在一起时，词语借用就会发生甚至比以往任何时候都更快地直接从源语言中借用，特别是那些与技术发展有关的，如“电子邮件”和“互联网”。 虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然很复杂，而且新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，借词只供双语使用者使用。然后，它传播到不懂源语言的人身上，他们会改变发音以适应他们的说话方式，几乎是在不知不觉中。一个例子就是“功夫”，它指的是中国的武术。这个词来自汉语“功夫” 。随着时间的推移，难发的发音被更熟悉的发音所取代。借词使用的时间越长，听起来甚至看起来越像母语。 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎不可避免的结果，但是一些语言使用者群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的特征，采取干预措施保持母语的纯正。法国人就专门成立了一个官方组织来创造新词，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者非常少，例如美洲土著的纳瓦霍语，只供部落成员使用。在这种情况下，母语拒绝外来影响就成了生死攸关的问题。 虽然有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，然而有些语言对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是以拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合语言为基础的。英语社区毫不犹豫地将外来词吸收到日常词汇中。事实上，有对新借词没有任何正式的学术限制。借词使得语言继续发展，使社区能够有一种更有效的语言，使他们轻松地分享自己的经验变得可能。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 根据语言学家爱德华·萨皮尔的说法，“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。世界越是国际化和全球化，国家和文化之间共享的语言特征就越多。 一、整体理解 Match the paragraphs with the main ideas. Para. 1　 A．The pessimistic attitude about word borrowing. Para. 2 B．The process of word borrowing. Para. 3 C．Borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. Para. 4 D．The tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.　 Para. 5 E．How does word borrowing happen? Para. 6　F．The optimistic attitude about word borrowing. 答案：　Paras. 1－6：CEBAFD 二、细节理解 Read the text carefully and choose the best answers. 1．Which of the following English words is borrowed from Chinese? A．Bacon. B．Golf. C．Kung fu. D．Internet. 学生用书↓第59页 2．Why does words borrowing happen all the time in the history? A．Because it can meet the needs of mutual interaction. B．Because it happens because of technological developments. C．Because words can be borrowed straight from the source language faster than before. D．Because people in two different cultures like to communicate with each other. 3．Who will first use the borrowed words before it is widely used? A．Scientists. B．Bilingual speakers. C．The ordinary people. D．Linguists. 4．Why does France oppose adopting words from other cultures? A．To keep French pure. B．To reject outside influences. C．To ensure the survival of French. D．To show the French’s pride in their mother tongue. 5．What is the author’s attitude towards borrowing words in English? A．Pessimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Indifferent. D．Optimistic. 答案：　1－5：CABAD 三、难句解构 1．It then spreads to people who do not know the original language，and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak，almost unknowingly. [句式分析]　本句为主从复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people；动词不定式短语to fit...作目的状语，其中they speak为定语从句修饰先行词the way。 [尝试翻译]　然后，它传播到不懂源语言的人身上，他们会改变发音以适应他们的说话方式，几乎是在不知不觉中。 2．While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages，there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. [句式分析]　本句为主从复合句。句中while引导让步状语从句，while意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词other languages。 [尝试翻译]　虽然有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，然而有些语言对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。 3．Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop，enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new­found ease. [句式分析]　本句为主从复合句。其中动词­ing形式短语enabling the community to have a more efficient language在句中作结果状语，表示“自然而然”的结果；which引导定语从句，修饰名词a more efficient language。 [尝试翻译]　借词使得语言继续发展，使社区能够有一种更有效的语言，使他们轻松地分享自己的经验变得可能。 学生用书↓第60页 [核心单词] 1．reject the proposals　　　 拒绝这些提议 2．a pessimistic view of life 对生活持悲观态度 3．the school canteen 学校食堂 4．put up a new fence 搭建一个新的篱笆 5．a singing contest 歌咏比赛 [拓展单词] 1．preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物→prefer vt.更喜欢 2．embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的→embarrass vt.使尴尬，使难堪→ embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的，令人难堪的→embarrassment n．尴尬，难为情 3．intention n．意图，计划→intend vt.计划，打算 4．correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信→correspondence n．一致，符合；通信联系；往来书信→corresponding adj.符合的，相应的，相关的 5．behave vi.&vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现→behavior n．举止，行为 6．tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受→tolerance n．容忍；忍受；宽容→tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的；忍受的；能耐……的 7．recite vt.吟诵；列举→recitation n．朗诵；朗读；逐一列举；逐个叙述 8．fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的，熟练的→fluency n．流畅，熟练→fluently adv.流利地；流畅地 9．cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合→cooperation n．合作，协作→cooperative adj.合作的，协作的；同心协力的 10．integrate vt.&vi.(使)合并；(使)加入→integrated adj.各部分配合好的；综合的；完整的→integration n．结合；综合；融合 11．oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒→opposed adj.强烈反对的；截然不同的→opposing adj.对立的；相竞争的；对抗的→opposition n．反对；反对党；反抗，对抗；(事业、竞赛、游戏等的)对手，竞争者 12．pure adj.纯净的；完全的→purity n．纯洁；洁净 13．reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异→rejection n．拒绝，否决 14．tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好→tend vt.易于做某事，往往会发生某事 15．sincerely adv.真诚地，诚实地→sincere adj.真诚的，诚挚的，诚恳的→sincerity n．真挚，诚心诚意 [重点短语] 第一组　汉译英 1．指的是　　　　　　　 refer to 2．对于……感到悲观 be pessimistic about 3．以……为基础/根据 be based on 4．过时 go out of style 第二组　英译汉 5．come as no surprise 不足为奇 6．come about 产生，发生 7．native tongue 母语 8．for better or for worse 不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 [典型句式] 根据课文语境和汉语提示补全句子 1．“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”句型 The longer a borrowed word has been in use(外来词使用的时间越长)，the more it sounds and even looks like the native language. 2．keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语 There are countries that make interventions to keep their native language pure(保持母语的纯正) in order to defend their identity. 3．强调句型 It is also through those words that(也正是通过那些词) novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. 学生用书↓第61页 核心词汇精研 integrate vt.&vi.(使)合并；(使)加入 (教材原句)Though borrowing words has become faster，the process is still complex，and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech. 虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然很复杂，而且新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。 (1)integrate (sb/sth) into...　　　　　　　 (使某人/物)融进/加入…… integrate A and/with B 将A和B合并/融合 (2) integrated adj. 各部分配合好的；综合的；完整的 (3)integration n. 结合；综合；融合 [佳句]　They have not made any effort to integrate with the local community. 他们完全没有尝试融入本地社区。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①China will step up the integrated (integrate) development of online and offline shopping，and nurture new consumption trends. ②Effective measures have been taken to speed up the integration (integrate) of rural e­commerce and express delivery systems. ◎写美——微写作 ③It is important to integrate theory and/with practice． 把理论和实践结合在一起很重要。 oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 (教材原句)Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided，but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎不可避免的结果，但是一些语言使用者群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。 (1) oppose (doing) sth　 反对/抵制(做)某事 (2)opposed adj. 反对的；相反的 be opposed to (doing) sth 反对(做)某事 [佳句]　Another reason why I oppose going abroad for studies is that it would cost a considerable sum of money. 我反对出国留学的另一个原因是这要花费相当一大笔钱。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①The local residents strongly oppose building (build) a chemical factory in this area. ②My parents were strongly opposed to me working there so I quit my job and returned to my hometown in 2016. ◎写美——一句多译 我必须说，我坚决反对这个建议。 ③I must say that I strongly oppose the proposal. ④I must say that I am strongly opposed to the proposal. pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 (教材原句)While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages，there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. 虽然有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，然而有些语言对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。 (1)be pessimistic about　　 对……感到悲观 (2)pessimism n. 悲观；悲观情绪；悲观主义 (3)pessimistically adv. 悲观地 学生用书↓第62页 [佳句]　They appeared surprisingly pessimistic about their chances of winning. 他们对胜利的可能性显得出奇地悲观。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①More Americans are pessimistic about the U．S. economy than they used to be six years ago. ②Unreasonable pessimism (pessimistic) will be of no help in understanding the reality. ③Some people even pessimistically (pessimistic) think that in general the trend of people’s health is decreasing. ◎写美——微写作 ④There is no reason for anyone to be pessimistic about the future． 任何人都没有理由对未来感到悲观。 tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 (教材原句)For better or for worse，the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. 不管是好是坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。 (1) a tendency to do sth　　　　　　　 做某事的趋势 there is a tendency (for sb) to do sth (某人)有做某事的倾向 (2)tend vt. 易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend to do sth 易于做某事，往往会做某事 tend (to) sb 照顾某人 tend to/towards 倾向于，趋于 [佳句]　I have a tendency to talk too much when I’m nervous. 我紧张时总爱唠叨。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①The main consumer group，those aged 25­34，has a higher tendency to purchase (purchase) advertising brands on smart TV. ②She is so energetic that whenever I see her，I tend to forget (forget) she is over 60 years old. ③Personally，I tend to/towards the second plan that you offered，because it is much easier than the first one. ◎写美——微写作 ④There is a tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们倾向于在家里而不是在办公室里工作。 重点句型解构 句型公式：“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”句型 (教材原句)The longer a borrowed word has been in use，the more it sounds and even looks like the native language. 外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来越像母语。 “the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”句型意为“越……，越……”，表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，前一个“the＋比较级”通常相当于比较状语从句或条件状语从句(在表示将来意义时，从句用一般现在时表示将来)，后一个“the＋比较级”通常相当于主句。 [佳句]　The harder you work，the greater progress you will make. 你越用功，进步就越大。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①The more she thought about it，the more depressed (depressed) she became. ② The fewer (few) fish there are in the pond，the harder it is to catch one. ③The more we know each other，the better (well) we understand each other. ◎写美——微写作 ④The more books you read，the more knowledge you’ll gain. 你读的书越多，你就会获得越多的知识。 学生用书↓第63页 句型公式：强调句型 (教材原句)It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. 也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 强调句型基本结构： (1)陈述句式：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who(强调部分为主语，指人)＋句子其余部分。 (2)一般疑问句式：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其余部分？ (3)特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋句子其余部分？ (4)含有not...until...的句式：It is/was not until＋强调部分＋that＋句子其余部分。 [佳句]　First of all，it is learning more about the history of Chinese modern drama in advance that is of great importance. 首先，提前学一些有关中国现代戏剧的历史非常重要。 [名师点津]　强调句型的判断：将强调句结构中的It is/was...that/who...去掉，如果句子所剩下的部分不缺少任何成分，仍是一个完整的句子，这个句子就是强调句，否则就是其他从句。 ◎练透——句型转换 ①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist’s reputation had made him proud. →It was the artist’s reputation that had made him proud.(强调句子主语) ②I didn’t realize that she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. →It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized that she was a famous film star.(强调until引导的时间状语从句) ③It was in the park that they met each other for the first time. →Where was it that they met each other for the first time？(改为特殊疑问句) ◎写美——微写作 ④We believe that it is by making use of recyclable garbage that we can save resources and protect the environment. 我们相信正是通过利用可循环利用的垃圾，我们能够节省资源，保护环境。 维度一　单词拼写 1．You must walk carefully in the rain，or you will be likely to slip(滑倒). 2．The spelling contest(比赛，竞赛)will take place at our school next week. 3．These shirts are comfortable to wear because they are made from 100% pure(完全的)cotton. 4．As a fence(篱笆)needs the support of stakes，so an able man needs the help of others. 5．A canteen(食堂)is a place in a factory，company，or school where meals are served to the people who work or study there. 维度二　单句语法填空 1．There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to return to the hometown to start their business. 2．We sincerely (sincere) hope we can establish business relationship with all of you. 3．His application was rejected (reject) last week because they said he was over age. 4．You will never succeed unless you get rid of your pessimism (pessimistic). 学生用书↓第64页 5．The marine ecosystem is a highly integrated (integrate) and delicate system. 维度三　完成句子 1．The more careless you are，the more mistakes you will make. 你越粗心，犯的错就越多。 2．It was in China that I got to know Tom. 我正是在中国认识的汤姆。 3．He didn’t integrate successfully into the Italian way of life. 他没有成功地融入到意大利的生活方式中。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$