UNIT 12 Section Ⅴ Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅴ　Lesson 3 Step One：Pre-reading Look at the picture and answer the following question. Do you know the scientist called Stephen Hawking? Stephen Hawking was born in 1942 in Oxford，UK. He liked maths and science best at school. And he was interested in how things work. When he was 21，Stephen got a serious illness. He couldn’t walk or speak. He had to sit in a wheelchair and speak through a computer. But he didn’t give up. Stephen became a great scientist through his hard work. He enjoyed writing. One of his most famous books is A Briefer History of Time. Stephen Hawking was a bright star in the world of science. Sadly，this star went out in March，2018．He died at his home at the age of 76． Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ．Read for the main idea What’s the main idea of the text? A．It mainly analyses Stephen Hawking’s theory. B．It mainly describes Stephen Hawking’s achievements. C．It mainly introduces the great physicist Stephen Hawking. D．It mainly summarizes Stephen Hawking’s influence on human. 答案：C Ⅱ．Match the main idea with each part Part 1(Para. 1)　 A．Hawking’s assessment of himself. Part 2(Paras. 2—7) B．To sum up Stephen Hawking’s life. Part 3(Para. 8) C．Introduce Hawking’s life experience and achievement in detail. 答案：Parts 1—3　BCA Ⅲ．Read for the structure Ⅳ. Read for details 1．When was he diagnosed with his illness? A．His first year at the University of Oxford. B．After he found a job in Cambridge. C．After he raised the idea of black holes. D．His first year at the University of Cambridge. 2．Which of the following words can best describe Stephen Hawking? A．Talented and optimistic. B．Talented and pessimistic. C．Discouraged and pessimistic. D．Unlucky and pessimistic. 学生用书第107页 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Hawking was satisfied with his life when he first knew his disease. B．Although Hawking had a serious disease，he still had a wonderful and meaningful life. C．Hawking has millions of fans in both China and England. D．Hawking travelled around the world to attend TV shows. 4．What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce Hawking’s life to help people remember him. B．To introduce Hawking’s famous theory about the universe. C．To tell us the brightest star Hawking died. D．To describe Hawking’s serious physical disease. 答案：1－4　DABA Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ．难句解构 尝试翻译　21岁那年，是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症。 Ⅱ．佳句写作 1．教材佳句　On 14 March，2018，one of the world’s most influential scientists，Stephen Hawking，died at his home in England，aged 76．(人物介绍) 学后仿写　出生于1911年的杭州，钱学森在北京上学，然后进入上海交通大学，转到航空专业。 Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian Xuesen attended schools in Beijing, then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University and switched his major to aviation. 2．教材佳句　At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people：“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet … be curious. ”(语言描写) 学后仿写　“你完成作业了吗？如果没有，你一个星期都不能看动画片，”露西的妈妈说。 “Did you finish your homework？If not, you can’t watch cartoons for a week，” said Lucy’s mother. Ⅲ．品质升华 1．What do you think this saying by Stephen Hawking means：“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet … be curious. ”(Critical Thinking批判性思维) It means that we should not focus on our everyday lives and worry too much about unimportant matters. We should think on a larger scale and be curious about nature and the simple things of life. 2．What kind of person is Stephen Hawking？What is the definition of scientific spirit？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) ①We saw the determination and devotion to accuracy and truth on the part of Stephen Hawking from his youngest days through the decades he fought for his body while his mind progressed into the arena of geniuses. ②The definition of scientific spirit is to, above all else, be willing and able to grasp a problem or a question and not let go of it until knowledge, creative power, and collaboration have brought a clear answer. Then this same mind must believe in its findings enough to bravely present them，prove, and perfect them for the betterment of the quality and sustainability of life all over the world. It is to look squarely, ask questions, and never give up trying. 学生用书第108页 ◎ ①influential/ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/adj. 有影响力的，有势力的 ②theoretical/θɪəˈretɪkəl/adj. 理论的 ③cosmology/kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/n. 宇宙论，宇宙学 ④overcome/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/vt. 克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 ⑤challenge/ˈtʃælɪndʒ/n. 挑战v. 向……挑战 ⑥at the age of在……岁时 ⑦rather than而不是 ⑧as a result结果 ⑨decline/dɪˈklaɪn/vi. 减少，降低 ⑩cease/siːs/vi. 停止 ⑪a number of若干，一些；许多 ⑫separate from分离；把……和……分开 ⑬instead of代替 ⑭look up at抬头看；往上看 ⑮in spite of虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) ⑯expectation /ˌekspekˈteɪʃ(ə)n/n. 期待，预期；期望，指望 expect/ɪkˈspekt/v. 期待；预计；要求，指望 ⑰bonus/ˈbəʊnəs/n. 意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利 ⑱because of因为；由于 ◎ STEPHEN HAWKING On 14 March，2018，one of the world’s most influential① scientists，Stephen Hawking，died at his home in England，aged 76[1]. Hawking was famous，not just for his brilliant work in theoretical② physics and cosmology③，but also for overcoming④ the challenges⑤ of ALS(a disease that affects muscle control). [1]此处为动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰名词Stephen Hawking。 Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January，1942，in Oxford. He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959．At the age of⑥ 21，when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge[2]，physicians discovered he had a rare，slow-progressing form of ALS. He was only expected to live for a few years. Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. In the early stages of his career，his illness got worse，but he was allowed to do research only rather than⑦ teach，which was easier for him[3]. In 1985，he had to have an operation. As a result⑧，he lost his speech. Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech-generating equipment that allowed him to speak. However，as his illness became worse，he lost the use of his hands. [4] [2]此处when引导时间状语从句。 [3]此处which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词research。 [4]此处as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着”。 Although Hawking’s physical abilities declined⑨ over decades[5]，he never ceased⑩ his studies and he developed a number of⑪ new ideas about black holes. Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes. His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole[6]. This hole led to another universe，completely separate from⑫ our own. [5]此处Although引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。 [6]此处that引导表语从句。 Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book，A Brief History of Time：From the Big Bang to Black Holes，sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. However，many people 学生用书第109页 could not really understand what he had written[7]. Therefore，Hawking decided to write a simpler version，A Briefer History of Time (2005). [7]此处what引导宾语从句。 In The Grand Design (2010，with Leonard Mlodinow)，Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe[8]. Instead of⑬ trying to find one big new explanation，scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have[9]. [8]此处为动词不定式作目的状语，修饰名词a different way。 [9]此处that引导定语从句。 At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics，Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people：“Look up at⑭ the stars and not down at your feet… be curious. ” In spite of⑮ his disease，Hawking didn’t consider himself an unlucky man. He said it had not prevented him from having a family，and being successful in his work. “My expectations⑯ were reduced to zero when I was 21．Everything since then has been a bonus⑰. ”And he believed this was because of⑱ the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. ◎ 斯蒂芬·霍金 2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959 年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预计他只能再活几年。 后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，随着他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，并且对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即“宇宙大爆炸”)创造了许多小黑洞。他的理论是，在黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。 霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。 学生用书第110页 在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其说尝试寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们不如把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。 在2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。” 尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都因为他受到了来自家人、许多人和组织的帮助。 ◎阅读单词——识记 1．a very grand house 非常宏伟的房子 2．Newton’s law of gravity 牛顿万有引力定律 3．cosmology system 宇宙论体系 ◎核心单词——练通 1．overcome her fear 克服她的恐惧 2．decline sharply 急剧下降 3．an added bonus of the new job 新工作的额外的好处 ◎拓展单词——用活 theoretical adj. 理论的→theory n．理论；原理；学说 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．在……岁时 at the age of 2．结果 as a result 3．分离；把……和……分开 separate from 4．因为；由于 because of 5．虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) in spite of 第二组　英译汉 6．rather than 而不是 7．a number of 若干，一些；许多 8．instead of 代替 9．lead to 导致；通向 10．look up at 抬头看；往上看 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　动词-ed形式短语作后置定语 教材原句　On 14 March，2018，one of the world’s most influential scientists，Stephen Hawking，died at his home in England，aged 76(享年76岁). 2．句型公式　as引导时间状语从句 教材原句　However，as his illness became worse(随着他的病情继续恶化)，he lost the use of his hands. 3．句型公式　what引导名词性从句 教材原句　However，many people could not really understand what he had written(他写的内容). 4．句型公式　动词不定式作目的状语 教材原句　In The Grand Design (2010，with Leonard Mlodinow)，Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe(去发现宇宙最深处的秘密). 学生用书第111页 Ⅰ．核心词汇练全 overcome vt. 克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 (教材原句)Hawking was famous，not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology，but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control). 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 overcome difficulties/obstacles/problems/resistance 克服困难/障碍/难题/阻力 be overcome by/with 被……压倒/制服 单句语法填空/应用文写作之表达愿望 ①The girl appeared to be overcome with homesickness! ②He was then overcome by a terrible fit of coughing. ③我希望你会努力克服这个困难，无论有多难。 I hope you will make efforts to overcome the difficulty，no matter how hard it is. decline vi. 减少，降低；拒绝 (教材原句)Although Hawking’s physical abilities declined over decades，he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，并且对黑洞有了许多新的想法。 (1)be in decline 处于下降、衰退中 on the decline 在衰退，在减少 (2)decline by/to 下降了/到…… decline to do sth 拒绝做某事 温馨提示　表示“增加”或“减少”的幅度常用介词by，后面常跟百分数；表示“增加到”或“减少到”常用介词to，后面常跟具体数字。 单句语法填空/应用文写作之建议信 ①The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of California forests. ②As the economy was in decline，some people in the town had lost their jobs. ③It makes me very sad，because I see that things are on the decline. ④霍华德拒绝来，既然那样，我们可以请别人帮我们克服困难。 Howard has declined to come and in that case we can ask somebody else to help us overcome the difficulties. 学生用书第112页 1．一词多义——overcome A．征服，战胜　B．克服(困难)　C．受到……的极大影响 ①She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal. B ②In the final game Sweden easily overcame France. A ③Her parents were overcome with grief at the funeral. C 2．熟词生义 ①It’ll cost you five grand! n. 一千美元/英镑 ②I don’t think you realise the gravity of the situation. n. 严重性 Ⅱ．典型句式讲透 句型公式：what引导名词性从句 (教材原句)However，many people could not really understand what he had written. 然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。 (1)what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当句子成分，主要作主语、表语和宾语。 (2)可以译成多种意思： ①……的东西或事情；……的人或样子； ②……的数量或数目； ③……的时间； ④……的地方等。 单句语法填空/应用文写作之学校生活 ①The student completed this experiment to make come true what Professor Joseph had said. ②I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago. ③一个新体育馆在曾经的荒地上被建了起来。 A new stadium was built on what used to be a wasteland. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$