外刊时文 Science 阅读理解D 专练-2025届高三上学期英语一轮复习专项

题型：高中阅读理解 来源：外刊读物 Passage 1 字数：285 来源：Science 时间:9 min In an effort to combat climate change, scientists are exploring ocean engineering methods. One approach is ocean alkalinity enhancement. A number of delivery methods are currently under research. Ship spreading is one way. Alkaline materials like crushed limestone can be dissolved in water and then poured into the ocean from a ship. Another method is alkalinity factories. Sewage treatment or power plants could pump alkaline water through pipes leading to the ocean. Electrochemical treatments could also raise the pH of seawater. Beach erosion could be used too. Ground-up alkaline rocks could be spread on beaches and would gradually wash into the ocean and dissolve. Enhancing the carbon cycle is another aspect. Boosting the alkalinity of ocean water can accelerate a natural process that sucks airborne CO₂ into the ocean and converts it to bicarbonate. Maintaining equilibrium is the first step where CO₂ is exchanged between the atmosphere and surface waters. Then, adding alkalinity by dissolving substances like magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) in the ocean produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Hydroxide ions react with aqueous CO₂, creating bicarbonate ions. With fewer CO₂ molecules in the water, more CO₂ from the atmosphere can enter. However, there are many unknowns. Research on what happens when iron, a nutrient whose scarcity limits plankton growth in much of the ocean, is added to seawater has had mixed results in lab experiments but none in the wild. Adam Subhas, a chemical oceanographer, is leading a project to study the effects of pouring tons of alkaline substances into the ocean off the coast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Unlike other proposed approaches, alkalinity enhancement doesn't depend on a cascade of biological events. But short-term lab experiments aren't the same as sustained exposures in the wild. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The importance of ocean alkalinity. B. Different methods of ocean engineering to combat climate change and the related research and uncertainties. C. The process of the carbon cycle in the ocean. D. The role of ships in ocean engineering. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about ocean alkalinity enhancement? A. It only has one delivery method. B. It can't help with carbon capture. C. Ship spreading is a way to deliver alkaline materials. D. It has no impact on ecosystems. 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Ocean engineering is a simple and well-understood field. B. More research is needed to fully understand the effects of ocean engineering methods. C. Alkalinity enhancement is the best way to combat climate change. D. Lab experiments can fully represent the real situation in the ocean. 4. The underlined word "ambitious" in the passage probably means _. A. easy B. difficult . C. modest D. bold Passage 2 字数：234 来源：Science 时间：8min The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies living near the Amur River in eastern Russia and along the northern border of China. Due to human activities like mining, logging, road building, and poaching, the Amur leopard population dropped sharply in the 20th century. But conservation efforts have increased the population to around 40 individuals in China and 70 in Russia. However, climate change is now posing new threats to this Critically Endangered species. Amur leopards live in coniferous-deciduous forests and hunt small animals alone. Their habitat is now designated as national parks in Russia and Primorye Province of Russia in southwestern Primorye. But climate change effects in China, such as rising temperatures and dry conditions, have led to increased fires. These fires, combined with human activities and landscape fragmentation, have reduced the leopards' territory and increased cub mortality. Higher temperatures have also increased deforestation. This, along with increased hunting of deer and wild boar by humans, has reduced the leopards' prey. More competition between Amur leopards and Amur tigers has also emerged. Climate change has increased the leopards' vulnerability to disease. Increased temperatures, humidity, and extreme weather events have reshaped interactions between species, facilitating the spread of viruses. The loss of habitat and stop-over migration areas has caused birds to move more, increasing contact between birds and mammals in East Asia and the spread of diseases like pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The living habits of the Amur leopard. B. The reasons for the decline of the Amur leopard population in the 20th century. C. The impact of climate change on the Amur leopard and its habitat. D. The conservation efforts for the Amur leopard. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the Amur leopard? A. Its population has been increasing steadily without any threats. B. It only lives in Russia. C. Climate change has led to increased fires in its habitat in China. D. It has no competition with other animals. 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Climate change has no effect on the Amur leopard. B. Human activities are the only threat to the Amur leopard. C. The Amur leopard's habitat is not affected by climate change. D. Conservation efforts alone may not be enough to protect the Amur leopard. 4. The underlined word "exacerbating" in the passage probably means _. A. improving B. worsening C. ignoring D. stabilizing Passage 3 字数：304 来源：Science 时间：8min Research Highlights in Science Journals Recent research findings in various fields have been published in science journals. CRISPR: Translation Inhibition in Viral Defense Prokaryotic type III CRISPR-Cas systems are complex barriers against foreign genetic elements. In viral infections, these systems often combine CRISPR RNA-guided RNA and DNA cleavage with the synthesis of cyclic oligoadenylate (cA₃), signaling molecules. Mogila et al. identified a cA₃-dependent effector (named Can1) that, in response to type III CRISPR-Cas signaling, cleaves messenger RNA in a translating bacterial ribosome, thereby blocking protein synthesis and cell growth. Can1 uses an active ribosome stalk-dependent capture mechanism similar to that of eukaryotic antiviral ribosome-inactivating proteins. Organic Chemistry: Boron Radicals Go Asymmetric A good catalyst must bind tightly enough to reactants but has its reactivity then modulated to efficiently release the products. Radical catalysts with unpaired electrons are rare, in large part because the release step is too unfavorable. Wang et al. report that boron radicals generated in situ from boranes bound to chiral carbene ligands can achieve this balancing act as effective asymmetric catalysts for the cyclization of a variety of nitrogen heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry research. T Cells: Resident Regs Regulatory T (Treg) cells in lymph nodes play a role in immune tolerance, but whether they can form long-lasting memory is controversial. To study the circulatory kinetics of these cells, Kaminski et al. used a photo-convertible mouse model that enabled long-term tracking of lymph node Treg cells in vivo. Most of these cells were long-lived memory-like cells that remained in the lymph nodes for months and accumulated with age. These resident-memory Treg cells were phenotypically stable and had transcriptional profiles similar to those of conventional resident memory T cells. Individual lymph nodes contained Treg cell clones with a distinct T cell receptor repertoire, and clones were not shared between lymph nodes. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The detailed process of CRISPR-Cas systems in viral defense. B. The research progress in different scientific fields including CRISPR, organic chemistry, and T cells. C. The importance of catalysts in organic chemistry. D. The characteristics of T cells in lymph nodes. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the Can1 effector? A. It is not related to CRISPR-Cas systems. B. It can promote protein synthesis. C. It uses a mechanism similar to eukaryotic antiviral ribosome-inactivating proteins. D. It has no effect on cell growth. 3. What can we infer from the passage about boron radicals? A. They are commonly used as catalysts in all chemical reactions. B. They are easy to generate and use in reactions. C. The new finding about them may have implications in medicinal chemistry. D. They have no role in cyclization reactions. 4. The underlined word "phenotypically" in the context of T cells probably means _. A. in terms of appearance B. in terms of function C. in terms of size D. in terms of location 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$题型：高中阅读理解 来源：外刊读物 Passage 1 字数：285 来源：Science 时间:9 min In an effort to combat climate change, scientists are exploring ocean engineering methods. One approach is ocean alkalinity enhancement. A number of delivery methods are currently under research. Ship spreading is one way. Alkaline materials like crushed limestone can be dissolved in water and then poured into the ocean from a ship. Another method is alkalinity factories. Sewage treatment or power plants could pump alkaline water through pipes leading to the ocean. Electrochemical treatments could also raise the pH of seawater. Beach erosion could be used too. Ground-up alkaline rocks could be spread on beaches and would gradually wash into the ocean and dissolve. Enhancing the carbon cycle is another aspect. Boosting the alkalinity of ocean water can accelerate a natural process that sucks airborne CO₂ into the ocean and converts it to bicarbonate. Maintaining equilibrium is the first step where CO₂ is exchanged between the atmosphere and surface waters. Then, adding alkalinity by dissolving substances like magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) in the ocean produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Hydroxide ions react with aqueous CO₂, creating bicarbonate ions. With fewer CO₂ molecules in the water, more CO₂ from the atmosphere can enter. However, there are many unknowns. Research on what happens when iron, a nutrient whose scarcity limits plankton growth in much of the ocean, is added to seawater has had mixed results in lab experiments but none in the wild. Adam Subhas, a chemical oceanographer, is leading a project to study the effects of pouring tons of alkaline substances into the ocean off the coast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Unlike other proposed approaches, alkalinity enhancement doesn't depend on a cascade of biological events. But short-term lab experiments aren't the same as sustained exposures in the wild. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The importance of ocean alkalinity. B. Different methods of ocean engineering to combat climate change and the related research and uncertainties. C. The process of the carbon cycle in the ocean. D. The role of ships in ocean engineering. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about ocean alkalinity enhancement? A. It only has one delivery method. B. It can't help with carbon capture. C. Ship spreading is a way to deliver alkaline materials. D. It has no impact on ecosystems. 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Ocean engineering is a simple and well-understood field. B. More research is needed to fully understand the effects of ocean engineering methods. C. Alkalinity enhancement is the best way to combat climate change. D. Lab experiments can fully represent the real situation in the ocean. 4. The underlined word "ambitious" in the passage probably means _. A. easy B. difficult . C. modest D. bold 答案： 1. B 解析：文章主要介绍了为应对气候变化，科学家在海洋工程方面的探索，包括海洋碱化的不同方法以及增强碳循环的过程，同时也提到了相关研究和存在的不确定性，B 选项全面概括了主旨。 2. C 解析：文中明确提到 “Ship spreading is one way. Alkaline materials like crushed limestone can be dissolved in water and then poured into the ocean from a ship.”，说明船舶播撒是输送碱性物质的一种方式，C 选项正确；A 选项与文中提到的多种输送方法不符；B 选项与文中提到的碱化可以促进碳捕获的内容不符；D 选项与文中提到碱化可能对生态系统有益的内容不符。 3. B 解析：从文中提到的各种海洋工程方法以及存在的许多未知因素，如实验室实验与实际海洋情况的差异等，可以推断出需要更多研究来全面理解这些方法的效果，B 选项正确；A 选项与文中提到的存在很多未知和不确定性不符；C 选项文中未提及碱化是应对气候变化的最佳方式；D 选项与文中 “short-term lab experiments aren't the same as sustained exposures in the wild” 不符。 4. D 解析：根据上下文，提到一些最 “ambitious” 的研究正在进行，结合语境可知是大胆的、有雄心的研究，“ambitious” 意思是 “有雄心的、大胆的”，D 选项 “bold”（大胆的）符合，A 选项 “easy”（容易的）、B 选项 “difficult”（困难的）、C 选项 “modest”（适度的）均不符合。 Passage 2 字数：234 来源：Science 时间：8min The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies living near the Amur River in eastern Russia and along the northern border of China. Due to human activities like mining, logging, road building, and poaching, the Amur leopard population dropped sharply in the 20th century. But conservation efforts have increased the population to around 40 individuals in China and 70 in Russia. However, climate change is now posing new threats to this Critically Endangered species. Amur leopards live in coniferous-deciduous forests and hunt small animals alone. Their habitat is now designated as national parks in Russia and Primorye Province of Russia in southwestern Primorye. But climate change effects in China, such as rising temperatures and dry conditions, have led to increased fires. These fires, combined with human activities and landscape fragmentation, have reduced the leopards' territory and increased cub mortality. Higher temperatures have also increased deforestation. This, along with increased hunting of deer and wild boar by humans, has reduced the leopards' prey. More competition between Amur leopards and Amur tigers has also emerged. Climate change has increased the leopards' vulnerability to disease. Increased temperatures, humidity, and extreme weather events have reshaped interactions between species, facilitating the spread of viruses. The loss of habitat and stop-over migration areas has caused birds to move more, increasing contact between birds and mammals in East Asia and the spread of diseases like pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The living habits of the Amur leopard. B. The reasons for the decline of the Amur leopard population in the 20th century. C. The impact of climate change on the Amur leopard and its habitat. D. The conservation efforts for the Amur leopard. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the Amur leopard? A. Its population has been increasing steadily without any threats. B. It only lives in Russia. C. Climate change has led to increased fires in its habitat in China. D. It has no competition with other animals. 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Climate change has no effect on the Amur leopard. B. Human activities are the only threat to the Amur leopard. C. The Amur leopard's habitat is not affected by climate change. D. Conservation efforts alone may not be enough to protect the Amur leopard. 4. The underlined word "exacerbating" in the passage probably means _. A. improving B. worsening C. ignoring D. stabilizing 答案： 1. C 解析：文章主要讲述了气候变化对东北豹及其栖息地的影响，包括导致栖息地火灾增加、猎物减少、与其他动物竞争加剧、易感染疾病等，C 选项准确概括了主旨。 2. C 解析：文中明确提到 “But climate change effects in China, such as rising temperatures and dry conditions, have led to increased fires.”，说明气候变化导致了中国东北豹栖息地火灾增加，C 选项正确；A 选项与文中提到气候变化带来新威胁不符；B 选项与文中提到东北豹在中国和俄罗斯都有分布不符；D 选项与文中提到东北豹与东北虎竞争加剧不符。 3. D 解析：从文中可知，尽管有保护努力使东北豹数量有所增加，但气候变化又带来了新的威胁，由此可推断仅靠保护努力可能不足以保护东北豹，D 选项正确；A 选项与文章内容相悖；B 选项与文中提到气候变化也是威胁不符；C 选项与文中提到气候变化对栖息地的影响不符。 4. B 解析：根据上下文，提到气候变化正在 “exacerbating” 那些已经使东北豹濒危的威胁，结合语境可知是使威胁恶化的意思，“exacerbating” 意思是 “使恶化、加剧”，B 选项 “worsening”（恶化）符合，A 选项 “improving”（改善）、C 选项 “ignoring”（忽视）、D 选项 “stabilizing”（稳定）均不符合。 Passage 3 字数：304 来源：Science 时间：8min Research Highlights in Science Journals Recent research findings in various fields have been published in science journals. CRISPR: Translation Inhibition in Viral Defense Prokaryotic type III CRISPR-Cas systems are complex barriers against foreign genetic elements. In viral infections, these systems often combine CRISPR RNA-guided RNA and DNA cleavage with the synthesis of cyclic oligoadenylate (cA₃), signaling molecules. Mogila et al. identified a cA₃-dependent effector (named Can1) that, in response to type III CRISPR-Cas signaling, cleaves messenger RNA in a translating bacterial ribosome, thereby blocking protein synthesis and cell growth. Can1 uses an active ribosome stalk-dependent capture mechanism similar to that of eukaryotic antiviral ribosome-inactivating proteins. Organic Chemistry: Boron Radicals Go Asymmetric A good catalyst must bind tightly enough to reactants but has its reactivity then modulated to efficiently release the products. Radical catalysts with unpaired electrons are rare, in large part because the release step is too unfavorable. Wang et al. report that boron radicals generated in situ from boranes bound to chiral carbene ligands can achieve this balancing act as effective asymmetric catalysts for the cyclization of a variety of nitrogen heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry research. T Cells: Resident Regs Regulatory T (Treg) cells in lymph nodes play a role in immune tolerance, but whether they can form long-lasting memory is controversial. To study the circulatory kinetics of these cells, Kaminski et al. used a photo-convertible mouse model that enabled long-term tracking of lymph node Treg cells in vivo. Most of these cells were long-lived memory-like cells that remained in the lymph nodes for months and accumulated with age. These resident-memory Treg cells were phenotypically stable and had transcriptional profiles similar to those of conventional resident memory T cells. Individual lymph nodes contained Treg cell clones with a distinct T cell receptor repertoire, and clones were not shared between lymph nodes. 1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The detailed process of CRISPR-Cas systems in viral defense. B. The research progress in different scientific fields including CRISPR, organic chemistry, and T cells. C. The importance of catalysts in organic chemistry. D. The characteristics of T cells in lymph nodes. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the Can1 effector? A. It is not related to CRISPR-Cas systems. B. It can promote protein synthesis. C. It uses a mechanism similar to eukaryotic antiviral ribosome-inactivating proteins. D. It has no effect on cell growth. 3. What can we infer from the passage about boron radicals? A. They are commonly used as catalysts in all chemical reactions. B. They are easy to generate and use in reactions. C. The new finding about them may have implications in medicinal chemistry. D. They have no role in cyclization reactions. 4. The underlined word "phenotypically" in the context of T cells probably means _. A. in terms of appearance B. in terms of function C. in terms of size D. in terms of location 答案： 1. B 解析：文章分别介绍了 CRISPR 在病毒防御中的翻译抑制、有机化学中硼自由基的不对称性以及 T 细胞中的驻留调节细胞等不同科学领域的研究内容，B 选项准确概括了主旨。 2. C 解析：文中明确提到 “Can1 uses an active ribosome stalk-dependent capture mechanism similar to that of eukaryotic antiviral ribosome-inactivating proteins.”，C 选项正确；A 选项与原文 “In response to type III CRISPR-Cas signaling” 不符；B 选项与原文 “thereby blocking protein synthesis and cell growth” 不符；D 选项与原文 “thereby blocking protein synthesis and cell growth” 不符。 3. C 解析：从文中 “of interest in medicinal chemistry research” 可以推断出关于硼自由基的新发现可能对药物化学有影响，C 选项正确；A 选项文中未提及在所有化学反应中常用；B 选项与原文 “Radical catalysts with unpaired electrons are rare, in large part because the release step is too unfavorable.” 不符；D 选项与原文 “can achieve this balancing act as effective asymmetric catalysts for the cyclization of a variety of nitrogen heterocycles” 不符。 4. A 解析：根据上下文，提到驻留记忆 Treg 细胞在表型上是稳定的，“phenotypically” 意思是 “在表型上”，A 选项 “in terms of appearance”（在外观方面）符合，B 选项 “in terms of function”（在功能方面）、C 选项 “in terms of size”（在大小方面）、D 选项 “in terms of location”（在位置方面）均不符合。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$